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UNIDO-ICHET Sabri lker Sk. 38/4, Cevizlibag, Zeytinburnu, 34015 Istanbul, Turkey. Tel. +90 212 416 48 48. Fax. +90 212 416 89 47 www.unido-ichet.org
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ICHET
Our ecosystem will no longer be able to nurture the human species if the exploitation and consumption of fossil fuel sources continues at its current rate.
Dr. Mustafa Hatipoglu ICHET Managing Director
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Shaping a vision
Because our ecosystem will no longer be able to nurture the human species if the exploitation and consumption of fossil fuel sources continues at its current rate, the gradual switch to clean energy resources has become a necessity. With an energy yield per weight unit triple that of fossil fuels, hydrogen is the ideal energy carrier and storage medium and can rightfully boast its zero carbon footprint when produced from renewable resources. Burnt in internal combustion engines, hydrogen can be converted into thermal and kinetic energy. More importantly, it can also be turned directly into electricity within fuel cells, those amazing electro-chemical devices that combine hydrogen with ambient oxygen to produce electricity through a completely noise free process which releases no more than pure water as a combustion product. Be it with internal combustion engines or fuel cells, hydrogen applications can cover a wide range of needs, from transportation to stationary systems through residential usage. The International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) founded in Istanbul in 2004 and supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Today, at ICHET, our engineers and scientists help implement a variety of hydrogen and hydrogen-inclusive projects with universities, R&D institutes and other partners in the public and private sector, with special emphasis on the latter for private sector involvement is a must in order to market hydrogen technology products and achieve their industrialization. An endeavour reflecting 7years of operation on the hydrogen energy front, this book is an opportunity to sit and look back at our achievements in order to better gauge what is still ahead. More than a compilation of corporate statistics, demonstration projects and R&D programmes, it documents a coherent vision supplemented by real-life implementations that are laying the foundations of the first stages of a hydrogen inclusive economy. UNIDO-ICHET Managing Director Dr. Mustafa Hatipoglu
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Primary sources
Wind, sun and biomass are some of the renewable primary energy sources that could be used in the frame of a hydrogen inclusive economy..
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director. When ICHET started operation on 19th May 2004, some sixteen years of behind-the-scenes lobbying, negotiation and diplomacy had finally come to fruition. Dr. Veziroglu retired on April 31st 2007, leaving Dr. Engin Tre in charge for an interim period. Dr. Mustafa Hatipoglu was then appointed Managing Director of the Centre on 1st February 2008. The vast majority of ICHET projects have been completed under his direction. Economic development Since the establishment of its full hu- Dr. Hilmi Gler (left) and Mr. Carlos Magarinos (right) signing the ICHET Trust Fund Agreement st man resource and laboratory structure on 21 October 2003. in 2009, ICHET has been overtly active on all fronts of the hydrogen energy arena through its support to R&D and by implementing demonstration projects. More than ever its role is not only to support, demonstrate and promote viable hydrogen energy technologies with the aims of enhancing future economic development, particularly in emerging countries, but also to prevent the widening of the energy and technology gap while skipping over the fossil fuel phase.
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Courtesy of UNIDO
Courtesy of MENR
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Projects
Hydrogen technologies already exist. ICHET is playing a crucial role in promoting them and ensuring that hydrogen finds its place in the UN energy vision, strategy and implementation plans. This promotion is best achieved through demonstrations of viable technologies with the aim not only of drawing attention but also to gain experience, identify areas for improvement and solve the remaining engineering and logistical problems.
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H2 Ecolift
Fitted with a 2x4kW engine, the H2Ecolift has a lifting capacity of up to 1500kg.
G. D.
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Market entry
Exemple real-world customers have been selected from the telecommunications and hotel industries. They will utilize the fuel cell-based systems at their sites and employ power consumption levels ranging between 1 and 10kW. These units will demonstrate a level of technical performance (start-up time, reli-
IDO
The control room, turnstyles and voice announcement system of Istanbul Sea Bus company (IDO) headquarters are protected by a hydrogen fuel cell uninterruptible power unit.
Courtesy of IDO
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Cost reduction
A series of new energy policy measures have recently been taken by India which may lead to the country playing a significant role in the development of hydrogen
Hy-Alpha prototype
Mathew Abraham, from Mahindra & Mahindra, posing next to the HyAlpha hydrogen autorickshaw prototype.
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Bozcaada project
On an island, hydrogen can be produced on site using excess renewable energy and can be stored for re-electrification through hydrogen fuel cells, for dispensing as
Aitutaki Island
With their pristine environment, islands such as the one of Aitutaki in the Cook Islands are ideal locations for early applications of hydrogen energy technologies.
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ICHET is realizing such a project on Bozcaada island in the Aegean sea. It consists of 20 kW of photovoltaic panels, a 30 kW wind
turbine, a 50 kW 10 Nm3/hour capacity electrolyser, hydrogen storage for 60 kg of hydrogen, a 35 kW hydrogen gen-set and a
25 kW PEM fuel cell. The complete system will be installed in the spring of 2011 in a plot at the Governors building. Both the local Governor and Mayor of Bozcaada have welcomed the opportunity to erect the system on the island. Hydrogen will be produced from electricity generated by the PV panels and wind turbine. A special electrolyser has been chosen that can accommodate the rapid and stochastic power changes in electrical output typical of such
sources when converting generated electricity into hydrogen. The system will be providing electricity back to the building at times of low sunlight and wind conditions through the genset and fuel cells.
Island communities can greatly benefit from the usage of clean, renewable energy sources.
stability, any excess solar power will be converted to hydrogen by a 50 kW electrolyser and, after compression, stored for further usage by fuel cells. To explore and promote concepts of hydrogen energy for remote island communities, ICHET is leading a new
Annex of the International Energy Agency Hydrogen Implementing Agreement. The Distributed and Community Hydrogen annex will investigate the technical, economic and social strengths and weaknesses of such systems in existing installations around the globe.
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Ecocaravan figures
1710W Sun tracking PV panels 1000W Retractible wind turbine 1200W PEM fuel cell 5000L - 15000Wh Metal hydride hydrogen storage
In stationary mode
When stationary, the Ecocaravan deploys its wind turbine and sun tracking PV cells in order to recharge its energy reserves.
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VIPs on board...
The Turkish Ministers of Energy and Natural Resources Taner Yldz (top picture) and of Environment and Forestry Veysel Eroglu (bottom picture) have both visited the Ecocaravan.
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Beikta
Ship routes
Edirnekap
A World Premiere
Hydrogen energy transportation technologies by themselves are indeed useless if not appropriately supplemented with hydrogen fuelling infrastructures. By bringing together all these complementary aspects of hydrogen transportation (land transportation, sea transportation, refuelling), the Golden Horn project will be a milestone in the development of
Bus route
Commuting in Istanbul
Istanbul Municipality operates 2768 buses and 44 ships. 2.5 million privately owned cars are commuting every day in Istanbul. More than 2millions Istanbulites commute in buses and ships every day.
Transport routes
A number of transport routes ensuring high visibility for the project are currently being studied by Istanbul municipality.
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Environmentally friendly
The hybrid bus will not only reduce emissions under city traffic conditions, but also to allow savings on
Hydrogen Highway
The location of the filling station is specifically chosen in order to supply both buses and ships at a single location. It will be instrumental in supporting Turkeys automotive sectors
endeavours towards the development of clean energy vehicles by providing them real life test opportunities for hydrogen powered
vehicles. The Golden Horn fuelling station is planned to be the first step of an upcoming hydrogen corridor.
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Hybrid bus
The 90 kW HICE based hybrid bus prototype will be based on the existing Cobra bus model developed by the Turkish company Gleryz.
Passenger ship
A hydrogen fuel cell powered 50-passenger vessel designed together with Istanbul Municipal Data Processing Corporation is to be launched in 2012.
Applied R&D
While the principles and blueprints of the hydrogen energy technology basics have by now become widely available, the full scale implementation of a hydrogen inclusive economy still requires further applied R&D effort, especially in countries aiming at developing their own capabilities. ICHET is supporting such efforts through the financing of selected consortia based research programmes.
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Paradigm change
Hydrogen can replace the fossil fuel burned ininternal combustion enginesandturbinesas the primary way to convert chemical energy into kinetic or electrical energy, hereby eliminating greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
$500,000 funding
The goal of the project is to design and industrialize a 3 kW PEM fuel cell, the membrane electrode assembly and plates of which have to be manufactured in Turkey. The fuel cell has to withstand over 1000 hours of system operation. Following a successful project proposal, a consortium coordinat-
Air (O2) H2 H
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Anode
Electrolyte
Cathode
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Hydrogen enrichment
Hydrogen fuel enhancement is the process of using a mixture of hydrogen and conventional fuel in an internal combustion engine in order to improve fuel economy, power output, or both.
Retrofitting
Difference between a hydrogen ICE from a traditional gasoline engine includes hardened valves, valve seats and connecting rods, non-platinum tipped spark plugs, higher voltage ignition coil, redesigned fuel injectors, larger crankshaft damper, stronger head gasket material, modified intake manifold, positive pressure supercharger, and a high temperature engine oil.
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Support
As part of its dissemination mission, ICHET is organizing workshops and seminars for the training of students, engineers and scientists willing to join the hydrogen energy drive. The Centre is also supporting R&D efforts through the financing of selected research programmes and through the provision of its cutting edge test laboratories.
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Torporrunt. Ducil invero de porenis ma voluptam aut que nonessuntis doluptate nonsequidis soluptatus, opta dipsust, cusae natecte sanditisit eos vollia sam venihit aturiscient.
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Pilot projects
ICHET can support one international pilot project per year with 50% funding up to $ 500,000. Consortia should include local industry and academia. Projects normally last up to 3 years and should lead to a demonstration with high public visibility. The linking of hydrogen to renewable energy sources is preferable so as to show the sustainability of the hydrogen energy system.
Technology development
ICHET can provide 50% funding up to $500,000 for the funding of projects related to the development of hydrogen energy related equipments like electrolysers or fuel cells. These projects are re-
Pre-feasibility studies
ICHET can support 10 studies per year with 100% funding up to
A mission
ICHETs role is to support, demonstrate and promote viable hydrogen energy technologies with the aims of enhancing future economic development.
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Dissemination figures
Training and education 80 local interns; 292 engineers; 840 high school pupils; 250 high school teachers. Organized events 7 international conferences; 12 workshops or seminars. Attended events 30 international conferences or fairs.
Hannover Messe
ICHET is a regular participant of the Hannover Messe Fuel Cell and Hydrogen exhibit. In 2009, ICHET presented the Ecocart as part of its dissemination activities.
G. D.
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ICHET is providing state-of-the-art fuel cell testing and analytical measurement facilities to research centres and universities worldwide in the frame of research projects and exchange programmes.
UNIDO-ICHET laboratories offer a series of state-of-the-art equipments enabling engineers and scientists to work on cutting edge hydrogen and fuel cell research. This research environment comprises of fuel cell testing, analytical measurements, system integration and modelling activities. It is open to use for universities, companies and research institutes worldwide. Fuel cell testing capabilities are centred on a comprehensive set of test stations ranging from 100 W to 12 kW. Electrochemical aspects of the fuel cells are investigated through a comprehensive range of measurement devices connected to the test stations. ICHET laboratories also host state-of-the-art analytical measurement capabilities that can bring significant leverage to hydrogen and fuel cell research teams committed to new material development. Further down the workflow, modelling is an efficient way to address the feasibility and productivity analysis of renewable energy systems, and ICHET laboratories offer outstanding facilities to accompany modelling studies with the required experiments for a rigorous fuel cell research.
Testing capabilities
PEM FC test stations for: 100 W single cells; 1 kW single and stacks; 2 kW and 12 kW stacks; Analytical testing devices: gas chromatograph (GC); HPLC; UV-Vis spectrometer; TGA-DSC; FT-IR; optical contact angle and surface tension meter; gas adsorption analyzer; surface area and porosity analyzer.
Membrane testing
Optical contact angle and surface tension meter is a valuable tool for the characterization of fuel cell membrane properties.
G. D.
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>> Spotlight on: ICHET donors >> >> >> Spotlight on: ICHET laboratories
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Corporate information
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Expenditures in USD
4 000 000 3 500 000 3 000 000 2 500 000 2 000 000 1 500 000 1 000 000 500 000 0 2004 2005 8 35
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41 36 35
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2007
2008
2009
2010
Project investments
Salaries (net)
Employees
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Number of employees
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 Technical 2008 2009 2010 Management Administration
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3.4% 1.2%
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An expanding network
Through its demonstration projects and training activities, the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies has linked with a series of institutional, corporate and academic partners.
ICHET is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization founded in Istanbul in 2004 and supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. In 2007, ICHET and the Organization of the Black Sea Economical Cooperation (BSEC) agreed to collaborate by providing funds for preliminary studies for hydrogen energy demonstration projects. This initiative has since been followed by targeted workshops in 2010. Starting their relationship with an International Summer School organized in 2008 in Istanbul, ICHET and the European Commission Joint Research Centres Institute for Energy have signed an agreement to implement various research activities such as testing fuel cell stacks, implementing the established JRC fuel cell test protocols and modelling various fuel cell system issues. N.ERGHY and has been participating in various activities since 2008. In 2009, the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies has become, through UNIDO, a full member of the Hydrogen Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency (IEAHIA). It is the first UN body to join the IEA. ICHET is leading since 11 November 2010 the new IEAHIA Task 29 on Distributed and Community Hydrogen. In order to increase the number of the international projects, ICHET is now actively seeking international matching-funds or donations.
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Using hydrogen as an energy carrier requires key technology breakthroughs and decisive cost reduction in all domains of the energy chain (production, distribution, storage and use). Concerted government policies, international co-operation and public R&D investment are indispensable for catalyzing larger private investment, achieving commercial maturity, building infrastructure and public awareness, and fostering the penetration of hydrogen and fuel cells into a highly competitive marketplace. Transition to a sustainable, hydrogen inclusive energy system requires a clear vision and a decisive strategy. Such a transition, which has already begun, will take decades to complete and therefore requires strong, long-haul commitment. It should not be distracted or confused with short term measures and its progress should not be judged by short term market successes. This transition will undoubtedly cause global economic and social changes, and therefore needs to be understood and supported at all levels, from local communities to international business and governments. Ideally, it should be based on a global consensus and coordinated at a global level.
The sheer scale of the transition ahead brings to mind the United Nations as the ideal entity for the completion of this task. Combined with a strengthened, proactive secretariat, the legitimacy of the UN is an indispensable asset to address the challenges of the coming decade. The recently constituted inter-agency mechanism UN-Energy is uniquely placed to influence global energy developments. Focusing on energy and its links to security, environment, resources, and poverty, UN-Energy should create a vision of the sustainable energy future and a strategy and implementation plan for transition to such future. Created 7 years ago by UNIDO, ICHET was given the special mandate of facilitating the widespread use of hydrogen energy technologies. Through its demonstrations and other activities presented in this book, ICHET is now playing a crucial role in promoting the technologies through UN channels. Provided the appropriate support from national and international stakeholders and institutions, it is to play a determining role in ensuring that hydrogen finds its place in the UN energy vision, strategy and implementation plans. UNIDO-ICHET Consultant Dr. Frano Barbir
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We owe the coming generations the transition to a clean and sustainable hydrogen inclusive economy.
Concept design and artistic direction: Gregory Dziedzic. Contributions from Gregory Dziedzic, Can Uluatam and James Wetherilt. Editing: Gregory Dziedzic and James Wetherilt. Printing: ADA Ofset The authors would like to thank: Wikipedia: the free online encyclopedia (quoted on pages 45 and 49), Adrien Pilleboue for his fuel cell diagramme (page 44), Gkhan Demiray from the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Nancy Falcon from UNIDO.