EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SINGLE CYLINDER C.

I ENGINE USING ESTERIFIED RICE BRAN VEGETABLE OIL AND DIESEL FUEL Submitted by
NAME: NISHANTH.A.M (Reg. No: PR12ME1014)

Under the Guidance of

M.SURESH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Project Review Report I (6AUG 2013)

MASTER IN TECHONOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Evaluated By

Chairman Member Member Member Member Project Guide HOD/HOS KARUNYA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES

KARUNYA NAGAR, COIMBATORE 641 114.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE PROPOSED WORK METHODOLOGY REFERENCES PAGE 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 13

1.1 ABSTRACT Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop viable alternative fuels from renewable resources that are environmentally more acceptable. Vegetable oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental properties of vegetable oils are its high viscosity and low volatility, and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in compression ignition (CI) engines. The most commonly used method to make vegetable oil suitable for use in CI engines is to convert it into biodiesel, i.e. vegetable oil esters using process of trans esterification. Rice bran oil is a vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in rice cultivating countries, and can be utilize this as a replacement for mineral Diesel. In this project we are going to use esterified rice bran oil and compare its performance and emission properties with ordinary diesel.

LIST OF FIGURES 1)Block Diagram

LIST OF TABLES 1)PROPORTIES OF RICE BRAN OIL 2)PROPORTIES OF DIESEL 3)SPECIFICATION OF ENGINE

INTRODUCTION Biodiesel is obtained through transesterification of vegetable oil, animal fat or waste cooking oil with monohydric alcohol to give corresponding monoalkyl ester. The most commonly used alcohol is methanol and corresponding methyl ester is referred as BD which can be used as such or blend with petro diesel.BD has more oxygen content than petro diesel and its use in diesel engine shows great reduction in emission and noise. One major disadvantage is its expensive than petro diesel Rice Bran Oil Rice Bran is a byproduct obtained from the outer layer of brown rice kernel using milling to produce polished rice.The oil produce from the bran inside husk of rice is rice bran oil

Aim: Our aim is to investigate performance and emission characterstics of CI engine using esterified rice bran vegitable oil (various blends)and compare it with petrodiesel

LITERATURE 1

Biodiesel production from crude rice bran oil and properties as fuel
1. Introduction As supply of fossil fuel is limited whilst energy demand continues to rise, hence alternative renewable fuels have received increasing attention for future utilization. In this respect, fermentation, transesterification and pyrolysis of biomass, industrial and domestic wastes have been proposed as alternative solutions for the increasing of energy demand and environmental awareness [13]. Among these different approaches, transesterification seems to be a simple and an efficient method for fuel production. Transesterification is the chemical reaction between triglycerides and short-chain alcohol in the presence of catalyst to produce mono-ester. The long- and branched-chain triglyceride molecules are transformed to mono-esters and glycerin [14]. Commonly-used short-chain alcohols are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. Methanol is used commercially because of its low price [18]. The overall transesterification reaction can be shown by the following reaction equation in Fig. 1. Where R1, R2 and R3 are long hydrocarbon chains, sometimes called fatty acid chains. There are only five chains that are most common in vegetable oils and animal fats (others are present in small amounts) [21]. In transesterification, triglycerides in vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to form a mixture of glycerol and fatty acid alkyl esters, called biodiesel (BD) [12]. Another advantage is decreasing in viscosity of vegetable oils and improvement of fuel properties of product fatty acid alkyl esters in the process of transesterification. Because the viscosity of vegetable oils is much higher than that of diesel, if vegetable oils were directly used in diesel engines, they would present several related problems. The process of transesterification makes BD usable as fuel in current compression ignition (CI) engines. BD has higher oxygen content than petroleum diesel and it shows great reductions in carbon, emission of particulate matter, monoxide, polyaromatics, sulfur, hydrocarbons, smoke and noise [17]. In spite of the favorable effect on the environment, the economic aspect of BD production is likely to be a barrier for its development due to the fact that most of the BD produced is from edible oil, only few researches have been done for producing BD from non- edible and cheap oils. Use of edible oil as biodiesel resource costs about 6070% of raw material cost [9]. One way of reducing the BD production costs is to use the less expensive feedstock of which will be referred to as the mixed compound containing fatty acids such as non-edible oils, animal fats and oils, recycled or waste oil and byproducts of the refining vegetable 7

oils [1]. The development of other alternative sources of renewable oil is of interest, not only to further increase the economic viability of biodiesel, but also to increase the potential supply of this fuel. Conclusion The all-round study of production of biodiesel from RBO was carried out. Overall results confirm that RBO may be used as a resource to obtain biodiesel by a series of experiments. The main conclusions derived from this study are: (1) The high FFA level of crude rice bran oil can be reduced to less than 0.5% in a two-step pretreatment process of esterification using acid-catalyzed (H2SO4 1% w/w) reaction with methanol. (2) The best combination of alkali-catalyzed esterification condition is: 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio; 0.9% w/w of KOH related to the quantity of starting oil; 60 _C reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time. The maximum conversion efficiency was 98.7% under these reaction conditions. (3) The product of esterification was refined to become biodiesel. The main fuel properties of RBO biodiesel agreed well within the parameters imposed according to the specifications of the ASTM D6751-02 and DIN V51606 standards for biodiesel. (4) When RBO biodiesel was used in diesel engines, its power output was almost the same when compared with regular diesel, but somewhat increasing in consumption rate. CO, HC and soot emissions were lower than regular diesel. NOX was slightly increased. (5) The biodiesel obtained by above process is of good quality and it can be used as an alternative fuel in current diesel engines without any expensive modifications. By means of simple chemical methods, a low-quality under-utilized RBO has been used to produce biodiesel. RBO is predicted to be more economical to produce than biodiesel from refined vegetable oil. LITERATURE 2

A Production of biodiesel from rice bran oil and experimenting on small capacity diesel engine
I. Introduction

Due to global depletion of world petroleum reserves and the impact of environmental pollution of increasing exhaust emission there is an urgent need for suitable alternative fuel. The various alternative fuel options researched for diesel are mainly biogas producer gas, methanol, ethanol and vegetable oil. Out of this which rice bran oil is one of the promising alternate fuel for diesel engine. Rice bran oil is a non conventional, in

expensive and lowgrade vegetable oil. Crude rice bran oil is also source of high value added by-products are derived from the crude rice bran oil and the resultant oil is used as a feed stock for bio diesel, the resultant bio diesel could be quite economical and affordable. Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the germ and inn er husk of rice. It is the notable for its very high smoke point of 490 F (254 C) and its mild flavour, making it suitable for high temperature cooking method such as stir frying and deep frying. It is popular as cooking oil in several asian countries including japan and china. Rice bran oil contains a range of fats, with 47% of its fats monounsaturated, 33% polyunsaturated, and 20% saturated. The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil is palmitic 15.0%, Stearic acid 1.9%, Oleic acid 42.5%, Linoleic acid 39.1%, Linolenic acid 1.1%, Arachidic 0.5%, Behenic 0.2%.
Conclusion

Biodiesel made from high free fatty acid rice bran oil using two stage formulation process had viscosity and density similar to diesel. Calorific value of biodiesel was around 7% lower that of diesel. Flash point of biodiesel is quite high as compared to diesel making is safer to safer to store and transport. Sulfur in biodiesel is very low as compared to diesel and is an important feature interm of reduction of sulphur-oxide from the exhaust emission. The HFFR test suggests that lubricity of biodiesel in comparison to diesel. Biodiesel was used as a fuel in an unmodified, small capacity diesel engine. The power developed from the engine with biodiesel as a fuel was 4% lower as compared to diesel, because of lower heating value of biodiesel. BSFC and brake specific energy consumption were also higher due to some reason.BTE was higher in diesel as compared to biodiesel. Smoke capacity was lesser of biodiesel than diesel making it more environmental friendly fuel. The study suggests that it is possible to convert high FFA RBO into biodiesel which has similar properties to diesel and can be used to fuel an existing unmodified diesel engine without any difficulty. LITERATURE 3

Performance Characteristics of Blended Rice Bran Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine

I. INTRODUCTION Energy from renewable sources accounts for the bulk of the primary materials upon which future development strategies are directed. Bio-diesel has attracted a great deal of interest during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, reduced toxicity and ecofriendly clean fuel which can be used in a diesel engine without engine modification (Kinast, 2003). Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the engine that bears his name, used vegetable oil as fuel for his engine as early as 1895 (Wright and Purday, 1950). Tests with vegetable oil based fuels in diesel engine indicated that their performance is comparable to that of conventional diesel fuel and they are currently rated among the energy fuels considered as the most promising substitute for the highly priced and diminishing fossil fuels. Since diesel engine is optimized for diesel fuel, a fuel with properties closer to those of diesel is desired to avoid engine modifications. Therefore, modifying vegetable oils through chemical reaction with alcohol (transesterification) to 9

produce the methyl or ethyl esters (biodiesel) is essential for successful long term engine operation (Encinar, 2005). Rice bran oil, though classified as minor oil, is a potential source of biodiesel due to the availability of millions of tonnes of rice bran from the rice milling process worldwide. According to the International Rice Institute, world rice production in 2007 was approximately 645 million tonnes. Most rice varieties are composed of roughly 20% hull, 11% bran, and 69% starchy endosperm (Gupta et al, 2007). Thus 1Kg of harvested rice produces approximately 0.11Kg (110g) of rice bran. Rice bran is the thin shell that immediately surrounds the rice kernel. It is removed during the milling/polishing process as the oil in it quickly becomes rancid thus reducing the shelf life of rice (Mondal, 2008). It contains approximately 10 - 25% extractable oil depending on the degree of milling, rice variety, and other agro-climatic factors (Umer et al., 2009). Thus considering average of 20% extractable oil, 1Kg of harvested rice can produce approximately 22g of oil. In Kenya, total rice production for the same period was 53,115 tonnes out of which 51,458 tonnes were from Pishori grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme (CBS, 2008). II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 2.1 Experimental Setup A 10hp, 3000rpm single cylinder four stroke diesel engine coupled to a dynamometer EA10 was used. Brake power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were determined at different loads for diesel as a control, bio-diesel and its blends. For the next test, the throttle was set to give a speed of 2500 rev/min at a light load. The load was adjusted to give a reading of 1Kg on the dynamometer dial. whenconditions were steady, the following data was recorded; speed, load, the time taken to consume 10ml of fuel and the ambient temperature. The load was adjusted to give a reading of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 8.5Kg recording the data for all fuel samples tested. CONCLUSION Although there have been inconsistent trends for biodiesel engine performance and emissions due to varied differences which include; testing engine, operating conditions, source of biodiesel, reference diesel, measurement techniques and measuring instruments, the following general conclusions could be drawn according to analysis related literature in this work: (1) The fuel characterization showed that the biodiesel properties were within the recommended standard fuel range for use in a diesel engine. (2) BSFC increased by 47% when using biodiesel due to low heating value, high density and viscosity of biodiesel. However this increase was reduced to 13.2% by blending biodiesel with diesel at the ratio of 5:95. The lesser the biodiesel, the more the BSFC improved. Based on this, the blended ratio of 5:95 biodiesel to diesel was found to be better than the other blends in terms of brake specific fuel consumption and engine power. (3) The brake thermal efficiency of diesel, biodiesel and blends was the same indicating that the engine converted the chemical energy of the fuel to mechanical energy with the same efficiency (4) Fuel blend with a small portion of biodiesel, was technically feasible as fuel in CI engine

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PROPOSED WORK. Description. A stationary 5 HP direct injection, fully computerized diesel engine was used to analyze performance characteristics and emission. It is an air cooled four stroke diesel engine.An eddy current dynamometer is used to load the engine at required increments from 2kg to 10kg. ENGINE SPECIFICATION MAKE BHP SPEED : Legion Brothers : 3 to 5 HP : 1450 to 1600 Rpm Variable Governed Speed

NUMBER OF CYLINDER: 1 COMPRESSION RATIO : 5:1 to 20:1 BORE STROKE TYPE OF IGNITION : 80 mm : 110 mm : Compressed Ignition

METHOD OF LOADING : Eddy Current Dynamometer METHOD OF STARTING: Manual Crank Start METHOD OF COOLING : Water Comparative analysis of rice bran oil biodiesel and diesel Fuel Properties Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(Cst) Flash point(C) Cetane number Calorific value(KJ/KG) Rice Bran Oil Diesel 0.872 4.81 157 51.6 41382 Diesel 0.831 3.21 76 47.2 44585

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METHODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

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REFERENCE Antolin G, Tinaut FV, Briceno Y, Castano V, Perez C, Ramirez AI. Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Biores Technol 2002;83:1114. Canakci M, Gerpen JV. Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free acids. Trans ASAE 2001;44:142936. Srivastava A, Prasad R. Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2000;4:11133.

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PROJECT REVIEW I/II/II (12 ME 998/999) EVALUATION REPORT

To be submitted to Project Coordinator

Reg No: Name Project Title Distribution (Marks) Feedback from Reviewer

Section : 1 (15 ) 2 (10) 3(20)

Date: 4(10)

Review I/ II/ III 5(20) Total (75)

Name of the Reviewer

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Signature of the Reviewer

1. Innovation/Novelty/Relevance/Originality 2. Challenge involved and amount of work done 3. Performance in the Proj. review (Understanding of concept, designed methodology, result, contribution to the project etc.,) 4. Presentation and Communication skills 5. Performance in Q and A

PROJECT REVIEW I/II/II (12 ME 998/999) EVALUATION REPORT

To be submitted to Project Coordinator

Reg No: Name Project Title Distribution (Marks) Feedback from Reviewer

Section : 1 (15 ) 2 (10) 3(20)

Date: 4(10)

Review I/ II/ III 5(20) Total (75)

Name of the Reviewer

Marks distribution:

Signature of the Reviewer

1. Innovation/Novelty/Relevance/Originality 2. Challenge involved and amount of work done 3. Performance in the Proj. review (Understanding of concept, designed methodology, result, contribution to the project etc.,) 4. Presentation and Communication skills 5. Performance in Q and A

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