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ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G.

Tsatsaronis

APPLICATION OF THERMOECONOMICS TO THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF ENERGY PLANTS


G. Tsatsaronis Technische Universitt Berlin, Germany Keywords: Exergy, Thermoeconomics, Exergoeconomics, Costs of Thermodynamic Inefficiencies, Design Improvement. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principles of exergoeconomics applied to design optimization 3. Cost balances and auxiliary equations 4. Optimization with exergoeconomics 5. Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch To cite this chapter Summary

Thermoeconomics, as an exergy-aided cost-reduction method, provides important information for the design of cost-effective energy-conversion plants. The exergy costing principle is used to assign monetary values to all material and energy streams within a plant as well as to the exergy destruction within each plant component. The design evaluation and optimization is based on the trade-offs between exergy destruction (exergetic efficiency) and investment cost for the most important plant components. The design of an energy-conversion plant may be improved using either an exergoeconomic iterative optimization technique or approaches of mathematical optimization. Thermoeconomics provides the designer with information about the cost formation process, the interactions among thermodynamics and economics and the interactions among plant components. This information is very valuable for improving the design of energy-conversion plants. 1. Introduction

Engineers involved in the design of energy-conversion plants want, after they have developed a first workable design, and in order to improve this design, to know the answers to the following questions: 1. Where do thermodynamic inefficiencies in the system occur, how high are they, and what causes them? 2. What measures or alternative designs would improve the efficiency of the overall plant? 3. How high is the required total investment and the purchased equipment costs of the most important plant components?

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ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

4. How much do the thermodynamic inefficiencies cost the plant operator? 5. What measures would improve the cost effectiveness of the overall plant?. The answer to the first two questions is provided with the aid of an exergy analysis (see Exergy and Thermodynamic Analysis). An economic analysis answers the third question. The last two questions can be answered with the aid of a thermoeconomic analysis. This analysis is called here exergoeconomics, which is a more precise characterization of every exergy-aided cost-reduction approach. Exergoeconomics applied to design optimization represents a unique combination of exergy analysis and cost analysis, to provide the designer of an energy-conversion plant with information not available through conventional energy, exergy, or cost analyses, but crucial to the design of a cost-effective plant. Design optimization of an energyconversion system means the selection of the structure and the design parameters (the decision variables) of the system to minimize the total cost of the system products (over the entire lifetime of the system) under boundary conditions associated with available materials, financial resources, environmental protection and government regulation as well as with the safety, reliability, operability, maintainability, and availability of the system. In a truly optimized system, the magnitude of every significant thermodynamic inefficiency (exergy destruction and exergy loss) is justified by considerations related to investment and operating costs or is imposed by at least one of the above boundary conditions. A thermodynamic optimization, which aims at minimizing the thermodynamic inefficiencies, represents a subcase of the general case of design optimization. An appropriate formulation of the optimization problem is always one of the most important and sometimes the most difficult task in an optimization study. Various names have already been given or could be given to various exergoeconomic approaches proposed in the past. These names include the following:

Exergy Economics Approach (EEA) First Exergoeconomic Approach (FEA) Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis (TFA) Exergetic Cost Theory (ECT) Engineering Functional Analysis (EFA) Last-In-First-Out Approach (LIFOA) Structural Analysis Approach (SAA) SPECO Method (SPECOM)

The main differences among the approaches refer to the definition of exergetic efficiencies, the development of auxiliary costing equations and the productive structure. 2. Principles of Exergoeconomics Applied to Design Optimization Exergoeconomics applied to the design and synthesis of energy-conversion plants is based on two important principles that represent the fundamental connections between

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ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

thermodynamics and economics. The first principle is common to all exergoeconomic approaches and applications, whereas the second principle refers only to applications in which new investment expenditures are needed. These principles are briefly discussed in the following. 2.1. Exergy Costing This principle states that exergy is the only rational basis for assigning monetary values to the interactions an energy system experiences with its surroundings and to the thermodynamic inefficiencies within the system. Mass, energy or entropy should not be used for assigning the above mentioned monetary values because their exclusive use results in misleading conclusions.

 ) associated with an According to the exergy-costing principle, the cost stream ( C j  exergy stream ( E ) is given by
j

 =c E  C j j j

where c j represents the average cost associated with providing each exergy unit of the  in the plant being considered. Equation (1) is applied to the exergy stream E j associated with streams of matter entering or exiting a system as well as to the exergy transfers associated with the transfer of work and heat. For the cost ( Ck ) associated with the exergy ( Ek ) contained within the k-th component of a system we write Ck = ck Ek (2)

Exergy costing does not necessarily imply that costs associated with streams of matter are related only to the exergy rate of each respective stream. Nonexergy related costs can also affect the total cost rate associated with material streams. Examples include the cost of (a) treated water leaving a water treatment unit, (b) oxygen and nitrogen produced in an air separation unit, (c) limestone supplied to a fluidized-bed reactor, (d) iron used in a metallurgical process, and (e) an inorganic chemical fed into chemical reactors. Therefore, when significant nonexergy-related costs occur in a system, the  TOT ) is given by total cost rate associated with the material stream j (denoted by C j

 TOT = C  +C  NE C j j j

Here ck is the average cost per unit of exergy supplied to the k-th component.

 is the cost rate directly related to the exergy of stream j (see Eq. (1)) and C  NE Here C j j NE  represents a convenient way is the cost rate due to nonexergetic effects. The term C
j

for charging nonexergy-related costs from one component to other system components that should bear such costs.

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(1) (3)

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

2.2. Exergy Destruction Reduces Investment Cost The exergy destruction represents in thermodynamics a major inefficiency and a quantity to be minimized when the overall plant efficiency should be maximized. In the design of a new energy-conversion plant, however, exergy destruction within a component represents not only a thermodynamic inefficiency but also an opportunity to reduce the investment cost associated with the component being considered and, thus, with the overall plant. Figure 1 refers to a component (subscript k) of the overall plant and shows that the cost  CI associated with capital investment (superscript CI) decreases with increasing rate Z
k

shaded area is presented to denote that the investment cost could vary within a given range for each given value of the exergy destruction. The effect of component size is  ) to the exergy rate  CI and ( E taken into consideration in Figure 1 by relating both Z D, k k  of the product generated in this component ( E ).
P, k

Figure 1: Expected relationship between investment cost and exergy destruction (or exergetic efficiency) for the k-th component of an energy conversion system. The vast majority of components in energy-conversion plants exhibits qualitatively the  shown in Figure 1. Should the investment cost increase  CI and E behavior between Z D, k k or remain constant with increasing exergy destruction, then the component being

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 ) within the same component. Instead of a single curve, a exergy destruction rate ( E D, k

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

considered can be excluded from optimization considerations because in these cases we would always select for this component the design point that has the lowest investment cost and, at the same time, the lowest thermodynamic inefficiencies (i.e. the highest exergetic efficiency). The curves and the shaded area shown in Figure 1 are usually not known. However, even then we can estimate the two asymptotic lines that determine the specific  UN E unavoidable exergy destruction D, k and the specific unavoidable investment cost E  P,k  CI UN Z  . EP k All design improvement efforts should focus only on the avoidable parts of exergy destruction and investment costs. These parts are calculated by subtracting the unavoidable value from the total value of the respective variable. 3. Cost Balances and Auxiliary Equations

In exergoeconomics a cost balance is formulated separately for each plant component. Such a balance shows that the sum of cost rates associated with all exiting exergy streams equals the sum of cost rates of all entering exergy streams plus the appropriate charges (cost rate) due to capital investment as well as to operating and maintenance  and is calculated with the aid expenses. The sum of the last two terms is denoted by Z k of a detailed economic analysis. Accordingly, for the k-th component receiving a heat transfer and generating power, for example, we write
 ) (c E
e e e k

In general, if there are N e exergy streams exiting the component being considered, we need to formulate N e 1 auxiliary equations. Depending on the exergoeconomic method used, the auxiliary equations are formulated explicitly or implicitly (for example with the aid of the so-called productive structure). For the explicit formulation of the auxiliary equations, the so-called F and P principles (principles referring to the fuel and product, respectively that are used in the definition of exergetic efficiency) provide general guidance: The F principle refers to the removal of exergy from an exergy stream within the component being considered and states that the average specific cost (cost per exergy unit) associated with this removal of exergy (which is part of the exergy of fuel) must be equal to the average specific cost at which the removed exergy has been supplied to the same stream in upstream components. The P principle refers to the supply of exergy to a stream or to the generation of an exergy stream within the component being considered and states that each exergy unit is supplied to any stream associated with the exergetic product of the component at the same average cost ( cP ). Examples of auxiliary equations are found in every publication dealing with

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 =c E    + cw , kW k q, k q, k + ( ci Ei ) + Z k
i k

(4)

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

exergoeconomics. It should be noted that the formulation of the auxiliary equations should be meaningful from both the exergetic and the economic viewpoints. With the aid of the cost balances and the auxiliary equations, the cost rates and the costs per unit of exergy are calculated for each exergy stream (i.e. for each material and energy stream) in the overall plant. In this way we associate with each stream not only mass, energy, entropy and exergy but also cost. This is the first step in understanding the cost formation process and the real cost sources and, thus, in making a well informed decision for improving the cost effectiveness of the design of a new system. In the so-called productive structure, the exergetic fuel and product of each component are illustrated graphically. A productive structure, which is not necessarily needed for every exergoeconomic method, may assist in visualizing and better understanding the definitions of fuel and product as well as the auxiliary costing equations obtained from the F and P principles. An appropriate development of the productive structure may graphically illustrate the exergy balance written in terms of fuel and product as well as in terms of input and output exergy streams. 4. Optimization with Exergoeconomics

Principles of exergoeconomics may be effectively used to optimize or improve the cost effectiveness of energy-conversion plants. The approaches used in that respect may be divided into two groups. In the first one, the designer uses exergoeconomic variables to improve his/her understanding of the interactions (a) between thermodynamics and economics, and (b) among the most important plant components and to apply these findings in an interactive procedure in which the costs of the plant products are reduced. To the second group belong all approaches that use mathematical optimization techniques to minimize the product costs or to maximize the profit. These two options are briefly discussed in the following. 4.1. Exergoeconomic Variables and Iterative Improvement

The exergoeconomic evaluation is conducted at the component level with the aid of a series of exergoeconomic variables. These include but are not limited to the variables presented in the following Eqs. (5) to (10), (12) and (13). The rate of exergy destruction is calculated with the aid of an exergy balance, which, after introduction of fuel and product, may be written as

 =E  E  E D, k F, k P, k

The exergetic efficiency is the ratio between the exergy of fuel and the exergy of product:

k =  P,k = 1 D,k EF,k EF,k

 E

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(5)

N
 E

(6)

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

The exergy destruction ratio relates the exergy destruction in the k-th component not to the fuel for the same component, as in the exergetic efficiency, but to the fuel of the overall plant:

yD,k =

 E D, k  E

(7)

F,tot

 and C  associated with the fuel and product, respectively, are The cost rates C F, k P, k  and E  associated with fuel and formed in the same way as the exergy rates E F, k P, k
product. Then the average costs per unit of fuel exergy ( cF,k ) and product exergy ( cP,k )

cF,k =

 C F, k  E
F, k

cP,k =

 C P, k  E
P, k

The cost rate associated with exergy destruction is estimated as follows:

 =c E  C D, k F, k D, k The cost balance can now be written   =c E  cP,k E P, k F, k F, k + Z k

Here we should note that the cost of exergy destruction is hidden in the cost balance and does not appear explicitly. The cost increase between cF,k and cP,k is caused by the cost  ) as the relative cost difference of exergy destruction and the investment related cost ( Z

( rk ) shows:

rk =

cP,k cF,k cF,k

Finally the exergoeconomic factor f k compares the two cost sources contributing to the cost increase between cF,k and cP,k and shows the contribution of the investment-related cost to the sum of cost of exergy destruction and investment-related cost:
fk =  Z k

 +Z  cF,k E D, k k

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(8) (9) (10) (11)
k

are calculated from

N
=

 +Z  1  cF,k E Z D, k k k k = +   cF,k EP,k cF,k E k P, k

(12)

(13)

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

The sum shown in the denominator of the above equation is a measure of the importance of the k-th component from the cost viewpoint within the overall system being considered. The iterative exergoeconomic optimization technique consists of the following steps: 1. A workable design (i.e. a design that fulfils mass and energy balances) is developed in the first step. Several guidelines presented in the literature may assist in developing a workable design that is relatively close to the optimal one. 2. A detailed exergoeconomic analysis and an evaluation are conducted for the design developed in the previous step. The results from the exergoeconomic analysis are used to determine design changes (changes in the structure and in the process variables) that are expected to improve the design currently being considered. In this step we consider only changes that affect both the exergetic efficiency and the investment cost: For the most important plant components we ask the question whether it is cost effective to reduce the capital investment at the expense of component efficiency or whether the component efficiency (and the investment cost) should be increased. Any sub-processes that contribute to the exergy destruction or exergy loss from the overall plant should be eliminated if they do not contribute to the reduction of either capital investment or fuel costs for other components. 3. Based on the results from the previous step, a new design is developed and the value of the objective function is calculated for the new design. If in comparison with the previous design this value has been improved, we may decide to proceed with another iteration that involves step 2. If, however, the value of the objective function is not better in the new design than in the previous one, we may either revise some design changes and repeat step 2 or proceed with step 4.

4. In this final step we optimize the decision variables that affect the cost but not the exergetic efficiency. After obtaining the cost optimal design, it is always advisable to conduct a parametric study to investigate the effect on the optimization results of some parameters used and/or assumptions made in the optimization procedure.

When applying this methodology, the designer should recognize that the values of all exergoeconomic variables depend on the component type: heat exchanger, compressor, turbine, pump, chemical reactor, etc. Accordingly, whether a particular value is judged to be high or low can be determined only with reference to a particular class of components. In that respect, combining knowledge-based and fuzzy approaches with an iterative exergoeconomic optimization technique may be useful for the plant designer. 4.2. Approaches of Mathematical Optimization The objective of these approaches is, as in the iterative exergoeconomic approaches, the minimization of the total cost of owning and operating the plant over its entire life time. However, the approaches of mathematical optimization use, in addition to the iterative

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ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

approaches, cost functions that express the variation of investment cost as a function of the decision variables used in the optimization problem. This enables the designer to formulate a complete cost minimization problem, in which the constraints include the plant performance equations and the cost functions for each plant component. One of the methods used for the solution of the optimization problem is the method of Lagrange multipliers. This method can lead to the special cases of decomposition and thermoeconomic isolation, which may also be applied in conjunction with the thermoeconomic functional analysis (TFA) and the engineering functional analysis (EFA) approaches that belong to the group of mathematical optimization. Each Lagrange multiplier can be considered as the marginal cost associated with the corresponding function.

1. The functions of the overall system and of each component are identified and a so-called functional diagram (corresponding to the productive structure) is developed. Where required, the negentropy streams are determined. 2. The optimization problem including objective function, decision variables, cost functions and constraint functions is formulated. 3. The system of optimization equations is solved and a parametric study is conducted. For the mathematical optimization to demonstrate its merits, there is a need to express the various costs (capital, natural resources, personnel, etc.) as functions of design and operation characteristics of the components or of the overall system. These cost functions are not always available, usually not accurate, and seldom in the required form (a function of the decision variables). Therefore, the approaches of mathematical optimization cannot yet be applied to very complex energy-conversion plants. For the iterative exergoeconomic approach, however, there are no such limitations related to the complexity of the overall plant. These notwithstanding, a systematic effort to develop appropriate functions is justified by the very interesting results obtained when mathematical optimization methods are successfully applied. 5. Conclusion

The design and synthesis of energy-conversion plants requires among others appropriate trade-offs between fuel cost and investment expenditures or between cost of thermodynamic inefficiencies and investment costs. An exergy analysis complements and enhances an energy analysis and identifies the location, magnitude, and causes of thermodynamic inefficiencies in each plant component. A detailed cost analysis provides the investment cost and the operating and maintenance expenses associated with each plant component. The appropriate trade-offs between fuel cost and investment expenditures can be realized with the aid of an exergoeconomic approach that calculates the costs of thermodynamic inefficiencies and compares them with the required

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The analysis and optimization of an energy-conversion plant consists of the following steps.

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

investment cost at the plant component level. Thus, exergoeconomics identifies and properly evaluates the real cost sources. The exergoeconomic approaches apply the principle of exergy costing to enable the objective costing of energy carriers and to provide effective assistance in the decisionmaking process and the optimization or improvement of energy-intensive plants. In addition, exergoeconomics demonstrates that the exergy destruction plays a positive role in the design of energy-conversion plants by helping engineers to keep the investment costs associated with the plant components at an acceptable level. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, the value of each unit of exergy destruction is the same. Exergoeconomics demonstrates that the average cost per unit of exergy destruction is different for each component and depends on the relative position of the component within the plant: Components closer to the supply of exergy to the overall plant have, in general, a lower cost per unit of exergy destruction than components closer to the point of supply of the product streams from the overall plant. By revealing the true connections between thermodynamics and economics in the design of an energy-conversion plant, exergoeconomics enhances the knowledge, experience, intuition and creativity of design engineers and provides students with the appropriate tools to understand the cost interactions involved in design optimization. Glossary Exergy:

Maximum theoretical useful work (shaft work or electric work) obtainable from an energy system as this is brought into thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment while the system interacts only with this environment. Exergy destruction: Exergy destroyed due to irreversibilities within a system. Exergy transfer to the system surroundings. This exergy transfer Exergy loss: is not further used in the installation being considered or in any other installation. Exergy of product: The desired result (expressed in exergy terms) achieved by the system being considered. The exergetic resources expended to generate the exergy of Exergy of fuel: product. The ratio between exergy of product and exergy of fuel. Exergetic efficiency: Exergy destruction The ratio between the exergy destruction in a component and the fuel exergy supplied to the overall system. ratio: A unique combination of exergy analysis and cost analysis in Exergoeconomics: which combination the exergy costing principle is applied. Exergy is the only rational basis for assigning monetary values Exergy costing to the interactions an energy system experiences with its principle: surroundings and to the thermodynamic inefficiencies occurring within the system. Unavoidable exergy Exergy destruction rate that cannot be reduced due to technological limitations (e.g., availability and costs of materials destruction:

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ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

Unavoidable investment cost: Cost per unit of fuel exergy: Cost per unit of product exergy: Exergoeconomic factor:

Productive structure: Negentropy:

Objective function: Decision variable:

Nomenclature

r  W y  Z

c C E f

Greek Letters

Subscripts
D F k L P q tot w exergy destruction fuel exergy k-th system component exergy loss product exergy exergy or cost associated with heat transfer overall system exergy or cost associated with transfer of work

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cost per unit of exergy cost associated with exergy exergy Exergoeconomic factor relative cost difference power exergy-destruction or exergy-loss ratio cost rate associated with investment exergetic efficiency

and manufacturing methods) regardless of the amount of investment. A minimum cost that will always incur when a component of the type being considered is used. This cost is independent of the component efficiency. The average cost at which the exergy associated with the fuel is supplied to the plant component being considered. The average cost at which the exergy associated with the product is supplied by the plant component being considered. The contribution of the investment-related cost to the sum of costs associated with a plant component. The latter consists of the sum of cost of exergy destruction and the investment-related cost. A graphical illustration of the fuel, product and auxiliary equations for a plant component and the overall plant. The negative value of entropy transferred from a condenser to the productive plant components in which entropy is generated. This generated entropy is rejected to the environment through the condenser. A negentropy stream flows in the opposite direction of an exergy stream. A mathematical function to be maximized or minimized when solving an optimization problem. An independent variable whose value is amenable to change when solving an optimization problem.

ENERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION Application of Thermoeconomics to the Design and Synthesis of Energy Plants - G. Tsatsaronis

Superscripts
CI UN capital investment unavoidable exergy destruction or cost

Overmarks
Bibliography Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., and Moran, M. (1996). Thermal Design and Optimization. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 542 p. [Contains an introduction to the exergy concept and the economic analysis, applications, and exergy-aided cost minimization of energy conversion systems.] Cziesla, F., Tsatsaronis, G. (2002). Iterative exergoeconomic evaluation and improvement of thermal power plants using fuzzy inference systems, Energy Conversion and Management 43: 1537-1548. [Presents a combination of an iterative exergy-aided cost minimization technique with fuzzy systems. An application of this approach to the optimization of a simple cogeneration plant is discussed.] Erlach, B., Tsatsaronis, G., and Cziesla, F. (2001). A new approach for assigning costs and fuels to cogeneration products. International Journal of Applied Thermodynamics; 4: 145-156. [Presents a novel exergy costing approach.] Frangopoulos, C.A. (1983), Thermoeconomic functional analysis: a method for optimal design or improvement of complex thermal systems. PhD Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology. [Introduces the TFA] Frangopoulos C.A. (1987). Thermoeconomic functional analysis and optimization. Energy, 12(7), 563571. [Describes the TFA.] Gaggioli, R.A., Wepfer, W.J. (1980). Exergy economics. Energy The International Journal; 5, 823-38. [Presents the EEA.]. Lazzaretto, A., and Tsatsaronis, G. (2006). SPECO: A systematic and general methodology for calculating efficiencies and costs in thermal systems. Energy The International Journal, 31:1257-1289. [Discusses the definition and calculation of exergetic efficiencies using various exergy components, presents the SPECOM and compares the various approaches.] per unit time

Tsatsaronis, G., Lin, L. (1990). On exergy costing in exergoeconomics. In: Tsatsaronis, G., Bajura, R.A., Kenney, W.F., Reistad, G.M., editors. Computer-aided energy systems analysis, vol. 21. New York: ASME; p. 1-11. [Introduces the LIFOA.] Tsatsaronis, G., Penner, S.S. (Editors) (1994). Invited Papers on Exergoeconomics, Energy The International Journal, special issue, 3: 279-381. [Presents the application of four exergoeconomic approaches to the same problem.] Tsatsaronis G, Winhold M. (1985). Exergoeconomic analyses and evaluation of energy conversation plants. Energy The International Journal; 10: 69-94. [Introduces the FEA.] Valero, A., Lozano, M.A., Muoz, M. (1986). A general theory of exergy savings, Part I: On the exergetic cost, Part II: On the thermoeconomic cost, Part III: Energy savings and thermoeconomics. In: Gaggioli, R., editor. Computer-Aided Engineering of Energy Systems, vol. 2-3. New York: ASME; p. 121. [Introduces the ECT.] Valero, A., Torres, C., Serra, L. (1992). A general theory of thermoeconomics: Part I: structural analysis. In: Valero, A., Tsatsaronis, G., editors. International Symposium on Efficiency, Costs, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Systems, ECOS92. Zaragoza, Spain, June 15-18; p. 137-145. [Introduces the SAA.]

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Von Spakowsky, M.R. (1986). A Practical generalized analysis approach to the optimal thermoeconomic design and improvement of real-world thermal systems. PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. .[Introduces the EFA.] Von Spakovsky M. R. and Evans R. B. (1993). Engineering functional analysis Parts I, II. ASME J. of Energy Resources Technology, 115, 86-99. [Describes the EFA.]. Biographical Sketch Professor George Tsatsaronis is the Bewag Professor of Energy Engineering and Protection of the Environment and the past Director of the Institute for Energy Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. He studied mechanical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece, receiving the Diploma in 1972. He continued at the Technical University of Aachen, Germany, where he received a Masters Degree in business administration in 1976, a Ph.D. in combustion from the Department of Mechanical Engineering in 1977, and a Dr. Habilitatus Degree in Thermoeconomics in 1985. In the last thirty years he has been responsible for numerous research projects and programs related to combustion, thermoeconomics (exergoeconomics), development, simulation and analysis of various energy-conversion processes (coal gasification, electricity generation, hydrogen production, cogeneration, solar energy-conversion, oil production in refineries and also from oil shales, carbon black production, refrigeration processes, etc) as well as optimization of the design and operation of energy systems with emphasis on power plants and cogeneration systems. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and a member of the Greek Society of Engineers. He is a Past Chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Centre for Applied Thermodynamics. In 1977 he received for his Ph.D. Thesis the Borchers Award from the Technical University of Aachen, Germany and in 1994 and 1999 the E.F. Obert Best Paper Award from ASME. In 1997 he became a Honorary Professor at the North China Electric Power University and in 1998 he received from ASME the James Harry Potter Gold Medal for his work in exergoeconomics. In 2002 he became a guest professor at the Zhejiang University of Technology, China, and in 2004 he received a Doctoris Honoris Causa from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Rumania. He currently serves as an associate editor of Energy - The International Journal (since 1986), Energy Conversion and Management (since 1995), and International Journal of Energy, Technology and Policy (since 2002). He is a honorary editor of the International Journal of Thermodynamics (since 2003). He co-authored with A. Bejan and M. Moran the book Thermal Design and Optimization and published about 200 papers and scientific reports. He is the co-editor of 21 conference proceedings publications.

To cite this chapter G. Tsatsaronis,(2007),APPLICATION OF THERMOECONOMICS TO THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF ENERGY PLANTS , in Exergy,Energy System Analysis, and Optimization, [Ed. Christos A. Frangopoulos], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford ,UK, [http://www.eolss.net]

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