Mathematical Methods II

Exercises 1
(This should be revision material.)

1) Represent the following complex numbers in the form z = x + iy with x, y R. Determine also their absolute values, arguments and thus write them in polar form. i) z = (i)5 ii) z = (1 + i)4 iii) z = ( 5 i) i(2 i 5) iv ) z =
10 (1i)(2i)(3i)

v) z =

(1+i)5 (1i)5

vi) z =

1 (3i)2

2) Prove the triangle inequalities |z | |w | |z + w| |z | + |w | .

3) Find all xed points of the functions f1 (z ) = 2z 2 , z f2 (z ) = 1 , z2 for z = 0.

4) Provide a reasoning for the derivatives for the following functions f1 (z ) = 2xy + xy 2 i f2 (z ) = z z f3 (z ) = 1 + z f4 (z ) = 1 + z f5 (z ) =
1 z f6 (z ) = f4 (z )

to exist. In case they do exist, compute fi (z ) for i = 1, 2, . . . , 6. 5) Show that the functions u1 (x, y ) = 2x 2xy and u2 (x, y ) = x3 xy 2 , R

are harmonic functions. Construct their conjugate harmonic functions and therefore an analytic function.

The course material can be found on: http://www.sta.city.ac.uk/fring/MathMeth/

Solutions to exercises 1
1) i) z = ei/2 ii) z = 4ei iii) z = 3i = 3ei/2 2 3 1 i arctan 3/4 i/2 + 50 i = 10 e iv) z = i = e v) z = i vi) z = 25 2) Start with |z + w|2 = (z + w)( z+w ) = zz + wz + zw + ww = |z |2 + |w|2 + 2 Re(z w ). Therefore |z + w|2 (|z | + |w|)2 = 2 |z | |w| + 2 Re(z w ) |z + w|2 (|z | + |w|)2 0. 3) The xed points are f1 :
(1/2) zf

but Re(z w ) |z w | = |z | |w|, such that

= 1 i,

f2 :

(1/2) zf

1 3 = 1, i 2 2

4) f1 (z ), f2 (z ) and f3 (z ) do not exist because the Cauchy-Riemann condition do not hold in general u1 u1 1 1 = 2y = v = 2yx = 2x = v = y 2 x y y x u2 u2 2 2 = 0 = v =2 = 0 = v x y y x u3 u3 3 3 = 1 = v = 1 = 0 = v x y y x f4 (z ) and f5 (z ) do exist, because the Cauchy-Riemann conditions hold and the partial derivatives are continuous u4 x u5 x
4 = 1 = v y 2 2 y x = (x 2 +y 2 )2 =

f5 (z ) =

y2 x2

v5 y xy + i (x22 = z12 +y 2 )2

u4 y u5 y

(x2 +y 2 )2

for z = 0

4 = 0 = v f4 (z ) = 1 x 2xy v5 = (x2 +y2 )2 = x

f6 (z ) does exist, because f4 (z ) is an analutic function and therfore also f4 (z ) and f4 (z ). f6 (z ) = 0. 2 2 5) Clealy u1 (x, y ) = x u1 (x, y ) + y u1 (x, y ) = 0. Then

x u1 (x, y ) = 2 2y = y v1 (x, y ) v1 (x, y ) = 2y y 2 + f (x) (y ) y u1 (x, y ) = 2x = x v1 (x, y ) v1 (x, y ) = x2 + f

2 x u2 (x, y ) = x (3x2 y 2 ) = 6x 2 y u2 (x, y ) = y (2xy ) = 2x

v1 (x, y ) = x2 y 2 +2y +c

u2 (x, y ) = 0 for = 3 v2 (x, y ) = 3x2 y y 3 +c

x u2 (x, y ) = 3x2 3y 2 = y v2 (x, y ) v2 (x, y ) = 3x2 y y 3 + f (x) (y ) y u2 (x, y ) = 6xy = xv2 (x, y ) v2 (x, y ) = 3x2 y + f 2