CHAPTER 1

EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL

CHAPTER 1 EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM

1.5
1.6

EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK AND MASS

THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE AND EXERGY DESTRUCTION

1.7

EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED & OPEN SYSTEM

1.1 EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY Amount of energy that can be extracted from an energy source?
Comparing the work potential of different energy sources or systems
Energy Source
Waste Energy
Total Energy

Useful Energy

Exergy

Useful Work The WORK POTENTIAL of the energy in a system at a specified state The MAXIMUM USEFUL WORK that can be obtained from a system at the specified state. EXERGY Availability of Energy Available Energy

Unavailable Energy

A property that used to determine the USEFUL WORK POTENTIAL of a given amount of energy at some SPECIFIED STATE

Quality of Energy

1.1.1 TERMINOLOGY INVOLVED WITH EXERGY

Specified: Not Variable
Initial State

EXERGY ANALYSIS
Reversible Process Maximum Work Output
Final State (Dead State)

TERMINOLOGY DEAD STATE A system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment SURROUNDINGS

Immediate Surroundings Affected by the process

Environment Not affected by the process

process from the SPECIFIED INITIAL STATE to the state of its environment (DEAD STATE)

EXERGY: The MAXIMUM POSSIBLE WORK as it undergoes a reversible

1.1.2

EXERGY ASSOCIATED WITH KE & PE

Kinetic Energy (KE)
MECHANICAL ENERGY

Potential Energy (PE)

100% ENERGY WORK

Exergy of PE

Exergy of KE

Example 1-1: A wind turbine with a 12 m diameter rotor is to be installed at a location where the wind is blowing steadily at an average velocity of 10 m/s. Determine the maximum power that can be generated by the wind turbine.
Example 1-2: Consider a large furnace that can transfer heat at a temperature of 1100 K at a steady rate of 3000 kW. Determine the rate of exergy flow associated with this heat transfer. Assume an environment temperature of 25 C.

1.2

REVERSIBLE WORK & IRREVERSIBILITY

EXERGY: The MAXIMUM POSSIBLE WORK as it undergoes a reversible process from the SPECIFIED INITIAL STATE to the state of its environment (DEAD STATE)

Dead State: Hard Not only for 2 fix states

ACTUAL ENGINEERING SYSTEM

T

Isentropic Process: Limited to Adiabatic Process

Ideal
Irreversibility in the pump Pressure drop in the boiler

2 2 1 1 Actual
Pressure drop in the condenser

Irreversibility in the turbine

4
4

2 Quantities Related To The Actual Initial And Final States REVERSIBLE WORK, Wrev IRREVERSIBILITY, I (EXERGY DESTRUCTION)

1.2.1 REVERSIBLE WORK & IRREVERSIBILITY ACTUAL ENGINEERING SYSTEM 2 Quantities Related To The Actual Initial And Final States
REVERSIBLE WORK, Wrev IRREVERSIBILITY, I (EXERGY DESTRUCTION)

SURROUNDING WORKS
EXPENSION Useful Work, Wu Wu = Wa - Wsurr Wu = Wa Po(V2-V1) COMPRESSION Useful Work, Wu Wu = W a+ Wsurr Wu = Wa + Po(V2-V1)

No Volume Change, V=0 No Moving Boundary

Wsurr =0 Wu = Wa

1.2.2 REVERSIBLE WORK & IRREVERSIBILITY

REVERSIBLE WORK, Wrev The MAXIMUM amount of USEFUL WORK that can be produced as a system undergoes A PROCESS between the SPECIFIED INITIAL and FINAL STATES Initial State Final State Wrev=Exergy, Final State = DEAD STATE I=0 Wrev = Wu IRREVERSIBILITY, I (EXERGY DESTRUCTION) Any Difference between Wrev and Wu

Irreversibility = Exergy Destroyed

I = Wrev,out - Wu,out I = Wu,in - Wrev,in Waste work potential @ Lost opportunity to do work
T
Ideal
Irreversibility in the pump

Pressure drop in the boiler

Wu<Wrev
3

2 2 1 1 Actual
Pressure drop in the condenser Wu >W rev

Irreversibility in the turbine

4
4

Example 1-3: A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200 K at a rate of 500 kJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium at 300 K. The power output of the heat engine is 180 kW. Determine the reversible power and the irreversibility rate for this process.

1.3

SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY,

II

EFFICIENCY: System Performance

Thermal Efficiency,
th

First Law of Thermodynamics: QUANTITY OF ENERGY No reference to the best possible performance Performance: MISLEADING

Reversible Thermal Efficiency (Max), th, rev

Second Law of Thermodynamics: QUALITY OF ENERGY Reference to the best possible performance

II=0.60

II=0.43

THE BEST Higher Performance?

SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, II

HEAT ENGINE

1.3.1

OTHER SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY,

II II

EXPRESSIONS

HEAT ENGINE

WORKPRODUCING DEVICE:

WORKCONSUMING DEVICE:

CYCLIC DEVICES: REFRIGERATOR @ HEAT PUMP

GENERAL DEFINITION

1.3.2

OTHER SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, GENERAL DEFINITION

II

EXPRESSIONS

HEAT ENGINE

Exergy Expended: The decrease in the exergy of the heat transferred to the engine

Exergy Destroyed: Irreversibility

Exergy Recovered: The net work output

1.3.3

OTHER SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, GENERAL DEFINITION

II

EXPRESSIONS

REFRIGERATOR @ HEAT PUMP

Exergy Expended: The work input Exergy Recovered: The exergy of the heat transferred to the hightemperature medium (HP) or from the low temperature medium (REF)

Exergy Destroyed: Irreversibility

1.3.4

OTHER SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, GENERAL DEFINITION

II

EXPRESSIONS

ELECTRIC HEATER

Exergy Expended: The electrical energy the resistance heater consume from the resource Exergy Recovered: The exergy content of the heat supplied to the room

Exergy Destroyed: Irreversibility Q

Heated Space at TH Environment at T0 1st Law: Qe= We

Example 1-4: A dealer advertises that he has just receive a shipment of electric resistance heaters for residential buildings that have an efficiency of 100%. Assuming an indoor temperature of 21 C and outdoor temperature of 10 C, determine the second-law efficiency of these heaters.

1.4

EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM

EXERGY The work potential of a system in a specified environment The maximum amount of useful work that can be obtained as the system is brought to equilibrium with the environment Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Non-flow (or Closed System) Exergy
EXERGY CHANGE

Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream or Open System) Exergy

Energy Balance Equation

Net Energy Transfer

Energy Change

1.4.1

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS: NON-FLOW (OR CLOSED SYSTEM) EXERGY

Energy Change (Non-flow)

Internal Energy

Sensible Energy: Molecules KE

Latent Energy: Binding Forces (Phase Change)

Chemical Energy

Nuclear Energy
Internal Energy

HEAT SECOND LAW: Not 100% Heat Work

Work potential of Internal Energy

<

How Much Less?

1.4.2

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS: NON-FLOW (OR CLOSED SYSTEM) EXERGY

Stationary Close System

Internal Energy Sensible Latent Energy Energy HEAT SECOND LAW: Not 100% Heat Work
Work potential of Internal Energy

<

Internal Energy

How Much Less?

Initial: Specified State Reversible Process Final: Environment State

1.4.3

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS: NON-FLOW (OR CLOSED SYSTEM) EXERGY

S
U

Reversible Process: Not allow any heat transfer Reversible Heat Engine: T T0

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS (NON-FLOW EXERGY)

1.4.4
V

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS: NON-FLOW (OR CLOSED SYSTEM) EXERGY

S U

EXERGY OF A FIXED MASS (NON-FLOW EXERGY)

NON-FLOW EXERGY CHANGE

KE=0; PE=0:

1.4.5

EXERGY OF A FLOW STREAM: FLOW (OR STREAM) EXERGY

Energy Change (Flow)

Energy Change (Non-flow)

1.4.6

EXERGY OF A FLOW STREAM: FLOW (OR STREAM) EXERGY

EXERGY OF A FLOW STREAM (FLOW EXERGY)

FLOW EXERGY CHANGE

KE=0; PE=0:

Example 1-5: A 200 m3 piston-cylinder device contains compressed air at 1 MPa and 300 K. Determine how much work can be obtained from this air if the environment conditions are 100 kPa and 300K.

Example 1-6: Refrigerant-134a is to be compressed from 0.14 MPa and -10 C to 0.8 MPa and 50 C steadily by a compressor. Taking the environment conditions to be 20 C and 95 kPa, determine the exergy change of the refrigerant during this process and the minimum work input that need to be supplied to the compressor per unit mass of the refrigerant.

1.5

EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT, WORK, & MASS (CROSS BOUNDARY)

Energy Balance Equation Energy Change

Net Energy Transfer

EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT (Q), Xheat

EXERGY TRANSFER BY WORK (W), Xwork

EXERGY TRANSFER BY MASS (m), Xmass

Boundary work: Piston device

Mass Flow: Mechanism to transport X, S & E

Other form of work: Shaft work

1.6

THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The Increase of Entropy Principle: Entropy can be created but cannot be destroyed
Actual process: Reversible:

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Conservation of Energy Principle: Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Non-Flow Exergy Change

Alternative Statement for SECOND LAW The Decrease of Exergy Principle: The exergy of an isolated system during a process always decreases (destroyed) or remain constant for reversible process

Positive value

1.6.1

EXERGY DESTRUCTION
IRREVERSIBILITIES

Friction, Mixing , Chemical Reaction, Heat Transfer Through A Finite Temperature Difference, Unrestrained Expansion, Non-quasi Equilibrium Compression Or Expansion GENERATE ENTROPY DESTROYS EXERGY

Actual process:

Reversible:

IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS , Xdestroyed DETERMINATION: 1. IRREVERSIBLE: Xdestroyed > 0 2. REVERSIBLE : Xdestroyed = 0 3. IMPOSSIBLEPROCESS: Xdestroyed < 0

NO EXERGY DESTROYED

1.7
GENERAL:

EXERGY BALANCE: GENERAL

Net Exergy Transfer: Heat, Work, Mass

Exergy Destruction

Change in Exergy

1.7.1

EXERGY BALANCE: CLOSED SYSTEM

CLOSED SYSTEM

Example 1-7: Consider steady heat transfer through a 5 m X 6 m brick wall of a house of thickness 30 cm. On a day when the temperature of the outdoors is 0 C, the house is maintained at 27 C. The temperature of the inner and outer surfaces of the brick wall are measured to be 20 C and 5 C, respectively, and the rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1035 W. Determine the rate of exergy destruction in the wall, and the rate of total exergy destruction associated with this heat transfer process.

Example 1-8: A piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 kg of steam at 1 MPa and 300 C . Steam now expands to a final state of 200 kPa and 150 C, doing work. Heat losses from the system to the surroundings are estimated to be 2 kJ during this process. Assuming the surroundings to be at T0=25 C and P0=100 kPa, determine (a) the exergy of the steam at the initial and the final states, (b) the exergy change of the steam, the exergy destroyed, and (d) the second law efficiency for the process.

1.7.2 EXERGY BALANCE: CONTROL VOLUME (OPEN SYSTEM)

STEADY FLOW SYSTEM

1.8

REVERSIBLE WORK, Wrev

W=Wrev Xdestroyed=0 STEADY FLOW SYSTEM

ADIABATIC SYSTEM

1.9

SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY,
GENERAL DEFINITION

II

STEADY FLOW DEVICES

ADIABATIC TURBINE

ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR

Example 1-9: Steam enters a turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 450 C at a rate of 8 kg/s and exits at 0.2 MPa and 150 C. The steam is losing heat to the surrounding air at 100 kPa and 25 C at a rate of 300 kW, and the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. Determine (a) the actual power output, (b) the maximum possible power output, the second-law efficiency, (d) the exergy destroyed, and (e) the exergy of the steam at the inlet conditions.

END OF CHAPTER 1

EXERGY: A MEASURE OF WORK POTENTIAL