Chapter: 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

4.1 The Periodic Table of Elements Historical Development of the Periodic Table ** Arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table a) Elements are arranged in an _______________________________________ b) Vertical columns are called group _______________________________ c) Horizontal rows are called period _________________________________________ d) Elements with __________________________________ are placed in the ___________ e) The ________________________ of the elements with __________________________ = the _______________ of valence electrons in its atom. f) The group number of the elements with ______________________ valence electrons = the number of valence electrons in its atom + 10 g) The ________________ number of an element = the number of ___________________________ _____________________________ in its atom. Complete the table below Element Electron arrangement
1 1

4 2

He

7 3

Li

9 4

Be

11 5

12 6

14 7

16 8

19 9

20 10

Ne

2. 1 2

2. 4 14

2. 7 8 17 2
35.5 17

Number of valence electrons Group Number of shells occupied Period Element Electron arrangement
23 11

2
Na
24 12

Mg

27 13

Al

28 14

Si

31 15

32 16

Cl

40 18

Ar

39 19

40 20

Ca

2.8. 1 1 6 16 2

Number of valence electrons Group

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Number of shells occupied Period 3 4

2|Page

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An atom of element E has 10 neutrons. The nucleon number of element E is 19. In which group and period is element E located in the Periodic Table?

An atom of element G has 3 shells occupied with electrons. It is placed in group 17 of the Periodic Table. What is the electron arrangement of atom G?

4.2 Group 18 Element known as noble gases: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon & radon monoatomic all noble gases are inert chemicallt unreactive ** The electron arrangement of noble gases are very stable because the outermost occupied shells are full Helium has duplet electron arrangement. Other noble gases have octet electron arrangement Uses of Group 18 elements: 1. Helium gas to fill airships and weather balloons 2. Neon gas used in advertising lights and television tubes 3. Argon gas to fill light bulbs 4. Krypton gas used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye 5. Radon gas treatment of cancer 6. Xenon gas used for making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps

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7|Page

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4.3 Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals) Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium & francium uses of Group 1 elements: a) Lithium batteries in calculator, watches and cameras b) Sodium - Na 2 CO3 in soda-lime glass c) Potassium - KNO3 as fertiliser. * physical properties: softmetals, low densities, low melting & boiling points, silvery and shiny surfaces, good conductors of heat and electricity

9|Page

When going down the Group 1, the melting point and boiling point decrease: melting & Li boiling points Na decrease K Explain why. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10 | P a g e

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements 1. react vigorously with water to produce alkaline metal hyrdroxide solutions and hydrogen gas Lithium hydroxide Example: 2 Li + 2 H 2 O 2 LiOH + H 2 Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with water _______________________________________________________________ 2. react (burn) in oxygen gas rapidly to produce white solid metal oxides Lithium Example: 4 Li + O2 2 Li 2 O oxide Write down the balanced equation when rubidium reacts with oxygen _______________________________________________________________ 3. burn in chlorine gas Cl 2 , to form white solid metal chlorides. Example: 2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with chlorine gas _______________________________________________________________ ** The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases when going down the group. Explain why. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Potassium reacts more vigorously with water as compared to sodium. Explain. (Proton number: Na, 11 ; K, 19) _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

**

* Safety Precaustion In Handling Group 1 Elements 1. All alkali metals must be ____________________________________ in bottles. 2. Use ____________ to take the alkali metals 3. Wear _________________ and ___________. To prevent the alkali react 4. A ______________ piece of alkali metal is with ___________! used when conducting experiments. To Investigate The Chemical Properties of Lithium, Sidum & Potassium (A) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with water? Hypothesis: When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reactions with water. Variables: Manipulated variable Different types of alkali metals Responding variable Reactivity of metals Fixed variables water, size of metals 11 | P a g e

Procedure: 1. Cut a ___________________ of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. __________ the ____________ on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Place the lithium slowly _________________________ in a trough using a forceps. 4. When the reaction stops, test the solution produced with _____________________. 5. _______________ steps 1 to 4 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one 6. ______________________ your observations. Data & Observation Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation

(B) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O

This procedure also can be used to test the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas!

Problem Statement: _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Hypothesis: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Variables: Manipulated variable ________________________________ Responding variable ________________________________ Fixed variables ____________________________________ Procedure: 1. Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Put the lithium in a ____________________ and ______________________ until it _________. 4. Transfer the gas jar spoon quickly into a gas jar filled with _______________ gas 5. Observe what happens. 6. When the reaction stops, pour 10cm3 of _________ into the gas jar. Shake the gas jar. Test the solution formed with ___________________________________________ 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using _________________________________ to replace lithium one by one 8. __________________ your observations. Data & Observation Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium 12 | P a g e Observation

Based on your results, arrange the alkali metals in ascending order of reactivity. _______________________________________________________________ Write the chemical equations for the reactions between the products from the combustion of each alkali metal with water. 1. ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ Name the substance formed when caesium reacts with chlorine gas. Write the chemical equation for this reaction. _______________________________________________________________

4.4 Group 17 Elements (Halogens) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine uses of Group 17 elements: 1) Chlorine water treatment, bleaching agent 2) Bromine weaker bleaching agent 3) Iodine needed in human thyroid gland to produce hormones *Physical properties: __________ melting and boiling points. Fluorine: pale yellow gas Chlorine: greenish-yellow gas Bromine: reddish-brown gas Iodine: purplish-black gas *Remember Cl 2 melting and colour of Br2 boiling points halogens I2 increase becomes darker

Density increases

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When going down the Group 17, the melting and boiling points increase. Explain __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ** Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1. react with water to form two acids HCl HOCl Example: Cl 2 + H 2 O + hydrochloric hypochlorus acid acid Write a balanced equation when bromine reacts with water. __________________________________________________________________ 2. In gaseous state react with hot iron to form a brown solid, iron (III) halides. 2 FeBr3 Example: 2 Fe + 3Br2 Write a balanced equation when iodine vapour reacts with iron __________________________________________________________________ 3. react with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH , to form sodium halide, sodium halite (I) and water Example: I 2 + 2 NaOH
NaI + NaOH + H 2 O

Write a balanced equation when chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution __________________________________________________________________ The reactivity of Group 17 elements decreases when going down the group. Explain why. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ Chlorine gas reacts more vigorously with hot iron as compared to bromine gas. Explain (Proton number: Cl, 17 ; Br, 35) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________ Rememberduring the reactions to form halides, all halogens are decolourised Do you know why F2 is not used in school laboratories? F2is a very dangerously reactive substance! Cl2 gas, Br2 gas and I2 vapour are poisonous! We must handle them in a fume chamber! 16 | P a g e

To investigate the Chemical properties of Group 17 elements. The Reaction of halogens with iron

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 17 elements change when they react with iron? Hypothesis: When going down Group 17, the halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron. Variables: Manipulated variable Types of halogens Responding variable Reactivity of halogens Fixed variable iron Procedure: 1. Heat the _______________ in the combustion tube ________________ 2. When the iron wool becomes ______________, pass the chlorine gas over the hot iron wool. 3. Observe any changes and record your observation. 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using ________ vapour and ______ vapour to replace chlorine gas one by one. Data and Observation Halogens Chlorine Bromine Iodine What is the function of soda lime in this experiment? __________________________________________________________________ Why must the iron wool be heated first before the halogens are passed over it? __________________________________________________________________ Name the products for the reactions between chlorine, bromine and iodine with iron. Write the chemical equations for these reactions 1. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ 2. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ 3. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ Based on your results, arrange the halogens, Cl 2 , Br2 , I 2 in ascending order of reactivity. __________________________________________________________________ 17 | P a g e Observation

Element E is placed below element D in Group 17 of the Periodic Table. (a). Compare the melting and boiling points of element D with element E. Explain your answer _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ (b). Write an equation for the reaction between element D and hot iron _______________________________________________________________ 4.5 Elements In A Period Example: Period 3 in the Periodic Table Properties of Elements Element Proton number Electron arrangement Atomic radius (pm) Physical state at room temperature Electronegativity Na 11 186 Solid 0.9 Mg 12 160 Solid 1.2 Al 13 143 Solid 1.5 Si 14 118 Solid 1.8 P 15 110 Solid 2.1 S 16 104 Solid 2.5 Cl 17 100 Gas 3.0 Ar 18 94 Gas -

The measurement of the strength atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus

* Across Period 3: 1. The proton number ________________ by one unit from one element to the next element 2. All the atoms of elements have _______________ shells occupied with electrons. 3. The number of valence electrons in each atom _______________ from 1 to 8. 4. The physical state at room temperature changes from __________ to ___________

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7. The oxides of elements change from basic to acidic properties. \ Example:

From NaAl, they are metals, Si is semi metal and P, S, Cl are non-metals Metal oxides exhibit basic properties and the non-metal oxide exhibit acidic properties!

Na 2 O , MgO , Al 2 O3 , SiO2
can be used to ________ the acid solutions!

P4 O10

SO2

So how about Cl 2 O7 the changes of metallic properties? Is it increase? Or decrease??

Shows _____ acidic & basic properties !

Below are some oxides of elements of Period 3. *Sodium oxide, Na 2 O *Silicon (IV) oxide, SiO2 *Aluminium oxide, Al 2 O3 *Sulphur dioxide, SO2 (a). Which of these oxides can react with (i) dilute nitric acid, HNO3 ?________________________________________ (ii) sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution?_______________________________ (b). Based on your answers in (a), what inferences can you make about the properties of each of the oxides? _______________________________________________________________
7 3

Li ,

12 6

C , 19 9 F

The above show the symbols of lithium, carbon and fluorine. (a). Which period in the Periodic Table can you find the three elements? Explain. _______________________________________________________________ (b).Arrange the three elements in order of increasing atomic size. _______________________________________________________________ (c). Compare the electronegativity of the three elements. Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

4.6 Transition Elements elements from Group _____ to Group ________ in the Periodic Table all are ________________ ___________ melting and boiling points ; ____________ densities good conductors of ___________ and _______________. ** exhibit three special characteristics: 1. transition elements show _ _______________________________ in their compounds. Example: Iron: 2 oxidation numbers _______________________ Copper: 2 oxidation numbers 20 | P a g e

21 | P a g e

2. transition elements form _______________ ions or compounds. Example: Cu 2+ - blue MnO4- - purple Fe2+ - green CrO42- - yellow 3+ Fe - brown 3. transition elements and their compounds are useful catalysts. Example:

Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 4 - Special Characteristics of Transition Elements

1. Transition elements can form coloured compounds

2. Transition elements have varying oxidation number

Iron has two common oxidation states (+2 and +3) in, for example, Fe 2+and Fe3+. It also has a less common ________ oxidation state in the ferrate(VI) ion, FeO 42-. Manganese has a very wide range of oxidation states in its compounds. For example:

22 | P a g e

_____________

_____________________

3. Transition elements can form complex ions

A complex ion has a metal ion at its centre with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it. Some examples of complex ions formed by transition metals [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Cr(OH)6]3- , [CuCl4]24. Transition elements can act as catalysts

Iron in the Haber Process The Haber Process combines hydrogen and nitrogen to make ammonia using an iron catalyst.

Vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process At the heart of the Contact Process is a reaction which converts __________________ into ______________________. Sulphur dioxide gas is passed together with air (as a source of ______________) over a solid _________________________ catalyst.

_______________ in the hydrogenation of C=C bonds This reaction is at the heart of the manufacture of _______________ from _______________. However, the simplest example is the reaction between _____________ and __________ in the presence of a ________________ catalyst.

Zinc is usually not classified as a transition element because it does not exhibit the __________ characteristic of transition elements!

Precious stones such as ______ _____________ ______________ ______________________ ______ are beautiful due to the colours of the transition element compounds present in them!

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Chapter: 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

4.1 The Periodic Table of Elements Historical Development of the Periodic Table ** Arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table a) Elements are arranged in an increasing order of proton number b)Vertical columns are called group ( Group 1 18) c) Horizontal rows are called period ( Period 1 7) d)Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same group e) The group number of the elements with 1 to 2 valence electrons = the number of valence electrons in its atom. f)The group number of the elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons = the number of valence electrons in its atom + 10 g)The period number of an element = the number of shells occupied with electrons in its atom. Complete the table below Element
1 1

4 2

He

7 3

Li

Electron 1 arrangement Number of 1 valence electrons Group

Number of shells occupied

2 2 18 1 1
24 12

2.1 1 1 2 2
27 13

Be 11 5 B 2.2 2.3
9 4

12 6

14 7

16 8

19 9

20 10

Ne

2.4 4 14 2 2

2.5 5 15 2 2

2.6 6 16 2 2
Cl
40 18

2.7 7 17 2 2

2.8 8 18 2 2

2 2 2 2
28 14

3 13 2 2
31 15

1 1 1
23 11

Period Element Electron arrangement

Number of valence electrons

Al Na Mg Si 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4

32 16

35.5 17

Ar

39 19

40 20

Ca

1 1 3 3

2 2 3 3

3 13 3 3

4 14 3 3

2.8. 5 5 15 3 3

2.8. 6 6 16 3 3

2.8.7 7 17 3 3

2.8.8 8 18 3 3

2.8.8. 1 1 1 4 4

2.8.8.2 2 2 4 4

Group
Number of shells occupied

Period 24 | P a g e

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An atom of element E has 10 neutrons. The nucleon number of element E is 19. In which group and period is element E located in the Periodic Table? Proton number = 9 Electron arrangement = 2.7 Group 17, period 2 An atom of element G has 3 shells occupied with electrons. It is placed in group 17 of the Periodic Table. What is the electron arrangement of atom G? ___2____.____8____.___7_____ 4.2 Group 18 Element known as noble gases: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon & radon monoatomic all noble gases are inert chemically unreactive ** The electron arrangement of noble gases are very stable because the outermost occupied shells are full Helium has stable duplet electron arrangement. Other noble gases have stable octet electron arrangement Uses of Group 18 elements: 1)Helium gas to fill airships and weather balloons 2)Neon gas used in advertising lights and television tubes 3)Argon gas to fill light bulbs 28 | P a g e

4)Krypton gas used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye 7. Radon gas treatment of cancer 8. Xenon gas used for making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps

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Neon has stable octet electron arrangement. So, it does not have to lose, gain or share electrons.

Helium has stable duplet electron arrangement. Hydrogen is reactive and explode when contact with air. So, helium is safe and suitable. Argon has stable octet electron arrangement. Air contains oxygen which is flammable when contact with heat So, argon is a safe and suitable choice.

L, M, Q Because number of shells increases from L, M to Q. So, the atomic radius increases. More heat energy is required to overcome to weak Van der Waals force L, M,Q have stable octet electron arrangement. So, it does not have to lose, gain or share electrons to form chemical reaction

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4.3 Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals) Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium & francium uses of Group 1 elements: d) Lithium batteries in calculator, watches and cameras e) Sodium - Na 2 CO3 in soda-lime glass f) Potassium - KNO3 as fertiliser. * physical properties: softmetals, low densities, low melting & boiling points, silvery and shiny surfaces, good conductors of heat and electricity

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When going down the Group 1, the melting point and boiling point decrease: melting & Li boiling points Na decrease K Explain why. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 32 | P a g e

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements 4. react vigorously with water to produce alkaline metal hyrdroxide solutions and hydrogen gas Lithium hydroxide Example: 2 Li + 2 H 2 O 2 LiOH + H 2 Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with water _______________________________________________________________ 5. react (burn) in oxygen gas rapidly to produce white solid metal oxides Lithium Example: 4 Li + O2 2 Li 2 O oxide Write down the balanced equation when rubidium reacts with oxygen _______________________________________________________________ 6. burn in chlorine gas Cl 2 , to form white solid metal chlorides. Example: 2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with chlorine gas _______________________________________________________________ ** The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases when going down the group. Explain why.

atomic size increases down the group Nucleus Attraction force decreases when number of shells increases Metal bond decreases down the group Thus, it is Easier to donate the 1 electron valence down the group When it is easier to lose electron, the higher is the reactivity. _________________________________________________________ ** Potassium reacts more vigorously with water as compared to sodium. Explain. (Proton number: Na, 11 ; K, 19) Atomic size of potassium is higher than sodium The distance between nucleus and electron valence of potassium is bigger so the nucleus attraction force is weaker. So the tendency/ easier of potassium to lose the 1 electron valence is higher/greater than sodium atom. So potassium is more reactive than sodium. Na (2.8.1) Na + (2.8) + e- ( harder to occur) + K (2.8.8.1) K (2.8.8) + e- (easier to occur)

To prevent the alkali react with air! * Safety Precaustion In Handling Group 1 Elements 1. All alkali metals must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles. 2. Use forceps to take the alkali metals 3. Wear safety goggles and gloves. 4. A small piece of alkali metal is used when conducting experiments.

To Investigate The Chemical Properties of Lithium, Sidum & Potassium 33 | P a g e

(C) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with water? Hypothesis: When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reactions with water. Variables: Manipulated variable Different types of alkali metals Responding variable Reactivity of metals Fixed variables volume of water, size of metals Procedure: 1. Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Place the lithium slowly onto the water surface in a trough using a forceps. 4. When the reaction stops, test the solution produced with red litmus paper. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one 6. Record your observations. Data & Observation Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation Lithium moves randomly and slowly. Form colourless solution. RLP turns blue. Sodium moves rapidly. Produces hissing sound.colourless solution. RLP turns blue Potassium moves vigorously. Produce hiss and pop sound. Burn with reddish-purple flame. Colourless solution. RLP turns blue.

Conclusion: Reactivity increases from lithium to potassium and elements of Group 1 has alkaline properties. (D) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O chlorine / oxygen
This procedure also can be used to test the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas!

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with oxygen/chlorine? Hypothesis: When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reactions with oxygen/chlorine. Variables: Manipulated variable type of alkali metals 34 | P a g e

Responding variable Reactivity of metals Fixed variables size of metal, content in gas jar Procedure: 1. Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Put the lithium in a gas jar spoon and heat strongly until it burns. 4. Transfer the gas jar spoon quickly into a gas jar filled with oxygen gas 5. Observe what happens. 6. When the reaction stops, pour 10cm3 of water into the gas jar. Shake the gas jar. Test the solution formed with red litmus paper. 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one 8. Record your observations. Data & Observation Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation Burns slowly. Red flame. White smoke. White solid. Burns vigorously. Yellow flame. White smoke. White solid. Burns more vigorously. Reddish-purple flame. White smoke. White solid.

Based on your results, arrange the alkali metals in ascending order of reactivity. Lithium, sodium and potassium. Write the chemical equations for the reactions between the products from the combustion of each alkali metal with water. oxygen 1. 4Li + O2 2Li2O (lithium oxide) / 2Li + Cl2 2LiCl (lithium chloride) 2. ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ Name the substance formed when caesium reacts with chlorine iodine, I2 gas. Write the chemical equation for this reaction. Caesium iodide 2Cs + I2 2CsI

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4.4 Group 17 Elements (Halogens) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine uses of Group 17 elements: 1) Chlorine water treatment, bleaching agent 2) Bromine weaker bleaching agent 3) Iodine needed in human thyroid gland to produce hormones *Physical properties: Low melting and boiling points. Fluorine: pale yellow gas Chlorine: greenish-yellow gas Bromine: reddish-brown gas Iodine: purplish-black gas *Remember Cl 2 melting and colour of Br2 boiling points halogens I2 increase becomes darker

Density increases

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When going down the Group 17, the melting and boiling points increase. Explain __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ** Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1) react with water to form two acids HCl Example: Cl 2 + H 2 O hydrochloric acid

HOCl + hypochlorus acid (bleaching)

Write a balanced equation when bromine reacts with water. Hydrobromic acid hypobromus acid Hydroiodic acid hypoiodus acid __________________________________________________________________ 2) In gaseous state react with hot iron to form a brown solid, iron (III) halides. 2 FeBr3 (iron bromide) Example: 2 Fe + 3Br2 Write a balanced equation when iodine vapour reacts with iron

2Fe

3 I2

2 Fe I3 (iron iodide)

react with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH , to form sodium halide, sodium halite (I) and water Example: I 2 + 2 NaOH
NaI + NaOH + H 2 O

Write a balanced equation when chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution __________________________________________________________________ The reactivity of Group 17 elements decreases when going down the group. Explain why. Number shell increases When Atomic size increase Nucleus attraction decrease because the electron valence is further away Strength to attract an electron to reach stable arrangement decrease So the reactivity decreases Chlorine gas reacts more vigorously with hot iron as compared to bromine gas. Explain (Proton number: Cl, 17 ; Br, 35) Arrangement of Cl is 2.8.7 and Br: 2.8.18.7 So, Br has 4 electron shells which is more than Cl with 3 electron shells They have to attract an electron from hot iron to reach stable octet arrangement The nucleus attraction of Br is weaker because the electron valence is further away So, reactivity of Cl is higher than Br in reacting with hot iron. Rememberduring the reactions to form halides, 39 | P a gall e halogens are decolourised Do you know why F2 is not used in school laboratories? F2is a very dangerously reactive substance!

Cl2 gas, Br2 gas and I2 vapour are poisonous! We must handle them in a fume chamber!

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To investigate the Chemical properties of Group 17 elements. The Reaction of halogens with iron

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 17 elements change when they react with iron? Hypothesis: When going down Group 17, the halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron. Variables: Manipulated variable Types of halogens Responding variable Reactivity of halogens Fixed variable iron Procedure: 1. Heat the iron wool in the combustion tube strongly 2. When the iron wool becomes red hot, pass the chlorine gas over the hot iron wool. 3. Observe any changes and record your observation. 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using bromine vapour and iodine vapour to replace chlorine gas one by one. Data and Observation Halogens Chlorine Bromine Iodine Observation Iron wool burns brightly and vigorously. Brown solid are formed. Iron wool burns brightly and less vigorously. Brown solid are formed Iron wool burns slowly. Brown solid are formed

What is the function of soda lime in this experiment? Used to absorb the poisonous gas , chlorine, bromine and iodine gas. Why must the iron wool be heated first before the halogens are passed over it? Iron wool is heated to observe the reactivity at faster rate to prevent excessive release of poisonous halogen gases. Name the products for the reactions between chlorine, bromine and iodine with iron. Write the chemical equations for these reactions 1. Name: iron chloride 2. Name: iron bromide 3. Name: iron iodide Equation: 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Equation:___________________________ Equation:___________________________

Based on your results, arrange the halogens, Cl 2 , Br2 , I 2 in ascending order of reactivity. 41 | P a g e

__________________________________________________________________ Element E is placed below element D in Group 17 of the Periodic Table. (a). Compare the melting and boiling points of element D with element E. Explain your answer Number of shells of E is more than D as atomic size of E is bigger So, Van der Waal force, the intermolecular force for E is stronger. More heat is required to overcome the attraction force between particles in E. So, melting and boiling point of E is higher than D. (b). Write an equation for the reaction between element D and hot iron 3D2 + 2Fe 2Fe D3 4.5 Elements In A Period Example: Period 3 in the Periodic Table Properties of Elements Element Proton number Electron arrangement Atomic radius (pm) Physical state at room temperature Electronegativity Na 11 186 Solid 0.9 Mg 12 160 Solid 1.2 Al 13 143 Solid 1.5 Si 14 118 Solid 1.8 P 15 110 Solid 2.1 S 16 104 Solid 2.5 Cl 17 100 Gas 3.0 Ar 18 94 Gas -

The measurement of the strength atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus

* Across Period 3: 1. The proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element 2. All the atoms of elements have 3 shells occupied with electrons. 3. The number of valence electrons in each atom increases from 1 to 8. 4. The physical state at room temperature changes from solid to gas

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7. The oxides of elements change from basic to acidic properties. \ Example:

From NaAl, they are metals, Si is semi metal and P, S, Cl are non-metals Metal oxides exhibit basic properties and the non-metal oxide exhibit acidic properties!

Na 2 O , MgO , Al 2 O3 , SiO2
can be used to neutralize the acid solutions!

P4 O10

SO2

So how about Cl 2 O7 the changes of metallic properties? Is it increase? Or decrease??

Shows both acidic & basic properties !

44 | P a g e

Below are some oxides of elements of Period 3. *Sodium oxide, Na 2 O *Silicon (IV) oxide, SiO2 *Aluminium oxide, Al 2 O3 *Sulphur dioxide, SO2 (a). Which of these oxides can react with (i) dilute nitric acid, HNO3 ?_ sodium. Aluminium. (ii) sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution?___aluminium.. siliconsulphur.. (b). Based on your answers in (a), what inferences can you make about the properties of each of the oxides? _sodium oxide is basic oxide Aluminium oxide is amphoteric oxide Silicon oxide, sulphur dioxide is acidic oxide
7 3

Li ,

12 6

C , 19 9 F

Li : 2.1 C: 2.4 F: 2.7 The above show the symbols of lithium, carbon and fluorine. (a). Which period in the Periodic Table can you find the three elements? Explain. Period 2, all three have 2 electron shells/ orbits (b).Arrange the three elements in order of increasing atomic size. F, C, Li (c). Compare the electronegativity of the three elements. Explain your answer. Electronegativity increases from Li, C to F. F has 7 electron valence and the ability to attract an electron valence to reach stable arrangement increases. So, F has higher negative charges compared to Li and C. Electronegativity is the ability to attract electrons.

4.7 Transition Elements elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the Periodic Table all are metals high melting and boiling points ; high densities good conductors of heat and electricity. ** exhibit three special characteristics: 1. transition elements show different oxidation numbers in their compounds. Example: Iron: 2 oxidation numbers +2, +3 Copper: 2 oxidation numbers , +1, +2

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2. transition elements form coloured ions or compounds. Example: Cu 2+ - blue MnO4- - purple, potassium manganate (VII) Fe2+ - green CrO42- - yellow, Potassium dichromate 3+ Fe - brown 3. transition elements and their compounds are useful catalysts. Example:

Chemistry Form 4: Chapter 4 - Special Characteristics of Transition Elements

2. Transition elements can form coloured compounds

2. Transition elements have varying oxidation number

Iron has two common oxidation states (+2 and +3) in, for example, Fe 2+and Fe3+. It also has a less common +6 oxidation state in the ferrate(VI) ion, FeO42-. Manganese has a very wide range of oxidation states in its compounds. For example: +2 46 | P a g e in Mn2+

+3 +4 +6 +7
3. Transition elements can form complex ions

in Mn2O3 in MnO2 in MnO42in MnO4-

A complex ion has a metal ion at its centre with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it. Some examples of complex ions formed by transition metals [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Cr(OH)6]3- , [CuCl4]24. Transition elements can act as catalysts

Iron in the Haber Process The Haber Process combines hydrogen and nitrogen to make ammonia using an iron catalyst.

Vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process At the heart of the Contact Process is a reaction which converts sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide. Sulphur dioxide gas is passed together with air (as a source of oxygen) over a solid vanadium(V) oxide catalyst.

Nickel in the hydrogenation of C=C bonds This reaction is at the heart of the manufacture of margarine from vegetable oils. However, the simplest example is the reaction between ethene and hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

Zinc is usually not classified as a transition element because it does not exhibit the special characteristic of transition elements!

Precious stones such as emerald, rubies, sapphire and jade are beautiful due to the colours of the transition element compounds present in them!

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