Petroleum Geology of Cepu Area, Central Java, Indonesia Northern part of Java area (East Java in this case)

is a stable back arc basin. This condition resulted thick sedimentary deposit which had good hydrocarbon pot ential. Tectonic development occured in this area, marked by uplifting, faulting and folding as in present condition. Fig.1 Profile of Nothern part of East Java Basin II.1. Regional Geomorphology of Cepu Area II.1.1. Kendeng Zone Kendeng Zone is moutain range located in the north side of Ngawi sub-zone, orien ted to west-east direction. This mountain range consist of deep marine sediment which had been faulted and folded intensively forming anticlinorium. North margi n is bordered by Randublatung Depresion, then south margin is bordered by volcan ic mountain (Solo Zone). This mountain lies from Ungaran Mountain on the west si de to Ngawi and Mojokerto Area. Rest of this mountain is still can be tracked un til subsurface on Madura strait. Fig. II.1 Phisiography of Central and East Java (Bemmelen) Kendeng Mountain on west part s wide is about 40 km, then become narrow to the eas t with length approximately 250 (de Genevreye & Samuel, 1972). Characteristic of Kendeng Zone is line of hills with low elevation, wavy hill morphology elevated on 50-200 m. This west-east lineament reflects some folding and faulting trendi ng west-east. Folding and thrusting intensity in this mountain have big intensit y in west part and become weak in east part. Thrust fault make the unit boundary to be structural boundary. The occurence of fault and fold because of compressi ve force yield fractures, faults and weak zones trending southeast-northwest, so uthwest-northeast and north-south. II.1.2. Randublatung Zone Randublatung Depression is physiographic depresion due to tectonic activity lies between Kendeng Zone and Rembang Zone, formed on Pleictocene. This depresion ha s west-east trend. The narrowest part of this area is llocated on Cepu Area, the n become wide to east direction as far as sedimentation distance of Madure strai t and until now sedimentation in this one is still occur. Randublatung Depresion generally can be classified into synclinal valley morphology unit consist of Ce pu Area and Bojonegara. Bengawan Solo river flow in this area, form meandering s ystem. Most of Randublatung Area is filled by fine grain clastic sediment such a s clay, silt from Lidah Formation aged Quartenary. II.1.3. Rembang Zone Rembang zone is high elevated area separated by Randublatung Area and paralel to Kendeng Zone. This area consist of anticlinorium trending west-east due to tect onuc activity happen on late Tertiary. This foleded mountain has enough high ele vation, average is less than 500 m. Some of those anticlines are young anticline s mountain and have not been eroded intensively. Those exogenic activitiy make t he mountain look like back of hill. Structurally, Rembang Zone is fault zone loc ated between carbonate Shelf on north of Java (Java Sea) and deep basin located on south of Rembang (Kendeng Basin). Litology consists of mix silisiclastic whi ch is mixing of shallow carbonate and clastic from continent, clay and deep sea marl. Oil field had been found in this area and operated since early 20th centu ry. II.2. Regional Stratigraphy of Cepu Area II.2.1. Mandala Kendeng Stratigraphy Sedimentary rock which fill Kendeng Basin consist of turbidite clastic, carbonat e, and deep marine volcaniclastic, especially on lower part of deposits. On vert ical sucession, more shallow deposit will develop to the top anf finally non-mar ine deposits will be formed on the top. Stratigraphy of Kendeng Zone can be divided into 9 Formation from oldest to youn gest. The formations are :

Fig. II.2.1.1 Regional stratigraphy of Kendeng Zone (Harsono, 1983) a. Pelang Formation Pelang Formation is the oldest formation located in Mandala Kendeng Area. Lithol ogy of this formation consists of clayey marl with bioclastic calcarenite lense s which contain many large foraminifera. Lithology on top and bottom of this for mation is unknown due tectonic activity which deform the formation so the top an d bottom of this formation is difficult to be defined. The outcrop located on up -thrust area and directly verge with Kerek Formation. Kerek Formation is youger than Plang one, and aged N4-N9 (Middle Miocene). b. Kerek Formation This Formation is deposited on the unconformity on Pelang Formation. Lithology o f this formation sonsists of interbedded clayey marl, sandy marl, calcareous tuf f, and tuffaceous sandstone which show flysch characteristic.This formation can be divided into 3 members from the oldest to the youngest : Banyuurip Member This member consists of interbedded clayey marl, marl, clay, tuffaceous calcareo us sandstone, and tuffaceous sandstone. Thick of deposit reach 270 m and this d eposit is deposited on N10-N15 (Middle Miocene). Sentul Member This member consists of lithology which has same characteristic with Banyuurip M ember. The difference is pointed to the occurence of bed which contain thicker t uffaceous material . Total thickness of this deposit is about 500 meter and aged N16 (Early Upper Miocene). Kerek Limestone Member This emmber consists oof interbeded of tufaceous limestone and clay and tuff bed ding . Thickness of this formation reach 150 meterand aged N17 (Middle Late Mioc ene). c. Kalibeng Formation This Formation is unconformable on Kerek Formation and divided into 2 parts : Lo wer Kalibeng Formation and Upper Kalibeng Formation. Lower Kalibeng Formation co nsist of massice marl which develop into depp marine volcanic deposit, character ized by turbidity structure. These facies are named Atasangin Member with thickn ess is about 600 meter. Based on bentonic foraminifera association, this format ion is formed on marine environment on depth 1000 meter. The age of this formati n is N17-N21 (Upper Miocene-Pliocene). d. Banyak Formation This Formation is intefingering with Kalibeng Formation. Lithology of this forma tion consist of tufffaceous sandstone, thick gravelly sandstone, calcareous sand stone with clay and marl. e. Klitik Formation This formation is conformable with Kalibeng Formation. Lithology forming this fo rmation are bioclastic limestone with marl interbedded. f. Sonde Formation Secong part of Kalibeng Formation is also called by Sonde Formation or Upper Kal ibeng. This formation can be divided into a member called Klitik Member which co nsist of well bedded marly calcarenite limestone. On the top of deposit, facies are breccia with fragmen carbonate gravelly limestone and carbonate cements, san dy marl deposit which develop into clayey marl. Thickness of this formation is 2 7-589 meter and aged N9-N21 (Pliocene). This formation is deposited in shallow marine environment, on the shelf margin near shore. g. Danar Formation This formation is unconformable with Sonde Formation. There is facies changing t o the east from Danar Formation to Pucangan and Lidah one eastward. This formati on consists of lahar deposit and vlack clay with interbedding of diatome. The th ickness is about 61-480 meter, aged N21 (Late Pliocene). Lithology of this forma tion generally is formed on shallow marine environment and develop into non mar ine (fresh water environment). h. Kabuh Formation

This formation conformable on Danar one. Lithology of this formation are non-vol vanic sandstone and conglomerate interbeding. Thickness of this formation reach 100 meter, deposited on fluvial system environment. This fluvial deposit are cha recterized by occurence of crossbedding structure, lake deposit, mollusca fresh water fossils, and Pithecanthropus skull fossils. i. Notopuro Formation This Formation is deposited conformable on Kabuh Formation. Lithology of this fo rmation consists of interbeddiing tuff and tuffaceous sandstone, laharic breccia and volcanic conglomerate. Interbedding of volcanic breccia with andesite and p umice fragments as lenses are also founded. This pumice characterize deposits of Notopuro Formation. Depositional Environment of this formation is non-marine, a ged Late Pleistocene with total thickness more than 240 meter.

II.2.2. Mandala Rembang Stratigraphy

Rembang stratigraphy are consist of some formation below from the oldest to the youngest

Fig. II.2.2.1 Stratigraphic coloumn of East Java basin (Mudjiono and Pireno, 200 1) II.2.2.1. Ngimbang Formation This formation consists of shale with silt interbedding, fine sandst one, limestone and coal. Depositional environment of this formation is on delta system, lacustrine and shallow marine on Eocene until Lower Oligocene. II.2.2.2. Kujung Formation This formation consists of shale with clay interbedding . On some area, there are clastic and reef limestone found spotted. Depositional Environment of this formation is deep marine until shallow marine on Late Oligo cene until Early Miocene. II.2.2.3. Tuban Formation This formation consists of claystone beds with limestone interbedding. There is facies change southward in which lithology will grade i nto shale and claystone facies (Soejono, 1981 on Handbook of Petroleum Geology 2 006). Depositional Environment is deep-middle neritic. II.2.2.4. Tawun Formation This formation consists of silty shale with limestone in terbedding. On top deposit, sandstone facies with little clay inside dominate. L ocally, there is spotted limestone found. Top of Tawun Formation is also called as Ngrayong Member. Depositional Environment of this formation is open marine un til shallow marine in the top formation. This formation is formed on Middle Mioc ene (N9-N13) (Rahardjo & Wiyono, 1993, on Handbook of Petroleum Geology, 2006). II.2.2.5. Ngrayong Member

This member is also called as Upper Orbitoiden-Kalak by Tr ooster (1937). Van Bemmelen (1949) named this emmber as Upper Rembang beds . Ngrayon g Sandstone name has been introduced by Brouwer (1957). He proposed local type of this sandstone based on quartz sandstone found in Ngrayong Village, Jatirogo, i n which that member are composed of sandstone mainly with intercalation of coal and sandy clay. Harsono (1983), describe Ngrayong as member of Tawun For mation, consists of orbitoid limestone and shale in lower part. In the upper par t, there are sandstone with limestone intercalation and lignite. This unit is ag ed on Middle Miocene, N9-N12. Depositional environment of this unti is fluvial o r submarine based on outcrop found in northside of Village (Jatirogo, Tawun). On south side of village, this depositional environment of formation change into m arine environment. Marine deposit of this formation on Ngampel Area show shallow ing upward pattern from shoreface to beach. This unit also show hiatus on mouth of Java Sea. Ngrayong Unit is main reservoir of Cepu Oilfield, but there is shal e occurence in the south and east of this field. Total thisckness of this unit i s varied, average is more than 300 m. II.2.2.6. Bulu Formation This formation consists of bedded clastic limestone and sandy limestone. Locally, chalky limestone and marl will be found spotted. Cros sbedding limestone is often to found. Depositional environment of this formation is open marine on Middle Miocene (N13-N14). II.2.2.7. Wonocolo Formation This formation consist of yellow-brown marl, contain gla uconite. There are interbedding of calcarenite and claystone. Depositional envi ronment of this formation according to Purwati (1987, on Handbook of Petroleum G eology, 2006) is deep neritic until middle bathyal and formed on Middle Miocene Upper Miocene (N14-N16). II.2.2.8. Ledok Formation This formation consist of green and red sandstone, glauc onitic type with intercalation of calcarenite and claystone. Crossbedding struct ure will be found intensively in sandstone. This formation is deposited due to regresion phase from Wonocolo Formation on Upper Miocene (N17). II.2.2.9. Selorejo Formation This formation formed by Selorejo Beds acording Trooster , 1937. This formation had been classified into member of Lidah Formation by Udi n Adinegoro (1972) and Koesoemadinata (1978). This research had been done since Harsono (1983) didn t continue his observation about the occurence of unconformity between Lidah Formation and Mundu Formation. He classified this member into Mun du Formation. Local type of this member located on Selorejo Village, near Cepu. Lithology character is shown by weaker and harder bed boundary, remain some glau conites. This unit depositional environment is deep marine, based on foraminiref a analysis. II.2.2.10. Lidah Formation This formation consists of blue limestone, bedded marl a nd coquina limestone lenses. There are sandstone intercalation especially quart z sandstone contain glauconite and seaa mollusca. In are where this formation develop into reef limestone, the unit is called Dander Member.

II.3. Regional Geology Structure of Cepu Area East Java Basin generally are formed by main primary structure from south to nor th. Kendeng Zone and Madura strait lie in west-east direction, especially are ch aracterized by fold, fault and thrust one. Southern part of Rembang Zone and Ran dublatung are characterized by disharmonic fold type. Beside that, this zone is characterized by dome structure associated with fault structure as like as anti

cline in Ngimbang. Northen part of Rembang Zone and Madura are characterized by uplifted and eroded anticlinorium structure on Plio-Pleistocene. This structure is associated with strike slip fault system trending northeast-southwest. The fa ult system continue until South Kalimantan Area. There are 2 primary geological structure in East Java Basin: a. Northeast-southwest structural pattern, also called by Meratus type. b. West-east structural pattern, also called by Java type. Fig. II.3.1 Regional structural pattern in Indonesia (Satyana, 2005)

Kendeng Zone on Early Miocene is active tectonized area. In tectonic regional fr amework, Kendeng Zone is included on the part of East Java basin. This basin has occured extensional tectonic regime on Paleogene and result many normal faults in high-low morphology form. On Neogene, East Java basin was compressed by compr essional regime and caused reactivation on normal faults. and yield many thrust faults. Those faults cut Neogene sediment and resulted thrust faults. These thru st faults can be tracked in west part of Kendeng area. On east part of Kendeng a rea, there are many anticlines with plunged axis to the east. Fold and thrust in tensity will be decreased to the east, then dissapeared on the south. The phenom enon explain that there are only anticlines in north part which can be tracked u ntil Surabaya. These fold pathway verge directly with volcanic arc and only sepa rated by Ngawi Alluvium.

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

IV.1. Source rock Source rock is rock which have potential to create and expel hidrocarbon in enou gh quantity. There are 4 formation which act as source rock, they are : Ngimbang Formation, K ujung Formation, Ngrayong formation and Tuban Formation. Generally, they have sh ale which can create kerogene. Beased on maturity, all of them had been mature t hermally. Three formation above had been being mature on Paleogene, except Tuban Formation which formed on Miocene age. Ngimbang Formation has good source rock, prooved by occurence of good TOC (1%-4% ) on shale and carbonaceous limestone also 40% for coal). Source rock on this fo rmation is classified into effective source rock because this source has supply economic hydrocarbon (95% oil and gas) in NE Java basin. Kujung Formation has classified into possible source rock due to no identificati on by geochemical method to some factor (TOC, Ro, and kerogen type). Tuban Formation has been classified into effective source rock due to high conte nt of TOC (0,53-2,3 %). Lithology consists of clastic limestone as intercalation . Kerogen type is classified into type III (gas prone), then on the lower part o f this formation, kerogen is belong to type II and II (oil and gas prone). Ngrayong formation (lower) has become good source rock with local TOC greater th an 1 %. Organic matter is prdominantly form terestrial. Maturity of this source rock is belong to submature, due to lack of thermal maturity because of burial t ime and intensity in Central deep. IV.2. Reservoir rock Reservoir rock is rock that can accumulate hidrocarbon. On Nort East Java absin, there are 3 formation act as reservoir rock, they are Kujung formation, Ngrayon g formation and Mundu Formation. Kujung formation is divided into 3 part, Kujung I, II and II. Kujung I consist o f shelfal equivalent to deep water Prupuh limestone of the East Java / Madura ba sin. It has the best reservoir characteristic of North East Java basin. Kujung I I consist of limestone form one of main target in central deep and provide reser

voir. Limestone of high energy and reefal facies oversteep basement on the flank s but are fine grained in the basin centre. Primary reservoir quality is fair, b ut the performance can be enhanced by some technique like fracturing to are near reactiveted faults zone. Kujung III consist of mixed shlefal clastics and carbo nates. Sand are medium to soarse and locally tuffaceous and are interbedded with muds, micritic limestone and lignite. This formation can be enhanceh by fractur ing technique. Ngrayong formation consists of sandstone and carbonate and reservoir ta rget especially is quartzsandtone. This sandstone is positioned on 600-700 m bel ow sea level. Average porosity is 18% and almost 70% of total oil production in North East Java basin is produced in this field. Sand in this area is uncompacte d and has excellent reservoir quality. However, reservoir is low, production dra wdown will be limited and reserves will depend largely on abandonement pressure. This sands are present in the central deep, but the unit is carbonate dominated . Mundu formation that has Selorejo limestone act as reservoir of gas. Th e depth is ranged about 300 m. Porosity is ranged between 28-42% while permeabi lity is ranged 55-903 mD with thickness is about 0-50 m. IV.3. Seal Seal rock is rock which act as seal, usually impermeable and has fine grain like marl, shale or clay so hidrocarbon accumulated under this seal cannot migrate o r leak to the other place. Primary seal in North East Java basin is thick shale facies of Tuban Formation. Tuban shale provides primary top seal to the underlyi ng Kujung and Ngrayong reservoir. Shale of the formation generally drapes over t he Kujung formation (reef) and effectively capped any trapped hydrocarbon below it. IV.4. Trap Trap is geological feature which can accumulate hidrocarbon after they have migr ated. Generally, traps are divided into 2 varian, sratigraphic and structural tr ap. Most trap in North East Java basin is structural trap, mainly is anticline w ith simple variation. The other type are faults and stratigraphic traps. Faults trap will give some risk, due to proper timing of forming and occurence of seal bed. Anticline trap formed on Plio-Pleistocene tectonic phase compression thrus t-folding. Anticlines which have northwest axis direction have become the most e ffective hidrocarbon trap. Stratigraphy trap on this area is oriented to onlap f orming from shale related to reefal limestone. On some other field, there are so me stratigraphic trap like patch reef complexes with some structural control whi ch probably initiated reefal growth. Generally, traps in this basin are cut by t hrust fault rending northeast-southwest and this faults act as oil-water boundar y. IV.5. Proper Timing of Migration Proper time of migration is time in which hidrocarbon migrate from source rock i nto reservoir rock so the hidrocarbon will be accumulated into right trap and no leaked occur. Based on tectonic history, there are 2 phase of tectonic period. Firts is Middle Miocene tectonic phase (after deposition of Ngrayong formation) , second is Plio-Pleistocene. Source rock from Ngimbang formation had been matur e on late Miocene. Based on this fact, first migration occured on this period. T hem, second migration occured after first phase Plio-Pleistocene tectonic. On th at time, oil from Kujung formation has been mature. Migrasi hidrokarbon atau per pindahan hidrokarbon pada Cekungan Jawa Timur Utara dapat terjadi secara lateral maupun secara vertikal. Generally, lateral migration in this basin will oriente d to north direction because of some thickening of sediment northward, same with sedimentation direction. OILFIELD More than 25 oil field have been discovered and development in Cepu area until S urabaya. But most of them have been leaved. Now only 5 oil field (Kawengan, Ledo k, Nglobo, Semanggi , Wonocolo) and gas field (Balun) that have been produced by Pertamina (Oil Company of Indonesia Government). Kawengan oil field is the big

gest oil field in North East Java Basin. Cumulative production in this field can achieve 150 million cubic meters at 1990. Upper Tawon formation, Ngrayong sands tone, and bottom Wonocolo formation are layers that produced hydrocarbon. Now, o il production use pump system because the formation pressure decrease. Pertamina doesn t use EOR method (Enhanced Oil Recovery). Oil in this area is collected and dispersed by water. Figure III.3.5.1 Oil Derrick, primary recovery by oil pump This observation site still under the head of Pertamina operational at Kawengan oil field. In this location, oil intake is used by modern method (land shore). T here are 2 type of tool that is used to oil intake within the earth. The first tool is mechanic type. This type is old tool, so the depth obtained is n t high and the result of oil intake isn t optimal. The second tool is hydraulic ma chine type. The technology of this tool newer than the first tool, so the depth obtained is high. This tool capable of reaching depths of 700 meters. This tool also able to display data recording (result of oil intake) digitally.