TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap.

05 Optimization 1
6. Optimizing
UTRAN
6.1 General Aspects
6.2 !dle Node
6.3 Connected Node
6.+ !nterworking with GSN
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 2
6.1 General Aspects
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 3
Optimizing and expanding UTRAN
Purpose
The main objectives of WCDMA RAN optimization are to enable better availability of network services
(coverage criteria) and to provide a pre-defined service quality and performance (quality of service,
QoS, criteria).
Optimization based on coverage criteria:
-Coverage for different data rate services and maximum loading based on traffic forecasts and
margins set for load variation. The cell breathing effect allows the cell size to vary with the load: the
smaller the load, the greater the coverage and vice versa.
- Pilot channel coverage
-Soft handover areas and probabilities The coverage criteria is ensured by pre-planning as well as
continuous measuring and monitoring of a roll-out and running network.
Further information: the objective of optimizing pilot power is to ensure that the pilot Ec/I0
requirement is achieved at the cell edge while minimizing the areas of overlapping cells. The pilot
power itself is set in the database per cell. The common downlink pilot channel is used by the mobile
stations for synchronization and channel estimation. Assigning excessive quantities of pilot power
reduces the system capacity, less power is available for traffic channels.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +
Neasurements
Ec/No = RSCP/RSSI
3GPP allows 3 measurement quantiities
to be used as basis for reports:
-CPICH ECNO
-CPICH RSCP
-(Pathloss)
UTRA
Carrier
RSSI
P-CPICH
RSCP
Signal with primary
scrambling code of
defined cell
Signals of other cells
time
frequency
Rx power
RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator RSCP = Received Signal Code Power
ECNO
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S
Pilot Power: P
tx
CP!CH
f The Common Pilot Channel is one of the most important UMTS channels and is used for:
synchronisation with the cell scrambling code,
cell selection/reselection,
handover decision,
and as a measurement benchmark.
f Tuning of the CPICH power has a big impact on coverage/capacity optimization. High
transmission power of CPICH reduces the DL capacity, increases DL interferences but also
increases the service coverage. Low power may cause unreliable handovers, high call drop
rate or longer synchronisation process, but from the other hand saves the DL resources.
f The quality of the CPICH can be measured as:
RSCP CPICH or
CPICH Ec/Io.
f RSCP CPICH is the absolute measure of the code power in the whole 3.84MHz bandwidth
f Ec/Io is the relative
measure of the signal quality.
Reporting ranges
for CPICH E
c
/I
0
:
-24 ...0 dB
(TS 25.133)
0 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
CPICH_E
c
/N
0
_00
...
-23.5 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
< 23.0 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
_00
-24 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
< 23.5 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
_00
-CPICH_E
c
/N
0
< -24 dB CPICH_E
c
/N
0
_00
Measured value Reported value
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 6
Pilot Power: P
tx
CP!CH
Increase of pilot signal power:
Increased DL interference,
Increase of soft handovers
Decrease of DL capacity
overlapping
area
for cells 1-2
coverage hole
between cells 1a & 2
Cell 1
Cell 1a
Cell 2
Decrease of pilot signal power:
Decrease of coverage area,
Less reliable handovers
Longer synchronization process
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 7
Pilot Power: P
tx
CP!CH
During network launch pay special attention to:
f Interference and noise control (pilot pollution). This exists if received code power is high but
Ec/I0 is very low. Pilot pollution can be optimized by, for example, reducing the signal of the
neighbouring cells and by optimising antennas tilts for the neighbouring cells.
f Weak coverage. Low mobile receiver power leads to the degradation of service quality due
to, for example, fading, low Ec/I0, poor FER and it can be improved by adding a site, a better
antenna, or adjusting parameters.
f Call functionality problems, for example, call setup fail or call drop
f System performance degradations due to unbalanced control channel, for example, capacity
degradation.
Reporting ranges
for CPICH RSCP:
-115 ...-25 dBm
(TS 25.133)
-25 dBm CPICH_RSCP CPICH_RSCP_LEV_91
...
-114 dBm CPICH_RSCP < -113 dBm CPICH_RSCP_LEV_02
-115 dBm CPICH_RSCP < -114 dBm CPICH_RSCP_LEV_01
CPICH_RSCP < -115 dBm CPICH_RSCP_LEV_00
Measured value Reported value
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 8
DL power
35
37
39
41
43
45
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
load
T
C
P
[
d
B
m
]
Congestion Control
TCP total
P max
load max
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 9
Optimizing and expanding UTRAN
Optimization based QoS criteria (KPIs):
-Total data throughput in a cell
- End user data throughput (application throughput)
- Delays
- Call setup success rates for different services
- Call drop rates
- Handover Performance
Define network quality
and performance targets!
Check the alarm
situation.
Evaluate the statistics. Compare with performance targets
High air
interface load.
Resource utilisation
problems.
Air interface
problems.
Check if there are
known UE problems
Troubleshouting needed
OK
NOK
OK
NOK
....
Make sure what the problem is and what the consequences of the corrective actions are.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 10
Problem solutions
Problems can be solved either with hardware changes or parameter optimization.
Examples of different solutions are:
- adding or deleting radio network objects
- modifying adjacencies
Modifying adjacencies is necessary when BTSs are added to or deleted from the network.
- RNC split (3G rehosting)
RNC split means reconfiguring and expanding the network by rehosting a BTS site to another RNC
or by adding a new BTS under an RNC using an existing site as a reference site.
- modifying parameters
Consider whether modifications will affect the services. If they do, plan a date and time for the task
and inform the organisation about the plans. If an element has to be locked for modification, it
cannot transmit traffic. By planning and preparing for service loss you can minimize the
unavailability of services.
Adding a site later will affect neighbouring sites and a re-optimisation in the area is necessary.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 11
Parameters
Parameters allow to optimize the usage of radio network and to fully utilize the planned coverage
and capacity. There are parameters related to radio resource management and by tuning those the
capacity can be used best without compromising the quality of services. Radio resource
management is responsible for efficient utilization of the air interface resources and is needed to
maximize the radio performance. They allow to
- guarantee the quality of service: block error ratio (BLER), bit error ratio (BER), and delay
- maintain the planned coverage for each service
- ensure the planned capacity with low blocking
- optimize the use of capacity
- make the best use out of existing hardware
Planning radio network is an iterative process and parameters are planned together with coverage
and capacity planning. The parameters offer an initial configuration of the network and the
parameters could be set in the beginning to offer 'loose' limits and admission to all users. The
parameters could be improved later during network optimization to manage the capacity-quality
trade-off. Parameters are defined in the data-base of the RNC (NodeB?).
Change only one parameter at a time so that you can see what kind of influence that
parameter has on the network.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 12
Structure of a RNC database
0...31
RNC
Radio Bearer
Control
BRA Buffer
Utilization
HSDPA
Inter System
Handover Control
NodeB
Outer Loop
Power Control
Adjacent
RNC
Dedicated Measurement
Information
Intra Frequency
Handover Control
Intrer Frequency
Handover Control
UTRAN Cell
Adjacent
GSM Cel lInfo
Adjacent
UTRAN Cell Info
0...32
Dl Common
Channel
UL Common
Channel
Admission Control
Congestion Control
Reselection Control
Geographical Data
The number of cells and Node B depends on the vendor, the parameters may be found in different objects
,there may be additional parameter objects.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 13
6.2 !dle Node
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 1+
PLNN selection
When the UE is switched on, it looks for a public land mobile network (PLMN) using a certain radio
access technology.
In the selected PLMN a suitable cell is selected and if this new cell is not in a registered area,
location registration is performed via RNC to the core network. The overall process is divided into
three sub-processes:
PLMN selection and reselection to search for an available mobile network.
The selection of the PLMN could be either automatically (list of PLMN to be selected in priority
order) or manually (the mobile station indicates available PLMN to the user).
In the home PLMN, the MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code) of the PLMN
identity match the MCC and MNC of the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) stored on
the USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module). If the UE loses its present PLMN coverage, a new
available PLMN is selected automatically or manually. If necessary, the UE will do reselection by
searching a suitable cell on a different PLMN.
Cell selection and reselection to search for a suitable cell belonging to the selected PLMN.
Location registration to register the UEs presence in a registration area.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 1S
PLNN selection
PLMN Selection
and Reselection
Cell selection
and
Reselection
Location registration
Power on
PLMN
PLMN
selected
PLMN
available
Registration
IMSI format
MCC
3 digits
MNC
2~3 digits
MSIN
(Mobile Subscriber Identity Number)
Maximum 10 digits
USIM card
CN
Registration
Response
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 16
Service Levels
The network provides different levels of service to a UE in either Idle mode or Connected mode. Three
levels of services are defined:
LIMITED SERVICE: Acceptable cell: UE may camp to obtain limited service like emergency call. The
minimum set of requirements for initiating an emergency call in a UTRAN network are:
The cell is not barred.
The cell selection criteria are fulfilled.
NORMAL SERVICE: for public use on a suitable cell. Suitable cell: UE may camp on to obtain normal
service. Such a cell shall fulfill all the following requirements:
The cell is part of the selected PLMN
The cell is not barred
The cell is not part of a forbidden registration area
The cell selection criteria are fulfilled
OPERATOR SERVICE: FOR OPERATORS ONLY ON A RESERVED CELL.
Reserved cell: When the cell status "reserved for operator use" is indicated and the Access Class of the
UE is 11 or 15 the UE may select/re-select this cell if in Home PLMN.
Barred cell: When cell status "barred" is indicated the UE is not permitted to select/re-select this cell, not
even for limited services. UE shall perform a periodic check of the situation. Alternatively the UE can get
service by camping on another cell on the same frequency. This is done by setting the "Intra-frequency
cell re-selection indicator" to "allowed". Also in this case a too frequent evaluation of the barred cell may
be avoided excluding the restricted cell from the neighboring cell list.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 17
Service Levels
Candidate List: :
- Cell Information:
Carrier frequency,
Scrambling code,etc
- Neighboring cells:
Cell 1,cell 3,cell 4, Cell 4
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 4
Cell 3
System information:
-PLMN identity
-Cell information
-Neighboring cells
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 18
Idle mode cell selection and
reselection
If the UE is unable to find any suitable cell in the selected PLMN, the UE enters to "any cell
selection" state.
1. Camped normally state: UE obtains normal service and performs the following tasks:
Select and monitor the PICH and PCH of the cell.
Performs system information monitoring.
Perform necessary measurements for the cell reselection evaluation procedure.
Execute the cell reselection evaluation procedure.
If after cell reselection evaluation process a better cell is found, the cell reselection is performed. If
no suitable cell is found, the UE enters to next state any cell selection.
2. Any cell selection: UE searches an acceptable cell of any PLMN to camp on. If an acceptable
cell is found, the UE reports to NAS and camp on this cell obtaining limited service. And UE enters
to camped on any cell state. If the UE can not find any acceptable cell, it stays in this state.
3. Camped on any cell state: UE obtains limited service and periodically searches for a suitable
cell in the selected PLMN. If a suitable cell is found the state changes to Camped normally.
The next figures show the initial cell selection and process for idle mode cell selection and
reselection.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 19
Idle mode cell selection and
reselection
No USIM
USIM inserted
Camped on any cell
No Yes
No suitable
cell found
Stored
information
No suitable
cell found
No suitable
cell found
Suitable cell
found
Suitable cell
found
Acceptable
cell found
Suitable cell
found
No Acceptable
cell found
Connected
mode
Connected
mode
(EC only)
Suitable
cell found
trigger
Acceptable
cell found
trigger
Stored information
Cell Selection
Cell Reselection
evaluation
Cell Reselection
evaluation
Initial
Cell Selection
New PLMN Selection
Camped normally
Any cell selection
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 20
Cell synchronization
The cell search is carried out in three steps:
Step 1 (Slot synchronization): The mobile station uses the 256 chip primary synchronization code
to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The UE distinguishes the SCH channel from different cells
by the offset timing.
Step 2 (Frame synchronization/code group identification): Based on the peaks detected for the
primary synchronization code, the mobile station seeks the largest peak from the secondary SCH
code word in order to find the frame synchronization and the code group identification. There are 64
possibilities for the secondary synchronization code word.
Step 3 (Scrambling code identification): The terminal seeks the primary scrambling codes that
belongs to the particular code group. Each code group consists of eight primary scrambling codes.
During the cell searching the UE must be synchronized between adjacent cells of the same NodeB
to avoid overlap of SCH channels. SCH channel overlap introduces interference and increases the
cell search and synchronization time. For cell synchronization an offset timing parameter is used
with a range between 0 to 2304 chips (0.6ms). This offset timing range is at 256 chip steps
(0.06ms). The SCH transmit power level is set by radio parameters as an offset respect to the
CPICH transmit power level. It is important to set the value correctly to ensure all the downlink
common control channels have a common footprint.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 21
Cell synchronization
SCH
1
Sector 2
Sector 1
Sector 3
SCH1
SCH2 SCH3
Offset timing=256 Offset timing=512
P(t)
t
CPICH
timing offset of the cell
S-SCH power offset
SCH
3
SCH
2
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 22
Cell selection criterion: S
The cell selection criterion S is a pre-condition for suitable cells. The conditions for UTRAN FDD
and GSM cells are described below.
The UE measures the CPICH Ec/Io and CPICH RSCP level of the serving cell and evaluates the
cell selection criterion S for the serving cell at least every DRX cycle.
CS DRX Cycle length = 6, i.e. 26 frames = 640 ms
PS DRX Cycle length = 6, i.e. 26 frames = 640 ms
If the UE has evaluated in Nserv (depends on the DRX cycle length) consecutive DRX cycles that
the serving cell does not fulfill the cell selection criterion S, the UE initiates the measurements of all
neighbor cells indicated in the measurement control system information.
Squal Cell Selection quality value (dB); Applicable only for FDD cells.
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB)
.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 23
Cell selection criterion: S
Suitable cells:
FDD cells: Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
GSM cells: Srxlev > 0
Squal => CPICH EC/N0
Srxlev => CPICH RSCP
*) Pcompensation = max (UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH - P_MAX, 0)
Squal = Q
qualmeas
Qqualmin
Srxlev = Q
rxlevmeas
- Qrxlevmin Pcompensation *)
Qqualmeas: Measured cell quality value. The quality of the received signal expressed in CPICH
Ec/N0 (dB) for FDD cells. CPICH Ec/N0 shall be averaged. Applicable only for FDD cells.
Qrxlevmeas: Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal, CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm)
Qqualmin Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB). Applicable only for FDD cells.
Qqualmin (-24, -23 .. 0) dB Specifies the minimum required quality level in the neighbour cell in dB.
Qrxlevmin: (-115, -113 .. 25) dBm Minimum required RX level in the neighbour cell (dBm)
UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH: (-50, -49 .. 33) dBm Specifies maximum allowed uplink transmission
power on the RACH in the cell.
P_MAX: Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm)
Set in the Data Base per
Cell and broadcast in the
cell the UE camps on.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 2+
Non HCS: Neighbour Cell
Neasurements
The cell reselection evaluation process depends on whether Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) is
used or not. In order to perform cell reselection UE measures and ranks the neighbor cells. For
each type of neighbor cells (Intra-Frequency; Inter-Frequency; Inter-RAT, i.e. GSM) thresholds are
definable. Measurements of neighbor cells will be triggered if these thresholds are reached.
Measurement of neighbor cells:
Intra-Frequency: Squal <= S
intrasearch
OR S
intrasearch
is not sent
Inter-Frequency: Squal <= S
intersearch
OR S
intersearch
is not sent
Inter-RAT (GSM): Squal <= S
searchRAT
OR S
searchRAT
is not sent
Depending on the
EC/NO an
operator can
optionally trigger
measurements
done by the UE!!
Sintrasearch: flag (off, on) Specifies whether "Sintrasearch" shall be used
Sintrasearch: (-32, -30 .. 20) dB Threshold for intra-frequency measurements
Sintersearch: flag (off, on) Specifies whether "Sintersearch" shall be used
Sintersearch: (-32, -30 .. 20) dB Threshold for inter-frequency measurements
SsearchRAT: (32, -30 .. 20 dB) Threshold for inter-RAT cell reselection
Slimit_searchRAT: (-32, -30 .. 20 dB) Threshold for HCS above which the UE makes no inter-RAT
measurements
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 2S
Non HCS: Cell ranking criterion: R
Ranking (cell reselection evaluation) is performed according to the UE internal triggers or if the
information on the BCCH used for the cell reselection evaluation procedure has been changed.
(Re-) Selected cell is a suitable cell (fulfills the S criterion) and is the best ranked cell (has the
highest R). The UE shall however reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are met:
the new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval Treselections.
more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE has camped on the current serving cell.
The cell-ranking criterion R is defined as shown below:
Note,
s indicates the serving cell,
n indicates the neighbour cell.
Ranking of cells:
R
s
= Q
meas,s
+ Qhyst
S
R
n
= Q
meas,n
Qoffset
s,n
Re-selected cell: Suitable (S Criterion)
Best Rank(Highest R)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 26
Non HCS: Cell ranking criterion: R
Q
meas,s
/ Q
meas,n
= CPICH RSCP / RxLev Qhyst1s
s,n
& Qoffset1s
s,n
Q
meas,s
/ Q
meas,n
= CPICH Ec/No Qhyst2s
s,n
& Qoffset2s
s,n
FDD: = rscp cell rslc qhyst1s & qoffset1
= ecno cell rslc qhyst2s & qoffset2
Treselections ( 0, 1 .. 31) s Cell selection timer [sec]
Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure (ECNO, RSCP) Choice of measurement from
CPICH Energy per PN chip to Noise Ratio (Ec/N0) or CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP),
to be used for quality measurement.
Qhyst1-s (0, 2 .. 40) dB The hysteresis value for GSM cells and for FDD cells in case the quality
measure for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH RSCP.
Qhyst2-s (0, 2 .. 40) dB The hysteresis value used for FDD cells if the quality measure for cell
selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.
Qrxlevmin (-115, -113 .. 25) dBm Specifies minimum required RX level in the cell
Inter RAT measurement indicator: (true, false) Specifies whether UE starts inter RAT cell
reselection
Inter FDD measurement indicator: (true, false) Specifies whether UE starts inter FDD cell
reselection
Qoffset1(s,n) (-50, -49 .. 50) dB Specifies offset between two cells in case quality measurement for
cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP).
Qoffset2(s,n) (-50, -49 .. 50) dB Specifies offset (minimum RX level in cell in dBm) between two
cells in case quality measurement for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.
Defined perCell
Defined per
adjacent Cell
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 27
Cell Reselection Process
Neighbour cell
Qoffset(s,n)
Qqual
measured
time
Qhyst (s)
Qqualmin of
neighbour
and serving
Serving cell of UE
Neighbour
would be good
enough
Sintrasearch
UE starts
measurements
UE starts
Treselection
Timer
Treselection
Timer expiry
Reselection
Treselections
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 28
Hierarchical cell structure (HCS)
Hierarchical cell structure uses macro, micro and pico network layers. Mobiles are able to
connect any of these layers at the same geographical location.Next figure shows an
example of the hierarchical cell structure. Layers arerepresented by numbers. In this example
number 2 is the layer with the highest priority (i.e. normally the smallest cell). The FDD macro
cell provides the wide area coverage and is also used for high-speed mobiles. The micro
cells are used at street level for outdoor coverage to provide extra capacity where macro
cells could not cope. The pico cell would be deployed mainly indoors (office, subway stations,
underground garagesetc where is demand medium or high traffic density The
implementation of hierarchical cell structure provides different benefits to the customer
- Flexibility in frequency planning moving to different frequency layers;
- Easy introduction of load balancing functions;
- Increase the network capacity.
Implementing hierarchical cell structure optimizes the radio cell use.
Different layers are differentiated by frequency, coverage and capacity. Two macro layers with
exactly identical coverage are illustrated in the lower figure. Each NodeB supports two radio
frequency layers with three sectors (2/2/2 configuration). The radio cells are in the same
NodeB and on the same antenna. The radio access network may be designed using
hierarchical cell structures. Hierarchical cell structures are composed of different layers using
different frequencies. However, different frequencies can also be used on the same
hierarchical layer.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 29
Hierarchical cell structure (HCS)
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
Pico cell
Micro cell
Macro cell
F1 F1 F1
F2 F2 F2
Layer 1 Cells with
RF1
Layer 2 Cells with
RF2
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 30
HCS and capacity
Next figure shows an example of HCS network evolution with 2 carriers (RF1 and RF2). At the first
stage only macro layers will be implemented. Next stage another frequency RF2 is expanded in
macro layers areas with overall capacity. Third stage is implemented in specific areas by hot spot
capacity using micro layer RF1. And finally, RF1 macro layer is changed to continuous micro layer
for hot spot capacity with another frequency for hot spot micro layer.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 31
HCS and capacity
1) F1 in macro cells
2) F1+ F2 in macro cells
3) F1+F2 in macro cells and
F1 in selected micro cells
4) F2 in macro cells and
F2 in selected micro cells
F1 in continuous micro cells
F1 F1 F1 F1
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
F2 F2
F1 F1
F2 F2 F2 F2
Overall capacity
Overall capacity ,Hot spot capacity
Overall capacity ,Hot spot capacity
F1 F1
F1 F1
F1,F2 F1,F2
F1 F1
F1,F2 F1,F2
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 32
Advantages of HCS
Cell reselection in a HCS case is based on measurements and ranking of the neighbor cells. The
algorithm differs from the non-HCS case. The main differences are:
Hierarchy is introduced (priorities 0..7);
Measurements of neighbor cells will be triggered if certain HCS-dependent conditions are met. (as
described below).
Furthermore, speed sensitivity is considered
HIGH MOBILITY:
For fast moving UEs the procedure is different: If the number of cell reselections during the past
time period TCRmax (cell hcs tcrmax) exceeds NCR, (cell hcs ncr) high-mobility has been detected.
In this high-mobility state, a UE:
measures intra-frequency and inter-frequency neighboring cells, which have an equal or lower
HCS priority than the serving cell;
prioritizes re-selection of intra-frequency and inter-frequency neighboring cells on lower HCS
priority level rather than neighboring cells on the same HCS priority level. When the number of cell
reselections during the past time period TCRmax no longer exceeds NCR, UE:
continues these measurements during time period TCrmaxHyst, (cell hcs tcrmax_hyst) and
reverts to measurements according to the threshold based measurement rules.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 33
HCS: Neighbor Cell Neasurements
Intra-RAT (FDD):
all cells if [(Squal <= S
intersearch
) OR (Srxlev <= S
searchHCS
)] else
hcs_prio
n
<= hcs_prio
s
if n
CR
> N
CR
in T
CRmax
else *)
hcs_prio
n
> hcs_prio
s
if Squal > S
intrasearch
else
hcs_prio
n
>= hcs_prio
s
Squal <= S
intrasearch
Inter-RAT (GSM):
all cells if [(Squal <= S
searchRAT
) OR (Srxlev <= S
HCS,RAT
)] else
hcs_prio
n
<= hcs_prio
s
if n
CR
> N
CR
in T
CRmax
else *)
no cells if Squal > S
limit,SearchRAT
else
hcs_prio
n
>= hcs_prio
s
Squal <= S
limit,SearchRAT
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 3+
Advantages of HCS
Quality level threshold criterion H for hierarchical cell structure is used to determine whether
prioritized ranking according to hierarchical cell reselection rules applies. It is defined by:
HS = Qmeas,s - Qhcss
Hn = Qmeas,n - Qhcsn TOn * Ln
Hn depends on the state of the timer Tn (expired y/n) and priority of the neighbor cell:
TOn = TEMP_OFFSETn * W(PENALTY_TIMEn Tn)
Ln = 0 if HCS_PRIOn = HCS_PRIOs
Ln = 1 if HCS_PRIOn <> HCS_PRIOs
W(x) = 0 for x < 0
W(x) = 1 for x >= 0
The timer Tn is implemented for each neighbor cell. Tn is started from zero when one of the
following conditions becomes true:
if HCS_PRIOn <> HCS_PRIOs and Qmeas,n > Qhcsn or
if HCS_PRIOn = HCS_PRIOs for serving FDD and neighbor FDD cells if the quality measure for
cell selection and reselection is set to CPICH RSCP in the serving cell, and:
Qmeas,n > Qmeas,s + Qoffset1s,n
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 3S
Hierarchical Cell Selection,
Criterion H
HCS Quality Level Threshold:
H
s
= Q
meas,s
- Qhcs
S
H
n
= Q
meas,n
- Qhcs
n
- TEMP_OFFSET
n
* W(PENALTY_TIME
N
T
n
)
if HCS_PRIO
n
<> HCS_PRIO
s
(Trigger: Q
meas,n
> Q
hcsn
)
Quality Measure Q:
Q
meas,n
= CPICH RSCP / RxLev
Q
meas,n
= CPICH Ec/No
for serving FDD and neighbor FDD cells if the quality measure for cell selection and reselection is set to
CPICH Ec/No in the serving cell, and:
Qmeas,n > Qmeas,s + Qoffset2s,n for all other serving and neighbor cells:
Qmeas,n > Qmeas,s + Qoffset1s,n
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 36
HCS - Cell Reselection
UE measures and ranks the neighbor cells: R criterion. Rn is time - dependent, i.e. neighbor cells
of equal priority get their R lowered during runtime of Tn:
RS = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n TOn * (1-Ln)
(Re-) Selected cell:
is a suitable cell (fulfill the S criterion),
fulfill the H criterion (H>=0),
has the highest priority (HCS_PRIO, in high mobility state cells with the lower HCS_PRIO are
selected),
and is the best ranked cell (has the highest R).
The UE shall however reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are met:
the new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval Treselections.
more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 37
HCS - Cell Reselection
Ranking of cells:
Quality Measure
Q
meas,n
= CPICH RSCP / RxLev Qhyst1s
s,n
& Qoffset1s
s,n
Q
meas,n
= CPICH Ec/No Qhyst2s
s,n
& Qoffset2s
s,n
Re-selected cell: Suitable (S > 0)
Highest HCS_PRIO [if H > 0] *)
Best Ranked (Highest R)
R
s
= Q
meas,s
+ Qhyst
S
R
n
= Q
meas,n
Qoffset
s,n
- TEMP_OFFSET
n
* W(PENALTY_TIME
n
T
n
)
if HCS_PRIO
n
= HCS_PRIO
s
(Trigger: Q
meas,n
> Q
meas,s
+ Qoffset
s,n
)
*) in high mobility state neighbor cells with lower priorities are selected
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 38
HCS parameters
HCS PRIO (0, 1 .. 7) Specifies HCS priority level for serving cells.
QHCS (0.. 99) quality threshold levels for applying hierarchical cell re-selection.
Mapping: qhcs=0..89 > -115..-26dBm (RSCP (FDD) and RXLEV (GSM); qhcs=0..48 > -24..0 dB step 0.5 dB (EcNo FDD)
Penalty time (0, 10 .. 60) s Specifies duration how long Temporary_offset is applied to the neighboring cell.
Temporary Offset1 (10, 20.. 70, inf) dB Offset applied to H and R criteria of the neighboring cell for duration of penalty
time in case quality measurement for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH RSCP.
Temporary offset2 (10, 20.. 70, inf) dB Offset applied to H and R criteria of the neighboring cell for duration of penalty
time in case quality measurement for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.
TCRmax (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240) s Time period for observation of NCR
NCR (1, 2 .. 16) Specifies the maximum number of times of cell reselections.
TCRmaxHyst (0, 10 .. 70) s Specifies additional time period before the UE can revert to low mobility measurements.
Value 0 means not used.
SsearchHCS flag (off, on) Specifies whether "Search HCS shall be used
SsearchHCS (-105, -103 .. 91) dB Threshold for HCS cell reselection
SHCS,RAT flag (off, on) Specifies whether "Shcs RAT" shall be used
SHCS,RAT (-105, -103 .. 91) dB Threshold for inter-RAT cell reselection with HCS
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 39
6.+ Connected Node
- handovers
- intra frequency handover
- compressed mode
- inter frequency handover
- inter system handover
- bit rate adaptation
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +0
Handovers
The purpose of handover control is to manage the mobility aspect of a radio resource control(RRC)
connection. This means keeping track of the user equipment (UE) as it moves around in the
network, and ensuring that ist connections are uninterrupted and meet the negotiated quality of
service (QoS) requirements.
Besides supporting the mobility of the UE, handovers play a key role in maintaining high capacity in
the network. Since the capacity of a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) network is
directly proportional to the level of interference in the network, it is crucial to regulate the
transmission power of all transmitting elements in the network. Each transmission adds to the
interference in the network. The required transmission power, in turn, depends on the bit rate, the
interference and the distance between the UE and the WCDMA base station (BTS).
Handovertypes:
Softhandover
Hard handover
Interfrequency Handover
Inter-RAT handover from/to UTRAN
Other Mobility related procedures:
Inter-RAT cell reselection from/to UTRAN
Inter-RAT cell change order from/to UTRAN
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +1
Handovers
F1 F1
F2 F2 F2
GSM
UMTS micro cells
UMTS macro cells
intersystem HO
triggered by limited
coverage of UMTS
intersystem HO
triggered by GSM
interfrequency HO
intrafrequency HO
(intra Node B)
e.g. softer HO
intra-frequency HO
(inter Node B or inter RNC) e.g.
soft HO
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +2
,blind` handover
Timing maintained handover
The uplink transmission timing and the connection frame number in the UE is not changed. The SRNC must know
the timing difference between the connection frame number and the system frame number of the target cell.
This works only between the Cells belong to the same sector beeing served by one NodeB.
Timing maintained handover is used for blind handover. In all other cases timing re-initialized handover is
performed. A blind handover is an interfrequency handover that does not trigger inter-frequency measurements on
the target cell no measurments and so no compressed mode is needed.
This may be used in the case of poor quality, High load, or due to the support of usage of HSPA.
RRC redirections are usually not referred to as Handovers but can be seen in this context as a simular mechanism,
the RRC connection is redirected to the other frequency, for example because the
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +3
,blind` Handovers
F1
F2
Load balancing between the layers
Or
Use one cell as overflow mechanism
F1
HSDPA enabled
F2
Load balancing between the layers
Or
Use one cell as overflow mechanism
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization ++
Soft handover
The handover decision algorithm of the RNC is fairly straightforward for soft (and softer) handover:
the algorithm accepts practically everything the UE suggests according to the measurement
reporting events.
The handover control of the RNC contains the following measurement reporting events and
mechanisms for modifying measurement reporting behaviour:
- reporting event 1A for adding cells to the active set
- reporting event 1B for deleting cells from the active set
- reporting event 1C for replacing cells in the active set
- event-triggered periodic intra-frequency measurement reporting
- time-to-trigger mechanism for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
-cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
- reporting events 6F and 6G for deleting cells from the active set
Due to the heavy load in the cell admission control may reject the request and the RRC connection
of the UE is dropped. The reason for this is that, if the UE branch addition had been allowed, it
could have decreased its transmission power and consequently the amount of interference.
Likewise, if the UE were allowed to connect to the second-best candidates, in this case, then they
would have to transmit with unnecessarily high power levels. Lastly, the unnormally high
transmission powers used in such a situation would further deteriorate the situation in the rejected
cell. For this reason the UE may never be connected to the second-best BTS.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +S
Example: Event 1c
Reporting
event 1C
Reporting
event 1C
Measurement
quantity
Time
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 4
f in this figure, the parameters hysteresis and time to trigger, as well as the cell individual offsets for all cells are
equal to 0. In this example the cells belonging to primary CPICH 1 and 2 are in the active set, but the cells
transmitting primary CPICH 3 and CPICH 4 are not (yet) in the active set.
f The first measurement report is sent when primary CPICH 4 becomes better than primary CPICH 2. The "cell
measurement event result" of the measurement report contains the information of primary CPICH 4 and
CPICH 2.
f Assuming that the active set has been updated after the first measurement report (active set is now primary
CPICH 1 and primary CPICH 4), the second report is sent when primary CPICH 3 becomes better than
primary CPICH 1. The "cell measurement event result" of the second measurement report contains the
information of primary CPICH 3 and primary CPICH 1.
A primary CPICH that is not included in the active set becomes better than a primary
CPICH that is in the active set
(actset=2)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +6
Soft handover decision
Measurements
Filtering
Reporting (UE: Event or periodic)
Measurements
Filtering
Reporting (UE: Event or periodic)
Handover Decision:
SHO possible?
(capacity in target cell, Iub/Iur resources,...)
Handover Decision:
SHO possible?
(capacity in target cell, Iub/Iur resources,...)
Handover Execution
Activate new Node B / Cell
(via Iub, Iur)
RRC: Update Active Set
Handover Execution
Activate new Node B / Cell
(via Iub, Iur)
RRC: Update Active Set
transmitted
to s-RNC
transmitted
to s-RNC
YES
YES
No
(or RRC
Reestablishment)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +7
Neasurements
The following conditions are used to trigger a handover:
The operator decides which quantity the UE shall measure in case
of intra-frequency measurements:
f CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power
f CPICH Ec/N0 Energy per chip / total noise
f CPICH Pathloss TX-Power - RSCP
Measurement quantity for frequency quality estimate (ECNO, RSCP) Measurement quantity for
frequency quality estimate.
Active set size (1, 2, 3, .., 6) Defines maximum number of cells in the active set.
Set in data base per RNC/cell (?)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +8
Neasurements
If the IE "Filter coefficient" is received the UE applies filtering of the measurements for that
measurement quantity according to the formula below. This filtering is performed by the UE before
UE event evaluation. The UE filters also the measurements reported in the IE "Measured results".
The filtering is not performed for the measurements reported in the IE "Measured results on
RACH" and for cell-reselection in connected or idle mode.
The filtering is performed according to the formula.
F
n
is the updated filtered measurement result
F
n-1
is the old filtered measurement result
M
n
is the latest received measurement result from physical layer measurements, the unit used for
M
n
is the same unit as the reported unit in the MEASUREMENT REPORT message or the unit
used in the event evaluation.
The measurement period is 200 ms.
a = 1/2
(k/2)
, where k is the parameter received in the IE "Filter coefficient".
NOTE: if k is set to 0 that will mean no layer 3 filtering.
n n n
M a F a F + =
1
) 1 (
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization +9
Filtering
measured new filtered old filtered new
aM M a M
, , ,
) 1 ( + =
TS 25.331
Filter coefficient k (0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19) If the IE "Filter coefficient" is received,
the UE shall apply filtering of the measurements for that measurement quantity.
k=0 =
filtered new
M
,
filtered old
M
, k=19 ~
filtered new
M
,
measured new
M
,
Set in data base per RNC/cell (?)
= 1/2
(k/2)
,
a
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S0
Neasurements
The adjustment of the filter coefficient mainly depends on the rate of changes of the radio
propagation conditions. The main effects are:
path loss (change of 2..5 dB) UE movement of 100 m,
long term fading (change of 4..10 dB) UE movement of 5 .. 100 m,
short term fading (change of 20..30 dB) UE movement of 0.07 m.
Hence, at the cell border the main variation of the received level is due to long and
short term fading.
Short term fading:
Even for slow moving UEs (e.g. speed = 3.6 km/h) short term fading can be averaged with
rather small values of k.
Long term fading:
For slow moving UEs long term fading can be averaged by using rather high values of k.
However, a too high value of k delays HO decision. Hence, the setting of the averaging
window size has to be a compromise between a fast and a reliable decision.
For faster moving mobiles the problem is not as severe.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S1
Filtering example
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
distance [m]
r
x
s
i
g
n
a
l
[
a
r
b
.
d
B
]
&
f
i
l
t
e
r
e
d
received
filtered
threshold
Example (k = 8 UE speed = 3.6 km/h)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S2
Nonitored Cells (2S.331)
Cells that the UE is monitoring are grouped in the UE into three mutually exclusive
categories:
1. Cells, which belong to the active set. User information is sent from all these cells. In FDD, the cells in
the active set are involved in soft handover. In TDD the active set always comprises one cell only.
The UE shall only consider active set cells included in the variable CELL_INFO_LIST for
measurement; i.e. active set cells not included in the CELL_INFO_LIST shall not be considered in
any event evaluation and measurement reporting.
2. Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the
monitored set *.
3. Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active set belong to
the detected set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intra-frequency
measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
If the IE "Cells for measurement" has been included in a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, only
monitored set cells explicitly indicated for a given intra-frequency (resp. inter-frequency, interRAT)
measurement by the IE "Cells for measurement" shall be considered for measurement. If the IE
"Cells for measurement" has not been included in a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, all of the
intra-frequency (resp. inter-frequency, inter RAT) cells stored in the variable CELL_INFO_LIST shall
be considered for measurement.
* or Neighbor set: Monitored cells (candidates) whose measured signal is not strong enough to be added
to the Active set.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S3
Neasurement Control for !ntra-
Freq.
DCH (VPI/VCI/CID = 0/33/22) DCCH: DL RLC AMD rrcMeasurementControl
measurementIdentity = 9
measurementCommand: setup
fmeasurementType: intraFrequencyMeasurement
IntraFreqCellInfoList
newIntraFreqCell:
intraFreqCellID = 0, primaryScramblingCode = 162
newIntraFreqCell:
intraFreqCellID = 1, primaryScramblingCode = 163
newIntraFreqCell:
intraFreqCellID = 2, primaryScramblingCode = 164
intraFreqMeasQuantity FDD: cpich Ec-No
reportCriteria intraFreqReportingCriteria eventCriteriaList:
fEvent e1a: triggering condition = monitored set cells only, threshold, hysteresis,
timeToTrigger etc.
fEvent e1b: triggering condition = active set cells only, threshold, hysteresis,
timeToTrigger etc.
fEvent e1c: threshold, hysteresis, timeToTrigger etc.
MeasurementReportingMode:
fMeasurementReportTransferMode = acknowlededModeRLC
fperiodicalOrEventTrigger = eventTrigger
UE
FACH CCCH: DL RLC UM rrcConnectionSetup (primaryScramblingCode = 162)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S+
Quality estimation
f Frequency quality estimate of the UTRAN frequency Q
UTRAN
f The estimated quality of the active set in UTRAN in event 3a is defined as:
f The variables in the formula are defined as follows:
Q
UTRAN
is the estimated quality of the active set on the currently used UTRAN frequency.
M
UTRAN
is the estimated quality of the active set on currently used UTRAN frequency expressed in
another unit.
M
i
is the measurement result of cell i in the active set, according to what is indicated in the IE
"Measurement quantity for UTRAN quality estimate".
N
A
is the number of cells in the active set.
M
Best
is the measurement result of the cell in the active set with the highest measurement result.
W is a parameter sent from UTRAN to UE.
If the measurement result is CPICH-Ec/No M
UTRAN
, M
i
and M
Best
are expressed as ratios.
If the measurement result is CPICH-RSCP or PCCPCH-RSCP, M
UTRAN
, M
i
and M
Best
are
expressed in mW.
, 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1
Best
N
i
i UTRAN UTRAN
LogM W M Log W LogM Q
A
+

= =

=
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization SS
Reporting Range with e1a and e1b
e1a e1b
Primary CPICH level
of neighbor cell
Reporting range
Primary CPICH level of
strongest cell in active set
Signal
strength
time
Reporting range-A/B (0.0, 0.5 .. 14.5) dB Threshold for intra-frequency handover; used with reporting events 1A/B.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S6
Hysteresis
Primary CPICH
level of neighbor
cell 2
Hysteresis
e1a e1b
Primary CPICH
level of neighbor
cell 1
Signal
strength
time
Threshold
f Purpose: eleminate ping-pong effects in P-CPICH
measurement
- limits the amount of event-triggered reports
- a hysteresis parameter is connected with each reporting event
- value of the hysteresis is given to the UE in the reporting criteria field of the measurement control
message
Hysteresis-A/B/C (0.0, 0.5 .. 7.5) dB Hysteresis; applied to reporting events 1A/B/C.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S7
Time-to-trigger
Time to trigger
Primary CPICH level
of neighbor cell 2
e1a
Primary CPICH level
of neighbor cell 1
Signal
strength
time
Threshold
f Purpose: eleminate short-time peaks in P-CP!CH
measurements
Time to trigger-A/B/C (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000) ms Indicates the period
between the event detection 1A/B/C and sending the measurement report.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S8
Event 1a
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1 1
1
a a Best
N
i
i New New
H R LogM W M Log W CIO LogM
A
+

+

=
A new radio link will be added to the active set if it fulfils the following criteria for the time to trigger:
Triggering condition:
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( 10 10
1 1
1
a a Best
N
i
i New New
H R LogM W M Log W CIO LogM
A
+ +

< +

=
Leaving Triggering condition:
The variables in the formula are defined as follows:
M
New
is the measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of the cell entering the reporting range.
M
i
is a measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of a cell in the active set.
N
A
is the number of cells in the current active set.
M
Best
is the measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of the strongest cell in the active set.
W is the weighting factor defined by O&M.
R
1a
is the reporting range (active set threshold) for the event 1a.
H
1a
is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1a.
CIO
New
is the individual cell offset for the cell entering the reporting range if an individual cell offset is
stored for that cell. Otherwise it is equal to 0.
Note, applicable for CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization S9
Event 1b
A radio link will be removed from the active set if it fulfils the following criteria for the time to trigger:
Triggering condition:
Leaving Triggering condition:
The variables in the formula are defined as follows:
M
Old
is the measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of the cell leaving the reporting range.
M
i
is a measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of a cell in the active set.
N
A
is the number of cells in the current active set.
M
Best
is the measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of the strongest cell in the active set.
W is the weighting factor defined by O&M.
R
1b
is the reporting range (active set threshold) for the event 1b.
H
1b
is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1b.
CIO
Old
is the cell individual offset of the cell leaving the reporting range.
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( ) / 1 ( / 1 10 10
1 1
1
b b Best
N
i
i Old Old
H R LogM W M Log W CIO LogM
A
+ + +

+

=
), 2 / ( 10 ) 1 ( ) / 1 ( / 1 10 10
1 1
1
b b Best
N
i
i Old Old
H R LogM W M Log W CIO LogM
A
+ +

< +

=
Note, applicable for CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 60
Event 1c
A radio link will be replaced if the active set is full and the following condition becomes true for the time
to trigger
Triggering condition:
Leaving Triggering condition:
The variables in the formula are defined as follows:
M
InAS
is the measurement result of the cell in the active set with the lowest measurement result
M
New
is the measurement result (e.g. CPICH Ec/No) of a cell entering the active set.
H
1c
is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1c.
CIO
InAS
is the individual cell offset for the cell in the active set that is becoming worse than the new cell.
CIO
New
is the cell individual offset of the cell entering the active set.
Note, applicable for CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0.
, 2 / 10 10
1c InAS InAS New New
H CIO LogM CIO LogM + + +
, 2 / 10 10
1c InAS InAS New New
H CIO LogM CIO LogM + < +
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 61
Neasurement Control for !ntra-
Frequency Handover
R
1A
H
1A
/ 2
Connection
establishment
Cell 1
Event 1A
Add Cell 2
Event 1C
Replace Cell 1
with Cell 3
Event 1B
Remove Cell 3
CPICH 1
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Measurement
Quantity M
time to trigger time to trigger time to trigger
R
1B
+ H
1B
/ 2
H
1C
/ 2
(actset=2)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 62
Cell !ndividual Offset (C!O)
f Offset can be positive or negative
f Purpose: speed up or slow down handover into strong/weak
cells
Threshold
Positive
Offset
Original Primary
CPICH level
e1a
Primary CPICH level
plus positive offset
Signal
strength
time
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 63
Neihbour cell parameters
Cell
Adjacent Cells
(same F)
Cell individual offset (-50, -49 .. 50) dB Offset to be applied by the UE to the measurement.
Adjacent Cells
(same F)
Cell Reselection
possible
Cell
(same F)
Not defined as neighbour, no Cell
Reselection, no Soft-handover
possible
f CIO Is defined on adjacency basis!
f It is possible to restrict neighbour relations to idle mode only!
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 6+
!mpact of W on the active set
W increases the quality (Q
UTRAN
) of the active set (strongest and other cells in the active
set are weighted against each other, in use for 1a and 1b).
Example:
- W = 0 Q
UTRAN
determined by the strongest CPICH
- W > 0 impact of the rest of the cells increases
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 6S
Softhandover parameters
Reporting range-A (0.0, 0.5 .. 14.5) dB Threshold for intra-frequency handover;
used with reporting events 1A.
Weighting factor-A (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0) Used for calculation of Q_UTRAN; applied to reporting events 1A.
Hysteresis-A (0.0, 0.5 .. 7.5) dB Hysteresis; applied to reporting events 1A.
Time to trigger-A (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000) ms Indicates the period
between the event detection 1A and sending the measurement report.
Amount of reporting-A (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, inf ) Indicates the maximum number of measurement reports to be
transmitted, which are triggered in a cell by event 1A; inf = infinity.
Reporting interval-A (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000) ms Indicates the interval to send reports triggered by
event 1A.
Reporting range-B (0.0, 0.5 .. 14.5) dB Threshold for intra-frequency handover; used with reporting events 1B.
Weighting factor- B (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0) Used for calculation of Q_UTRAN; applied to reporting events 1B.
Hysteresis-B (0.0, 0.5 .. 7.5) dB Hysteresis; applied to reporting events 1B.
Time to trigger-B (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000) ms Indicates the period
between the event detection 1B and sending the measurement report.
Hysteresis-C (0.0, 0.5 .. 7.5) dB Hysteresis; applied to reporting events 1C.
Time to trigger-C (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000) ms Indicates the period
between the event detection 1C and sending the measurement report.
Amount of reporting-C (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, inf ) Indicates the maximum number of measurement reports to be
transmitted, which are triggered in a cell by event 1C; inf = infinity.
Reporting interval-C (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000) ms Indicates the interval to send reports triggered by
event 1C.
Set in data base per RNC/cell (?)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 66
Neasurement Report for !ntra-
Freq.
DCH (VPI/VCI/CID = 0/33/22) DCCH: DL RLC AMD rrcMeasurementReport
measurementIdentity = 9
measuredResults:
fintraFrequencyMeasuredResultList:
CellMeasuredResults
primaryScramblingCode = 162
Cpich-Ec-No = 35
CellMeasuredResults
primaryScramblingCode = 163
Cpich-Ec-No = 30
eventResults intraFreqEventResults:
feventID = e1a primaryScramblingCode = 163
UE
DCH (VPI/VCI/CID = 0/33/22) DCCH: DL RLC AMD RRC ActiveSetUpdate
(rlAdditionInfomationList primaryScramblingCode = 163)
DCH (VPI/VCI/CID = 0/33/22) DCCH: DL RLC AMD RRC ActiveSetUpdateComplete
NBAP Radio Link Setup or Radio Link Addition
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 67
Compressed mode
f Start of Compressed mode either by 2D or event 6A (UE Tx
power)
f
event 2D
start measurements
time
Q
used
event 2F
stop measurements
T
used2D
T
used2F
H
2F
/ 2
H
2D
/ 2
- UE monitors within transmission gap all adjacent cells having another carrier than the serving cell or
all adjacent GSM cells.
- As monitored quantities are used CPICH E
C
/I
0
and RSCP for adjacent interfrequency UMTS cells or
BCCH Rx level for adjacent GSM cells
- Sampling and filtering differs from that of intrafrequency measurements due to compressed mode
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 68
!mpact of compressed mode
Change of air interface
performance
Change of air interface
performance
In case of SF halfing or
puncturing more Tx power
needed
In case of SF halfing or
puncturing more Tx power
needed
Slightly more
interference
Slightly more
interference
Slight loss of
capacity
Slight loss of
capacity
No fast PC during
time gaps
No fast PC during
time gaps
Higher E
b
/N
0
required
Higher E
b
/N
0
required
(Strong) loss of
coverage
(Strong) loss of
coverage
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 69
!ntrafrequency Handovertypes
f inter-frequency handover due to Uplink dedicated traffic
channel (DCH) quality
f inter-frequency handover due to UE transmission power
f inter-frequency handover due to Downlink dedicated physical
channel (DPCH) power
f inter-frequency handover due to common pilot channel
(CPICH) RSCP
f inter-frequency handover due to CPICH Ec/No
f load-based handover
f service-based handover
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 70
Event 2D
event 2D
(Q
UTRAN
)

Time
Q
UTRAN
Leaving
triggering
condition
Triggering
condition
T
2D
H
2D
event 2D
(Q
UTRAN
)
The trigger event 2D is used to detect the current frequency quality. This triggered inter-frequency handover enables
to move from a frequency layer to another frequency layer, when the quality of the current used frequency becomes
worse.
When the estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below the value of the information "threshold used
frequency" and the "hysteresis and time to trigger conditions are fulfilled:
"The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold"
2 /
2 2 d d Used Used
H T Q
2 /
2 2 d d Used Used
H T Q +
'Weighting factor' and 'time to trigger' are applied in an analogous way as described above (see "Intra-frequency handover").
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 71
Parameters
f Measurement quantity for frequency quality estimate (ecn0, rscp) Measurement quantity for
frequency quality estimate
f Filter coefficient (0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19) If the IE "Filter coefficient" is received,
the UE shall apply filtering of the measurements for that measurement quantity.
f Enable CM HO without CM (false, true) If set to true inter-frequency HO without compressed mode is
enabled.
f W used frequency for event 2A (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0)
f Hysteresis for event 2A (0.0, 0.5 .. 14.5) dB
f Time to trigger for event 2A (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000) ms
f W non used frequency for event 2A (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0)
f Threshold of used frequency for event 2B (-115, -114 .. 0) dB, dBm (for -115 to - 25 measurement
quantity is RSCP otherwise Ec/No.)
f W used frequency for event 2B (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0)
f Hysteresis for event 2B (0.0, 0.5 .. 14.5) dB
f Time to trigger for event 2B (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000) ms
f Threshold of nonused frequency for event 2B (-115, -114 .. 25) dBm (For measurement quantity is
RSCP.)
f Threshold of nonused frequency for event 2B (-24, -23 .. 0) dB (For measurement quantity Ec/No.)
f W non-used frequency for event 2B (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 72
2A and 2B events
Non used frequency
Example 2A
Hysteresis
2A
Quantity
Time
Non used frequency
Example 2B
Threshold non used frequency above
Threshold used frequency below
Time to trigger
Reporting event 2a
Time to trigger
Reporting event 2b
Event 2A (change of best frequency)
and
Event 2B (coverage limitation of used frequency)
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 73
Handover to GSN
CS-ONLY AND CS+PS:
INTER SYSTEM HO EVENTS
Event 2D: "The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold"
Event 2F: 'The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold'
Event 3A: "Estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold
and the estimated quality of the other system is above a certain threshold."
The handover algorithm is based on the events 2D, 2F and 3A.
Upon reception of event 2D, event 3A and event 2F are set and inter-system measurement /
compressed mode is started.
If event 2F is received before event 3A, compressed mode is deactivated and the UE remains in
the UTRAN. Inter system-handover is triggered upon reception of event 3A (fig.18).
The reporting quantities for the current UTRAN frequency can be one of:
CPICH Ec/N0
CPICH RSCP
The measurement and reporting quantities for GSM measurements will be one or several of the
following:
BSIC
GSM carrier RSSI
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 7+
event 2D
start inter- system
measurements
FDD CPICH
Used system
time
M
otherRAT
Q
UTRAN, used f
GSM RXLEV
event 3A
handover
triggered
T
otherRAT
+ H
3A
/ 2-CIO
otherRAT
T
used
H
3A
/ 2
T
used2D
H
2D
/ 2
T
used2F
+ H
2F
/ 2
Handover to GSN
A parallel PS call will be released in UTRAN on request of SGSN or on timeout. It may be reinitiated by
the UE in the target GSM/GPRS cell (class A UE).
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 7S
PS `Handover' to GPRS
PS-ONLY CASE: CELL CHANGE ORDER
The purpose of the cell change order procedure is to transfer a UTRAN PS RAB connection to a
GSM/GPRS cell under the control of the UTRAN. The UTRAN orders the UE to perform a cell
change to a GSM/GPRS cell if the radio condition quality measurements are below a certain
threshold and the GSM measurement quality is above a certain threshold.
The conditions for the cell change order procedure are:
The UE is in CELL_DCH state AND
Only PS RAB(s) exist AND
No signaling connection to the CS domain exists
The cell change order procedure is applied to UEs with PS RAB(s) regardless of the service (best
effort, streaming,), provided that the UE is in CELL_DCH state. If a UE has both, CS and PS
RABs, the CS call has the highest priority. In this case, the UMTS to GSM handover procedure is
started instead of the cell change order procedure,
Cell change order has to be enabled and applies for PS-only connections.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 76
3A Parameters
Threshold own system for event 3A (-115, -114 .. 0) dB Absolute threshold UTRAN for
Intersystem
measurement event 3A reporting criteria (values from -115 to -25 represent RSCP, above Ec/N0)
Threshold other system for event 3A (115, -114 .. 0) dBm Absolute threshold GSM for Inter-
system measurement event 3A reporting criteria
W for event 3A (0.0, 0.1 .. 2.0) Weighting factor for Inter-system measurement event 3A reporting
criteria
Hysteresis for event 3A (0.0, 0.5 .. 7.5) dB Hysteresis for Inter-system measurement event 3A
reporting criteria
Time to trigger for event 3A (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000] ms Indicates the period of time between the timing of event 3A detection and the timing of
sending Measurement Report.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 77
GSN cell Parameters
MCC ( 000, 001 .. 999) Mobile country code
MNC (00, 01 .. 99 or 00, 01 .. 999) Mobile network code
GSM LAC (1, 2 .. 65533, 65535) GSM location area code
GSM cell ID (0, 1 .. 65535) GSM cell id
ARFCN (0, 1 .. 1023) RF channel number
NCC (1 .. 79 Network color code
BCC (0, 1 .. 7) Base station color code
Band indicator egc bandi dcs, pcs none dcs = dcs1800, pcs = pcs1900
Max UL Power egc maut -50, -49 .. 33 dBm Maximum allowed UL Tx power
Qrxlevmin egc qrxlevmin -115, -113.. -25 dBm Minimum required RX Lev
Network control mode egc mode_nc 0, 1, 2, 3 none Controls the UE measurement behavior
that is to be applied in target GPRS cell.
Set per adjacency:
Cell individual offset (-50, -49 .. 50) dB Offset to be applied by the UE to the measurement.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 78
Bit Rate Allocation
f Every new requested bearer has to be evaluated by RRM algorithms. Packet scheduling
functionality defines a possible set of transport channel formats (possible bit rates) fro non-real
time services.
f For every proposed bit rate, admission control functionality has to calculate the power, which will
be needed to establish the connection with the sufficient quality. If the RTWP increased by new
user will be bellow the cell load target value, the new bearer will be admitted. If it will be above this
limit, but still below cell load target value increased by offset, only packet scheduler functionality
can take the decision about an admission of the new bearer. Nevertheless, the existing bearers
should be recalculated (in order to prevent a possible overload situation). In case the increased
threshold is broken, an overload algorithm should decrease the existing bit rates.
f When switching between common channels (RACH/FACH) for low bit bearers and dedicated
channels for high bit bearers, packet scheduler effectively uses a short radio interface resources
and keeps the load below the target threshold.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 79
Bit Rate Allocation
RTWP < P
RX
Target
+ P
j
RTWP < P
RX
Target
+ Offset + P
j
re-/allocate bit rates
increase load
decrease load
YES
YES NO
NO
Were:
RTWP = received total
wideband power
P
RX
Target = threshold fro
the allowed cell load
P
j
= estimated power
needed for the new
connection j
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 80
Traffic volume Neasurements
f During the RAB assignment procedure for packet switched bearers, a RNC calculates the
parameters for traffic volumes measurements (as size of the RLC buffer or volume reporting
criteria for UE).
f Periodically, or triggered by an event, the UL reports are sent to the RNC to indicate a resource
status or a need for dedicated capacity.
f Status of the DL used capacity is indicated internally inside of RNC and is not provided in any
protocol message.
f Two events for volume measurements are defined:
4A:Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes larger than an absolute threshold
4B:Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
f The reported quantity are as follows:
Buffer Occupancy, which indicates a number of bits available for the re-/transmission in the
RLC layer
Average of Buffer Occupancy and
Variance of the Buffer Occupancy
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 81
Traffic volume Neasurements
WLPH
EVENT 4A
EVENT 4A
EVENT 4B
EVENT 4B
EVENT 4A
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
V
o
l
u
m
e
4A:Transport Channel Traffic Volume
becomes larger than an absolute threshold
4B:Transport Channel Traffic Volume
becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 82
Reported values TS 2S.133
Traffic volume
measurement results
>RLC Buffers Payload Enumerated (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512,
1024, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, 64K, 128K, 256K,
512K, 1024K)
In bytes
And N Kbytes = N*1024 bytes.
Twelve spare values are needed.
>Average of RLC Buffer
Payload
Enumerated (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512,
1024, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, 64K, 128K, 256K,
512K, 1024K
In bytes
And N Kbytes = N*1024 bytes.
Twelve spare values are needed.
>Variance of RLC Buffer
Payload
Enumerated (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512,
1024, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K)
In bytes
And N Kbytes = N*1024 bytes.
Two spare values are needed.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 83
6.+ !nterworking with GSN
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 8+
Reselection Parameters
During idle mode cell re-selection is done for circuit and packet switched services but cell re-
selection happens also during connected mode for packet switched services. Cell re-selection
methods from GSM to WCDMA and from WCDMA to GSM are performed differently. Therefore you
need to define how the cell re-selection procedures for the user equipment in the idle or connected
mode are performed. Cell re-selection parameters are planned for different types of user
equipment: non-GPRS and GPRS capable phones. Cell re-selection within UMTS and from
GSM to WCDMA is performed by the user equipment.
Benefits of the cell re-selection to GSM:
- Less location updates are performed, provided micro and macro (WCDMA and GSM) layers exist.
- The number of handovers is reduced from WCDMA to GSM.
Benefits of cell re-selection to WCDMA:
- 3G services are available for all dual-mode mobiles even without a GSM to WCDMA handover or
a network controlled cell re-selection. Due to the compressed mode, possible loss of coverage or
capacity is decreased.
- The WCDMA network is utilized in a maximum way.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 8S
Service Element
If the serving cell (or cells participating in soft handover) has neighbour cells both on another
carrier frequency and on another radio access technology (GSM), the RNC determines the
priorities between inter-frequency and inter-system handovers on the basis of Service Handover
IE value. The RNC receives the Service Handover IE from the core network in the RAB
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST or RELOCATION REQUEST (RANAP) message.
- Should be handed over to GSM:
Inter-system handover takes precedence over inter-frequency handover. In this case the RNC
does not start inter-frequency measurements until the inter-system measurements have been
completed, that is, when no neighbour GSM cell is good enough for the quality and/or coverage
reason handover.
- Should not be handed over to GSM:
Inter-frequency handover takes precedence over inter-system handover. In this case the RNC
does not start the inter-system measurements until the inter-frequency measurements have been
completed, that is, when no neighbouring cell is good enough for the quality and/or coverage
reason inter-frequency handover.
- Shall not be handed over to GSM:
In this case, the RNC does not start inter-system measurements or handover to GSM even if no
neighbour cell is good enough for the quality and/or coverage reason inter-frequency handover.
This means that the RNC does not initiate handover to GSM for the UE unless the RABs with this
indication have first been released with the normal release procedures.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 86
RAB assignment
RAB Assignment Request
RAB Assignment Response
RANAP
Radio Link Reconfiguration
AAL2 Setup (real time RAB)
AAL2 Setup (CS RAB)
RRC: RB Setup
RRC: RB Setup Complete
RAB Assignment Response
One or several responses
Service Handover IE value:
Should be handed over to GSM
Should not be handed over to GSM
Shall not be handed over to GSM
Service Handover IE
value is set in CN
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 87
Reselection Parameters
Inter-system handover of packet-switched services between WCDMA and GSM/general packet
radio service (GPRS) is based on the cell reselection procedure.
The RNC supports network-initiated cell reselection from WCDMA to GSM/GPRS in CELL_DCH
state of connected mode. In CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states of connected mode, the cell
reselection is initiated by the UE. The RNC does not support cell reselection from WCDMA to
GSM/GPRS in CELL_FACH state of connected mode (however, a UE equipped with a dual
receiver can perform the cell reselection also in CELL_FACH state).
The RNC sees the cell reselection from GSM/GPRS to WCDMA as an radio resource control
(RRC) connection establishment, and the UE-initiated cell reselection from WCDMA to GSM/GPRS
as an Iu connection release.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 88
Reselection Parameters
In CELL_FACH state, the UE shall be able to monitor up to
- 32 intra frequency FDD cells and
- 32 inter frequency cells, including
- FDD cells distributed on up to 2 additional FDD carriers and
- Depending on UE Capability, TDD mode cells, distributed on up to 3 TDD carriers, and
- Depending on UE capability, 32 GSM cells distributed on up to 32 GSM carriers.
-Depending on UE capability, the UE shall be able to monitor up to 16 intra frequency
cells during IPDL gaps.
TA-TC 6270 /Version 01/Chap. 05 Optimization 89
Directed Retry
Directed Retry is applicable for a RAB assignment from the CS
domain if a target cell for a blind inter-system handover can be
found. The RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE message is sent
with the RAB Failed to Setup IE set to Directed Retry.
Cell D
Cell E
Cell F
Cell C
Cell A
Frequency 2
Frequency 3 (GSM)
UE camps on UMTS cell,
when a voice call is
established and the UMTS
cell is full the UE when
support for GSM is given-
can be handed over to GSM
without any measurement
report!
Prerequisite is that the GSM
cell has the same coverage
as the UMTS cell and that
zthis is defined in the
databease