UMTS Fundamentals

1: UMTS Fundamentals
Version 2.0 West Region - UMTS RF Engineering

Proprietary and Confidential
Module 1: UMTS Fundamentals

Module Overview
1.1 Introduction 1.2 CDMA Multiple Access Fundamentals 1.3 UMTS System Technology & Physical Interfaces WCDMA Air Interface UMTS Key Concepts 1.4 HSDPA 1.5 HSUPA
The overall aim of Module 1 is to give a broad grounding of UMTS concepts on which to build on in the following modules
Slide 2
Introduction
Introduction
abc
Slide 4
Multiple Access Fundamentals
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signalling) Channel Bandwidth
frequency
User N
User 1
time
Slide 6
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Timeslot Period
Frame Period
frequency time
User 1 User 1
Slide 7
Channel Bandwidth
FDMA/TDMA
Timeslot Period Frame Period
frequency
Channel Bandwidth
User 1
User 1
time
Slide 8
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
frequency
code
Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signalling)
time
Slide 9
Code Division Multiple Access

Spreading
P
Despreading Channel
P f
P Tx Bit Stream
P
f
f Air Interface Chip Stream
P
f
Rx Bit Stream
Identica l codes
Code Chip Stream
Code Chip Stream
Slide 10

1
Tx Bit Stream
Spreading
-1
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface Chip Stream
Despreading
Code Chip Stream

Rx Bit Stream
Slide 11

1
Tx Bit Stream
Spreading
-1
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface Chip Stream
Despreading
Code Chip Stream Y Rx Bit Stream
Slide 12
WCDMA System Overview
WCDMA Network Topology

MSC (Voice & Video calls)
Iu-CS
WCDMA Air Interface Uu Iub
PSTN 2G Net
Iu-PS
User Equipment (UE) & USIM
Node Bs
RNC 3G SGSN
GGSN
IP Domain
(Wap, Internet, Streaming)
Slide 14
WCDMA Air Interface Concepts
Key WCDMA Concepts

Key WCDMA concepts to be covered
AIR INTERFACE OVERVIEW POWER CONTROL Open Closed (Fast/Slow) HANDOVER Intra-Frequency (Soft/Softer) Inter-Frequency (Other WCDMA carrier) Inter-System (3G->2G) RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Admission Control Load Control Packet Scheduler Resource Management Mobility Management Power Control
Slide 16
WCDMA Air Interface Overview
WCDMA Air Interface

UMTS FDD
Multiple Access Modulation Carrier Spacing Frame Length Slots per Frame Multiple Rates Chip Rate Max Data Rate Synchronous Handover
CDMA QPSK/16QAM 5MHz (200kHz raster) 10ms/2ms 15
UMTS TDD
CDMA QPSK 5MHz (200kHz raster) 10ms 15
Multi-code, Multi-code, multiVariable slot Spreading Factor 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 14.4Mbps No Soft 2Mbps Yes Hard
Slide 18
WCDMA Spreading Codes
WCDMA used Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Codes to spread user data in both the uplink and the downlink Spreading separates the different users in the code domain The maximum spreading factor used in UMTS is 512 DL Speech uses SF=128 DL 384k used SF=8
SF 2 SF 4 SF 8 SF 16
Slide 19
WCDMA Scrambling Codes (SC)

After spreading the bit stream is scrambled In the uplink one SC per UE In the downlink (typically) one SC per sector Spreading separates the different base stations in the code domain
Spreading
Scrambling
User Bit Stream
TX Bit Stream
Spreading Code
Proprietary and Confidential Slide 20
Scrambling Code
WCDMA Code Summary

Synchronisation Codes
Gold Codes, Primary Synchronization Codes (PSC) and Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC)
Channelisation Codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes, sometimes called Walsh codes
Scrambling Codes, UL
Complex-Valued Gold Code Segments (long) or ComplexValued S(2) Codes (short)
Scrambling Codes, DL
Type
Complex-Valued Gold Code Segments
Length
256 chips
4-512 chips
38400 chips /256 chips
38400 chips
Duration
66.67 s
1.04 s - 133.34 s
10 ms / 66.67 s
10 ms
Number of codes
1 primary code / 16 secondary codes
= spreading factor, 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL
16,777,216
512 primary / 15 secondary for each primary code
Spreading
No, does not change bandwidth
Yes, increases bandwidth
Usage
To enable terminals to locate and synchronise to the cells' main control channels
UL: to separate physical data and control data from same terminal. DL: to separate connection to different terminals in a same cell
Separation of terminal
Separation of sectors
Slide 21
WCDMA Logical Channels

Control Channels
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH Broadcast Control Channel Paging Control Channel Common Control Channel Dedicated Control Channel
Traffic Channels
DTCH CTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel Common Traffic Channel
Slide 22
WCDMA Transport Channels

Common Channels
BCH FACH PCH RACH CPCH Broadcast Channel Forward Access Channel Paging Channel Random Access Channel Common Packet Channel
Dedicated Channels
DCH DSCH Dedicated Channel Downlink Shared Channel
Slide 23
WCDMA Physical Channels

Common Control Channels P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel (DL) S-SCH Secondary Synchronisation Channel (DL) CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL) AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL) PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL) PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL) PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL) AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) Dedicated Channels DPDCH DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)
Slide 24
WCDMA Transport -> Physical Channel Mapping

Transport Channels
RACH CPCH BCH PCH FACH DSCH DCH
PICH AICH DPCCH DPDCH PDSCH S-CCPCH P-CCPCH PCPCH PRACH P-SCH S-SCH CPICH AP-AICH CD/CA-ICH
Spreading/Modulation
Physical Channels
Slide 25
WCDMA Air Interface Key Concepts
Scrambling Codes & CPICH

CPICH
The Common Pilot Indication Channel (CPICH) is broadcast from every cell It carries no information and can be thought of as a beacon constantly transmitting the Scrambling Code of the cell It is this beacon that is used by the phone for its cell measurements for network acquisition and handover purposes (Ec, Ec/Io).
Slide 27
3G Coverage Measurements
The majority of 3G coverage measurements are based upon measurements of the CPICH Golden Rule: If the UE cant see the CPICH the UE cant see the cell. Initial 3G network optimisation will be performed purely from CPICH measurements Three key related measurements for 3G optimisation are Ec Io Ec/Io - The Received Signal Level of a particular CPICH (dBm) - The Total Received Power (dBm) - The CPICH Quality (The ratio of the above two values)
Slide 28
Total Received Power Io
Io
In a WCDMA network the User Equipment (UE) may receive signals from many cells whether in handover or not Io* = The sum total of all of these signals + any background noise (dBm)
*Note: Sometimes Io is referred to as No, RSSI or ISSI
Slide 29
Received Power of a CPICH (RSCP)
Ec1
Ec2
Using the properties of SCs the UE is able to extract the respective CPICH levels from the sites received RSCP* = The Received Power of a Particular CPICH (dBm)
*Note: Sometimes RSCP is referred to as Ec
Slide 30
The CPICH Quality (Ec/Io)
RSCP1
RSCP2
From the previous two measures we can calculate a signal quality for each CPICH (SC) received Ec/Io = RSCP - Io (dB)
*Note: Sometimes Ec/Io is referred to as Ec/No
Slide 31
Example
Ec/Io1= -5dB
Ec/Io2 = -10dB
Io=-80dBm
From the above three measurements we can calculate for each pilot the RSCP level for that particular pilot
RSCP1 = -80 - 5 = -85dBm RSCP2 = -80 - 10 = -90dBm
Slide 32
Ec, Io and Ec/Io Measurement

All commercial scanners and test UEs are capable of making Ec, Io and Ec/Io measurements It is these measurements that are used for coverage analysis and basic optimisation
Slide 33
Power Control
Slide 34
Power Control
The near far problem
In any CDMA network, the power of the BTS and UE must be tightly controlled to avoid interference to other BTSs/UEs
Slide 35
Power Control
Types of Power Control
Open Loop Power Control Used to set the initial transmit power of the BTS/UE
Closed Loop Power Control Used to control power of uplink/downlink DCHs Inner Loop (Or Fast Power Control) used to control TX Power (UL/DL) Outer Loop (Or Slow Power Control) used to control SIR Targets (UL/DL)
Slide 36
Open Loop Power Control

Open Loop Power Control (UPLINK)
Open Loop Power Control Used to set the initial transmit power of the BTS/UE UPLINK: Uses a measure of DL path loss to provide estimate uplink path loss UPLINK: CPICH measurement by the UE along with the reported BTS Noise Floor are used to determine the initial TX power of the UE
Preamble_Initial_power = CPICH_Tx_power CPICH_RSCP + UL_interference + UL_required_CI
CPICH_RSCP CPICH_Tx_power UL_Interference UL_required_CI
Slide 37
Open Loop Power Control

Open Loop Power Control (DOWNLINK)
Open Loop Power Control Used to set the initial transmit power of the BTS/UE DOWNLINK: Uses a measure of DL path loss to set initial DL TX power
PPDPCH_Initial = Eb/No - PG + CPICH_Tx_Power CPICH_Ec/Io
CPICH_Tx_power
CPICH_Ec/Io Eb/No PG
Slide 38
Closed Loop Power Control

Enables the BTS/UE to rapidly adjust their DCH TX powers to track the changing channel conditions (path loss & interference) in order to maintain the required SIR at the receiving UE/BTS Uses feedback (power control commands) in the opposite link to adjust Tx power accordingly
Slide 39

Closed Loop Power Control Used to control power of uplink/downlink DCHs Two components to Closed Loop Power control in WCDMA Inner Loop (Or Fast Power Control) used to control TX Power (UL/DL) Outer Loop (Or Slow Power Control) used to control SIR Targets (UL/DL)
Outer Loop PC Inner Loop PC Iu-CS Uu Iub
Iu-PS User Equipment (UE) & USIM Node Bs RNC
Slide 40

Closed Loop: Inner Loop Power Control
Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands (up/down) issued to UE (Uplink) and BTS (Downlink) to maintain Target SIR every time slot (1500 Hz) Power control step size typically 1dB (Algorithm 1) Below 30km/h 1.5KHz and 1dB is fast enough to track changes Above 30km/h other schemes such as (Algorithm 2) maybe more suitable
Inner Loop PC
Required SIRDL
Uu
Required SIRUL
Node Bs
Slide 41

Closed Loop: Outer Loop Power Control
RNC compares uplink BLER with BLER target and sets SIRUL accordingly UE compares downlink BLER with BLER target and set SIRDL accordingly Frequency 10 to 100 Hz Step size 0.1 to 1dB
Outer Loop PC
Uu
Iub
Node Bs
RNC
Slide 42
WCDMA Handovers
Slide 43
Handovers in WCDMA
Soft Handover
Intra-system Handover
Hard Handover
Inter-frequency Handover Inter-system Handover
Slide 44
Handovers in WCDMA - Softer HO

Softer handover occurs between sectors of the same site
Slide 45
Handovers in WCDMA - Soft HO

Soft handover occurs between sectors of the different sites
For both softer and soft handover UE Ec/Io measurements are used to determine whether a cell should be added or removed from the active set
Slide 46
Soft Handover
Mechanics of Soft Handover
In WCDMA to avoid interference the UE must be connected to its best serving cell at all times Another mechanism to minimize interference is Soft Hanover the Make Before Break handover In order to ensure this when in-call the UE constantly monitors the CPICH signal quality (Ec/Io) of its serving cell and its serving cells declared neighbors
Slide 47
Soft Handover
Neighbor List
In WCDMA like GSM each cell has to declare at list of valid neighbors Intra-system neighbors (32 Max) Inter-frequency neighbors (32 Max) Inter-system neighbors (32 Max)
Slide 48
Soft Handover
The Active Set
The Active Set is defined as the list of cells the UE is connected to during dedicated mode Active set size = 1: UE Not in Soft Handover Active set size > 1: UE in Soft Handover Typically Active set size limited to 3
Slide 49
Soft Handover
Updating the Active Set
Addition Window Drop Window Replacement Window
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 50
Soft Handover
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 51
Soft Handover
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 52
Soft Handover
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 53
Soft Handover
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 54
Soft Handover
Ec/Io1
Addition Window
Drop Window
Ec/Io2
Tadd
Tdrop
Slide 55
Soft Handover
Ec/Io1
Addition Window Ec/Io2
Drop Window
Ec/Io3
Ec/Io4 Tadd Tadd Treplace
Slide 56
Soft Handover
Io
-60dBm
RSCP1
-65dBm
RSCP2
-70dBm
RSCP3
-77dBm
RSCP4
-83dBm
Slide 57
Handovers - Inter frequency HO

Inter frequency handover occurs between two WCDMA carriers Used once operator deploys its second carrier, for microcell layer or capacity purposes
Slide 58
Handovers - Inter system HO

Inter system handover occurs between 3G and other systems (2G, TDD, WiMAX) As with all handovers, accurate adjacencies will be required
3G
2G
Slide 59
Inter System Handover -3G/2G

Inter System HO occurs at the boundary of 3G coverage
3G Network Edge In building? Area of poor 3G coverage
3G
2G
Slide 60
Inter System Handover -3G/2G

Currently most vendors only support Intersystem HO for Voice and PS Data services 3G->2G Voice HO is a real Hard Handover (seamless from user point of view) 3G->2G PS Data HO is effectively a reselection (disruption in data communications for a number of seconds)
3G
2G
Slide 61
Inter System Handover -3G/2G Voice

Typical Dual Mode 3G/2G UEs utilize a single TRX During a voice call on WCDMA TRX utilise 100% However during 3G/2G HO UE needs to detect 2G neighbours Therefore some time sharing of TRX (RX actually) is required to detect potential 2G Handover candidates This time sharing mode is know as Compressed Mode During compressed mode the UE the instantaneous transmit power is increased in the compressed frame in order to keep the quality (BER, FER, etc.) unaffected by the reduced processing gain
3G
2G
Slide 62
Inter System Handover -3G/2G Voice

During compressed mode UE attempts to detect 2G candidate cells (ARFCN) and reports detected neighbours to RNC RNC may requests further verification (BSIC) Finally RNC will instruct UE to handover to the chosen 2G cell and the call continues on GSM
3G
2G
Slide 63
Inter System Handover -3G/2G PS Data

As with voice, during PS 3G/2G HO the UE needs to detect the 2G neighbors Again compressed mode is used to detect 2G candidate cells (ARFCN) and report detected neighbours to RNC RNC may requests further verification (BSIC) Finally RNC will instruct UE to reselect to the chosen 2G cell and initiate PS Data transfer on GSM (GPRS)
3G
2G
Slide 64
Radio Resource Management
Slide 65

Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Aim of RRM is to efficiently manage the Radio Resources of the WCDMA air interface Different vendors have implemented different RRM strategies and algorithms Generally RRM functions can be group as follows Admission Control Load Control Packet Scheduler Resource Management
Cell Based
Power Control Mobility Control
Connection Based
Slide 66

Admission Control
Responsible for determining if the system (Air Interface, Code Tree, Channel Elements, Iub, RNC, Iu etc), can accept the call Air Interface (Uplink Load, Downlink Load/Tx Power) ? Code Tree Fragmentation ? Processing Capacity ? Iub Capacity ? RNC Capacity ? May give priority to different types of calls Typically voice/video take precedent
Considers reports from Load Control Entity to assist decisions
Slide 67

Load Control
Responsible for ensuring cell does not go into overload condition Constantly monitoring Uplink Rx power and Downlink Tx power Preventative action taken to avoid overload condition Load reports sent to Admission Control and Packet Scheduler
Slide 68

Packet Schedule
Responsible for maximizing throughput of cell/users Considers reports from Load Control Entity to assist decisions Should allocate the best bearer for the job HSDPA / 384k / 128k / 64k / 32k / FACH etc.
Load
Load Target
Free Capacity for PS or HSDPA
CS Load
Time
Slide 69

Resource Manager
Responsible for ensuring efficient use of cells processing capacity Code use Channel element use
384 user #2 384 user #1

SF 4
SF 8 SF 16
128 user #1
Slide 70

Power Control
As shown earlier power control is used to maintain the quality of the radio link Minimizing the uplink and downlink transmission power maximizes system capacity
Outer Loop PC Inner Loop PC Iu-CS Uu Iub
Iu-PS User Equipment (UE) & USIM Node Bs RNC
Slide 71

Mobility Manager
Responsible for maintaining radio links with UE during mobility Intra-system handover Inter-system handover Link Adaptation
3G
3G
3G
2G
Slide 72
Key WCDMA Concepts Summary

Key WCDMA concepts to be covered
AIR INTERFACE OVERVIEW POWER CONTROL Open Closed (Fast/Slow) HANDOVER Intra-Frequency (Soft/Softer) Inter-Frequency (Other WCDMA carrier) Inter-System (3G->2G) RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Admission Control Load Control Packet Scheduler Resource Management Mobility Management Power Control
Slide 73
Module 1. UMTS Fundamentals Summary
Module 1: UMTS Fundamentals

Module Summary
1.1 Background & Evolution to 3G and beyond 1.2 CDMA Multiple Access Fundamentals 1.3 UMTS System Technology & Physical Interfaces WCDMA Air Interface UMTS Key Concepts 1.4 WCDMA Link Budgets 1.5 West Region Planning Process Overview
The overall aim of Module 1 is to give a broad grounding of UMTS concepts on which to build on in the following modules
Slide 75

UMTS Fundamentals

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1: UMTS Fundamentals

Version 2.0 West Region - UMTS RF Engineering

Module 1: UMTS Fundamentals

Proprietary and Confidential

Proprietary and Confidential

Proprietary and Confidential

Multiple Access Fundamentals

Proprietary and Confidential

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Proprietary and Confidential

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Proprietary and Confidential

Proprietary and Confidential

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

Proprietary and Confidential

Frame Period (we may still need frames/timeslots for signalling)

Code Division Multiple Access

f Air Interface Chip Stream

Code Chip Stream

Proprietary and Confidential

Code Division Multiple Access

Code Chip Stream

Air Interface Chip Stream

Code Chip Stream

Proprietary and Confidential

Code Division Multiple Access

Code Chip Stream

Air Interface Chip Stream

Code Chip Stream Y Rx Bit Stream

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA System Overview

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Network Topology

User Equipment (UE) & USIM

(Wap, Internet, Streaming)

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Air Interface Concepts

Proprietary and Confidential

Key WCDMA Concepts

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Air Interface Overview

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Air Interface

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Spreading Codes

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Scrambling Codes (SC)

User Bit Stream

WCDMA Code Summary

Complex-Valued Gold Code Segments

38400 chips /256 chips

1 primary code / 16 secondary codes

= spreading factor, 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL

512 primary / 15 secondary for each primary code

No, does not change bandwidth

Yes, increases bandwidth

No, does not change bandwidth

No, does not change bandwidth

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Logical Channels

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Transport Channels

Proprietary and Confidential

WCDMA Physical Channels