Lab Exercise 3 and 4

Amplitude Modulation
1. Set up the following circuit. Save the following files for the spectrum analyser and store in a directory. Change the Matlab working directory to this directory. spectrumanalyser.mdl specanal.m

2. DSB-SC modulation: Set up the following circuit. Set the sine wave (modulating signal) frequency to 4*pi rad/sec. Set the signal generator to produce a sine wave (carrier signal) of frequency 40*pi rad/sec.

Simulate the circuit and observe the signals on the scope and the spectrum analyser. Tune the simulation parameters for accurate calculation and display. 3. Amplitude modulation: Set up the circuit shown below.

Set the signal generator to produce sine wave of frequency 2 Hz and the carrier frequency to 10 Hz. Keep the modulating signal amplitude such that the modulation index is 50%. Display the modulated signal on the Scope as well as on the Spectrum analyser plots. You may have to adjust the axes settings of the plot as well as the scope to get the proper displays. Also, you may have to set the simulation parameters properly. You will design AM transmitter and receiver to study their characteristics. You will also study the design and use of digital filters. The frequency domain spectrum of signals is obtained through a buffered-FFT scope. The exercise requires the model files (.mdl files). Save them to the working directory. am_transmitter.mdl filtertuning.mdl coherent_det.mdl detwithnoise.mdl

(i) AM transmitter: Consider the equation of the AM

y A{1 cos(2000 t )} cos(20000 t )

The amplitude modulation will be studied for modulation index = 1 and 0.5 and A=1. Load the model file am_transmitter.mdl and the experimental set up for generating an AM signal looks like this:

The buffered-FFT scope is used to study the frequency spectrum of the signal. The B-FFT scope comprises of a Fast Fourier Transform of 128 samples which also has a buffering of 64 of them in one frame. From the property box of the B-FFT scope the axis properties can be changed and the Line properties can be changed. The Frequency range can be changed by using the frequency range pop down menu and so can be the y-axis the amplitude scaling be changed to either real magnitude or the dB (log of magnitude) scale. The upper limit can be specified as shown by the Min and Max Y-limits edit box. The sampling time in this case has been set to 1/20000. (Note: The sampling frequency of the B-FFT scope should match with the sampling time of the input time signal). Start the simulation. Observe and sketch the modulating signal in both time-domain (using the scope) and the modulated signal in frequency domain when A=1 for =0.5. Repeat the observations when =1. (ii) Filter adjustments: You will now study the use of the Band pass and the low pass filters which will be used extensively in this experiment (and also in later experiments) since most detection schemes require pre-detection (bandpass) filter and a post detection (low-pass) filter. These filters are readily available in the simulink block sets. In the simulink library browser, expand the DSP blockset filtering filter designs. Drag the digital filter design block into a new model window. Double click the block and study the different parameters that can be set. See how the type of filter can be chosen and the properties of the order of the filter and the cut-off frequency is also specified. As a method to double-check the proper tuning of the parameters, a signal can be filtered and the parameters tuned to adjust the parameters of the filter. The simulation set up for this is shown below and you can load this set up from loading the filtertuning.mdl model file.

It can be observed that by changing the upper cut-off frequency of the filter the filter characteristics can be changed. Similar procedure can be adopted to study the band-pass filter. Familiarise yourself with the operation of low pass and band pass filters. (iii) AM transmitter and Coherent Detection. (a) Detection without Noise: Load the model file coherent_det.mdl model file to set up the circuit shown below. Study its behavior by simulation. Observe and sketch the signals in time and frequency domains.

(b) Detecion with noise: The summer represents the communications channel where the transmitters signal is perturbed by additive noise. The BPF serves as a pre-filter to band-limit the noise. The bandwidth of the BPF is wide enough to pass the transmitters signal. The figure below shows the simulation layout for detection with noise. (Load the model file detwithnoise.mdl) The transmitter is the same as the one used in the previous parts. The modulated input is added with a band limited white noise. A band limited white noise is used as a random noise generator. It generates a band limited white noise. The output of this is coherent detected and the final output is obtained. Observe and sketch the signals at different stages.