Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ihwaan
Class : 502
CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PART 1(a)
PART 1(b)
PART 2(a)
PART 2(b)i
PART 2(b)ii
PART 2(c)
PART 3(a)
PART 3(b)
PART 3(c)
PART 3(d)
PART 3(e)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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OBJECTIVE
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PREFACE
This project is prepared by me, Muhammad Firdaus Bin Ihwaan and it is based on
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INTRODUCTION
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Part 1
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. We
need to play with circles in order to complete some of the problems involving
circles. In this project I will use the principles of circle to design a garden to
beautify the school.
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Ball’s in The Air
Definition
These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that
all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs in areas of
mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason,
mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference to geometry, instead
selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to
define π as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The formulas below
illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.
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A Brief History of π
Pi has been known for almost 4000 years—but even if we calculated the number
of seconds in those 4000 years and calculated pi to that number of places, we
would still only be approximating its actual value. Here’s a brief history of finding
pi:
The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the
square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca.
1900–1680 BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians
calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of
3.1605 for pi.
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within those limits. In this way, Archimedes showed that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3
10/71.
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Part 2
(a)
DIAGRAM 1
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR
of diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1
and d2 is equal to 10cm. By using various values of d1 and corresponding values
of d2, I determine the relation between length of arc PQR, PAB, and BCR.
Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd
d1 d2 Length of arc PQR Length of arc PAB Length of arc BCR
(cm) (cm) in terms of π (cm) in terms of π (cm) in terms of π (cm)
1.5 8.5 5π 0.75 π 4.25 π
2.5 7.5 5π 1.25π 3.75 π
3.5 6.5 5π 1.75 π 3.25 π
4.5 5.5 5π 2.25 π 2.75 π
1.25 8.75 5π 0.63π 4.38 π
2.25 7.75 5π 1.13 π 3.88 π
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3.25 6.75 5π 1.63 π 3.38 π
4.25 5.75 5π 2.13 π 2.88π
1.35 8.65 5π 0.68 π 4.33 π
Table 1
From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the
different in d1 and d2 in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the
length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR is that the length of arc PQR is equal to the
sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which is we can get the equation:
5π = ½ π(4.5) + ½ π(5.5)
5π = 2.25π + 2.75 π
5π = 5 π…
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(b)
DIAGRAM 2
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2.2 3.6 4.2 5π 1.10 π 1.80 π 2.10 π
Table 2
(ii)
The length of arc PQR = The length of arc PAB, BCD, DER
5π π/2 + 9π/2
5π π + 4π
5π 3π/2 + 7π/2
5π 2π + 3π
5π 5π/2 + 5π/2
5π 3π + 2π
5π 7π/2 + 3π/2
5π 4π + π
5π 9π/2 + π/2
5π 5π + 0
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Thus,
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCR
πD/2 = πd1/2 + πd2/2
D : Diameter of PQR
d1 : Diameter of PAB , d2 : Diameter of BCR
(c)
Diagram 3 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 17 cm. Semicircles PAB
and BCR of diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in the
semicircle PQR such that the sum of d1and d2 is equal to 17 cm.
17 cm
DIAGRAM 3
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6 11 5π 3.0 π 5.5 π
7 10 5π 3.5 π 5.0 π
8 9 5π 4.0 π 4.5π
8.2 8.8 5π 4.1 π 4.4 π
TABLE 3
Diagram 4 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 17 cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD
and DER of diameter d1, d2 and d3 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR
such that sum of d1, d2 and d3 is equal to 17 cm.
17 cm
Diagram 4
d1 d2 d3 SPQR SPAB SBCD SDER
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3.4 6.1 7.5 5π 1.7 π 3.1 π 3.8 π
TABLE 4
Diagram 5 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 25 cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR
of diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that the
sum of d1and d2 is equal to 25 cm.
25 cm
DIAGRAM 5
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9 16 5π 4.5 π 8.0 π
TABLE 5
25 cm
DIAGRAM 6
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6.8 8.5 9.7 5π 3.4 π 4.3 π 4.9 π
TABLE 6
CONCLUSION
Part 1
Not all objects surrounding us are related to circles. If all the objects are
circle, there would be no balance and stability. In our reality, we could related
circles in objects. For example: a round table, a clock or a coin. In Pi(π), we accept
3.142 or 22/7 as the best value of pi. The circumference of the circle is
proportional as pi(π) x diameter. If the circle has twice the diameter, d of another
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circle, thus the circumference, C will also have twice of its value, where
preserving the ratio =C:d
Part 2
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR where the
semicircles PQR is the outer semicircle while inner semicircle PAB and BCR is
Length of arc=PQR = Length of PAB + Length of arc BCR. The length of arc for
each semicircles can be obtained as in length of arc = 1/2(2_r). As in conclusion,
outer semicircle is also equal to the inner semicircles where S in= S out .
Part 3
In semicircle ABC (the shaded region), and the two semicircles which is
AEB and BFC, the area of the shaded region semicircle ADC is written as in Area
of shaded region ADC =Area of ADC – (Area of AEB + Area of BFC). When we
plot a straight link graph based on linear law, we may still can get a linear graph
because S in= S out where the diameter has a constant value for a semicircle.
REFERENCE
WEBSITES:
i. http// www.scribd.com
ii. http//www.gap-system.org.com
iv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle
BOOKS:
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I. ACE Analysis Additional Mathematics SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. Wong
Pek Wei, Lee Beck Tun
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to say thanks to Allah, for giving me the
opportunity to do this important project work.
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