Chapter 15 Section 3 Outline

I. Modern Terrorism
A. Terrorism believes negotiating/organizing won’t benefit their
political goals; instead they use force and intimidation.
1. Examples are taking hostages, hijacking planes or killing
civilians.
2. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) has killed thousands trying to
unify the G.B.-ruled Northern Ireland with the Irish Republic.
3. State-sponsored terrorism – Terrorism that works for one
nation to undermine the Gov. of another.
a. Used by militant governments, i.e. Iraq, Iran, Syria,
Libya & North Korea.
B. Islamic Militants: A Clash of Cultures
1. Recent world terrorism believed to have complex roots.
a. Analysts believe the Muslim’s religious beliefs haven’t
adapted to the modern world, or Christians & Muslims
are hostile towards each other since the Crusades.
b. Poverty & ignorance could’ve caused resentment
towards wealthy Western societies.
c. Israeli-Palestinian conflicts being solved could render
terrorism rare.
2. Yasir Arafat of PLO dies in 2004
a. His peace talks between PLO and Israel didn’t find
solutions; new leader expected to succeed in his place.
3. Middle Eastern groups responsible for terrorists attacks since
WW2
a. Reason could be U.S.’s oil investment benefited ruling
wealthy families, not the normal poor citizens.
b. Contact with U.S. increased, feared that religion/way of
life would weaken; movements to overthrow pro-
Western Govs. were called fundamentalist militants but
many don’t share their vision of a pure Islamic society.
c. U.S. support of Israel angered other Mid. East. Nations;
terrorists paid and supported by other Mid. East. Nations
to attack Israel and the U.S.
4. Ayatollah Khomeini led first movement for a conservative
Islamic society.
a. Social and political changes were strictly regulated by
the strict interpretation Islam.
 b. Militants seen as extremists, but are a minority w/their
view of women; Women had extensive rights until the
early 1900’s.
1. 19th/20th century Muslim scholars debate on
women’s roles, leading to more extensions of
rights & a shift toward more traditional roles.
C. The War in Afghanistan and Its Aftermath
1. King of Afghanistan sought economic support from Soviet
Union, overthrown by cousin in 1973, and then overthrown in
a pro-Soviet coup in 1978.
2. Afghans opposed new communist leaders, Babrak Karmal
became prime minister and Soviets led a full-scale invasion.
3. U.S. supported opposition against Soviets, Muslims headed to
Afghanistan to support the effort.
a. Osama bin Laden, founded the al-Qaeda (The Base) in
1988, and helped succeed in defeating the Soviet Union
w/his efforts by sending arms, money, & recruited
Muslims.
b. Bin Laden believed western ideas corrupted Muslim
societies, & dedicated himself to drive westerners out of
large Muslim countries.
c. The Taliban, a Muslim fundamentalist group, took
control of Afghanistan in 1996, and controlled 2/3rd of
the country; the north was controlled by Afghan
factions.
d. Taliban suspected of hiding Bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda
organization; He ordered Muslims to kill Americans & set
bombs off at American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
that killed 224 people.
e. President Bill Clinton attacked Afghanistan and Sudan,
but al-Qaeda terrorists destroyed the USS Cole by
Yemen; the United Nations Security Council later
demanded the Taliban to hand over bin Laden for trial
but was refused.
II. The Attacks of 9/11
A. 2 commercial jets crashed into the World Trade center in N.Y.C., 1
at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia & the last one into a field in
Pennsylvania which was diverted from Washington D.C. by heroic
passengers.
 B. President George Bush declared a nation emergency & Congress
authorized the use of force to fight the terrorists; Intelligence
identified works of bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network.
C. Bush led coalition of nations to start a war against the Taliban, &
and the Northern Alliance of Afghanistan help force the Taliban
out of the capital Kabul & the Taliban collapsed.
D. U.S. and its allies help create a new Afghan Gov. w/its leaders.
1. Allied troops act as peacekeepers and hunt for stray
terrorists.
2. Citizens overjoyed, Hamid Karzai elected as new
president.
3. President Bush and the Congress pass the Patriot Act,
letting secret searches to prevent tipping off terrorism
suspects that restricted constitutional rights and caused
controversy.
4. Congress passed a bill for a new cabinet department –
the Department of Homeland Security for the
coordination of federal agencies that work against
terrorism.
5. Many Asian and European Govs. have tightened up
security at airports to tracked own terrorists.
III. The Iraq Factor
A. The 9/11 attacks caused fear of al-Qaeda possessing WMD’s.
1. In his State of the Union speech on Jan. 2002, President Bush
identified Iraq, Iran & North Korea as the “Axis of Evil.”
B. Iraq’s Aggression
1. President Bush believed Iraq was a more immediate threat,
based on the previous use of their WMD’s during their war
against Iran.
2. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait led to international outcries; U.S. led
an international force that freed Kuwait & destroyed a
majority of Iraq’s army, hoping to overthrow Hussein w/an
internal revolt but failed.
3. UN inspectors found evidence of Iraq’s WMD’s and UN’s
Security Council resolutions wanted their weapons programs
to stop, but the resolutions were violated.
C. War on Iraq
1. President Bush demanded a regime change in Iraq & the
repossessing of their WMD’s, & would go to war w/out UN
support.
2. Congress authorized use of force against Iraq, but the UN
made a new resolution that required UN inspectors to return
to Iraq by a certain date to see to the stop of support to
terrorism, persecution of Huessin’s opponents & declaration of
all its WMD’s.
a. U.S. doubted their effectiveness, & still argued Iraq was
still hiding the WMD’s.
b. U.S. & Britain prepared war, but antiwar protestors said
war wasn’t justified b/c of the inconclusive evidence.
3. The U.S.-led coalition attacked Iraq, & Hussein’s soldiers
backed down and Iraq was quickly controlled.
4. Fighting & controversies continued & no evidence of WMD’s
were found.
5. Citizens of Iraq rejoice to new freedom but 3 major groups:
the Shiite & Sunni Muslims & Ethnic Kurds made it difficult to
set up an Interim Gov.
6. Sadam was captured, but insurgent attacks didn’t cease.
a. Believed to be former members of Hussein’s party who
feared of no power in an American-designed Gov.
b. Believed to be young radicals that wanted a strict
Islamic republic.
7. Fighting continued w/anyone who cooperated w/ the interim
Gov., as the war was officially over in 2004
a. President Bush continued to seek support of other
countries to help the war-torn nation.
8. On June 28, 2004, Iyad Allawi was sworn in as Iraq’s interim
prime minister and sovereignty was transferred to Iraq.
a. Gov. needed order and restructuring, while debating on
the role of religion on society & an acceptable type of
Gov.