Nathaniel Peter Glenn Z. Castasus Take home exam in BOTA111L I.

True or False, Write the word true if the statement is correct otherwise, false.

HUB31

1. Some species of mosses have antiseptic properties and water-holding ability. True 2. The water-conducting cells of mosses are called teptoids, while the food-conducting cells are called hydroids. True 3. In mosses and liverworts, the sporophyte generation includes the leafy plant parts while the gametophyte, the spore-producing structure. False 4. In bryophytes, spores germinate into a short filament of cells called protonema. True 5. As described, all mosses are leafy while liverworts are thalloids. False 6. In mosses the mature sporophyte is green and photosynthetic until the spores are released. True 7. Liverworts are members of the hepaticophyta. True 8. Marchantia reproduce asexually by means of gemmae. True 9. Archegonia refer to the flasklike, egg-producing female gametangia of bryophytes. True 10. Hornworts sporophyte contain elaters with meristem on its base. True 11. Hornworts belong to division Anthoceratophyta. True 12. Sporocytes of mosses undergo meiosis to produce spores. True 13. In the bryophytes, the spores produced in sporangia are diploid. False 14. The protective lid on the capsule of mosses is called calyptera. False 15. The sporophyte of merchantia forms an operculum at the apex of the mature capsule. False II. Matching Type: Match the description in column A with the item in column B. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer on the answer blank. Column A 1. D. The fleshy part is derived from the ovary with stony inner part. 2. A. Splitting fruit at maturity along its two structures. 3. B. Ovary wall is fleshy; berry like, with hard rind. 4. C. with hard fruit coat but lacking wings. 5. E. A dry, single-seeded indehiscent fruit. 6. F. Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicel. 7. I. Flowers staled and arise from a single region. 8. G. Branched, indeterminate inflorescence. 9. H. Determinate inflorescence or repeating units. 10. J. Indehiscent fleshy fruit with few to many seeds. Column B A. legume B. pepo C. nut D. drupe E. achene F. umbel G. panicle H. raceme I. cyme J. berry

III. Essay A. Answer the following explicitly. 1. What are the advances of ferns over bryophytes? Ferns have true roots, leaves and vascular tissues namely xylem and phloem. 2. What us the function of the annulus in ferns and its allies? The function of the annulus is to release the spores out of the sporangium and into the air. 3. How can you distinguish a moss from a liverwort? Mosses have microphylls while, Liver worts contain oil bodies. 4. Why must bryophytes live in moist environment? Because bryophytes lack vascular tissues therefore they are unable to transport water over long distances. Because of this, they grow short were water is available. 5. What is the function of the following? Gemmae - Gemmae are for asexual reproduction. It is similar to a spore in fungi, but dispersed by rainfall instead of air.

Protonema - This is where moss begins to form their rhizods. The protonema is also the photosynthetic part of a germinating fern spore. Elaters - They function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Paraphyses - Paraphyses are hair-like structure that arises from sporangia or on the sporangial stalk or capsule to perform a protective function and aid in reproduction. Peristome teeth - The peristome teeth controls the release of spores into the surroundings by opening or closing the mouth. Annulus - It involves in the process of spore release. It dislodges and launches the spores away from the plant Capsule - The capsule aids in the reproduction of the plant and it joins with the sperm cell and forms a new moss. Calyptra - It protects the capsule containing the embryonic sporophyte.

6. Differentiate the following: a. Horsetail It is any of various nonflowering plants of the genus Equisetum, having a jointed hollow stem and narrow, sometimes much reduced leaves. b. Equisetum It is genera of ferns and fern allies. c. Lycopodium It is a plant of the genus Lycopodium, which includes the club mosses. 7. Explain the life cycle of / Economic importance a. Mosses Life cycle The life cycle of a moss starts from the presence of a male gametophyte, which has antheridia (reproductive structure) that contains male gametes and a female gametophyte, which has archegonia (reproductive structure) that contains female gametes. Male gametes transports to the female gametes through the help of water. When fertilization occurs it produces a diploid zygote, the zygote divides by mitosis and grows into a sporophyte. As the sporophyte continues to grow and elongate. The remaining tissue surrounding the sporophyte called the calyptra will eventually fall and the capsule will be exposed which contains thousands of spores. When the top of the capsule is shed it reveals the peristome teeth holding the spores, as it opens the spores are released and will be carried by air. When spores reach the ground they will germinate and will produce a protonema where buds will appear and develop into a haploid gametophyte generation this gametophyte will mate and continue the alternation of generation. Economic importance Different species of moss are used as furniture stuffing, as soil conditioner, cushioning and materials used to absorb oil after spills, brooms, baskets, doormats, etc.

b. Ferns Life cycle A fern leaf consists of dots or psori on the underside that consists of sporangia, where spores are produced. When a spore lands on a suitable substrate it will grow as a gametophyte. The female and the male gametophyte will combine their gametes and we now have a zygote to produce a sporophyte. Economic importance Many different species have been used as a minor food source and for medicine in various parts of the world. They also serve as an indirect way for a source of fossil fuels, c. Gymnosperms Life cycle There are two types of cones of a gymnosperm. A seed cone, which is a female cone and a pollen cone, which is a male cone, When the gametes of both cones combine it will form a zygote that will in turn grow into a gymnosperm. Economic importance
It is a source of lumber that can be made as fence posts, musical instruments, pencils, cedar chests, and lawn furniture; Paper pulp such as cardboard and paper; Resins like varnish and nail polish; ornamental plants; fuel; soaps; perfumes and etc.

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