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The two distinctions not withstanding, the terms production management and
operations management are used interchargeably .
Since times ancient production systems were used in oe form or another. The
Egyptian Pyramids, the Greek Parthenon, the Great Wall o0f China and the
aquaducts and the roads of the Roman Empire , dams and anicuts built by the
Chola kings attest to the ingenuity and industry of the people of ancient times But
the ways the people in the ancient days produced goods were different from the
production methods of today. Production systems prior to the 1700s are often
referred to as the cottage system, because the production of goods took place in
homes or cottages ,where craftsman directed apprentices in performing hand
work on, products.
From 1770 to the early 1800s series of events took p[lace in England which
together are called the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution resulted in two
major developments: widespread substitution of machine power for human power
and establishment of the factory system.
The events that took p[lace from 1770 to the 1800s are characterized by great
inventions. The great inventions were eight in number ,with six of them having
been conceived in England, one in France and one in the United States .The
eight inventions are—Hargreaves Spinning Jenny, Arkwright’s Water Frame,
Crompton’s Mule, Cartwright’s Power Loom, Watt’s steamengine, Berthollet’s
Chlorine Bleaching Discovery.Mandslay’s Screw-Cutting Lathe and Eli Whitney’s
Interchangeable Manufacture.
As observed from eight inventions ,most of them have to do with the spinning of
yarn and weaving of cloth .This is logical from the point o view that cloth was the
principal export commodity of England at that time and was in short supply
owi8ng to the considerable expansion of England’s colonial empire and its
commercial trade.
The Industrial Revolution advanced further with the development of the gasoline
engine and electricity in the 1800s.Other industries emerged and along with them
new factories came into being.By the middle of 1800s. the old cottage system of
production had been laced by the factory system .As days went by, production
capacities expanded ,demand for capital grew and labor became highly
dependant on jobs and urdanised. At the commencement of the 20 th century
,the one element that was missing was a management –the ability to develop
and use the existing facilities to produce on a large scale to meet massive
markets of today.