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TransformersPower,Distribution,Autotransformer,potential,isolation,singlephase,threephase
ExplainingDifferentTypesofTransformers
Atransformerisanelectricaldevicewhich,bytheprinciplesofelectromagneticinduction,transfers electricalenergyfromoneelectriccircuittoanother,withoutchangingthefrequency.Theenergy transferusuallytakesplacewithachangeofvoltageandcurrent.Transformerseitherincreasesor decreasesACvoltage. Transformersareusedtomeetawidevarietyofneeds.Sometransformerscanbeseveralstories high,likethetypefoundatageneratingstationorsmallenoughtoholdinyourhand,whichmight beusedwiththechargingcradleforavideocamera.Nomatterwhattheshapeorsize,a transformerspurposeremainsthesame:transformingelectricalpowerfromonetypetoanother. Therearemanydifferenttypesoftransformersinusetoday.Thisresourcewilltakeacloserlookat PowerTransformers,AutoTransformers,DistributionTransformers,InstrumentTransformers, IsolationTransformers,PotentialTransformersandCurrentTransformers. HowTransformersWork TransformerConfigurations PowerTransformer DistributionTransformer Autotransformer IsolationTransformer InstrumentTransformer CurrentTransformer PotentialTransformer TransformerVideoOverview
Transformers
HowTransformersWork.
Itisimportanttorememberthattransformersdonotgenerateelectricalpowertheytransfer electricalpowerfromoneACcircuittoanotherusingmagneticcoupling.Thecoreofthe transformerisusedtoprovideacontrolledpathforthemagneticfluxgeneratedinthe transformerbythecurrentflowingthroughthewindings,whicharealsoknownascoils. Therearefourprimarypartstothebasictransformer.ThepartsincludetheInputConnection, theOutputConnection,theWindingsorCoilsandtheCore. InputConnectionsTheinputsideofatransformeriscalledtheprimaryside becausethemainelectricalpowertobechangedisconnectedatthispoint. OutputConnectionsTheoutputsideorsecondarysideofthetransformeris wheretheelectricalpowerissenttotheload.Dependingontherequirementofthe load,theincomingelectricpoweriseitherincreasedordecreased. WindingTransformershavetwowindings,beingtheprimarywindingandthe secondarywinding.Theprimarywindingisthecoilthatdrawspowerfromthe source.Thesecondarywindingisthecoilthatdeliverstheenergyatthetransformed orchangedvoltagetotheload.Usually,thesetwocoilsaresubdividedintoseveralcoilsinordertoreducethecreationofflux. CoreThetransformercoreisusedtoprovideacontrolledpathforthemagneticfluxgeneratedinthetransformer.Thecoreisgenerallynot asolidbarofsteel,ratheraconstructionofmanythinlaminatedsteelsheetsorlayers.Thisconstructionisusedtohelpeliminateandreduce heating. Transformersgenerallyhaveoneoftwotypesofcores:CoreTypeandShellType.Thesetwotypesaredistinguishedfromeachotherby themannerinwhichtheprimaryandsecondarycoilsareplacearoundthesteelcore. CoretypeWiththistype,thewindingssurroundthelaminatedcore. ShelltypeWiththistype,thewindingsaresurroundedbythelaminatedcore. Whenaninputvoltageisappliedtotheprimarywinding,alternatingcurrentstartstoflowintheprimarywinding.Asthecurrentflows,achanging magneticfieldissetupinthetransformercore.Asthismagneticfieldcutsacrossthesecondarywinding,alternatingvoltageisproducedinthe secondarywinding. Theratiobetweenthenumberofactualturnsofwireineachcoilisthekeyindeterminingthetypeoftransformerandwhattheoutputvoltagewill be.Theratiobetweenoutputvoltageandinputvoltageisthesameastheratioofthenumberofturnsbetweenthetwowindings. Atransformersoutputvoltageisgreaterthantheinputvoltageifthesecondarywindinghasmoreturnsofwirethantheprimarywinding.The outputvoltageissteppedup,andconsideredtobea"stepuptransformer".Ifthesecondarywindinghasfewerturnsthantheprimarywinding,the outputvoltageislower.Thisisa"stepdowntransformer".
TransformerConfigurations.
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PowerTransformer.
Apowertransformerisusedprimarilytocoupleelectricalenergyfromapowersupplylinetoacircuitsystem,ortooneormorecomponentsofthe system.Apowertransformerusedwithsolidstatecircuitsiscalledarectifiertransformer.Apowertransformer'sratingisgivenintermsofthe secondary'smaximumvoltageandcurrentdeliveringcapacity.
DistributionTransformer.
Apoletypedistributiontransformerisusedtosupplyrelativelysmallamountsofpowertoresidences.Itisusedattheendoftheelectricalutility's deliverysystem.
Autotransformer.
Theautotransformerisaspecialtypeofpowertransformer.Itconsistsofasingle,continuouswinding thatistappedononesidetoprovideeitherastepuporastepdownfunction.Thisisdifferentfroma conventionaltwowindingtransformer,whichhastheprimaryandsecondarycompletelyisolatedfrom eachother,butmagneticallylinkedbyacommoncore.Theautotransformer'swindingsareboth electricallyandmagneticallyinterconnected. Anautotransformerisinitiallycheaperthanasimilarlyratedtwowindingtransformer.Italsohasbetter regulation(smallervoltagedrops),andgreaterefficiency.Furthermore,itcanbeusedtoobtaintheneutral wireofathreewire240/120voltservice,justlikethesecondaryofatwo0windingtransformer.The autotransformerisconsideredunsafeforuseonordinarydistributioncircuits.Thisisbecausethehigh voltageprimarycircuitsareconnecteddirectlytothelowvoltagesecondarycircuit.
IsolationTransformer.
Anisolationtransformerisaveryuniquetransformer.Ithasa1:1turn'sratio.Therefore,itdoesnotstepvoltage upordown.Instead,itservesasasafetydevice.Itisusedtoisolatethegroundedconductorofapowerlinefrom thechassisoranyportionofacircuitload.Usinganisolationtransformerdoesnotreducethedangerorshockif contactismadeacrossthetransformer'ssecondarywinding. Technically,anytruetransformer,whetherusedtotransfersignalsorpower,isisolating,astheprimaryand secondaryarenotconnectedbyconductorsbutonlybyinduction.However,onlytransformerswhoseprimary purposeistoisolatecircuits(opposedtothemorecommontransformerfunctionofvoltageconversion),are routinelydescribedasisolationtransformers.
InstrumentTransformer.
Formeasuringhighvaluesofcurrentorvoltage,itisdesirabletousestandardlowrangemeasuringinstrumentstogetherwithspeciallyconstructed instrumenttransformers,alsocalledaccurateratiotransformers.Anaccurateratiotransformerdoesjustasthenamesuggests.Ittransformsatan accurateratiotoallowanattachedinstrumenttogaugethecurrentorvoltagewithoutactuallyrunningfullpowerthroughtheinstrument.Itis requiredtotransformrelativelysmallamountsofpowerbecauseit'sonlyload,calledaburden,isthedelicatemovingelementsofanammeter, voltmeterorwattmeter. Therearetwotypesofinstrumenttransformers: 1. CurrentUsedwithanammetertomeasurecurrentinACvoltages 2. PotentialUsedwithavoltmetertomeasurevoltage(potentialdifference)inAC.
CurrentTransformer.
Acurrenttransformerhasaprimarycoilofoneormoreturnsofheavywire.Itisalwaysconnectedinseriesin thecircuitinwhichcurrentistobemeasured.Thesecondarycoilismadeupofmanyturnsoffinewire,which mustalwaysbeconnectedacrosstheammeterterminals.Thesecondaryofacurrenttransformermustneverbe opencircuited.Thisisbecausetheprimaryisnotconnectedtoaconstantsource.Thereisawiderangeof possibleprimaryvoltages,becausethedevicecanbeconnectedtomanytypesofconductors.Thesecondary mustalwaysbeavailable(closedcircuited)toreactwiththeprimary,topreventthecorefrombecoming completelymagnetized.Ifthishappens,theinstrumentswillnolongerreadaccurately. Aclamponammeterworksinasimilarway.Byopeningtheclampandplacingitaroundacurrentcarrying conductor,theconductoritselfactsasasingleturnprimary.Thesecondaryandtheammeterareconveniently mountedinthehandleofthedevice.Thedialallowsanumberofcurrentrangestobegaugedaccurately.
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PotentialTransformer.
PotentialTransformers(liketheonepicturedabove)aredesignedformonitoringsinglephaseandthreephasepowerlinevoltagesinpower meteringapplications.
TransformerVideoOverview
(BacktoTransformers)
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