CPT5 - Short Circuit Analysis-6th Batch

Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis

Training Course in
Short Circuit Analysis
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis
Course Outline
1. Sources & Types of Faults 2. Network Reduction Techniques 3. Analysis of Faulted Power System 4. Computer Solution 5. Short Circuit Studies
U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Sources and Type of Faults

Sources of Short Circuit Currents Type of Faults
Sources of Short Circuit Currents

Utility
MV
LV
Fault
Fault Current Contributors

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration Competency Training & Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Types of Fault
Shunt Fault: Unintentional Connection between phases or between phase and ground. 1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault 2. Line-to-Line Fault 3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault 4. Three Phase Fault Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase conductors Simultaneous Fault
Types of Fault
Three Phase
Line-to-Line
Double Line-to-Ground
Single Line-to-Ground
Shunt Faults
Network Reduction Techniques

Calculating Short Circuit Currents by Network Reduction Reduced Sequence Networks

Calculating Short Circuit Currents by Network Reduction
1. Draw the Single Line Diagram. 2. Draw the Impedance Diagram. 3. Convert all parameters to per-unit. 4. Reduce the network between the source(s) and the fault location. 5. Calculate the fault current
If =
Vf Z equiv

Combination of Branches in Series
Zeq = Z1 + Z2
Z1
Z2
= (R1 + jX1 ) + (R2 + jX2 ) = (R1 + R2 ) + j( X1 + X2 )
Combination of Branches in Parallel Z1 Z2 Z eq = Z1 Z1 + Z2
Z2
(R1 + jX 1 )(R2 + jX 2 ) = (R1 + R2 ) + j( X 1 + X 2 )

10

Transforming Wye to Delta Z A =
Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za Za
Zc
Za Z
b
Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za ZB = Zb ZC = Za Zb + Zb Zc + Za Zc Zc
ZA Z
A
Za =
ZA
ZBZC + ZB + ZC Z AZC + ZB + ZC Z AZB + ZB + ZC
Zb = Zc =
ZC
Transforming Delta to Wye
ZA
11
Example: Determine the fault current for a three phase bolted fault in each bus for the 4 bus system below.
G
LINE
FB TB 1 1 1 3 2
Z(p.u.) j0.2 j0.4 j0.3 j0.5 j0.6
1
3 e n i Lin e
Line1 Line2
1
4 3 2 4 3
Line 2
Line 5
2
3
Line 4
4
Line3 Line4 Line5
4-bus system
The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a subtransient reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV
12
Solution: Draw the impedance diagram
1.0 0.1 1
0.3 0.4 2 0.6 3 0.5
0.2
13
a) Fault @ Bus 4
R e d u c e t h e n e tw o r k X a = X 12 + X 23 = 0 .3 + 0 .6
E
+
1.0 0.1
1
= 0 .9
If
0.2
Xb
X a X 13 = X a + X 13 ( 0 .9 ) ( 0 .4 ) 0 .9 + 0 .4 = 0 .2 7 6 9 2 3 =
0.3 0.4
2
0.6
3
0.5
Xc = X
+ X 34
= 0 .2 7 6 9 2 3 + 0 .5 = 0 .7 7 6 9 2 3
14
Xd = = =
Xequiv = = =
Xc X14 Xc + X14 (0.776923) (0.2) 0.776923 + 0.2 0.159055

X gen + Xd
E 1.0 +
If
0.25905
0.1 + 0.159055 0.259055 100 x1000 I = = 8367.64 A base 1.0 3(6.9) If = 0.259055 If = 3.860184 x 8367.64 = 3.860184 p.u. = 32,300.63 A
15
b) Fault @ Bus 3
X a = X 23 + X 12
E + 0.1 1 0.3 0.4 2 0.6 0.5 0.2 1.0
= 0.3 + 0.6 = 0.9
If
Xb = X14 + X34 = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7

Xequiv = (Xa||Xb ) ||X13 = 0.198425
16
X=
Xgen +
Xequiv
= 0.1 + 0.198425 = 0.298425
E 1.0 + If
1.0 If = 0.298425 = 3.350923 p.u.
0.298425
17
c) Fault @ Bus 2
Xa = X14 + X34
E
1.0 0.1
= 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7

a X X13 b X = a X + X13
If
0.3
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5
(0.7)( 0.4) = 0.7 + 0.4 = 0.254545

18
Xc = Xb + X23 = 0.254545 + 0.6 = 0.854545

c X X12 d X = c X + X12
E 1.0 If + 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3) = 0.854545 + 0.3 = 0.222047

X = Xgen + Xd = 0.322047
1.0 If = 0.322047 = 3.095525 p.u.

19
d) Fault @ Bus 1
X = Xgen
E
1.0 0.1
= 0.1
If
0.2
1
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5
1.0 If = 0.1 = 10.0 p.u.

4
20
Reduced Sequence Networks

Since we mentioned that various power system components behave/respond differently to the flow of the currents sequence components, it follows that the there will be a unique power system model for each of the sequence component. These are called the sequence networks. Positive-Sequence Network Negative-Sequence Network Zero-Sequence Network
21
Reduced Sequence Networks

The Thevenin equivalent of the power system at the fault point is called the sequence network. Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
r Ia1 Z + r r+ 1 V a1 V f = Vth
-
F1
r Ia2
F2
+
Z2
-
r Va2
r Ia0
F0
+
Z0
-
r Va0
r r r Va1 = Vth Ia1Z1
N1
r r Va2 = Ia2Z2
N2
r r Va0 = Ia0Z0
N0
22
Equivalent Circuit of Utility

The equivalent sequence networks of the Electric Utility Grid are:
+ + +
r + Eg
-
R1 +jX1 R2 +jX2
-
R0 +jX0
-
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Utility Thevenin Equivalent Circuits

23
Equivalent Circuit of Generators

Positive-Sequence Impedance: Xd=Direct-Axis Subtransient Reactance Xd=Direct-Axis Transient Reactance Xd=Direct-Axis Synchronous Reactance Negative-Sequence Impedance:
X2 = 1 (X d "+ X q " ) for a salient-pole machine 2 for a cylindrical-rotor machine X2 = X d "

Zero-Sequence Impedance:
0.15X d " X0 0.6X d "

24

Grounded-Wye Generator
The sequence networks for the grounded-wye generator are shown below.
F1 F2 F0
r + Eg
-
jZ1
jZ2
N1 N2
jZ0
N0
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
25

Grounded-Wye through an Impedance
If the generator neutral is grounded through an impedance Zg, the zero-sequence impedance is modified as shown below.
F1 F2 F0
r + Eg
-
jZ1
jZ2
N1 N2
jZ0 3Zg
N0
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
26

Ungrounded-Wye Generator
If the generator is connected ungrounded-wye or delta, no zero-sequence current can flow. The sequence networks for the generator are shown below.
F1 F2 F0
r + Eg
-
jZ1
jZ2
N1 N2
jZ0
N0
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
27
Equivalent Circuit of Transformers

Positive & Negative Sequence Networks
Z1
+
Primary Side
Z2
+
Secondary Side
r I1
+
Primary Side
r I2
+
Secondary Side
Positive Sequence Network
Z1 = Z2
Negative Sequence Network
28

Zero Sequence Network*
Transformer Connection Zero-Sequence Network
Z0 = Z1
VH
-
+ r
VX
-
+ r
Z0 = Z1
VH
+ r
VX
-
+ r
*Excluding 3-phase unit with a 3-legged core.

29

Zero Sequence Network *
Z0 = Z1
VH
-
+ r
VX
-
+ r
Z0 = Z1
VH
+ r
VX
-
+ r

30

Zero Sequence Network *
Z0 = Z1
VH
-
+ r
VX
-
+ r
Z0 = Z1
VH
+ r
VX
-
+ r

31
Equivalent Circuit of Lines

If the line is completely transposed,
Z s0 = Z s Z s1 = Z s 2 = 0
Z 0 Z s + 2Z m Z = 0 1 0 Z 2
Z m0 = Z m
Z m1 = Z m 2 = 0
0 Zs Zm 0 Zs Zm 0 0
The sequence impedance matrix reduces to
Note: The sequence impedances are completely decoupled.

32

For a completely transposed line, the equation in the sequence domain is r r
V a0 Z 0 r V a1 = 0 r Va2 0
Z1 0
where
0 I a0 r 0 I a1 r Z2 I a2
Dm Z 1 = Z 2 = ra s + jks ln Ds
Z 0 = ra s + 3rd s + jks ln De
3 2
D s Dm
33

Z1 = Z 2
+ -
Z0
+ + -
r r I1 = I 2
r I0
+ -
Positive- & NegativeSequence Networks
Zero-Sequence Network
34
Example: Determine the reduced sequence networks of the power system shown for a fault a F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 G Line
F T2
Open
G:
X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20% T1, T2: X = 5% Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%
Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

35
Positive-Sequence Network:
F1 j0.05 j0.4 j0.15 j0.05 F1 Open j0.6
+
r + Eg
-
1.0
-
r + I a1 r Va1
-
N1 N1
36
Negative-Sequence Network:
F2 j0.05 j0.15 j0.05 j0.4 F2
+
Open
r Ia2
j0.6
r Va 2
-
N2
N2
37
Zero-Sequence Network:
F0 j0.05 j0.35 j0.05 j0.2 F0
+
Open
r I a0
j0.044
r Va 0
-
N0
N0
38
Example: Reduce the sequence networks for the power system shown if a fault occurs at bus 4.
T 2 G1 L2 L1 L3 4 3 G2
T: G1: G2: L1: L2: L3:
X=0.08 X1=0.40 X1=0.50 X1=0.40 X1=0.30 X1=0.20
X2=0.40 X2=0.50 X2=0.40 X2=0.30 X2=0.20
X0=0.15 X0=0.25 X0=0.80 X0=0.60 X0=0.40
39
F1 4 j0.3 j0.08 j0.4 r + N1
r Ia1
j0.2 j0.4
EG1
j0.5 +r -
EG2
40
F2 4 j0.3 j0.08 j0.4 2 j0.4 3 j0.5
r Ia1
j0.2
N2
41
F0 4 j0.6 j0.08 j0.2 2 j0.8 3 j0.25
r Ia0
j0.4
N0
42
Analysis of Faulted System

The Fault Point Three-Phase Fault Single-Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault Double-Line-to-Ground Fault
43
The Fault Point

The system is assumed to be balanced, with regards to impedances, except at one point called the fault point. F a b Line-to- r r r ground Va Vb Vc voltages
r Ia
Ground
r Ib
r Ic
c Fault Currents
44
Three Phase Fault

On a balanced three phase system, the same magnitude of fault currents will flow in each phase of the network if a three phase fault occurs. Since faults currents are balanced, the faulted system can, therefore, be analyzed using the single phase representation.
45
Three-Phase Fault
a b c
r r r Va Vb Vc
Ground
r r r I a Z f Ib Z f Ic Z f r Zg Ig
Note: The system is still balanced. Currents and voltagesr are positive sequence only. The ground current I g is zero.
46
Sequence Network Interconnection:

F1 + F2 F0
r Z1 Va1
-
+ -
r I a1
Vf
Zf
r Va 2
-
r Ia2
Z2
N2
r Va 0
-
r I a0
Z0
N0
N1
Sequence currents
r I a1 =
Vf Z1 + Z f
r r I a0 = I a2 = 0
47
Three Phase Fault Currents:
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 =
Vf Z1 + Z f
I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 =
a 2V f Z1 + Z f aV f Z1 + Z f
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a I a 2 =
2
48
Example: A three-phase fault occurs at point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault currents at fault point F. Determine the phase currents in the line and the generator. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 G Line
F T2
Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20% T1, T2: X = 5% Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

49
F1 j0.05 j0.4 j0.15
r IA1
j0.05 Open
F1 j0.6
+
r IA1L
r + Eg
-
r Ia1g
N1
1.0
-
r + IA1 r VA1
-
N1
50

F1 j0.6
+ +
1.0
-
r IA1 r VA1
-
The sequence fault currents Zf
r I a1 = r Ia2 = r I a0 =
Vf Z1 + Z f
N1
The phase fault currents
Ia = Ib = Ic =
51
Single Line-to-Ground Fault

Assuming the fault is in phase a, a b c
r r r Va Vb Vc
r Ia
Zf
r Ib
Ground
r Ic
r r Boundary Conditions: (1) V a = Z f I a r r (2) I = I = 0 b c

52
Transformation: From (2), we get
r r r which means Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =

From (1), we get
r I a0 r 1 I a1 = 3 r Ia2
r r 1 I 012 = A I abc
1 1 1 a 1 a2
1 a2 a
r r Ia Ia 1 r 0 =3 I ra Ia 0
r 1 I 3 a
r r r r r r V a 0 + V a1 + V a 2 = Z f ( I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 )
or
r r r r V a 0 + V a1 + V a 2 = 3 Z f I a 0
53

F1 F2 + F0
r r Z1 I a1 + r Va1 Vf
+ N1
r Va 2
-
r Ia2
Z2
N2
r Va0
-
r I a0
Z0
N0
3Zf
The sequence fault currents
r r r I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Vf Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 + 3Z f
54
Single-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = Ib = 0 Ic = 0
3V f
Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f
55
Example: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the phase currents in the line and the generator. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 G Line
F T2
Open
G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20% T1, T2: X = 5% Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35% Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.
56
F1 j0.05 j0.4 j0.15 j0.05 F1 Open j0.6
+
r + Eg
-
1.0
-
r + I a1 r Va1
-
N1 N1
57
F2 j0.05 j0.15 j0.05 j0.4 F2
+
Open
r Ia2
j0.6
r Va 2
-
N2
N2
58
F0 j0.05 j0.35 j0.05 j0.2 F0
+
Open
r I a0
j0.044
r Va 0
-
N0
N0
59

F1 F2 F0
r J0.6 IA1
+ N1
r IA2
J0.6
r IA 0
J0.044
1.0
N2
N0
Sequence Fault Currents
r r r IA 0 = IA1 = IA2 =
1.0 j(0.6 + 0.6 + 0.044)
= j0.804 p.u.
60
Phase Fault Currents
r r IA = 3IA 0 = j2.411 p.u. r r IB = IC = 0
Sequence Currents in the Transmission Line
Phase Currents in the Transmission Line
r r IA1L = IA1 = j0.804 p.u. r r IA2L = IA2 = j0.804 p.u. r r 0.05 IA 0L = IA 0 = j0.089 p.u. 0.05 + 0.4
r r r r IAL = IA 0L + IA1L + IA2L = j1.696 p.u.

61
r r r r 2 I = I + a IA2L = j0.714 p.u. rBL rA 0L rIA1L + a r ICL = IA 0L + a IA1L + a2 IA2L = j0.714 p.u.
Sequence Currents in the Generator: Using the 30o phase shift,
r r Ia1g = IA1L 30o = 0.804 120o p.u. = 0.402 j0.696 p.u. r r Ia2g = IA2L + 30o = 0.804 60o p.u. = 0.402 j0.696 p.u. r Ia0g = 0
Phase Currents in the Generator
r r r r Iag = Ia0g + Ia1g + Ia2g = j1.392 p.u.

62
r r r r 2 Ibg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = j1.392 p.u. r r r r 2 Icg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0
Three-line Diagram:
a
j1.392 X3
c
T1
X1
C
H1
j1.696
j0.714 j2.411
T2
H1 H2 B
0
b
j1.392 0
X2
H3
H2 B j0.714 j0.714
H3
j0.268
j2.143
63
Line-to-Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c, a b c
r r r Va Vb Vc
r Ia
r Ib Zf
r Ic
Ground
r Boundary Conditions: (1) I a =0 r r (2) I b = I c r r r (3) Vb Vc = I b Z f

64
Transformation: From (1) and (2), we get
r I 012 = A 1 I abc
1 1 1 a2 1 a
r I a0 r 1 I a1 = 3 r Ia2
which means
1 a2
a
0 r 1 Ib = 3 r Ib
r (a a ) I b r 2 (a a) I b
2
r I a0 = 0
r r r 2 I a1 = I a 2 = 1 3 (a a ) I b = j
r 1 I 3 b
65
From (3), we get
r r r 2 (V a 0 + a Va1 + a Va 2 ) r r r r r r 2 2 (Va 0 + aVa1 + a Va 2 ) = ( I a 0 + a I a1 + aI a 2 ) Z f
r r r Since I a 0 = 0 and I a1 = I a 2 , we get r r r 2 2 2 ( a a )V a1 + ( a a )V a 2 = ( a a ) I a1 Z f

or
r r r V a1 V a 2 = I a1 Z f
66

F1 +
Zf
F2 +
F0
r Z1 Va1
-
+ -
r I a1
Vf
r Va 2
-
r Ia2
Z2
N2
r I a0
Z0
N0
N1
r I a0 = 0 r r I a1 = I a 2 =
Vf Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
67
Line-to-Line Phase Fault Currents:
Ia = 0 I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
= 0 + a 2 I a1 + a ( I a1 ) = (a 2 a ) I a1 = jI a1
Ib = j 3 Ic = + j 3
Vf Z1 + Z 2 + Z f Vf Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
68
Example: A line-to-line fault occurs at point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 G
Line
F T2
Open
G:
X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20% T1, T2: X = 5% Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

69

F1 F2 F0
r J0.6 IA1
+ N1
r IA2
J0.6
r IA 0
J0.044
1.0
N2
N0
70
Sequence Fault Currents:
71
Phase Fault Currents:
72
Double-Line-to-Ground Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c, a b c
r r r Va Vb Vc
r Ia
r Ib
r a =0 Boundary Conditions: (1) Ir r r (2) Vb = ( Z f + Z g ) I b + Z g I c r r r (3) Vc = ( Z f + Z g ) I c + Z g I b

Ground
r Z f Z f Ic r r Z g Ib + Ic
73
Transformation: From (1), we get
r r r r I a = 0 = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2
From
we get
r r r r 2 Vb = V a 0 + a V a 1 + a V a 2 r r r r 2 Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a Va 2
r r r r 2 2 Vb Vc = ( a a )Va1 + ( a a )Va 2 r r r r 2 I b = I a 0 + a I a1 + a I a 2 r r r r 2 I c = I a 0 + a I a1 + a I a 2
Likewise, from
74
we get
r r r r 2 2 I b I c = ( a a ) I a1 + ( a a ) I a 2
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
r r r r Vb Vc = Z f ( I b I c )
Substitution gives
r r 2 ( a a )Va1 + ( a a )Va 2 r r 2 2 = Z f [( a a ) I a1 + ( a a ) I a 2 ]
2
Simplifying, we get
r r r r Va 1 Z f I a 1 = V a 2 Z f I a 2
75
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
r r r r Vb + Vc = ( Z f + 2 Z g )( I b + I c )
We can also show
r r r r r Vb + Vc = 2Va 0 Va1 Va 2 r r r r r I b + I c = 2 I a 0 I a1 I a 2
Substitution gives
r r r r r r 2Va 0 Va1 Va 2 = Z f ( 2 I a 0 I a1 I a 2 ) r r r + 2 Z g ( 2 I a 0 I a1 I a 2 )
76
Rearranging terms, we get
r r r r r 2Va 0 2 Z f I a 0 4 Z g I a 0 = Va1 Z f I a1 r r r r + Va 2 Z f I a 2 2 Z g ( I a1 + I a 2 )
Earlier, we got
r r r r Va1 Z f I a 1 = Va 2 Z f I a 2 r r r I a1 + I a 2 = I a 0
Substitution gives
r r r r r 2Va 0 2 Z f I a 0 6 Z g I a 0 = 2(Va1 Z f I a1 ) r r r r Va 0 (Z f + 3Z g )I a 0 = Va1 Z f I a1

77
Sequence Network Interconnection: Zf

+ F1
Zf
F2
Zf+3Zg
F0
r Z1 Va1
-
+ -
r I a1
Vf
r Va 2
-
r Ia2
Z2
r Va 0
-
r I a0
Z0
N1
N2
N0
Let
Z 0 T = Z 0 + Z f + 3Z g Z1T = Z1 + Z f Z 2T = Z 2 + Z f
78
r I a1 =
Vf Z 0T Z 2T Z1T + Z 0T + Z 2T
r Z 0T I a1 Z 0 T + Z 2T r I a0 = r Z 2T I a1 Z 0T + Z 2T
From current division, we get
r Ia2 =
From KCL, we get
r r r I a 0 = I a1 I a 2
or
79
Double-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:
Ia = 0 I b = I a 0 + a I a1 + aI a 2
2
=j 3
V f (Z 0T aZ 2T ) Z1T Z 2T + Z1T Z 0T + Z 2T Z 0T
2
I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a I a 2
=+j 3 V f Z 0 T a 2 Z 2T
Z1T Z 2T + Z1T Z 0T + Z 2T Z 0T
80
Example: A double-line-to-ground fault occurs at point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 G
Line
F T2
Open
G:
X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20% T1, T2: X = 5% Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

81

F1 F2 F0
r J0.6 IA1
+ N1
r IA2
J0.6
r IA 0
J0.044
1.0
N2
N0
82
Sequence Fault Currents:
83
Phase Fault Currents:
84
Computer Solution

Development of the Model Rake Equivalent Formation of Zbus Analysis of Shunt Fault
85
Development of the Model

Observations on Manual Network Solution
The procedure is straight forward, yet tedious and could be prone to hand-calculation error. Is there a way for a computer to implement this methodology?
86
Development of the Model

Consider the three-bus system shown below. Let us analyze the system for a three-phase fault in any bus.
1
L1 L2
3
G1
G2
G1, G2 : L1 : L2 :
X1=X2=0.2 X1=X2=0.6 X1=X2=0.24
X0=0.1 X0=1.2 X0=0.5
87
1
j0.6
j0 .2 4
3
r + EG1
-
j0.2
j0.2
+r -
r EG
j0.2
EG2
1
j0.2 j0.6 j0.24

3
Combine the sources and re-draw. Assume EG = 1.0 per unit.
88
For a three-phase fault in bus 1 (or bus 2), we get the positive-sequence impedance.
Z1 = j[0.2 //(0.2 + 0.6)] = j0.16
r EG 1 IF = = = j6.25 Z1 Z1
For a three-phase fault in bus 3, we get
Z1 = j[0.24 + 0.2 //(0.2 + 0.6)] = j0.4
r EG 1 IF = = = j2.5 Z1 Z1
89
Let us connect a fault switch to each bus. In order to simulate a three-phase fault in any bus, close the fault switch in that bus.
-
Next, use loop currents to + describe the circuit with all fault switches closed. j0.2 j0.2 4 Since there are four loops, j0.6 r we need to define four j0. I4 24 loop currents.
1
r EG
r I1
r I3
r I2
90
The loop equations are r r r loop 1: 1.0 = j 0.2( I1 + I 3 I 4 )
r r loop 2: 1.0 = j 0.2( I 2 + I 4 ) r r r r loop 3: 1.0 = j 0.2( I1 + I 3 I 4 ) + j 0.24 I 3 r r r r r r loop 4: 0 = j 0.2( I 2 + I 4 ) + j 0.6 I 4 + j 0.2( I 4 I1 I 3 )
r I r1 I2 r I3 r I4
or
0.2 0 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 =j 1.0 0.2 0 0.44 0.2 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0
1.0 1.0
91
Current I4 is not a fault current. It can be eliminated using Krons reduction. We get where
r r 1) V = Z( bus I
1) 1 Z( = Z Z Z bus 1 2 4 Z3
and
0.2 0 Z1 = j 0 0.2 0.2 0
0.2 0 0.44
0.2
Z2 = j 0.2
0.2
Z4 = j[1.0]
Z3 = j[-0.2 0.2 -0.2 ]

92
Substitution gives
0.16 0.04 0.16 1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 r r (1) V = Zbus I
1.0
Note:
r I1 r I2 r I3
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a threephase fault in any bus (one fault at a time). (2) Zbus is called the positive-sequence busimpedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.
(1)
93
Rake Equivalent
Consider the matrix voltage equation
1.0
Z11 Z12 Z13 1.0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 Z13 Z23 Z33 1.0
r I1 r I2 r I3
Suppose we are asked to find a circuit that satisfies the matrix equation. One possible equivalent r circuit is shown. This circuit I 1 is called a rake-equivalent.
1.0 Z23 Z33 Z13 r
Z11
Z12 Z22
r I2
I3
94
Consider again the three-bus system. The circuit is described by the matrix equation
1.0
0.16 0.04 0.16 1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40
r I1 r I2 r I3
The rake equivalent is shown. The diagonal elements of the matrix are j0.16 self impedances while the r off-diagonal elements are I 1 mutual impedances.
1.0 j0.04 j0.4 j0.16 r
j0.04 j0.16
r I2
I3
95
For the three-bus system, assume a fault in bus 3. The equation for bus 3 is
r r r 1.0 = j0.16 I1 + j0.04I2 + j0.4I3 r 1.0 = j0.4I3
Since only bus 3 is faulted, I1=I2=0. We get or

j0.16
1.0 j0.04 j0.4 j0.16
j0.04 j0.16
r I3 =
1 = j2.5 j0.4
V1
-
+ r
V2
-
+ r
r I3
From KVL, we get the voltage in bus 1.
r r Z13 V1 = 1.0 Z13 I3 = 1.0 = 0.6 Z33

96
Similarly from KVL, we get the voltage in bus 2.
r r Z23 V2 = 1.0 Z23 I3 = 1.0 = 0.9 Z33
Note: Once the voltages in all the buses are known, the current in any line can be calculated. In general, for a three-phase fault in bus k of a system with n buses, the fault current is
The voltage in any bus j is given by
r 1 Ik = Zkk
k=1,2,n
r Z jk Vj = 1.0 Zkk
j=1,2,n
97
The current in any line, which is connected from bus m to bus n, r canrbe found using
r Vm Vn Imn = zmn
where zmn is the actual impedance of the line. j0.2 r + For example, the EG1 current in the line between buses 2 and 1 is r r
j0.6
j0 .2 -j0.5 4
3
-j2.0
j0.2
+r -
-j2.5
EG2
r V2 V1 0.9 0.6 I21 = = = j0.5 z21 j0.6

98
Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one branch at a time until the entire network is formed. The first branch to be added must be a generator impedance. This is necessary in order to establish the reference bus. Subsequent additions, which may be done in any order, fall under one of the following categories: (1) Add a generator to a new bus; (2) Add a generator to an old bus; (3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus; (4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.
99
Assume that at the current stage, the dimension of Zbus is n.

+
1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0
Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22 Zn1
Z1n Z2n Znn
r I1 r I2 r In
Zn2
old Zbus
Z11
Z12 Z22
1
Z2k
2
Zkk
Zkn
k
Znn
n
r I1
r I2
r Ik
r In
Let us examine each category in the addition of a new branch.
100
Type 1: Add a generator to a new bus

+
1.0
Let Zg be the impedance of the generator to be added.
Z11
Z12 Z22
1
Z2k
2
Zkk
Zkn
k
Znn
n
Zg
r I1
r I2
r Ik
r In
0 0 0 Zg
r In +1
n+1
Z11 Z12 Z1n 1.0 Z21 Z22 Z2n 1.0 1.0 = Zn1 Zn2 Znn 0 0 0 1.0
r I r1 I2 r I r n In + 1
The dimension is (n+1).
101
Type 2: Add a generator to an old bus k

Let Zg be the impedance of the generator to be Z11 added.
1.0
r Iw
Zg
k
Z12 Z22
1
Z2k
2
Zkk
Znn
n
r I1
r I2
r Ik
r In
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+Iw). The new equations for buses 1 to n are
r r r r r 1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + ... + Z1k (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Z1n In r r r r r 1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2k (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Z2n In r r r r r 1.0 = Zn1 I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znk (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Znn In
102
r r r r r r 0 = Zk1 I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ... + Zkk (Ik + Iw ) + ... + Zkn In + Zg Iw

In matrix form, we get
For the added generator loop, we get
1.0 1.0
=
Z11 Z12 Z1k Z1n Z1k Z21 Z22 Z2k Z2n Z2k
r I r1 I2
1.0 0
where Zw=Zkk+Zg. The last row is eliminated using Krons reduction. The dimension remains as n.
Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk Zk1 Zk 2 Zkk Zkn Zw
r In r Iw
103
Type 3: Add a branch from an old bus k to a new bus

Z11 Z12 Z22
1
1.0 Zkn Zb
k
Z2k
2
Zkk
Znn
n
r I1
r I2
r Ik
r In
r In +1
n+1
r r r r r 1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + ... + Z1k (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Z1n In r r r r r 1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2k (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Z2n In r r r r r 1.0 = Zn1 I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znk (Ik + In +1 ) + ... + Znn In
The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+In+1). The new equations for buses 1 to n are
104
For the new r bus, we r get In matrix form, we get
r r 1.0 = Zk1I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ... + Zkk (Ik + In +1 ) + ... r r + Zkn In + Zb In +1

1.0 1.0
=
Z11 Z12 Z1k Z1n Z1k Z21 Z22 Z2k Z2n Z2k
r I r1 I2
1.0 1.0
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Krons reduction is not required. The dimension increases to (n+1).
Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk Zk1 Zk 2 Zkk Zkn Zw
r In r In +1
105
Type 4: Add a branch from an old bus j to an old bus k

Z12 Z22
1
1.0
r Iw
Zb
j
Z11
Z2j Zjj
2
Zkk
Zkn Znn
r I1
r I2
r Ij
r Ik
r In
The new current in impedance Zjj is (Ij+Iw). The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik-Iw). The new equations for buses 1 to n are
r r r r 1.0 = Z11 I1 + Z r 12 I2r + ... + Z1 j(Ij r+ Iw ) + Z1k (Ik Iw ) + ... + Z1n In

106
r r r r 1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2 j(Ij + Iw ) r r r + Z2k (Ik Iw ) + ... + Z2n In
r r r r 1.0 = Zn1 I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znj(Ij + Iw ) r r r + Znk (Ik Iw ) + ... + Znn In

For the added loop, we get
r r r r r r 0 = Z j1 I1 + Z j2 I2 + ... + Z jj(Ij + Iw ) + Z jk (Ik Iw ) r r r r + ... + Z jn In + Zb Iw [Zk1 I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ... r r r r r + Zkj(Ij + Iw ) + Zkk (Ik Iw ) + ... + Zkn In ]
107
In matrix form, we get
1.0 1.0
=
Z11 Z21
Z12 Z22
Z1n Z2n
Z1j Z1k Z2j Z2k
r I1 r I2
1.0 0
where Zv=Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk+Zb. The last row is eliminated using Krons reduction. The dimension remains as n.
Zn1 Zn2 Znn Znj Znk Zj1 Zk1 Zj2 Zk2 Zjn Zkn Zv
r In r Iw
108
Example: For the network shown, use the step-bystep building algorithm to form the bus impedance matrix. 2 1 j0.6 Step 1. Add generator j0 .2 G1 to bus 1. j0.2 4 j0.2 1
Xbus =
[0.2]
+ -
1.0
+ -
1.0
Step 2. Add generator G2 to bus 2.

1 2 1 2
Xbus =
0 .2 0
0 0 .2
109
Step 3. Add the line from bus 1 to bus 2.

1 1 2
Xnew =
0.2 0
0 0.2
0.2 0.2 1.0
0.2 0.2
Apply Krons reduction to eliminate the last row and column. We get
X2 X X3 =
1 4
0.2 0.2
[0.2 -0.2]
110
X2 X X3 =
We get
1 4
0 .04 0 .04
0 .04 0 .04
1 2 1 2
Xbus = X1 X2X X3 =
1 1 2
1 4
0 .16
0 .04
0 .04 0 .16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.

3
Xbus =
2 3
0.16 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.4
No Kron reduction is required.
111
Example: Determine the positive-sequence busimpedance matrix for the four-bus test system shown. 1 T 2 3
G1 L2 L1 G2 L3 4
T: G1: G2: L1: L2: L3:
X=0.08 X1=0.40 X1=0.50 X1=0.40 X1=0.30 X1=0.20
X2=0.40 X2=0.50 X2=0.40 X2=0.30 X2=0.20
X0=0.15 X0=0.25 X0=0.80 X0=0.60 X0=0.40
112
Positive-sequence network 1. Add G1 to bus 1.

1
j0.3 j0.08
1 2
j0.2 j0.4 N1
Xbus =
[0.4]
j0.4 2. Add the transformer + 1.0 from bus 1 to bus 2. 1 2
j0.5 + 1.0 3
Xbus =
1 2
0 .4
0 .4
1 1 2 3 2
0 .4 0 .48
3. Add the line from X bus = bus 2 to bus 3.
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.4 0.48 0.88
113
Step 4. Add generator G2 to bus 3.

1 1 2 3
Xnew =
2 3
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.4 0.48 0.88 0.88 0.4 0.48 0.88 1.38
Apply Krons reduction.
0.4
1 X2 X 4 X3 =
1 1.38
0.48 [0.4 0.48 0.88] 0.88

114
We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551 1 X2 X 4 X3 = 0.1391 0.1670 0.3061 0.2551 0.3061 0.5612
The new bus impedance matrix is

1 Xbus = X1 X2X 4 X3
1 1
Xbus =
2 3
0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188

115

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4
Xbus =
0 .2841 0 .2609 0 .1449 0 .2609

1 2
0 .2609 0 .3130 0 .1739 0 .3130

3
0 .1449 0 .1739 0 .3188 0 .1739

4
0 .2609 0 .3130 0 .1739 0 .6130 *

1 2
0.2841 0.2609 0.2609 0.3130 0.1449 0.1739
0.1449 0.1739 0.3188
0.2609 0.3130
0.1159 0.1391 0.4391 0.784
Xnew=
3 4
0.1739 0.1449
0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130 0.1159 0.1391 0.1449 0.4391
116
Apply Krons reduction. We get

1 1 2 3 4
0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
(1) bus
2 3 4
Note: This is the positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix for the four-bus test system.
117
Negative- and Zero-Sequence Zbus

The same step-by-step algorithm can be applied to build the negative-sequence and zero-sequence bus impedance matrices. The first branch to be added must be a generator impedance. This is necessary in order to establish the reference bus. The negative-sequence and zero-sequence busimpedance matrices can also be described by a rake equivalent circuit.
118
Example: Find the zero-sequence bus-impedance matrix for the four-bus test system. Zero-sequence network
4
1. Add G1 to bus 1.
1
j0.6
1
j0.4 j0.8 N0
j0.08
2 3
Xbus =
[0.15] j0.15
j0.25
2. Add the transformer from bus 1 to bus 2.

1 2
Xbus =
1 2
0 .15 0
0 0 .08
Note: The impedance is actually connected from bus 2 to the reference bus.
119
3. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 3.
1 1 2 3
Xbus =
Step 4. Add generator G2 to bus 3. 1
1
0.15 0 0 0 0.08 0.08 0

2
0.08 0.88
3
Xnew =
2 3
0.15 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.08 0.08 0 0.08 0.88 0.88 0 0.08 0.88 1.13
120
0 0 0 1 X2 X 4 X3 = 0 0.0057 0.0623 0 0.0623 0.6853

The new bus impedance matrix is
1 1 2 3
Xbus =
2 3
0.15 0 0 0 0.0743 0.0177 0 0.0177 0.1947

121

1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4
Xbus =
0 .15 0 0 0
1
0 0 .0743 0 .0177 0 .0743

2
0 0 .0177 0 .1947 0 .0177

3 4
0 0 .0743 0 .0177 0 .6743 *

0

1 2
0.15 0 0 0 0
0.0743 0.0177 0.0177 0.1946
0.0743 0.0566 0.0177 0.177
Xnew=
3 4
0.0743 0.0177 0.6743 0.6566 0.0566 0.177 0.6566 1.2336

122

1 1 2 3 4
0.15 0 0 0
(0 ) bus
2 3 4
0.0717 0.0258 0.0442 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248
Note: This is the zero-sequence bus-impedance matrix for the four-bus test system.
123
Positive-Sequence Zbus
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix describes the positivesequence network.
- N1 +
(1) (1) (1) Z11 Z12 Z1 n
1) Z( bus =
1) (1) (1) Z( Z Z 21 22 2n 1) (1) (1) Z( Z Z n1 n2 nn
1.0
1) Z( kn 1) Z( nn
(1) 11
(1) Z12 1) Z( 22
1) Z( 2k 1) Z( kk
Rake Equivalent
124
Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) Z11 The negative-sequence (2) bus-impedance matrix Z (2) 21 Z = describes the negativebus sequence network. (2) (2) Z12 Z1 n 2) (2) Z( Z 22 2n
2) (2) (2) Z( Z Z n1 n2 nn
N2
(2) Z12 2) Z( 22 2) Z( 2k 2) Z( kk 2) Z( kn 2) Z( nn
(2) 11
Rake Equivalent
125
Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) Z11 The zero-sequence 0) bus-impedance matrix (0) Z( 21 Z = describes the zerobus sequence network. (0 ) (0 ) Z12 Z1 n 0) (0 ) Z( Z 22 2n
0) (0 ) (0 ) Z( Z Z n1 n2 nn
N0
(0 ) Z12 0) Z( 22 0) Z( 2k 0) Z( kk 0) Z( kn 0) Z( nn
(0 ) 11
Rake Equivalent
126
Analysis of Shunt Faults

The bus-impedance matrices can be used for the analysis of the following shunt faults: 1. Three-Phase Fault 2. Line-to-Line Fault 3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault 4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault Since the bus-impedance matrix is a representation of the power system as seen from the buses, only bus faults can be investigated.
127
Three-phase Fault at Bus k

The fault current is
N1
r 1 Ik = (1) Zkk
The voltage at any bus is
(1) Z11
1) Z( 22
1) Z( kk
1) Z( nn
r The current in any line is Imn
r Z jk Vj = 1.0 Zkk
r r Vm Vn = zmn
128
Example: Consider a three-phase fault at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find all line currents.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix is

1 1 2 3 4
0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
(1) bus
2 3 4
The fault current is
r 1 1 IF = (1) = = j2.7241 j0.3671 Z44

129
The bus voltages are
r Z jk Vj = 1.0 Zkk
j=1,2,n
r 0.1959 V1 = 1 = 0.4663 0.3671 r 0.2351 V2 = 1 = 0.3595 0.3671 r 0.2551 V3 = 1 = 0.3051 0.3671 r V4 = 0

130
r The line currents are given by Imn
r 1 0.4663 = j1.3344 IG1 = j0.4 r 1 0.3051 = j1.3897 IG2 = j0.5
r r Vm Vn = zmn
r 0.4663 0.3595 = j1.3342 I12 = j0.08 r 0.3595 0.3051 = j0.1360 I23 = j0.4
131
r 0.3595 0 = j1.1984 I24 = j0.3 r 0.3051 0 = j1.5257 I34 = j0.2 r 4 r IF I34 r I24 j0.2 j0.3
1 j0.08
j0.4
2
j0.4 + 1.0 -
r r IG1 I12
r I23
N1
r IG2
j0.5 + 1.0 -
132
Line-to-Line Fault at Bus k

N1 N2
(1) Z11
1) Z( 22
1) Z( kk
r Ia 1 n
1) Z( nn
(2) Z11
2) Z( 22
2) Z( kk
r n Ia 2
2) Z( nn
Sequence Fault Currents r
Sequence Voltages at bus j
Ia0 = 0 r r Ia1 = Ia2 =
1) Z( kk
1 2) + Z( kk
r Va0 = 0 r r (1) Va1 = 1 Ia1Z jk r r (2) Va2 = Ia2Z jk
133
Example: Consider a line-to-line fault at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrices is

1 1 2 3 4
0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
(1) (2)
(1) bus
2 3 4
For this power system, Xbus = Xbus
134
The sequence fault currents are
r Ia1
r Ia0 = 0 r 1 1 = Ia2 = (1) = = j1.362 (2) j2(0.3671) Z44 + Z44

r Va0 4 = 0 r r (1) Va1 4 = 1 Ia1Z44
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are
r Va2 4
= 1 ( j1.362)( j0.3671) = 0.5 r (2) = Ia2Z44 = 0.5

135
r Va0 2 = 0 r r (1) Va12 = 1 Ia1Z24 = 0.6798 r r (2) Va2 2 = Ia2Z24 = 0.3202
r Va0 3 = 0 r r (1) Va13 = 1 Ia1Z34 = 0.6526 r r (2) Va2 3 = Ia2Z34 = 0.3474
136
The sequence currents in line L3 are r
Ia0 L 3 = 0 r 0.653 0.5 Ia1L 3 = = j0.7628 j0.2 r 0.347 0.5 Ia2 L 3 = = j0.7628 j0.2
The phase currents in line L3 are
r r r r IaL 3 = Ia0 L 3 + Ia1L 3 + Ia2 L 3 = 0 r r r r 2 Ib L 3 = Ia0 L 3 + a Ia1L 3 + a Ia2 L 3 = 1.3213 r r r r Ic L 3 = Ia0 L 3 + a Ia1L 3 + a2 Ia2 L 3 = 1.3213
137
The sequence currents in line L2 are r
Ia0 L 2 = 0 r 0.68 0.5 Ia1L 2 = = j0.5992 j0.3 r 0.32 0.5 Ia2 L 2 = = j0.5992 j0.3
The phase currents in line L2 are
r r r r IaL 2 = Ia0 L 2 + Ia1L 2 + Ia2 L 2 = 0 r r r r 2 Ib L 2 = Ia0 L 2 + a Ia1L 2 + a Ia2 L 2 = 1.0378 r r r r Ic L 2 = Ia0 L 2 + a Ia1L 2 + a2 Ia2 L 2 = 1.0378
138
SLG Fault at Bus k
N1
r r r (1) Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 Z11 1 1 = (0 ) 1) (2) Zkk + Z( + Z kk kk

Sequence Voltages (2) Z at bus j 11
1) Z( 22
1) Z( kk
N2
2) Z( 22 2) Z( kk
r Ia 1
1) Z( nn
r r (0) Va0 = Ia0Z jk r r (1) Va1 = 1 Ia1Z jk r r (2) Va2 = Ia2Z jk
N0
(0 ) Z11
r Ia 2
2) Z( nn
0) Z( 22
0) Z( kk
r Ia 0
0) Z( nn
139
Example: Consider a single line-to-ground fault at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
The sequence r r fault r currents are
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 1 = (0 ) = j0.9443 (1) (2) Z44 + Z44 + Z44
r r (0 ) Va0 4 = Ia0Z44 = 0.3067 r r (1) Va1 4 = 1 Ia1Z44 = 0.6534 r r (2) Va2 4 = Ia2Z44 = 0.3466
140
r r (0 ) Va0 2 = Ia0Z24 = 0.0417 r r (1) Va12 = 1 Ia1Z24 = 0.778 r r (2) Va2 2 = Ia2Z24 = 0.222
141
The sequence currents in line L2 are
r 0.0417 + 0.3067 = j0.4417 Ia0 L 2 = j0.6 r 0.778 0.6534 Ia1L 2 = = j0.4154 j0.3 r 0.222 + 0.3466 Ia2 L 2 = = j0.4154 j0.3
Therphase currents r rin line L2 r are
IaL 2 = Ia0 L 2 + Ia1L 2 + Ia2 L 2 = j1.2725 r r r r 2 Ib L 2 = Ia0 L 2 + a Ia1L 2 + a Ia2 L 2 = j0.0262 r r r r Ic L 2 = Ia0 L 2 + a Ia1L 2 + a2 Ia2 L 2 = j0.0262
142
r 0.1057 + 0.3067 = j0.5026 Ia0 L 3 = j0.4 r 0.7591 0.6534 Ia1L 3 = = j0.5289 j0.2 r 0.2409 + 0.3466 Ia2 L 3 = = j0.5289 j0.2
Therphase currents r rin line L3 r are
IaL 3 = Ia0 L 3 + Ia1L 3 + Ia2 L 3 = j1.5603 r r r r 2 Ib L 3 = Ia0 L 3 + a Ia1L 3 + a Ia2 L 3 = j0.0262 r r r r Ic L 3 = Ia0 L 3 + a Ia1L 3 + a2 Ia2 L 3 = j0.0262
143
Double Line-to-Ground Fault at Bus k

N1 N2 N0
1) (1) Z( Z11 kk
1) Z( nn
2) (2) Z( Z11 kk
(2) nn
0) (0 ) Z( Z11 kk
0) Z( nn
r n Ia 1
r n Ia 2
r n Ia 0
r Ia1 =
1) Z( kk
1 2) (0 ) + (Z( // Z kk kk )
144
r Ia2 = r Ia0 =
0) r Z( kk I (0 ) (2) a1 Zkk + Zkk
r Z I (0 ) (2) a1 Zkk + Zkk

(2) kk
Sequence Voltages at bus j
r r (0 ) Va0 = Ia0Z jk r r (1) Va1 = 1 Ia1Z jk r r (2) Va2 = Ia2Z jk
145
Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
r Ia1 =
r Ia2 r Ia0
1 = j1.8538 (1) (2) (0 ) Zkk + (Zkk // Zkk ) (0 ) r Zkk = (0 ) I = j0.8703 (2) a1 Zkk + Zkk r r = Ia1 Ia2 = j0.9835
r r r r (0 ) Va0 4 = Va1 4 = Va2 4 = Ia0Z44 = 0.3195

146
147
r 0.0435 0.3195 = j0.46 Ia0 L 2 = j0.6 r 0.5641 0.3195 = j0.8155 Ia1L 2 = j0.3 r 0.2046 0.3195 = j0.3828 Ia2 L 2 = j0.3
The phase currents in r r r line L2rare
IaL 2 = Ia0 L 2 + Ia1L 2 + Ia2 L 2 = j0.0273 r Ib L 2 = 1.0378 + j0.6764 r Ic L 2 = 1.0378 + j0.6764

148
r 0.1101 0.3195 = j0.5235 Ia0 L 3 = j0.4 r 0.5271 0.3195 = j1.0383 Ia1L 3 = j0.2 r 0.222 0.3195 = j0.4874 Ia2 L 3 = j0.2
Therphase r currentsr in line L3 r are
IaL 3 = Ia0 L 3 + Ia1L 3 + Ia2 L 3 = j0.0273 r Ib L 3 = 1.3213 + j0.799 r Ic L 3 = 1.3213 + j0.799

149
Short Circuit Studies

Application of Short Circuit Analysis Fault Current at Different Times ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method IEC Calculation Method
150
Application of Short Circuit Analysis
Comparison of Closed-and-Latch (Momentary or Making) and Interrupting (Breaking) Duties of Interrupting Devices Comparison of Short-time or withstand rating of system components Selection of rating or setting of short circuit protective devices Evaluation of current flow and voltage levels in the system during fault
151
Characteristic of Short Circuit Currents

R L
di Ri + L = E sin (t + ) dt
E sin (t+)
i =
E sin (t + ) R +X
2 2
E sin( ) R +X
2 2
152
Characteristic of Short Circuit Currents

i = E sin (t + ) R2 + X 2 + E sin( ) R2 + X 2 e
R X
I total , RMS = I symmetrica l RMS Asymmetric al Factor
153
Fault Current at Different Times

Clearing Time of Molded Breakers Clearing Time of High Voltage Breakers
Clearing Time of Fuse
Contact Opening Time of High Voltage Breakers
Fault Current that upstream overcurrent devices must withstand while downstream devices isolate the fault
154
First (1/2) Cycle Fault Current

Short circuit ratings of low voltage equipment Ratings of High Voltage (HV) switch and fuse Close & Latch (Making) capacity or ratings of HV Circuit Breakers Maximum Fault for coordination of instantaneous trip of relays
155
1.5 to 4 Cycles Fault Current

Interrupting (breaking) duties of HV circuit breakers Interrupting magnitude and time of HV breakers for coordination
30 Cycles Fault Current

For time delay coordination
156
ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
ANSI/IEEE: American National Standards Institute/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
Prescribes Test Procedures and Calculation Methods

157
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

Cycle Network: the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current and protective device duties at the cycle after the fault.
Type of Device High Voltage CB Low Voltage CB Fuse Switchgear and MCC Relay
Duty Closing and Latching Capability Interrupting Capability Interrupting Capability Bus Bracing Instantaneous settings
158

Cycle Network: also known as the subtransient network because all rotating machines are represented by their subtransient reactances
Type of Machine Utility Turbo generator Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings Condenser Synchronous motor Induction Machine > 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less > 250 hp @ 3600 rpm All other 50 hp < 50 hp Xsc X Xd Xd 0.75 Xd Xd Xd Xd Xd 1.2 Xd 1.67 Xd
Xd of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)

159

1.5-4 Cycle Network: the network used to calculate interrupting short-circuit current and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault.
Duty Interrupting Capability N/A N/A N/A N/A

160

1.5-4 Cycle Network: also known as the transient network
Type of Machine Utility Turbo generator Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings Condenser Synchronous motor Induction Machine > 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less > 250 hp @ 3600 rpm All other 50 hp < 50 hp Xsc X Xd Xd 0.75 Xd Xd 1.5 Xd 1.5 Xd 1.5 Xd 3.0 Xd infinity
Xd of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)

161

30 Cycle Network: the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit current and protective device duties 30 cycles after the fault.
Duty N/A N/A N/A N/A Overcurrent settings

162

30 Cycle Network: also known as the steadystate network
Type of Machine Utility Turbo Generator Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding Condenser Synchronous Motor Induction Machine
Xsc X Xd Xd Xd Infinity Infinity Infinity

163

ANSI Multiplying Factor: determined by the equivalent X/R ratio at a particular fault location. The X and the R are calculated separately.
Local and Remote Contributions A local contribution to a short-circuit current is the portion of the short-circuit current fed predominantly from generators through no more than one transformation, or with external reactance in series which is less than 1.5 times the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the contribution is defined as a remote contribution.
164

Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current Calculation (Buses and HVCB)
Peak Momentary Short-Circuit Current
Imom, peak = MFp Imom,rms, symm

X R MFp = 2 1 + e
165

Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current Calculation (Buses and HVCB)
Asymmetrical RMS value of Momentary ShortCircuit Current
Imom,rms, symm =
Vpre fault 3Zeq

2 X R
Imom,rms, asymm = MFm Imom,rms, symm MFm = 1 + 2e
166

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty (1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit Current (for total current basis CBs)
Iint,rms, symm =
Vpre fault 3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj = AMFi I int,rms ,symm

where AMFi = MFl + NACD (MFr MFl )
167

No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio
The NACD ratio is defined as the remote contributions to the total contributions for the short-circuit current at a given location
I remote NACD = I total

Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal NACD = 0 if all contributions are local NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote
168

MFr = 1 + 2e
4 t X R
Circuit Breaker Rating in Cycles 8 5 3 2

Contact Parting Time ( t ) in Cycles 4 3 2 1.5

169

Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFr for 3-phase & line-to-ground faults.
170

Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFl for 3-phase faults.
171

Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit Current (for symmetrically rated CBs)
I int,rms ,adj
AMFi I int,rms ,symm = S

S Factor 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Circuit Breaker Contact Parting Time (Cycles) 4 3 2 1.5

172

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty (1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Adjusted asymmetrical RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit Current
Iint,rms, symm =
Vpre fault 3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj = MF I int,rms ,symm
173

MF =
2(1 + e 2(1 + e
X R
) )
( X R )test
Unfused power breakers
MF =
1 + 2e 1 + 2e
X R
Fused power breakers & Molded Case
( X R )test
Note: If calculated MF < 1.0, set MF = 1.0

174

Circuit Breaker Type Power Breaker (Unfused) Power Breaker (Fused) Molded Case (> 20 kA) Molded Case (10.001 20 kA) Molded Case (10 kA) (X/R)test 6.59 4.90 4.90 3.18 1.73
175

Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current Calculation
- same procedure as Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty calculation.
176
IEC Calculation Method

An equivalent voltage source at the fault location replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is applied to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source for minimum and maximum current calculations. All machines are represented by internal impedances Line capacitances and static loads are neglected, except for the zero-sequence network. Calculations consider the electrical distance from the fault location to synchronous generators.
177

Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (Ik) RMS
value of the AC symmetrical component of an available short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit if the impedance remains at zero time value.
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-circuit current.
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)
RMS value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC component of of the available short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching device
178

Steady-state Short Circuit Current (Ik)
RMS value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of the transient phenomena.
Subtransient Voltage (E) of a Synchronous Machine
RMS value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient reactance Xd at the moment of short circuit.
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit current remains essentially constant
179

Near-to-Generator
Short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more than twice the generators rated current or a short-circuit condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik) without motors.
Short-Circuit
Subtransient Machine
Reactance
(Xd)
of
Synchronous
Effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. MS value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient reactance Xd at the moment of short circuit.
'' ZK = KG R + jX d
KG =
cmax kVn '' kVr 1 + xd sin r
kVn = nominal voltage of the terminal bus kVr = motor rated voltage Xd = subtransient reactance r = machine rated power factor
180

Minimum Time Delay (Tmin) of a Circuit Breaker
Shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current and the first contact separation of one pole of the switching device
Voltage Factor (c)
Factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source for the minimum and maximum current calculations
Voltage Factor
Voltage Factor
Max SC Calculation 230/400 V

Other LV up to 1 KV
Min SC Calculation 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.10
> 1 kV to 35 kV > 35 KV to 230 KV
181

c Un I k = 3Z k
Zk = equiv. Impedance at fault point
i p = 2 k I k
k = function of system R/X at fault location
I b = I k
I b = I k I b = qI k
for far-from-generator fault for synch. machines, for near-to-generator faults for ind. machines, for near-to-generator faults
182

HV CB asymmetrical breaking & dc current rating
4 f t min I b ,asymm = I b ,symm 1 + 2 exp X /R 2f t min I dc = I b ,symm 2 exp X /R

f = system frequency tmin = minimum delay time Ib,symm = AC breaking current X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 7% at 50 Hz
183

LV CB asymmetrical breaking current rating
I b ,asymm = I b ,symm
4 f t min 1 + 2 exp X /R
f = system frequency tmin = minimum delay time Ib,symm = AC breaking current X/R = calculated based on testing PF given by IEC
184

Fuse asymmetrical breaking current rating
I b ,asymm = I b ,symm
4 f t min 1 + 2 exp X /R
f = system frequency tmin = assumed to be a half cycle Ib,symm = AC breaking current X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 15%
185
Selection of Device Duties

8-Cycle Total-Rated Circuit Breakers (KA) Circuit Breaker Nominal Size Identification Example Maximum System Operating Voltage Momentary Rating (Total 1st-Cycle RMS Current Interrupting Rating (Total RMS Current at 4-cycle ContactParting Time 5-Cycle Symmetrical-Rated Circuit Breakers (KA) Closing and Latching Capability (Total First Cycle RM Current) Short-Circuit Capability (Symmetrical RMS Current at 3-Cycle Parting Time
4.16 75 4.16 250 4.16 350 13.8 500 13.8 750 13.8 1000
4.16 KV 4.16 KV 4.16 KV 13.8 KV 13.8 KV 13.8 KV
20 60 80 40 60 80
10.5 35 48.6 21 13.5 42
19 58 78 37 58 77
10.1 33.2 46.9 19.6 30.4 40.2
186
Selection of Device Duties

VOLTAGE RATING
Rated Voltage Range Factor, K
CURRENT RATING
Rated Continuous Current at 60 Hz (A) Rated ShortCircuit Current at Rated Max kV (KA, rms)
Rated Max. Voltage
(K x Rated Short Circuit Current, KA, rms)
Max. Symmetrical Interrupting Capability
RELATED REQUIRED CAPABILITIES
(1.6 x Rated Short Circuit Current, kA, rms)
Closing & Latching Capability
15.5 15.5 25.8 38 48.3 72.5
2.67 1.29 2.15 1.65 1.21 1.21
600 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200
8.9 18 11 22 17 19
24 23 24 36 21 23
38 37 35 58 33 37
187

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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Power System Modeling and Analysis

Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Sources and Type of Faults

Sources of Short Circuit Currents Type of Faults

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Sources of Short Circuit Currents

Fault Current Contributors

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Network Reduction Techniques

Calculating Short Circuit Currents by Network Reduction Reduced Sequence Networks

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Network Reduction Techniques

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Network Reduction Techniques

= (R1 + jX1 ) + (R2 + jX2 ) = (R1 + R2 ) + j( X1 + X2 )

Combination of Branches in Parallel Z1 Z2 Z eq = Z1 Z1 + Z2

(R1 + jX 1 )(R2 + jX 2 ) = (R1 + R2 ) + j( X 1 + X 2 )

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Network Reduction Techniques

ZBZC + ZB + ZC Z AZC + ZB + ZC Z AZB + ZB + ZC

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Z(p.u.) j0.2 j0.4 j0.3 j0.5 j0.6

Line3 Line4 Line5

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Solution: Draw the impedance diagram

0.3 0.4 2 0.6 3 0.5

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Xc X14 Xc + X14 (0.776923) (0.2) 0.776923 + 0.2 0.159055

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

= 0.3 + 0.6 = 0.9

Xb = X14 + X34 = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

= 0.1 + 0.198425 = 0.298425

1.0 If = 0.298425 = 3.350923 p.u.

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

= 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7

(0.7)( 0.4) = 0.7 + 0.4 = 0.254545

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Xc = Xb + X23 = 0.254545 + 0.6 = 0.854545

(0.854545)( 0.3) = 0.854545 + 0.3 = 0.222047

1.0 If = 0.322047 = 3.095525 p.u.

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

1.0 If = 0.1 = 10.0 p.u.

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration

Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis

Reduced Sequence Networks

U. P. National Engineering Center National Electrification Administration