Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa in t - Vin thng

nh v v dn ng in t
( Electronics Positioning and Navigation )
Ging vin: TS. Trng Tun B mn K thut Thng tin
H ni, 09 - 2009
Email: dotrongtuan@gmail.com

Nguyn l v h thng Radar

Radar Principles &Systems

 9. T ng bm mc tiu radar

Mn hnh hin th nhn vng PPI Radar Screen

10 20 30 40

Primary Radar Display

Mn hnh hin th mc tiu radar

ARTS

STARS

ARTS: Automated Radar Terminal System STARS: Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

STARS
Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

- Provides Operational information about aircraft positions, flight data, and weather. - Allows technical operations personnel to monitor and control system resources.

STARS
Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

Tracking Terms

ht g i S of e n i L

Error

ine L g n i Track

Tracking Element

Limitations of Mechanical Scanning Radars

Positioning Antenna is SLOW Reduced reaction times Blind Sided! Mechanical error

Electronic Scanning
Increased Data Rates Instantaneous Beam Positioning Elimination of Mechanical Errors Multi-mode Operation Multi-target capability

Phased Array

Generating a Directional Main Lobe in a Phased Array Radar

Wave Fronts of Maximum Energy

am Be

is Ax

Boresight Axis

Boresight Axis

Radiating in Phase

Altering the Phase to Change the Axis

Basic phased array architecture

FoV: Field of View <= 1200

(b) (a)

(c)

Phase-increment Calculating
3600 x

x d sin ( )

Phase-increment.

360d sin
d = distance between the radiating elements = beam steering

Example

A phased array radar unit including 8 elements works with a wavelength of =10 cm. The distance between the radiating elements is 15 cm. We can neglect the propagation time differences by the feeder. The beam steering shall be = 40. Which value shall have to have the phase shifter no. 8 (on the left side) to get this beam steering?

Phased Array

In radar applications, phased arrays permit near instant switching from one target to another, and from search to track mode.

Typical air-to-air search pattern

300 300

100 -120

Air-to-air tracking

Phase Array Radar (scanning diversity;multi-mission*; etc.)

*ARSR;ASR;TDWR;WR

Nguyn tc bm mc tiu
Basic Principle: Target energy return is strongest on the axis of the beam, diminishes further from the axis.

ax

is

Methods of Tracking: * Sequential Lobing * Conical Scan * Monopulse

Sequential Lobing
L R L R L R * Simplest Method * Multiple Beams * Compare Returns * Relatively Slow * Still used by some countries
Antenna looking left of target Antenna Pointing directly at target Antenna looking right of target

Return Signals form Two Beams

Conical Scanning

Lobe Of Energy

Pattern of scanning

* Rotates a beam in a circle producing a cone of energy.

Antenna

Determining Tracking Error Using Conical Scan

Locus of Beam Centers

Antenna Axis

Beam Pulse Return Amplitude Time

Equal Amplitude Sensor Return Signal

Target Position is in the Center of the Conical Scan (On Antenna Axis)

Determining Tracking Error Using Conical Scan

Locus of Beam Centers

Antenna Axis

Varying Amplitude Sensor Return Signal

Beam Pulse Return Amplitude Time

Target Position Off the Center of the Antenna Axis

Monopulse radar

Monopulse radars are similar in general construction to conical scanning systems, but add one more feature. Instead of broadcasting the signal out of the antenna "as is", they split the beam into parts and then send the two signals out of the antenna in slightly different directions. When the reflected signals are received they are amplified separately and compared to each other, indicating which direction has a stronger return, and thus the general direction of the target relative to the boresight. Since this comparison is carried out during one pulse, which is typically a few microseconds, changes in target position or heading will have no effect on the comparison.

Partial antenna patterns for amplitude sum and difference monopulse system

Monopulse antenna beam patterns

The angle between the axis of the antenna (boresight axis) and the direction of the target is also known as OBA-value (Off-Boresight Angle).

 chnh xc bm mc tiu Tracking accuracy

2 SNR

rng bp sng radar Sai s o lch gc

Example

TRACK-WHILE-SCAN

TWS CONCEPT
Maintain target tracks in a computer with periodic information from a scanning radar. Radar scans continually Computer maintains target tracks Receives periodic radar scan updates Builds track history Predicts positions TWS = Track-While-Scan!!

KEY TO TWS IS: GATE GENERATION

* Gates are 3-dimensional pieces of space that the target occupies. * Size of Gates are determined by the computer based on the information. Acquisition gate Tracking gate Turning detection gate

ACQUISITION GATE

10 degrees 10 degrees

2000 yards

TRACKING GATE

1.5 degrees

1.5 degrees 120 yards

TURN DETECTION GATE

tracking gate

Computer determines gate size

TWS PROCESSING
Original Course Turn Detection Gate New Course Tracking Gates

Acquisition Gate

Air-to-air TWS