Etiology of Malocclusion:Malocclusion:Local Factors

The local factors responsible for malocclusion: Anomalies in number of teeth - supernumerary teeth -missing teeth Anomalies of tooth size Anomalies of tooth shape Abnormal labial frenum Premature loss of deciduous teeth Prolonged retention of deciduous teeth

Delayed eruption of permanent teeth Abnormal eruptive path Ankylosis Dental caries Improper dental restorations

 Anomalies in number of teeth:supernumerary teeth:- Teeth that are extra to the normal complement are termed supernumerary teeth. These are having abnormal morphology. A frequently seen supernumerary tooth is mesiodens which occurs in maxillary midline

Missing teeth:- most commonly missing teeth are-third molars, maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular 2nd premolars, mandibular incisors, maxillary 2nd premolars. Absence of teeth cause spacing in the arch and causes mesial migration of distal tooth.

 Anomalies of tooth size:In order to have normal occlusion there should be harmony between tooth size & arch length & also between tooth present between in each arches. An increase in tooth size causes crowding in the arch & decrease in teeth size causes spacing in the arch

 Anomalies of tooth shape:-presence of peg shaped lateral incisors -presence of abnormally large cingulum on a maxillary incisors. -mandibular 2nd premolar may rarely have an additional lingual cusp. -congenital syphilis may be associated with abnormal tooth form;peg shaped laterals and mulberry molars. -dilaceration, fusion, gemination.

 Abnormal labial frenum:abnormalities of maxillary labial frenum are quite often associated with a maxillary midline spacing.

 Prolonged retention of deciduous teeth - undue retention of deciduous teeth beyond the usual eruption age of their permanent successors. - it results in lingual or labial/buccal eruption of permanent teeth. Reasons for delayed retention of deciduous teeth is :- Absence of underlying permanent teeth,endocrinal disturbances, non vital deciduous teeth that do not resorb.

 Delayed eruption of permanent teeth Reasons that causes delayed eruption of permanent teeth are; congenital absence of teeth, presence of supernumerary tooth in the path of permanent teeth, presence of heavy mucosal barrier, endocrinal disturbances and presence of non vital deciduous teeth that are not resorb.

 Abnormal eruptive path one of the cause of malocclusion is an abnormal eruptive path of eruption which could be due to arch length deficiency, presence of supernumerary teeth retained root fragments or formation of bony barrier.

 Ankylosis:- Is a condition wherein a part or whole of the root surace is directly fused to the bone with absence of intervening periodontal membrane. Dental caries:- proximal caries that not restored causes mesial migration of distal teeth and lead into decrease in arch length.

 Improper dental restoration:Over contoured occlusal restoration may lead to premature contacts leading to functional shift of mandible during jaw closure. Under contoured may cause eruption of antagonist tooth