1. What two influences and what three marine resources make the ocean important to life on earth?

Explain why each is important. Research and find out approximately how much of the oxygen we use is produced by marine plants. Climate and weather, food, oxygen, and natural resources. The weather and world climate dictate how warm, cold, wet, or dry it will be. 70 % - 80 % .

3. Explain how human interaction can affect the ocean. How does this relate to the benefits of understanding the marine environment? Depleted fisheries, pollution, the loss of crucial marine environments. By ocean literacy , it allows us to make responsible decisions related to the ocean. Like voting, choosing what products and services to buy, and other decisions related to managing and preserving the ocean. 4. Define marine science and oceanography. Include the four main branches of oceanography. Marine science is the process of discovering facts, processes, and unifying principles that explain the nature of the ocean, its associated life forms, and how the ocean interacts with other earth systems. The four branches are biological , chemical, geological, and physical oceanography.

10. list the basic steps to the scientific method and describe each. Explain what a hypothesis and a theory are. What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? Include why the final step in the scientific method is critical. Identifying the problem, make a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, interpret and analyze results, and report results, procedures, and conclusions. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your experiment. A theory is a well-established principle that has been developed to explain some aspect of the natural world. You use inductive reasoning to propose a process that explains the facts you observe. You use deductive reasoning to propose what you observe should a known process

take place. Its critical because other scientist can build upon what you have discovered. 3. Write two hypothesis one using inductive reasoning and the other using deductive reasoning about a question or problem you observed regarding riding a bicycle. 5. If you could convey the one most important significant reason why the ocean is important, what would it be? How would you get this message across? What examples would you use? The most important reason why the ocean is important is because of climate and weather. 1. What are three reasons to learn the history of oceanography? Which one of these do you think is the most important and why? What other reasons are there to learn the history of oceanography? It is part of how the ocean has affected society, its interesting, and if we understand oceanography we understand marine science better. I think most important is how it affects society, because it affects it a lot.

2. What are four main stages in the history of oceanography? Biological, chemical, geological, and physical. 4. Explain the contributions and significance of Phoenician and Polynesian seafaring. Which, if either, do you feel did the most advance seafaring? Why ? Motivated by trade, the Phoenicians traveled incredible distances. They contributed to ocean exploration by establishing the first trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and as far north as great Britain. Polynesians routinely crossed thousands of kilometers of open ocean in canoes crafted with stone, bone, and coral tools. They voyaged from Hawaii to Tahiti more than 3,200 kilometers. I feel Polynesians did more seafaring because they traveled more.

6. List and explain the discoveries and contributions of the Greeks, pytheas, Eratosthenes, Herodotus, Strabo, and Ptolemy. How could Ptolemys work influence Christopher Columbus? While exploring the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, the Greek Pytheas noted that he could predict tides in the Atlantic based on the phases of the moon. Pytheas also discovered a way to determine location relative to how far north or south one was from the North Star. He did this by measuring the angle between the horizon and the North Star. This revelation would significantly improve open-ocean navigation. Herodotus work is significant because it included one of the earliest maps of the world as the Greeks knew it then. Eratosthenes made two major contributions that complemented Pytheas' work. Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference and invented the first latitude/longitude system. This system consists of imaginary grid lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. Eratosthenes' system was irregular because he deliberately ran his gridlines through important landmarks. Strabo was a Greek historian, geographer, and philosopher. He published a 17-book work called Geographic, which demonstrated the Greek's expanding and accurate knowledge of the world. The next significant Greek map came from Ptolemy an astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and geographer. Ptolemy's map showed the curvature of the Earth and also improved on Hipparchus' latitude/longitude system. Columbus, thinking the Earth smaller than it actuality was, believed he had reached the west coast of Asia, when in fact he had landed in the Caribbean. 8. What were the middle ages? How did they affect the knowledge of geography and science ? The middle ages are known for improving the knowledge of geography and science in Europe. The middle ages suppressed further advancements into the knowledge of geography and science in the west. 10. what navigational tool did the Chinese invent by 1125? What technological innovations did Chinese shipping have by the mid 1400s? they invented the compass. They had central rudders and watertight compartments.

15. how did the expedition of James cook differ from those sea explorers before him? What geographical discoveries did he make? What invention was significant in cooks travels? Why was this device important? First sea expeditions devoted to methodical, scientific oceanography. They also documented their findings with more detail and attention to the scientific method . the invention of the chronometer. It was a very accurate clock or watch that wasnt affected by the waves and motions of the sea. 19. what distinguishes the h.m.s. challenger expedition of 1872 from previous oceanic research expeditions? What accomplishments and discoveries did this expedition make? It voyaged along both coasts of south America. He studied the unique animals in the Galapagos island he also noticed the changes in organism characteristics and habitats that corresponded with latitude. He noticed that coral grows only in shallow warm upper depths. He hypothesized that the massive coral reefs they saw could only result when the seafloor slowly sinks.