BY: MYZATUL BINTI MANSOR JKA, PTSB

Hydrostatics is the study of pressures throughout a fluid at rest and the pressure forces on finite surfaces. As the fluid is at rest, there are no shear stresses in it. Hence the pressure at a point on a plane surface always acts normal to the surface, and all forces are independent of viscosity. The pressure variation is due only to the weight of the fluid.

Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the area N F P= Nm-2 2 A m (Pa) Acts perpendicular to ALL surfaces (like a Normal force) Pressure unit:
o Pascal ( 1 Pa = 1 N/m2)

A liquid is subjected to pressure due to its own weight, this pressure increases as the depth of the liquid increases. Depends on depth P = gh
o = density of fluid
o g = gravity o h = depth beneath the water

Unit 1 pascal (Pa)

Definition or Relationship 1 kg m-1 s-2

1 bar
1 torr 760 mm Hg 14.696 pounds per sq. in. (psi)

1 x 105 Pa
1 / 760 atm 1 atm 1 atm

1 atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa

Example 1 Find the pressure represented by a column of i. 10 cm of water ii. 5 cm of oil of specific gravity 0.75 iii. 2 cm of mercury Solution:P = gh

i. ii. iii.

For water column : P = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.1 = 981 N/m2 For the oil column: P = 0.75 x1000 x 9.81 x0.05=367.88 N/m2 For the mercury column: P = 13.6 x1000x9.81x0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure GAUGE PRESSURE is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument, in which the atmospheric pressure is taken a datum. The atmospheric pressure on the scale is marked as zero. VACUUM PRESSURE is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure (negative Gauge Pressure)

P abs = Patm + Pgage

Note: i) The Patm at sea level at 15 C = 101.3 kPa ii) The atmospheric pressure head = 760 mm of mercury or 10.33 m of water

EXAMPLE 2: Express a pressure of 155 kPa (gage) as an absolute pressure. The local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa(abs). Solution:
P abs = Patm + Pgage

P abs = 98 kPa + 155 kPa = 253 kPa EXAMPLE 3: Express a pressure of 225 kPa (abs) as a gage pressure. The local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa(abs).

EXAMPLE 4: Calculate the change in water pressure from the surface to a depth of 5m.

EXAMPLE 5:

For a liquid, usually the position is measured as distance from the free surface, or depth h, which is positive downward as illustrated in Fig. 2.3. Hence, p2 p1 = g (h2 h1) = (h2 h1) p = g h = h Note:
P abs = Patm + Pgage P abs = Patm + Pgage At free surface, Patm = 0 P abs = 0 + Pgage P abs = Pgage

So; P = Po + gh P = Po + h P = h

Example 6: A 6 m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2 m of oil of relative density 0.88. Determine the pressure at bottom of the tank.

Solution: At top tank surface : FORMULA: P = Po + gh P1 = 0 kPa ( Patm) At the oil water interface : P2 = P1 + pressure due to 2 m of oil = 0 + (0.88 x 1000 x 9.81 x 2) = 17265.6 N/m2 At the bottom tank : P3 = P2 + pressure due to 4 m of water = 17265.6 + ( 1000 x 9.81 x 4) =56505.6 N/m2 = 56.506 kN/m2

Example 7: An open tank contains water to a depth 2.5 m and an oil of specific gravity 1.25 to a depth of 1.5m. (a) Draw the pressure distribution diagram acting on the tank wall (b) Determine the pressure i. At the water surface ii. At the oil-water interface iii.At a depth of 3.5 m below the free surface iv.At the bottom of the tank

Barometer Piezometer U tube manometer

A barometer is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere. The simplest type of barometer consists of a column of fluid (mercury). P2 - P1 = gh Pa = gh
Patm also expressed as mm of mercury = h At sea level, Patm = 101.3 kPa, mercury = 133.1 kN/m3, barometric height, h = 761 mm Hg. If water used as barometric fluid, barometric height h = 10.36 m.

The piezometer is used for measuring gauge pressures. One end of this piezometer is connected to the point where pressure is to be measured and other end is open to the atmosphere. The rise of liquid gives the pressure head at that point. If at a point A, the height of liquid (water) is h in piezometer tube, then pressure at A; PA= g h

Fig 2.1: Piezometer

Manometer are defined as devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid. It classified as: (a) Simple manometers (b) Differential manometers

This device consists of a glass tube bent in U-shape, one end of which is connected to a point at which pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the atmosphere as shown in Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1

Positive pressure

Negative pressure (vacuum pressure)

This device is used to measure the difference in pressure between two points in a pipe, or in two different pipes. In its simplest form a differential manometer consists of a U-tube, containing a heavy liquid, whose two ends are connected to a points, whose difference of pressures is required to be find out. The most commonly used : i. U-tube differential manometer ii. Inversed U-tube differentia manometer

(a) U-tube differential manometer

= + = + + + 1 + = + 2 +

(a) Inverted U-tube differential manometer

= = = 2