Pcirf 6 7 Vco

VCO Design Overview
q q
Tuning Range need to cover all frequency channels Noise negative impact on system performance

Receiver lower sensitivity, poorer blocking performance Transmitter increased spectral emissions (output spectrum must meet a mask requirement)
q q q
Power want low power dissipation Isolation want to minimize noise pathways into VCO Sensitivity to PVT variations need to make it manufacturable in high volume
Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 1
VCOs in Wireless Systems
RF integrated systems typically employ a combination of simple mixing with some image filtering and image reject mixing Using one or more IF stages to relax the filter requirements, but need to deal with images Using image reject mixers with I&Q LO signals to eliminate the need of band-pass filters (to enable higher level of integration) VCO noise is characterized in frequency domain as phase noise
Transceiver Case Studies Philips GSM Transceiver
q q q q
Dual conversion in both receive and transmit paths Two LNAs are used to allow the use of two low-cost lossy image-reject filters LO1 and LO2 are at 1.3 GHz and 400 MHz, respectively 30 dB of image reject for the 1.7 GHz interferer
VCOs for High-Speed Wireline Systems
VCO noise also has a negative impact on wireline data links

Receiver increases bit error rate (BER) Transmitter increases jitter on data stream (transmitter must have jitter below a specified level)
VCO noise is characterized in the time domain as jitter (integral of phase noise over the channel bandwidth)
Types of VCO
Prof. C. Patrick Yue
Slide 5
Barkhausens Criteria for Oscillation
Slide 6
Ring Oscillators
Slide 7
LC Oscillators
Slide 8
Ring Oscillators vs. LC Oscillators
Slide 9
LC Oscillator Properties Near Resonance
Slide 10
Amplitude Feedback Loop
Slide 11
Leveraging Amplifier Compression Properties as Feedback
Slide 12
One-Port Model of LC Oscillators
Slide 13
LC-Tank Model
Slide 14
Feedback-Based LC Oscillators
Slide 15
Capacitor or Inductor Transformer in Feedback Oscillators
Slide 16
Colpitts Oscillator
Slide 17
Analysis of Colpitts Oscillator
Slide 18
Simplified Circuit Model for Colpitts Oscillator
Slide 19
Design of Colpitts Oscillator
Slide 20
Colpitts Oscillator Output Swing Estimation
Slide 21
Hartley Oscillator
Slide 22
Simplified Circuit Model for Hartley Oscillator
Slide 23
Cross-Coupled Pair for Negative Resistance
Slide 24
Negative Resistance LC Oscillator
Slide 25
Equivalent Circuit for LC Oscillator
Slide 26
Equivalent Half Circuit for LC Oscillator
Slide 27
Design of Negative Resistance LC Oscillator
Slide 28
Calculation of LO Output Swing
LO signal power at the fundamental frequency depends on the current switching waveform
Higher order harmonics take away some of the power available
Slide 29
LO Swing Calculation Using Idealized Model
Slide 30
Odd Harmonics of LO Output
The odd harmonics (3rd order in particular) of the VCO are not of much concern because such harmonics are not detrimental to multiplication action of the mixer. In fact, presence of odd harmonics often helps to shape the output wave to have sharper transitions when crossing zero, which is desirable in wireline systems. Note that odd harmonics do not affect the duty cycle of the resultant
Even Harmonics of LO Output
Even harmonics of the fundamental LO frequency causes non-50% duty cycle waveform which in turn leads to dc offset This is one of the reasons that differential VCOs are used
Slide 32
Typical Configurations of LC Oscillator
Slide 33
Integrated LC Components
Slide 34
Differential Inductor (1-to-1 Transformer) for VCO
Slide 35
Tuning in Oscillator
Slide 36
PN Junction in Reversed Bias as Varactor
Slide 37
MOS Varactor
Slide 38
Varactor Characteristics
Q of MOS vs. PN-junction varactor is highly process and layout dependent Accumulation-mode MOS varactor requires additional modeling since it is not standard IC component In general, MOS varactors tend to have better temperature coefficient
Practical VCO Tuning Schemes
Slide 40
Combining Switching Fixed Capacitors and Varactors
Slide 41
VCO Behavior Model
Slide 42
VCO Behavior Model
Slide 43
VCO Behavior Model
Slide 44
Focus on the Phase Deviation at Oscillator Output
Slide 45
Simplified Relationship between Output Voltage and Phase
Slide 46
Oscillator Output Power Spectral Density
Slide 47
Definition of Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)
Slide 48
Output Power Spectrum with Spurious Noise
Slide 49
Measurement of Spurious Noise in dBc
Slide 50
Intrinsic Phase Noise in Oscillators
Slide 51
Equivalent Model for Noise Analysis
Slide 52
Impedance of the LC-Tank Near Resonance
Slide 53
LC-Tank Impedance in Terms of Q
Slide 54
Overall Noise Output Spectral Density
Slide 55
Total Noise vs. Intrinsic Noise
Slide 56
Output Noise Spectral Density Function
Slide 57
Separation in Amplitude and Phase Noise
Slide 58
Leesons General Formula for Phase Noise
Slide 59
Example: Active Component Noise Same as Tank Noise
Slide 60
Noise Sources in Practical Oscillators
Slide 61
Practical Phase Noise Profile
Slide 62
Leesons Phase Noise Model Constant F( f)
Slide 63
Phase Noise of Negative Resistance LC Oscillators
Slide 64
More Realistic F( f) for Negative Resistance LC Oscillators
Slide 65
Minimizing Phase Noise
Slide 66
Suppressing Noise Contribution Due to Current Source
Slide 67
Effect of Bypass Capacitor at Tail Node
(A. Hajimiri et al. JSSC, May 1999.)
Slide 68
Suppressing Noise Contribution Due to Current Source
Slide 69
Minimize Noise Contribution Due to Cross-Coupled Devices
Slide 70
Minimize Noise Contribution Due to Cross-Coupled Devices
Slide 71
Current-Limited vs. Voltage-Limited Regimes
Slide 72
Current vs. Voltage Limited Operation in LC VCO
Slide 73
Signal Waveform in Current and Voltage Limited Regimes
Slide 74
Supply Noise Rejection for VCO
Slide 75
References
1.
Prof. M. Perrott, MIT http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-ComputerScience/6-776Spring-2005/CourseHome/index.htm
Slide 76

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VCO Design Overview

VCOs in Wireless Systems

Transceiver Case Studies Philips GSM Transceiver

VCOs for High-Speed Wireline Systems

VCO noise also has a negative impact on wireline data links

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Barkhausens Criteria for Oscillation

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Ring Oscillators vs. LC Oscillators

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

LC Oscillator Properties Near Resonance

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Amplitude Feedback Loop

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Leveraging Amplifier Compression Properties as Feedback

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

One-Port Model of LC Oscillators

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Capacitor or Inductor Transformer in Feedback Oscillators

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Analysis of Colpitts Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Simplified Circuit Model for Colpitts Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Design of Colpitts Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Colpitts Oscillator Output Swing Estimation

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Simplified Circuit Model for Hartley Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Cross-Coupled Pair for Negative Resistance

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Negative Resistance LC Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Equivalent Circuit for LC Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Equivalent Half Circuit for LC Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Design of Negative Resistance LC Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Calculation of LO Output Swing

Higher order harmonics take away some of the power available

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

LO Swing Calculation Using Idealized Model

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Odd Harmonics of LO Output

Even Harmonics of LO Output

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Typical Configurations of LC Oscillator

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Differential Inductor (1-to-1 Transformer) for VCO

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

Prof. C. Patrick Yue

PN Junction in Reversed Bias as Varactor

Prof. C. Patrick Yue