WCDMA Key Technologies

ZTE University

Objectives


At the end of this course, you will be able to:

 

Master key technologies of WCDMA Master characteristic of WCDMA system capacity

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Power Control
  

CDMA is not a new technology Power control is a key technology of CDMA system Power control is the key path for launching the large scale CDMA commercial network

CDMA is a typical selfself-interference system, thus the chief principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power for service must be controlled.

Why Power Control?



  

All CDMA users occupy the same frequency spectrum at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators. CDMA operates by using codes to discriminate between users. CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code.

To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users must be tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station with the same signal strength and the absolute minimum power level demanded to avoid the Near-Far Effect.

Near-Far Effect
Block the whole cell

Overpowered by strong signals

Power f

Power control
Power Power

Each terminal is an interference source to the others. The NearNear-far effect will impact the capacity tremendously

Power control will reduce the cross interference significantly and improve the total capacity

Purpose of Power Control

Downlink Power Control
Cell transmitted power

Uplink Power Control

UE transmitted signal

Power control command (TPC)

Power control command (TPC)

Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity Extend battery life

Category of Power control

Open loop power controlno feedback

RNC

UE

Node B

Close loop power controlfeedback

Inner-loop

RNC
Outer-loop

UE

Node B

Category of Power Control

Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted power

Close LoopInner Loop

Measure the SIR (Signaling to Interference Ratio), compare with the target SIR value, and then send power control instruction to UE. The frequency of WCDMA inner loop power control is 1500Hz. If measured SIR>target SIR, decrease the UE transmitted power. If measured SIR <target SIR, increase the UE transmitted power.

Close LoopOuter Loop

Measure the BLER (Block Error Rate), and adjust the target SIR. The frequency of WCDMA outer loop power control is 10~100Hz.  If measured BLER>target BLER, decrease the target SIR value.  If measured BLER<target BLER, increase the target SIR value.

Open Loop Power Control



General principals of open loop power control



Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial transmitted power for a new radio link. P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power Control, which is measured by UE to estimate the initial transmitted power. The following factors will also be considered, such as service QoS and data rate, Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current downlink total Transmitted Power and interference from neighbor cell etc.

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

Measure receiving SIR and compare to target SIR

1500Hz

Inner loop

TPC instruction Set SIRtar

NodeB
Try to get the equal receiving Eb (Energy per bit) of each UE at Node B

UE
Each radio link has its own control circle

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control



General principals of inner loop power control



The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target SIR, and then sends back TPC instruction. According to the instruction, the sender will decide to increase/decrease the transmitted power. The adjusted rang=TPC_cmdTPC_STEP_SIZE

Inner loop power control is required for the following channels



DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH

Inner loop power control is not required for the following channels


P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.

Close Loop Inner Loop Power Control

Measure BLER of TRCH
Measure receiving BLER and compare to target BLER Measure receiving SIR and compare to target SIR

Get data flow with stable BLER

Outer Loop
Set BLERtar Set SIRtar
10-100Hz

Inner loop
TPC instruction

RNC

NodeB

UE

Close Loop Outer Loop Power Control



Outer Loop Power Control algorithm



Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target SIR. Measure the quality of service, including target BLER, CRC indicator and SIR Error, then set the value of SIR_Target. Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the adjustment parameter for inner loop power control to keep the service in good quality in time-varying wireless propagation environment. The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the RNC while the downlink one is executed in UE.

The Effect of Power Control



The purpose of DL power control:

 

Saving power resource of NodeB. Reducing interference to other NodeB. Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.

The purpose of UL power control:



WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power control

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Whats


When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to another, or the quality of service is declined by external interference during a service, the service must be handed over to an idle channel for sustaining the service.  Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service

 Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

Category of Handover
Soft handover (SHO)
 Intra-RNC, inter-Node B


Inter-RNC

WCDMA system support multiple handover technology

Softer handover
 Same Node B, Inter-sector

Hard handover (HHO)

 Intra-frequency
  

Inter-frequency Inter-system (3G&2G) Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)

Handover Demonstration

Soft Handover

Hard Handover

Soft Handover/Softer Handover

Soft Handover
C A B A B C A B A B C C

Soft-Softer Handover

Softer Handover
C A B A B C

Hard Handover


During the hard handover procedure, all the old radio links with the UE are abandoned before new ones are established, so there must be service interruption during the HHO.  Hard handover may occur in the following main cases


Hard Handover

CN
RNC or BSC

SRNC

Node B

Node B or BTS

When the UE is handed over to another UTRAN carrier, or another technology mode. When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M constraint)

Soft/Softer Handover


The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to another without service interruption or without deleting all old radio links.  UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously and take benefit from the macro-diversity.
S Handover Soft Handover Soft oft Handover S Handover Softer Handover Softer ofter Handover

The two Node Bs N may The two ode Bs may S belong to the belong to the ame RNC
same RNC

CN CN CN
SRNC Iur DRNC

CN CN
SRNC

Node B

Node B

WCDMA General Handover Procedures ---- Handover Trilogy



Measurement Control


UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through issuing a measurement control message. UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement reports from UE. The implementation of handover decision is various for different vendors. It impacts on the system performance critically. UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure according to the handover command .

Handover decision


Handover execution


General Procedure of Handover Control (I)



Measuring
The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0 or RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for handover decision. ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies both the received signal strength and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0 and RSCP is shown as follows: Ec/N0 RSCP/RSSI In the above equationRSSIReceived Signal Strength Indicatoris measured within the bandwidth of associated channels

General Procedure of Handover Control (II)

  

Reporting Period report triggered handover



Base on the filtered measurement result Base on the event

Measurement result filtered in UE Soft Handover Hard Handover Period Event decided in RNC Handover decided in RNC Measurement result filtered in UE Event decided in UE Handover decided in RNC

Event report triggered handover



Event

General Procedure of Handover Control (III)



Handover algorithm


All the handover algorithms including soft handover, hard handover and so on are implemented on the event decision made according to the measurement reports. Intra-frequency events1A~1F Inter-frequency events2A~2F Inter-RAT events3A~3D


Events defined in 3GPP specifications

  

Note: RAT is short for Radio Access Technology, e.g. WCDMA&GSM

Concepts Related to Handover



Active Set:


A set of cells that have established radio links with a certain mobile station. User information is sent from all these cells. A set of cells that are not in the active set but are monitored according to the list of adjacent cells assigned by the UTRAN. A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the monitor set.

Monitored Set:


Detected Set:


Soft handover process



Measurement
 

RNC sends a measurement control message to UE. UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement result. Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilots Ec/No. RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results. RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method. e.g.


Decision
  

When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.

Execution


The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts handover.

Soft handover events

Event 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F Description
Quality of target cell improves, entering a report range of relatively activating set quality Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a report range of relatively activating set quality The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than that of a certain activated set cell Best cell generates change Quality of target cell improves, better than an absolute threshold Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute threshold

An Example of SHO Procedure

Pilot Ec/Io t t t

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2

Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3 Connect to cell1

time Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B add cell2replace cell1 with cell 3remove cell3

Example of soft handover

UE T a rg e t N o d e

S o u rc e N o d e

NC

C : M easu rem en t

e p o r t( E v e n t 1 a ) ( F r o m S o u r c e N o d e

to

NC)
E x e c u tin g h a n d o v e r ju d g e m e n t a n d a d d in g a ra d io lin k in T a rg e t N o d e

N N
S t a r t to r e c e iv e

A : A :

a d io L in k S e tu p

equest

a d io L in k S e tu p

esponse

D is tr ib u t i n g tr a n s m is s i o n r e s o u r c e s o n I u b i n te r a c e

S t a r t to s e n d

R R C : A c t iv e S e t U p d a te ( E 1 a ) ( F r o m S o u r c e N o d e

to U E )

R R C : A c t iv e S e t U p d a te C o m p le te ( F r o m S o u r c e & T a r g e t N o d e s i m u t a n e o u s ly )
U E c o n n e c t s to S o u r c e N o d e

to R N C

a n d T a rg e t N o d e

s i m u t a n e o u s ly

RNS Relocation
Core Network Iu Serving RNS Iur Target RNS Serviing RNS Core Network Iu Target RNS

RNS Radio Network Sub-system

RNS relocation can :

 

Reduce the Iur traffic significantly Enhance the system adaptability

Hard Handover
  

Hard handover measurement is much more complex for UE than soft handover measurement. Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to measure the signal of other frequencies. WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to support inter-frequency measurement.

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Admission Control


The admission control is employed to admit the access of incoming call. Its general principal is based on the availability and utilization of the system resources. If the system has enough resources such as load margin, code, and channel element etc. the admission control will accept the call and allocate resources to it.

Purpose of Admission Control

When user initiates a call , the admission control should implement admission or rejection for this service according to the resource situation.  The admission control will sustain the system stability firstly and try the best to satisfy the new calling services QoS request, such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc. basing on the radio measurement.  Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity and stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.


Admission Control in Uplink

Itotal_old+I >Ithreshold
Access Threshold Interference capacity Service priority Reserved capacity for handover

The forecasted interference including the delta interference brought by the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment

Iowncell

The current RTW P (Received Total Wide Power) value of cell, which is reported by Node B

Iothercell ~ N0

Admission Control in Downlink

Ptotal_old+P>=Pthreshold
Access Threshold Max TCP of cell Service priority Reserved capacity for handover

The forecasted TCP value including delta power required for the incoming service is calculated by the admission algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS and transmission propagation environment. The current TCP value of cell, which is reported by Node B Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Purpose of Load Control

The speed and position changing of UE may worsen the wireless environment. Increased transmitted power will increase the system load.

The purpose of load control is to keep the system load under a pre-planned threshold through several means of decreasing it, so as to improve the system stability.

Load control

Load Control Flows

Start

Light loaded

Over loaded

Decision

Normal loaded 1.Handover in and access are forbidden 2. TCP increase is forbidden 3. RAB service rate degrade 4. Handover out 5. Release call (call drop)

1. Handover in and access are allowed 2. Transmitted code power (TCP) increase is allowed 3. RAB service rate upgrade is allowed

1. Handover in and access are allowed 2. TCP increase is allowed

Load Control in Uplink



Triggers


RTW P (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from measurement report exceeds the uplink overload threshold; Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink. Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover to GSM system; Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls. Increase the service rate.

Methods for decreasing load

    

Methods for increasing load



Load Control in Downlink



Triggers


TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report exceeds the downlink overload threshold; Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink. Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink; Decrease the rate of none real time data service; Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier; Handover to GSM system; Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls. Increase the service rate.

Methods for decreasing load

     

Methods for increasing load



Cell Breathing Effect

Cell breathing is one of the means for load control

The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hothotspot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to improve the utilization of system capacity.

Example for load control

Cell Breathing Effect
With the increase of activated terminals and the increase of high speed services, interference will increase. The cell coverage area will shrink. Coverage blind spot occurs Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell

Coverage and capacity are interrelated

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

WCDMA Code Resource



WCDMA code resource including



Channelized Code (OVSF code)

 

Uplink Channelized Code Downlink Channelized Code Uplink Scrambling Code Downlink Scrambling Code

Scrambling Code (PN code)

 

Function of OVSF Code

Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.
OC3, OC4 OC1, OC2 OC5, OC6, OC7

Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.

OC1, OC2 OC1 , OC2, OC3 OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Function of PN code
 

Downlink: distinguish different Cells Uplink: distinguish different UEs

Cell Site 1 transmits using PN code 1

PN1

PN1

PN3

PN4

Cell Site 2 transmits using PN code 2

PN2

PN2

PN5

PN6

Why Code Resource Planning?



 

The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code tree is a scarce resource and only one code tree can be used in each cell. In order to make full use of the capacity, and support as many connections as possible, it is important to plan and control the usage of channel code resource. Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to avoid the interference between neighboring cells. The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should plan the codes to use for avoiding allocating same code to different users in interRNC handover scenario.

Code Resource Planning

   

The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be planned easily by computer. The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for every UE can use the whole code tree alone. Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is planned with certain algorithm in RNC. Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates with a channel code tree. All the users under this cell share this single code tree, so the OVSF code resource is very limited. The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging from SF4 to SF512.

Generation of Channelized Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

OVSF Code Tree

Channelized Code Characters

Code allocation restriction  The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its ancestor nodes including from father node to root node and offspring nodes in the sub tree are not allocated;  Code allocation side effect  The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be available for allocation until being unblocked .

SF=8 SF=16 SF=32

Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation



Full utilization


The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate. Short code first.

 

Low Complexity


Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared channels prior to dedicated channels.


Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.

Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink dedicated physical channels.

An Example of Code Allocation

SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16 SF = 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16 SF = 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Choose one code from three candidates

Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes; Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;

Planning of downlink PN code

PN2 PN7 PN1 PN6 PN2 PN7 PN1 PN6 PN5 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN6 PN5 PN2 PN3 PN7 PN1 PN4 PN2 PN3

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

RAKE Receiver


The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore the CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-path signals to improve the received signal to noise ratio. RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive the multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal energy.
RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multimulti-path interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.

RAKE Receiving

d1

d2

d3

transmitting

Receiving

Rake combination noise

Multi-finger receiver


Traditional receiver
 

Multi-path signals are treated as interference. The receiving performance will decline because of the Multi-address Interference (MAI). Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect. Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative process Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval, which is 0.26us=>78m.

Precondition of Multi-finger receiver

 

Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal

coding

decoding

transmitter

Reflected signal

receiver

Dispersive time < 1 chip interval Multi-finger receiver cant supply multi-finger diversity

Direct signal

coding

decoding

transmitter

Reflected signal

receiver

Dispersive time > 1 chip interval Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved

RAKE Receiving
Single receiving Single receiving Single receiving

receiver

combining

signal

searcher s(t) s(t)

calculate

RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves receiving performance

Combination of Multi-fingers


Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

at each time delay phase shifting by adding

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

Content
WCDMA Key Technologies
     

Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control Code Resource Allocation RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Capacity Features

Capacity of WCDMA

Power Rising


Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal code channels.

WCDMA network
     

Meeting Room
talk with dialects voice tone listen clearly voice tone rise voice climb can not hear each other

Code channel transmit Channel power Promised channel quality Channel power rise Power climb Collapse over the range

Power Rising

Capacity of WCDMA System



Under the circumstance of single services:

= = =

Capacity of WCDMA System

Under the circumstance of mixed services

...

+ Y

+Z

WCDMA Capacity Features

 

WCDMA capacity feature



WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity. The system capacity and communication quality are interconvertible. Different services have different capacity. Different proportion of services have different capacity for mixed services. The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code resource.

The Concept of Soft Capacity



 

Concept of Soft Capacity

Different combination of service has different capacity

System capacity and QoS can be interconverted

Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)

Capacity

All the key technologies adopted are used to try to achieve the optimal balance of the three factors

Coverage and Capacity



WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as

   

Number of users Transmission rate Moving speed Wireless environment

 

indoors Outdoors

The radius of cell depends on such factors as:

 

Local radio conditions (local interference) Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)

Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user number

Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate

 

Higher data rate needs higher power High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
Coverage decrease >384 kbps >144 kbps >64 kbps
Subscriber num increase

>12.2 kbps

Optimization methods


To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by increased traffic and meet different requirements for capacity and coverage in different environment, following solutions can be applied:
DL 

DL/UL:
 Add

transmission diversity (Tx Div)  high power amplifier



carrier  six sectors

UL

Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)  4 Rx Div  OTSR



Add basestation last choice

Factors affects WCDMA Capacity

Factors Power Control Handover Control Admission Control Load Control OVSF Code RAKE Receiver Wireless Environment Impact on WCDMA capacity Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing capacity Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion and algorithm of soft handover Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission threshold of planned capacity Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services to avoid overload The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of simultaneous connections. The advanced receiving and baseband processing technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity

Exercise
      

what is the near-far effect what is the purpose of Power Control . Power control is classify into ( ) ( ) and ( ) pls describe WCDMA Handover technology category. Handover procedure includes ( ) ( ) and ( ) What is the Cell Breathing Effect. Whats the relation between Capacity, Quality and Coverage?