1/achievement (n)

achieve
verb [T]
to succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or
effort:
- She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America.
- I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've achieved nothing.

achievable
adjective
describes a task, etc. that is possible to achieve:
- Before you set your targets, make sure that they are achievable.

achiever
noun
high/low achiever a person who achieves more/less than the average:
Not enough attention is given to the low achievers in the class.

under achiever someone who is less successful than they should be at school or at
work

achievement
noun [C or U]
something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing:
Whichever way you look at it, an Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement
for one so young.
The Tale of Genji has been described as the greatest achievement of Japanese
literature.
It gives you a sense of achievement if you actually make it to the end of a very long
book.

2/ agriculture (n)
agriculture
noun [u]
farming:
Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries.
The area depends on agriculture for most of its income.
Seventy percent of the country's population practises subsistence agriculture.

agricultural
adjective
The world's supply of agricultural land is shrinking fast.
She's studying agricultural science.
The country's economy is mainly agricultural (= based on farming) and depends on
crops like coffee.

3/ carry out
carry sth out phrasal verb
to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you
have been told to do:
Nigel is carrying out research on early Christian art.
The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what's wrong with her.
Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
It is hoped that the kidnappers will not carry out their threat to kill the hostages.
Don't blame me, I'm only carrying out my orders/instructions.

4/ commitment (n)
commit
verb [I or T]
to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or
plan of action:
Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship.
The government must commit itself to improving health care.
Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back.

commit yourself to express an opinion or to make a decision that you tell people
about:
I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure.

committed
adjective
loyal and willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in:
a committed socialist/Christian/teacher

[after verb] having promised to be involved in a plan of action:

We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year.

commitment
noun [C or U]
when you are willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in,
or a promise or firm decision to do something:
her commitment to left-wing politics/the cause of feminism/the company
She is known chiefly for her commitment to nuclear disarmament.
I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such commitment.
Try the product out in the comfort of your own home with absolutely no commitment
to buy!

[C] something that you must do or deal with that takes your time:
family/work commitments
I've got too many commitments at the moment to do an evening class.
Children are such a commitment.

5/ dissolve (v)
dissolve (END)
verb [T often passive] to end an official organization or a legal arrangement:
Parliament has been dissolved.
Their marriage was dissolved in 1968.

[i]to disappear:
The tension in the office just dissolves when she walks out.

dissolution
noun [u]
the dissolution of parliament
6/ domestic (adj)
domestic
adjective
relating to a person's own country:
domestic airlines/flights
Domestic opinion had turned against the war.

domestically
adverb
Such a policy would be unacceptable both domestically and internationally.

7/ drug (n)
drug (ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE)
noun [C]
any natural or artificially made chemical which is taken for pleasure, to improve
someone's performance of an activity, or because a person cannot stop using it:
illegal drugs
a drug addict
drug addiction/abuse
She began to suspect that her son was on/taking/doing drugs.
She was suspected of being a drug dealer/UK ALSO drugs dealer (= someone who
sells drugs).
His son died of a drug/UK ALSO drugs overdose.

any activity that you cannot stop doing:

Work is a drug for him.

druggie
noun [C] INFORMAL
a person who frequently uses illegal drugs

8/ eliminate (v)
eliminate
verb [T] to remove or take away:
A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.
We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.
The police eliminated him from their enquiries.

[T often passive] to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition:

He was eliminated in the third round of the competition.

[T] SLANG to murder:

A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang eliminate rivals.

elimination
noun [u]
the removal of something:
the elimination of disease/pain
their elimination from the competition

eliminator
noun [C] UK
a part of a competition in any game or sport where one person or team plays against
another to decide which of them will continue to the next stage and which will be
removed from the competition

9/ eventually (adv)
eventual
adjective [before noun]
happening or existing at a later time or at the end, especially after a lot of effort,
problems, etc:
The Dukes were the eventual winners of the competition.
Although the original budget for the project was $1 billion, the eventual cost is likely
to be 50% higher.

eventually
adverb
in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc:
Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she
eventually died.
It might take him ages but he'll do it eventually.

10/ expand (v)

expand
verb [I or T]
to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this
way:
The air in the balloon expands when heated.
They expanded their retail operations significantly during the 1980s.

expandable
adjective
able to increase in size:
pregnancy trousers with expandable waists

expansion
noun [C or U]
when something increases in size, number or importance:
the rapid expansion of the software industry
Expansion into new areas of research is possible.
an expansion of industry

expansionism
noun [u] DISAPPROVING
increasing the amount of land ruled by a country, or the business performed by a
company:
As a consequence of expansionism by some European countries, many ancient
cultures have suffered.

expansionist
noun [C], adjective

11/ guideline (n)

guidelines
plural noun
information intended to advise people on how something should be done or what
something should be:
The EU has issued guidelines on appropriate levels of pay for part-time manual
workers.

12/ illegal (adj)

illegal
adjective
against the law; not allowed by law:
a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16
Prostitution is illegal in some countries.
It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured.
Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances.

illegally
adverb
They entered the country illegally.
an illegally parked car

13/ inflation (n)

inflation
noun [u]
a general, continuous increase in prices:
high/low inflation
the rate of inflation
Your salary will be increased in line with the 3% inflation expected this autumn.

inflationary
adjective
causing price increases and inflation:
inflationary policies/pressures/trends

14/ inhabitant (n)

inhabit
verb [T often passive]
to live in a place:
These remote islands are inhabited only by birds and small animals.

inhabitant
noun [C]
a person or animal that lives in a particular place:
a city of 5 million inhabitants

inhabitable
adjective
able to be lived in or on
NOTE: The opposite is uninhabitable.

15/ intervention (n)

intervene (GET INVOLVED)
[i]verb
to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or
prevent it from getting worse:
The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the
exchange rate.
[+ to infinitive] The Minister intervened personally to stop the museum being
closed.

intervention
noun [C or U]
Half the people questioned said they were opposed to military intervention (in the
civil war).
Repeated interventions on the currency markets have failed to prevent the value of
the currency falling.

interventionist
adjective
(of a government or their actions) tending to become involved, either in the
problems of another country, or in the economy of one's own country:
an interventionist role
interventionist economic policy
16/ investment (n)
invest
verb [I or T]
to put money, effort, time etc. into something to make a profit or get an advantage:
The institute will invest 5 million in the project.
He's not certain whether to invest in the property market.
You have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in making this project
the success that it is.

investment
noun [C or U]
Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments.
an investment banker

investor
noun [C]
A New York investor offered to acquire the company's shares for $13 each.
Small investors (= people who invest only a small amount of money) are hoping
that the markets will improve.

17/ islander (n)

island
noun [C]
a piece of land completely surrounded by water:
a desert island
a Pacific island
They live on the large Japanese island of Hokkaido.

an island of peace/calm/sanity/etc. a particular place which is

peaceful/calm/etc, when other surrounding places are the opposite

islander
noun [C]
someone who lives on an island:
Scottish islanders

18/ measure (n)

measure
noun [C usually plural]
a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation:
What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism?
These measures were designed to improve car safety.
[+ to infinitive] Emergency measures to help the refugees are badly needed.

19/ promote (v)

promote
verb [T]
to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something:
Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.
The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of
the Arab world.
Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet
today.
It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health.

promoter
noun [C]
someone who tries to encourage something to happen or develop:
a promoter of peace/sexual equality

a person who organizes and arranges finance for sports and musical events:
a boxing/rock concert promoter

promotion
noun [C or U]
activities to advertise something:
a sales promotion
There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of
wine.
Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of
the product.

[u] when something is encouraged to happen or develop:

the promotion of a healthy lifestyle

promotional
adjective
intended to advertise something:
a promotional campaign/video
The writer recently went on a promotional tour of his homeland.

20/ priority (n)

priority
noun [C or U]
something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things:
The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority.
My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
You have to learn to get your priorities right/straight (= decide which are the most
important jobs or problems and deal with them first).
Mending the lights is a priority task (= more important than other jobs).
Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans (= They
deal with them first because they consider them most important).
Official business requirements obviously take/have priority over personal requests
(= Official business matters will be dealt with first).

prioritize, UK USUALLY prioritise

verb [I or T]
to decide which of a group of things are the most important so that you can deal
with them first:
You must learn to prioritize your work.

21/ reaffirm (v)

reaffirm
verb [T]
to give your support to a person, plan, idea, etc. for a second time; to strengthen:
The government yesterday reaffirmed its commitment to the current peace process.
These events reaffirm my belief in the need for better information.

22/ renovation (n)

renovate
verb [T]
to repair and improve something, especially a building:
He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit.

renovation
noun [C or U]
The museum is closed for renovation.
Extensive renovations were carried out on the property.

23/ stagnant (adj)

stagnant
adjective
not growing or developing:
a stagnant economy

stagnate
[i]verb
to stay the same and not grow or develop:
The electronics industry is showing signs of stagnating after 15 years of tremendous
growth.

stagnation
noun [u]

24/ subsidy (n)

subsidy
noun [C]
money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it to happen:
The company received a substantial government subsidy.
The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers.
subsidize, UK USUALLY subsidise
verb [T]
to pay part of the cost of something:
£50 would help to subsidize the training of an unemployed teenager.
The refugees live in subsidized housing provided by the authorities.

subsidization, UK USUALLY subsidisation

noun [u]

subsidizer, UK USUALLY subsidiser

noun [C]
European countries are quite aggressive subsidizers of grain exports.

25/ substantial (adj)

substantial (LARGE)
adjective
large in size, value or importance:
The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women.
She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother.
The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting.

substantially
adverb
The new rules will substantially (= to a large degree) change how we do things.

1.pessimistic
pessimism
noun [u]
the tendency to emphasize or think of the bad part of a situation rather than the
good part, or the feeling that bad things are more likely to happen than good things:
- There is now a mood of deepening pessimism about/over the economy.
- An underlying pessimism infuses all her novels.
NOTE: The opposite is optimism.

pessimist
noun [C]
someone who always believes that bad things will happen:
- Don't be such a pessimist!

pessimistic
adjective
- The tone of the meeting was very pessimistic.
- The doctors are pessimistic (= not hopeful) about his chances of recovery.

pessimistically
adverb

2.optimistic
optimism
noun [u]
the tendency to be hopeful and to emphasize the good part of a situation rather than
the bad part; the belief that good things will happen in the future:
- There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future.
- Judging from your examination results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for
cautious optimism about getting a university place.
NOTE: The opposite is pessimism.

optimist
noun [C]
someone who always believes that good things will happen:
- She's a born optimist (= someone who has always been optimistic).

optimistic
adjective
- She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal.

optimistically
adverb

3.depression
depression (NO ACTIVITY)
noun [C]
a period in which there is very little business activity and not many jobs:
- The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression.

4.corporation
corporation (BUSINESS)
group noun [C] (WRITTEN ABBREVIATION Corp.)
a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single
organization:
- a multinational corporation
- the British Broadcasting Corporation
- She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal.

5.wipe
wipe sth out (DESTROY) phrasal verb [M]
to destroy something completely:
- Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting.
- One bad harvest could wipe out all of a grower's profits for the previous two years.

6.terrorism
terrorism
noun [u]
(threats of) violent action for political purposes:
- Governments must cooperate if they are to fight/combat international terrorism.
- The bomb explosion was one of the worst acts of terrorism that Italy has
experienced in recent years.

terrorist
noun [C]
- Several terrorists have been killed by their own bombs.
- There has been an increase in terrorist attacks.
- The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats.

7.domestic
domestic (HOME)
adjective
belonging or relating to the home, house or family:
- domestic chores/duties/arrangements

domesticated
adjective
able or willing to do cleaning, cooking and other jobs in the home, and to look after
children:
- Since they had their baby they've both become quite domesticated.

domestic noun [C]

someone paid to do work, such as cleaning and cooking, in someone else's house

domestically
adverb

domesticity
noun [u]
life at home looking after your house and family:
- She married young and settled happily into domesticity.

Cần phân biệt domestic ở bài 8 và ở bài 7, có sự khác nhau đó nha !

8.incredible
incredible (DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE)
adjective
impossible, or very difficult, to believe:
- an incredible story
- The latest missiles can be fired with incredible accuracy.
- It seems incredible that no one foresaw the crisis.

incredibly
adverb
- Incredibly, no one was hurt in the accident.

9.shuttle
shuttle (VEHICLE)
noun [C]
a vehicle or aircraft that travels regularly between two places:
- To get across town, you can take the shuttle from Times Square to Grand Central.
- The American (space) shuttle can be used many times to put payloads in space.

shuttle
verb [I or T; usually + adverb or preposition]
to travel or take people regularly between the same two places:
- A small train shuttles constantly between the concourse and the runways.

10. centenarian
noun [C]
someone who is a hundred years old or more

11. eradicated
eradicate
verb [T] FORMAL
to get rid of completely or destroy something bad:
- The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
- The disease which once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.

eradication
noun [u]

11.contribute
contribute to sth phrasal verb
to help to cause an event or situation:
Smoking certainly contributed to his early death.

12.fatal
fatal
adjective
1 A fatal illness or accident, etc. causes death:
- This illness is fatal in almost all cases.
- the fatal shooting of an unarmed 15-year-old

2 very serious and having an important bad effect in the future:

- He made the fatal mistake/error of believing what they told him.
- It just shows how you should never say how well things are going for you - it's
fatal (= it causes bad things to happen).

fatally
adverb
- Several people were injured, two fatally (= they died as a result).

fatality
noun [C]
a death caused by an accident or by violence, or someone who has died in either of
these ways:
- Britain has thousands of road fatalities (= deaths on roads) every year.
The first fatalities of the war were civilians.

13.life expectancy
life expectancy noun [C usually singular]
the length of time that a living thing, especially a human being, is likely to live:
- Life expectancy in Europe has increased greatly in the 20th century.

14.predict
predict
verb [T]
to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of
knowledge or experience:
- It's still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes.
[+ that] Who could have predicted that within ten years he'd be in charge of the
whole company?
[+ to infinitive] The hurricane is predicted to reach the coast tomorrow morning.
[+ question word] No one can predict when the disease will strike again.
predictable
adjective
1 Something which is predictable happens in a way or at a time which you know
about before it happens:
- Comets appear at predictable times.
NOTE: The opposite is unpredictable.

2 DISAPPROVING happening or behaving in a way that you expect and not unusual
or interesting:
- The ending to the film was just so predictable.

predictably
adverb
as expected:
- Predictably, after the initial media interest, the refugees now seem to have been
forgotten.

predictability
noun [u]
the state of knowing what something is like, when something will happen, etc:
- Although her job is boring and monotonous, she likes the sense of predictability
and security that it gives her.

predictive
adjective FORMAL
relating to the ability to predict:
- The predictive value of this new method of analysis has still to be proven.

15.eternal
eternal
adjective
lasting forever or for a very long time:
- The company is engaged in the eternal search for a product that will lead the
market.
- Will you two never stop your eternal arguing!

eternally
adverb
- the eternally changing seasons
- eternally weary/sad/cheerful
- FORMAL I'd be eternally (= very or always) grateful if you could arrange it.