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ENGR. EDELITO A. HANDIG UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Introduction
The information signal can be transmitted if we suitably vary one or more parameter characteristics of another signal acting as a carrier.
Ec = Vc sin(2fct)
Introduction
What is MODULATION? The procedure of transforming the information signal from its original form to a form suitable for the transmission.
Modulation Types
ANALOG MODULATION Amplitude (AM) Angular (FM & PM) DIGITAL MODULATION Digitally Modulated Analog Carrier ASK, FSK, PSK & other variations Pulse Modulation PAM, PWM, PPM, & PCM
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Features of AM
Relatively simple and inexpensive. Fairly efficient system of modulation. Used in broadcasting of both audio and video signals. But susceptible to noise.
Two ways to produce AM: 1. Multiplying the carrier by a gain or attenuation factor which varies with the modulating signal. 2. Linearly joining or algebraically summing the carrier and the modulating signal and so apply the compound signal to a non linear device or circuit.
Basic AM Circuit
Continuous AM techniques
Simple AM technique
Modulation Index
m = Vm / Vc
AM Wave Equation
Carrier signal; Ec = Vcsin(2fct) Modulating signal; Em = Vmsin(2fmt) AM Output: EAM = [ Vc + Vmsin(2fmt)] sin(2fct)
Note: Vm = mVc
m = Vm / Vc
Sample Problem:
A carrier wave with an RMS voltage of 2V and a frequency of 1.5MHz is amplitude modulated by a sine wave with a frequency of 500Hz and amplitude of 1 V RMS. Write the equation for the resulting AM signal. EAM = [ Vc + mVcsin(2fmt)] sin(2fct)
Sample Problem:
Solution:
a.) m = (18 2) / (18 + 2) = 0.8 M = 80 % b.) Vm = (18 2)/ 2 = 8 Vp c.) Vc = (18 + 2)/ 2 = 10 Vp d.) VUSB = VLSB = (18 2)/ 4 = 4 Vp
AM Classification
AM Components: 1. Carrier 2. Lower Sideband 3. Upper Sideband Classifications: 1. Double Sideband Full Carrier 2. Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier 3. Single Sideband Full Carrier 4. Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier
Vc mVc 2 mVc 2
fc fm
fc
fc + fm
AM Spectrum
Sample Problem
One input to a conventional AM modulator is a 500 KHz carrier with an amplitude of 20Vp. The second input is a 10 KHz modulating signal that is of sufficient amplitude to cause a change in the output wave of 7.5Vp. Determine a. fUSB & fLSB b. m & M c.Vmax, Vmin, & VSB of the AM wave
Solution:
fUSB
= 500 KHz + 10 KHz = 510 KHz fLSB = 500 KHz 10 KHz = 490 KHz
AM Power Distribution
Sample Problem:
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak amplitude carrier voltage of 10Vp, a load resistance of 10, and a modulation coefficient of one. Determine the PC, PUSB, PLSB , & PT.
AM Current Calculations
AM by a complex signal
If a modulating signal contains two frequencies fm1 and fm2 then; the AM wave will contain the carrier and two sets of sidebands.
AM by a complex signal
Total Coefficient of Modulation:
Total AM Power:
Sample Problem:
For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power of 100 W that is modulated simultaneously by three signals with coefficient modulation of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5. Determine the mT , PSB , & PT. mT = (0.22 + 0.42 + 0.52) = 0.67 PLSB = PUSB = (0.67)2(100)/4 = 11.22 W PT = 100 (1 + 0.672) = 122.445 W 2
Basic AM Transmitter
Question no.1
Modulator
Bandpass Filter
Modulating Signal
Modulator
Power Amplifier
Bandpass Filter
Modulating Signal
Question no.2
It is a pattern used for observing the modulation characteristics of an AM transmitter? Answer: Trapezoidal Pattern
V Vc m
Question no.3
What form of amplitude distortion is introduced when the positive and negative alternations in the AM signal are not equal? Answer: Carrier Shift
Question no.4
It is a form of AM where signals from two separate information sources modulate the same carrier frequency at the same time without interfering with each other. Answer: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QAM
Receiver Parameters
Selectivity Bandwidth Improvement Sensitivity Dynamic Range Fidelity Insertion Loss Equivalent Noise Temperature
Question no.5
It is a Rx parameter defined as the measure of the ability of a communications system to produce an exact replica of the original source information. Answer: Fidelity
Fidelity of a receiver
Three forms of distortion that can affect fidelity of a Rx: 1. Amplitude distortion 2. Frequency distortion 3. Phase distortion
Question no.6
It is a Rx parameter defined as the measure of the minimum RF signal level that can be detected at the input to the receiver and still produce a usable demodulated information signal. Answer: Sensitivity
Sensitivity of a receiver
Also known as the receiver threshold and stated in volts. It depends on the ff. factors: 1. Noise power at the Rx 2. Noise figure 3. BW improvement
Question no.7
It is a Rx parameter defined as the difference in decibels between the minimum input level necessary to discern a signal and the input level that will overdrive the receiver and produce distortion.
Question no.8
It is a Rx parameter defined as the ability of the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others.
Answer: Selectivity
Selectivity of a receiver
Ways to describe selectivity: 1. BW at the -3dB point 2. BW at two levels of attenuation Shape Factor: Ratio of two BW Ex: SF at -3dB and -60dB points
-3dB -60dB
Question no.9
It is a Rx parameter defined as the noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the bandwidth.
Bandwidth Improvement
Question no.10
It is a Rx parameter defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a load with a filter in the circuit to the power transferred to a load without the filter. Answer: Insertion Loss
AM RECEIVERS
What is Demodulation?
The demodulation implies the separation of the carrying wave from the information (audio signal) and the amplification of the original signal until a suitable level. A demodulator has to separate the modulated signal from the carrier and pass it to a load such as a loudspeaker or a screen.
What is AM Demodulation?
The AM demodulation is the procedure through which we extract the information from the AM wave. We have to obtain a proportional voltage, in each instant, to the amplitude of the AM wave.
Basic AM Receiver
Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver Superheterodyne Receiver
Question no.11
In AM reception, what is the simplest and most used demodulator circuit? Answer: Detector
Diode Detector
Superheterodyne AM Receiver
Question no.12
It is the ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate either above or below the selected RF carrier by an amount equal to the IF throughout the entire RF band. GKATCIRNS TRACKING
Question no.13
The IF section consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters and is often called as IF ______. PRINTS STRIP
Question no.14
High-side _______ is a method of producing LO frequency such that the LO frequency is tuned above the RF carrier. NETROJINIC INJECTION
Gang Tuned
The preselector and LO are mechanically tied together so that a single adjustment will change the center frequency of the preselector and the LO.
High-side Injection: fLO = fRF + fIF Low-side Injection: fLO = fRF fIF
Question no.15
The primary purpose of the preselector in the RF section is to provide enough initial bandlimiting to prevent a specific unwanted radio frequency called the ______ frequency. GAMIES IMAGE
Image Frequency
Image frequency is any frequency other than the selected RF that, if allowed to enter and mix with the local oscillator, will produce a frequency that is equal to the IF. fimage = fLO + fIF For High-side injection: fLO = fRF + fIF Then, fimage = fRF + 2fIF
Image Frequency
2IF
IF fIF fRF
IF fLO
IF
fImage
Question no.16
What is the image frequency if the RF carrier is 600 KHz? 251015 KHz 1510 KHz
Question no.17
What is the LO frequency if the RF carrier is 600 KHz? 251015 KHz 1055 KHz
IFRR is a numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to reject the image frequency.
IFRR = (1 + Q2p2)
p = (fimage/fRF) (fRF/fimage) IFRR(dB) = 10 log(IFRR)
Question no.18
For an AM receiver using high-side injection with RF carrier of 27 MHz and IF of 455 KHz, if the Q-factor is 100, find the IFRR in dB. 1287.5 dB 8.27 dB
Question no.19
During the heterodyne process, the RF upper side frequency is translated to an IF lower side frequency. This translation is called Sideband _______. INERVISION INVERSION
IF sidebands
The IF is a result of mixing the RF carrier and LO frequency. fIF = fLO fRF fIFus = fLO fRFls fIFls = fLO fRFus
SSB Modulation
The single side band modulation consists in the suppression of the carrier and of one of the two side bands.
SSB Transmitter
Balanced Modulator
DSB Waveforms
DSBFC
fLSB
fC
fUSB
SSBFC
fC
fUSB
SSBSC
fUSB
SSBRC
fC
fUSB
Independent SB
A: fLSB fC
B: fUSB
Vestigial Sideband
fLSB
fC
fUSB