RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 1 MECHANI CS Mechanics is the branch of physics which deals with the cause and effects

of motion of a particle, rigid objects and deformable bodies etc. Mechanics is classif ied under two streams namely Statics and Dynamics. Dynamics is further divided into Kinematics and Kin etics. 1. MOTI ON AND REST Motion is a combined property of the object and the observer. There is no me aning of rest or motion without the observer. Nothing is in absolute rest or in absolute motion. An object is said to be in motion with respect to a observer, if i ts position changes with respect to that observer. It may happen by both ways either observer moves or o bj ect moves. 2. RECTI LI NEAR MOTI ON Rectilinear motion is motion, along a straight line or in one dimensi on. It deals with the kinematics of a particle in one dimension. 2. 1 Posi t i on The position of a particle refers to its location in the space at a certain mo ment of time. It is concerned with the question where is the particle at a particular moment of time? 2. 2 Di spl acement The change in the position of a moving object is known as displacement. It is the vector joining the initial position ( 1 r ) of the particle to its final position ( 2 r ) during an interval of time. Displacement can be negative positive or zero. r 2 2. 3 Di st ance The length of the actual path travelled by a particle during a given time interv al is called as distance. The distance travelled is a scalar quantity which is qui te different from displacement. In general, the distance travelled between two points may not be e qual to the magnitude of the displacement between the same points. RECTILINEAR MOTION RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 2 Example 1. Ram takes path 1 (straight line) to go from P to Q and Shyam takes path 2 (semicircle). (a) Find the distance travelled by Ram and Shyam? P Q 1 2 100 m

(b) Find the displacement of Ram and Shyam? Solution : (a) Distance travelled by Ram = 100 m Distance travelled by Shyam = t(50 m) = 50t m (b) Displacement of Ram = 100 m Displacement of Shyam = 100 m 2. 4 Average Velocity (in an interval) : The average velocity of a moving particle over a certain time interval is defined as the displacement divided by the lapsed time. Average Velocity = erval int time nt displaceme for straight line motion, along xaxis, we have v av = v = <v> = t x A A = i f i f t t x x The dimension of velocity is [LT -1 ] and its SI unit is m/s. The average velocity is a vector in the direction of displacement. For motion in a straight line, directional aspect of a vector can be taken care of by +ve an d -ve sign of the quantity. 2. 5 Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant) : The velocity at a particular instant of time is known as instantaneous velocity. The term velocity usually means instantaneous velocity. V inst. = | . | \ | A A A t x lim 0 t = dt dx In other words, the instantaneous velocity at a given moment (say ,

t) is the limiting value of the average velocity as we let At approach zero. The limit as At 0 is w ritten in calculus notation as dx/dt and is called the derivative of x with respect to t. Note : The magnitude of instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are equal. The determination of instantaneous velocity by using the definition usu ally involves calculation of derivative. We can find v = dt dx by using the standard results from differential calculus. Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 3 Example 2. A particle starts from a point A and travels along the solid curve s hown in figure. Find approximately the position B of the particle such that the average velocity between the positi ons A and B has the same direction as the instantaneous velocity at B. Answer : x = 5m, y = 3m Solution : The given curve shows the path of the particle starting at y = 4 m. Average velocity = taken time nt displaceme ; where displacement is straight line distance between points Instantaneous velocity at any point is the tangent drawn to the curve at that po int. Now, as shown in the graph, line AB shows displacement as well as the tangent to the given curve. Hence, point B is the point at which direction of AB shows average as well as in stantaneous velocity. 2. 6 Average Speed (i n an i nt erval ) Average speed is defined as the total path length travelled divided b y the total time interval during which the motion has taken place. It helps in describing the mot ion along the actual path. Average Speed = interval time travelled distance The dimension of velocity is [LT -1 ] and its SI unit is m/s. Note : Average speed is always positive in contrast to average velocity which being a vector, can be positive or negative. If the motion of a particle is along a straight line and in same direction then, average velocity = average speed. Average speed is, in general, greater than the magnitude of average velocity. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 4 Example 3. In the example 1, if Ram takes 4 seconds and Shyam takes 5 seconds t o go from P to Q, find (a) Average speed of Ram and Shyam? (b) Average velocity of Ram and Shyam? Solution : (a) Average speed of Ram = 4

100 m/s = 25 m/s Average speed of Shyam = 5 50 m/s = 10t m/s (b) Average velocity of Ram = 4 100 m/s = 25 m/s (From P to Q) Average velocity of Shyam = 5 100 m/s = 20 m/s (From P to Q) Example 4. A particle travels half of total distance with speed v 1 and next half with speed v 2 along a straight line. Find out the average speed of the particle? Solution : Let total distance travelled by the particle be 2s. Time taken to travel first half = 1 v s Time taken to travel next half = 2 v s Average speed = taken time Total covered distance Total = 2 1 v s v s s 2 + = 2 1 2 1 v v v v 2 + (harmonic progression) Example 5. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a uniform velocity v 1 for some time and with uniform velocity v 2 for the next equal time. The average velocity v is given by Answer : 2 v v v 2 1 +

= (Arithmetic progression) Solution : As shown, the person travels from A to B through a distance S, where first part S 1 is travelled in time t/2 and next S 2 also in time t/2. So, according to the condition : v 1 = 2 / t S 1 and v 2 = 2 / t S 2 Average velocity = taken time Total nt displaceme Total = t S S 2 1 + = t 2 t v 2 t v 2 1 + = 2 v v 2 1 + 2. 6 Average accel erat i on (i n an i nt erval ) : The average acceleration for a finite time interval is defined as : Average acceleration = erval int time velocity in change Average acceleration is a vector quantity whose direction is same as that of the change in velocity. av a = t v A A

= t v v i f A RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 5 Since for a straight line motion the velocities are along a line, therefore a av = t v A A = i f i f t t v v (where one has to substitute v f and v i with proper signs in one dimensional motion) 2. 8 I nstant aneous Accel erat i on ( at an i nst ant ) : The instantaneous acceleration of a particle is its acceleration at a particular instant of time. It is defined as the derivative (rate of change) of velocity with respect to time. We usually mean instantaneous acceleration when we say acceleration. For straight mo tion we define instantaneous acceleration as : a = dt dv = | . | \ | A A A v lim 0 t a = dt v d

and in general

= | . | \ | A A A v lim 0 t

The dimension of acceleration is [LT -2 ] and its SI unit is m/s 2 . 3. GRAPHI CAL I NTERPRETATI ON OF SOME QUANTI TI ES 3. 1 Average Vel oci t y If a particle passes a point P (x i ) at time t = t i and reaches Q (x f ) at a later time instant t = t f , its average velocity in the interval PQ is V av = t x A A = i f i f t t x x This expression suggests that the average velocity is equal t o t he sl ope of t he l i ne ( chor d) j oi ni ng t he poi nt s corresponding to P and Q on the xt graph. x Q P t O x f x i t i t f 3. 2 I nst ant aneous Vel oci t y

Consider the motion of the particle between the two points P and Q on the xt graph shown. As the point Q is brought closer and closer to the point P, the time interval between PQ (At, At ', At'',......) get progressively smaller. The average veloci ty for each time interval is the slope of the appropriate dotted line (PQ, PQ', PQ''......). As the point Q approaches P, the time interval approaches zero, but at the same time the slope of the dotted line approaches that of the tangent to the curve at the point P. As At 0, V av (=Ax/At) V inst. Geometrically, as At 0, chord PQ tangent at P. Hence the instantaneous velocity at P is the slope of the tangent at P in the x t graph. When the slope of the x t graph is positive, v is positive (as at the point A in figure). At C, v is negative because t he t angent has negat i ve sl ope. The i nst ant aneous velocity at point B (turning point) is zero as the slope is zero. 3. 3 I nst ant aneous Accel erat i on : The derivative of velocity with respect to time is the slope of the tangent in velocity time (vt) graph. v t a<0 a=0 0 a>0 a=0 a=0 RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 6 Example 6. Position of a particle as a function of time is given as x = 5t 2 + 4t + 3. Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle at t = 2 s? Solution : Velocity; v = dt dx = 10t + 4 At t = 2 s v = 10(2) + 4 v = 24 m/s Acceleration; a = 2 2 dt x d = 10 Acceleration is constant, so at t = 2 s a = 10 m/s 2 4. MOTI ON Consider a point x = x i at t = Equations WI TH UNI FORM VELOCI TY particle moving along xaxis with uniform velocity u starting from the

0. of x, v, a are : x (t) = x

i + ut ; v (t) = u ; a (t) = 0 - x t graph is a straight line of slope u through x i . - as velocity is constant, v t graph is a horizontal line. - at graph coincides with time axis because a = 0 at all time instan ts. x O x i t u is negative s lo p e = u v O u t positive velocity v O u t negative velocity 5. UNI FORMLY ACCELERATED MOTI ON : If a particle is accelerated with constant acceleration in an interval of t ime, then the motion is termed as uniformly accelerated motion in that interval of time. For uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line (xaxis) during a time inte rval of t seconds, the following important results can be used. (a) t u v a = (b) 2 u v V av + = (c) S = (v av )t (d) t 2 u v

S . |

\ | + = (e) v = u + at RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 7 (f) s = ut + 1/2 at 2 s = vt 1/2 at 2 x f = x i + ut + 1/2 at 2 (g) v 2 = u 2 + 2as (h) s n = u + a/2 (2n 1) u = initial velocity (at the beginning of interval) a = acceleration v = final velocity (at the end of interval) s = displacement (x f x i ) x f = final coordinate (position) x i = initial coordinate (position) s n = displacement during the n th sec 6. DI RECTI ONS OF VECTORS I N STRAI GHT LI NE MOTI ON In straight line motion, all the vectors (position, displacement, velocity & acc eleration) will have only one component (along the line of motion) and there will be only two possibl e directions for each vector. - For example, if a particle is moving in a horizontal line (xaxis), the two directions are right and left. Any vector directed towards right can be represented by a positi ve number and towards left can be represented by a negative number. - For vertical or inclined motion, upward direction can be taken +ve and downward as ve line of motion

l i n e o f m o t i o n l i n e o f m o t i o n + + + - For objects moving vertically near the surface of the earth, the only force ac ting on the particle is its weight (mg) i.e. the gravitational pull of the earth. Hence ac celeration for this type of motion will always be a = g i.e. a = 9.8 m/s 2 (ve sign, because the force and acceleration are directed downwards, If we select upward direction as positive). Note : - If acceleration is in same direction as velocity, then speed of the particle increases. - If acceleration is in opposite direction to the velocity then speed decreases i.e. the particle slows down. This situation is known as retardation. Example 7. A particle moving rectilinearly with constant acceleration is having initial velocity of 10 m/s. After some time, its velocity becomes 30 m/s. Find out veloci ty of the particle at the mid point of its path? Solution : Let the total distance be 2x. distance upto midpoint = x Let the velocity at the mid point be v

and acceleration be a. From equations of motion v 2 = 10 2 + 2ax ____ (1) 30 2 = v 2 + 2ax ____ (2) RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 8 (2) - (1) gives v 2 - 30 2 = 10 2 - v 2 v 2 = 500 v = 5 10 m/s Example 8. Mr. Sharma brakes his car with constant acceleration from a velocity of 25 m/s to 15 m/s over a distance of 200 m. (a) How much time elapses during this interval? (b) What is the acceleration? (c) If he has to continue braking with the same constant acceleration, how much longer would it take for him to stop and how much additional distance would he cover? Solution : (a) We select positive direction for our coordinate system to be the direction of the velocity and choose the origin so that x i = 0 when the braking begins. Then the initial velocity is u x = +25 m/s at t = 0, and the final velocity and position are v x = +15 m/s and x = 200 m at time t. Since the acceleration is constant, the average velocity in the interv al can be found from the average of the initial and final velocities. v av, x = 2 1 (u x + v x ) =

2 1 (15 + 25) = 20 m/s. The average velocity can also be expressed as v av, x = t x A A . With x A = 200 m and t A = t 0, we can solve for t: t = x av, v x = 20 200 = 10 s. (b) We can now find the acceleration using v x = u x + a x t a x = t u v x x = 10 25 5 1 = 1 m/s 2 . The acceleration is negative, which means that the positive velocity is becoming smaller as brakes are applied (as expected). (c) Now with known acceleration, we can find the total time for the car to go from velocity u x = 25 m/s to v x = 0. Solving for t, we find t = x x x a u v =

1 25 0 = 25 s. The total distance covered is x = x i + u x t + 2 1 a x t 2 = 0 + (25)(25) + 2 1 (1)(25) 2 = 625 312.5 = 312.5 m. Additional distance covered = 312.5 200 = 112.5 m. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 9 Example 9. A police inspector in a j eep is chasing a pickpocket an a straight road. The jeep is going at its maximum speed v (assumed uniform). The pickpocket rides on the motorcycle of a waiting friend when the jeep is at a distance d away, a nd the motorcycle starts with a constant acceleration a. Show that the pick pocket will be caught if 2ad v > . Solution : Suppose the pickpocket is caught at a time t after motorcy cle starts. The distance travelled by the motorcycle during this interval is 2 at 2 1 s = ____ (1) During this interval the jeep travels a distance vt d s = + ____ (2) By (1) and (2), vt d at 2 1 2 = + or, a ad 2 v v t

2 = The pickpocket will be caught if t is real and positive. This will be possible if 2ad v 2 > or, 2ad v > Example 10. A man is standing 40 m behind the bus. Bus starts with 1 m/sec 2 constant acceleration and also at the same instant the man starts moving with constant spe ed 9 m/s. Find the time taken by man to catch the bus. x = 0 t = 0 40 m t = 0 x = 40 1m/sec 2 Solution : Let after time t man will catch the bus For bus x = x 0 + ut + 2 1 at 2 , x = 40 + 0(t) + 2 1 (1) t 2 x = 40 + 2 t 2 ............. (i) For man, x = 9t ............. (ii) From (i) & (ii) 40 + 2 t 2 = 9t or t = 8 s or t = 10s. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 10 Example 11. A particle is dropped from height 100 m and another parti cle is projected vertically up with velocity 50 m/s from the ground along the same line. Find out the position where two particle will meet? (take g = 10 m/s 2 ) Solution : Let the upward direction is positive. y=0m y=100m u=0 m/s u=50 m/s

A B Let the particles meet at a distance y from the ground. For particle A, y 0 = + 100 m u = 0 m/s a = 10 m/s 2 y = 100 + 0(t) 2 1 10 t 2 [y = y 0 + ut + 2 1 at 2 ] = 100 - 5t 2 ---- (1) For particle B, y 0 = 0 m u = + 50 m/s a = 10 m/s 2 y = 50(t) 2 1 10 t 2 = 50t 5t 2 ---- (2) According to the problem; 50t 5t 2 = 100 5t 2 t = 2 sec Putting t = 2 sec in eqn. (1), y = 100 20 = 80 m Hence, the particles will meet at a height 80 m above the ground. Example 12. A particle is dropped from a tower. It is found that it t ravels 45 m in the last second of its journey. Find out the height of the tower? (take g = 10 m/s 2

) Solution : Let the total time of journey be n seconds. Using; ) 1 2 ( 2 + = n a u s n 45 = 0 + 2 10 ) 1 2 ( n n = 5 sec Height of tower; h = 2 1 gt 2 = 2 1 10 5 2 = 125 m 7. REACTI ON TI ME When a situation demands our immediate action. It takes some time before we real ly respond. Reaction time is the time a person takes to observe, think and act. Example 13. A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a unifor m velocity of 5 m/s. If the balloon was 60 m high when the stone was dropped, find its height when the stone hits the ground. Take g = 10 m/s 2 . RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 11 Solution : S = ut + 2 1 at 2 60 = 5(t) + 2 1 (10) t 2 60m +ve ve 60 = 5t 5t 2 5t 2 5t 60 = 0

t 2 t 12 = 0 t 2 4t + 3t 12 = 0 (t 4) (t + 3) = 0 t = 4 Height of balloon from ground at this instant = 60 + 4 5 = 80 m Example 14. A balloon is rising with constant acceleration 2 m/sec 2 . Two stones are released from the balloon at the interval of 2 sec. Find out the distance between the two ston es 1 sec. after the release of second stone. Solution : Acceleration of balloon = 2 m/sec 2 Let at t = 0, y = 0 when the first stone is released. By the question, y 1 = 0 t 1 + 2 1 gt 1 2 (taking vertical upward as ve and downward as + ve) Position of I st stone = 2 9 g (1 second after release of second stone will be the 3 rd second for the 1 st stone) For second stone y 2 = ut 2 + 2 1 gt 2 2 u = 0 + at = 2 2 = 4m/s (taking vertical upward as ve and do wnward as + ve) y 2 = 4 1 + 2 1

g (1) 2 (t 2 = 1 second) The 2 nd stone is released after 2 second y = 2 1 at 2 = 2 1 2 4 = 4 So, Position of second stone from the origin = 4 + 2 1 g 4 Distance between two stones = 2 1 g 9 2 1 g 1 + 8 = 48 m. Note : As the particle is detached from the balloon it is having the same velocity as that of balloon, but its acceleration is only due to gravity and is equal to g. 8. STRAI GHT LI NE- EQUATI ON, GRAPH, SLOPE (+ve, ve, zero sl ope) . If u is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the posi tive direction of xaxis, & 0 s u < 180, u = 90, then the slope of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = t an u. If u is 90, m does not exist, but the line is parallel to the yaxis. If u = 0, then m = 0 & the line is parallel to the x-axis. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 12 Slope intercept form : y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m & which makes an intercept c on the yaxis. m = slope = tanu = dx dy C u x +ve slope y C x slope = 0 y

C x ve slope y u 9. PARABOLIC CURVE-EQUATION, GRAPH (VARIOUS SITUATIONS UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT WITH CONDITIONS) x y y = kx 2 x y y = kx 2 x y x = ky 2 x y x = ky 2 Where k is a positive constant. Equati on of parabol a : Case (i) : y = ax 2 + bx + c For a > 0 x y The nature of the parabola will be like that of the of nature x 2 = ky Minimum value of y exists at the vertex of the parabola. y min = a 4 D where D = b 2 4ac Coordinates of vertex = | . | \ | a 4 D , a 2 b Case (ii) : a < 0 x y The nature of the parabola will be like that of the nature of x 2

= ky Maximum value of y exists at the vertex of parabola. y max = a 4 D where D = b 2 4ac RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 13 10. GRAPHS I N UNI FORMLY ACCELERATED MOTI ON (a = 0) - x is a quadratic polynomial in terms of t. Hence x t graph is a parabola. x i x a > 0 t 0 x i x a < 0 t 0 x-t graph - v is a linear polynomial in terms of t. Hence vt graph is a stra ight line of slope a. v u a is positive s l o p e = a t 0 v u a is negative s lo p e = a t 0 v-t graph - at graph is a horizontal line because a is constant. a a positive acceleration t 0

a a negative acceleration 0 a-t graph 11. I NTERPRETATI ON OF SOME MORE GRAPHS 11. 1 Posi ti on vs Ti me graph ( i ) Zero Vel oci t y As position of particle is fixed at all the time, so the body is at rest. Slope; dt dx = tanu = tan 0 = 0 Velocity of particle is zero ( i i ) Uni f orm Vel oci t y Here tanu is constant tanu = dt dx dt dx is constant. velocity of particle is constant. ( i i i ) Non uniform velocity (increasing with time) In this case; As time is increasing, u is also increasing. dt dx = tanu is also increasing Hence, velocity of particle is increasing. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 14 ( i v ) Non uni form vel oci ty (decreasi ng wi th ti me) In this case; As time increases, u decreases. dt dx = tanu also decreases. Hence, velocity of particle is decreasing. 11. 2 Vel oci ty vs ti me graph ( i ) Zero accel erati on Velocity is constant. tanu = 0 dt dv = 0 Hence, acceleration is zero. ( i i ) Uni f orm accel er at i on tanu is constant. dt dv = constant Hence, it shows constant acceleration. ( i i i ) Uni f orm ret ardat i on Since u > 90

tanu is constant and negative. dt dv = negative constant Hence, it shows constant retardation. 11.3 Acceleration vs time graph (i ) Constant accel erat i on tanu = 0 dt da = 0 Hence, acceleration is constant. ( i i ) Uni forml y i ncreasi ng accel erat i on u is constant. 0 < u < 90 tanu > 0 dt da = tanu = constant > 0 Hence, acceleration is uniformly increasing with time. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 15 ( i i i ) Uni f orml y decreasi ng accel erati on Since u > 90 tanu is constant and negative. dt da = negative constant Hence, acceleration is uniformly decreasing with time Example 15. The displacement vs time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw velocity vs time and acceleration vs time graph. Solution : x = 4t 2 v = dt dx = 8t Hence, velocity-time graph is a straight line having slope i.e. tanu = 8. a = dt dv = 8 Hence, acceleration is constant throughout and is equal to 8. Example 16. At the height of 100 m, a particle A is thrown up with V = 10 m/s, B particle is thrown down with V =10m/s and C particle released with V = 0 m/s. Draw graphs of each particle. (i) Displacementtime 1 0 m / s 0 m/sec C

v 2 1 0 m / s 1 0 0 m A v 2 B (ii) Speedtime (iii) Velocitytime (iv) Accelerationtime Solution : For particle A : (i) Displacement vs time graph is y = ut + 2 1 at 2 u = + 10 m/sec 2 y = 10t 2 1 10t 2 5 10 15 20 25 2 1 5 10 15 20 25 100 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 T D i s p l a c e m e n t time = 10 t 5t

2 v = dt dy = 10 10 t = 0 t = 1 ; hence, velocity is zero at t = 1 10 t 5 t 2 = 100 t 2 2t 20 = 0 t = 5.5 sec. i.e. particle travels up till 5.5 seconds. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 16 (ii) Speed vs time graph : Particle has constant acceleration = g + throughout the motion, so v-t curve wil l be straight line. when moving up, v = u + at 0 = 10 10 t or t = 1 is the time at which speed is zero. there after speed increases at constant rate of 10 m/s 2 . Resulting Graph is : (speed is always positive). This shows that particle travels till a time of 1 + 21 seconds (iii) Velocity vs time graph : V = u + at V = 10 10t ; this shows that velocity becomes zero at t = 1 sec and thereafter the velocity is negative with slope g. (iv) Acceleration vs time graph : 10 A c c e l e r a t i o n Time throughout the motion, particle has constant acceleration = 10 m/s 2 . For particle B : u = 10 m/s. y = 10t 2 1 (10) t

2 = 10t 5t 2 (i) Displacement time graph : y = 10t 5t 2 dt dy = 10t 5t 2 = 10 10t this shows that slope becomes more negative with time. (ii) Speed time graph : dt dy = 10t 5t 2 = 10 10t hence, speed is directly proportional to time with slope of 10. initial speed = 10 m/s RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 17 (iii) Velocity time graph : 10 m/s V e l o c i t y Time t dt dy = 10t 5t 2 = 10 10t hence, velocity is directly proportional to time with slope of 10. Initial velocity = 10 m/s (iv) Acceleration vs time graph : throughout the motion, particle has constant acceleration = 10 m/s 2 . a = dt dv = 10 For Particle C : (i) Displacement time graph : u = 0 , y = 2 1 10t 2 = 5t

2 this shows that slope becomes more negative with time. (ii) Speed vs time graph : v = dt dy = 10 t hence, speed is directly proportional to time with slope of 10. (iii) Velocity time graph : 10 V e l o c i t y Time 20 20 V = u + at V = 10t ; hence, velocity is directly proportional to time with slope of 10. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 18 (iv) Acceleration vs time graph : 10 m/s A c c e l e r a t i o n Time throughout the motion, particle has constant acceleration = 10 m/s 2 . 12. DISPLACEMENT FROM v - t GRAPH & CHANGE IN VELOCITY FROM a -t GRAPH Displacement = Ax = area under vt graph. Since a negative velocity causes a negative displacement, areas below the time axis are taken negative. In similar way, can see that A v = a A t leads to the conclusion that area under a t graph gives the change in velocity v during that interval. Example 17. Describe the motion shown by the following velocity-time graphs.

(a) (b) Solution : (a) During interval AB: velocity is +ve so the particle is moving in +ve direction, but it is slowing down as acceleration (slope of v-t curve) is negat ive. During interval BC: particle remains at rest as velocity is zero. Acceleratio n is also zero. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is moving in -ve direction and is speeding up as acceleration is also negative. (b) During interval AB: particle is moving in +ve direction with const ant velocity and acceleration is zero. During interval BC: particle is moving in +ve directio n as velocity is +ve, but it slows down until it comes to rest as ac celeration is negative. During interval CD: velocity is -ve so the particle is movi ng in -ve direction and is speeding up as acceleration is also negative. I mportant Poi nts to Remember - For uniformly accelerated motion (a = 0), xt graph is a parabola (o pening upwards if a > 0 and opening downwards if a < 0). The slope of tangent at any point of the parabola gives the velocity at that instant. - For uniformly accelerated motion (a = 0), vt graph is a straight line whose slo pe gives the acceleration of the particle. - In general, the slope of tangent in xt graph is velocity and the slo pe of tangent in vt graph is the acceleration. - The area under at graph gives the change in velocity. - The area between the vt graph gives the distance travelled by the partic le, if we take all areas as positive. - Area under vt graph gives displacement, if areas below the taxis are taken negat ive. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 19 Example 18. For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity-time graph is as shown i n f i gure. Fi nd t he di st ance t ravel l ed and displacement of the particle? Solution : Distance travelled = Area under v-t graph (taking all areas as +ve.) Distance travelled = Area of trapezium + Area of triangle = ( ) 8 6 2 2 1 + + 5 4 2 1 = 32 + 10 = 42 m Displacement = Area under v-t graph (taking areas below time axis as ve.) Displacement = Area of trapezium Area of triangle = ( ) 8 6 2

2 1 + 5 4 2 1 = 32 10 = 22 m Hence, distance travelled = 42 m and displacement = 22 m. 13. MOTI ON WI TH NON- UNI FORM ACCELERATI ON ( USE OF DEFI NI TE I NTEGRALS) Ax = } f i t t dt ) t ( v (displacement in time interval t = i to t f ) The expressi on on t he ri ght hand si de i e i nt egral of v(t ) between t = t i and t = t f . . Similarly change in velocity Av = v f v i = } f i t t dt ) t ( a 13. 1 Sol vi ng Probl ems whi ch I nvol ves Non ( i ) Accel erati on dependi ng on vel oci ty v By definition of acceleration, we have a = dt dv . If a is in terms of t, } v v 0 dv = } t 0 dt ) t ( a . If a is in terms of v, } }

s cal l ed the def i ni t

uni form Accel erati on or ti me t

= t 0 v v dt ) v ( a dv 0 . On integrating, we get a relation between v and t, and then using } x x 0 dx = } t 0 dt ) t ( v , x and t can also be related. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 20 ( i i ) Accel erati on dependi ng on vel oci ty v or posi ti on x a = dt dv a = dx dv dt dx a = dt dx dx dv a = v dx dv This is another important expression for acceleration. If a is in terms of x, } v v 0 dv v = } x x 0 dx ) x ( a . If a is in terms of v, } } = x x

v v 0 0 dx ) v ( a dv v On integrating, we get a relation between x and v. Using } x x 0 ) x ( v dx = } t 0 dt , we can relate x and t. Example 19. An object starts from rest at t = 0 and accelerates at a rate given by a = 6t. What is (a) its velocity and (b) its displacement at any time t? Solution : As acceleration is given as a function of time, } } = t t v(t) ) v(t 0 0 a(t)dt dv Here t 0 = 0 and v(t 0 ) = 0 v(t) = } t 0 6tdt = 0 t 2 t 6 2 | | . | \ | = 6 ( 2 t

2 - 0) = 3t 2 So, v(t) = 3t 2 As } = A t t 0 v(t)dt x } = A t 0 2 dt 3t x = 0 t 3 t 3 3 | | . | \ | = | | . | \ | 0 3 t 3 3 = t 3 Hence, velocity v(t) = 3t 2 and displacement 3 t = Ax . RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 21 Example 20. For a particle moving alongv + x-axis, acceleration is given as a = x. Find the position as a function of time? Given that at t = 0 , x = 1 v = 1. Solution : a = x dx

vdv = x 2 v 2 = 2 x 2 + C t = 0, x = 1 and C = 0 v 2 = x 2 v = x but given that v = x dt dx = x x dx = dt nx = t + C 0 = 0 x = e t Example 21. For a particle Find the position as a function of time ? Given that at t = 0 , Solution : a = v dt dv = v } v dv = } dt nv = t + c 0 = 0 v = e t dt dx = e t } dx = } dt e t x = e t + c 0 = 1 + c x = e t

v = 1

x = 1 when v = 1

+ C

nx = t

moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a = v. x = 0 v = 1.

+ c

 1 Problem 1. A particle covers 4 3 of total distance with speed v 1 and next 4 1 with v 2 . Find the average speed of the particle? Answer : 2 1 2 1 3v v v 4v + Solution : Let the total distance be s 3s/4 A B C s/4 average speed (< v >) = taken time Total ce tan dis Total < v > = 2 1 v 4 s v 4 s 3 s + = 2 1 v 4 1 v 4 3 1 + = 2 1 2 1 v 3 v v v 4 + Problem 2. A car is moving with speed 60 Km/h and a bird is moving with speed 90 km/h along the same direction as shown in figure. Find the distance travelled by the bird till the time car reaches the. tree? 240 m Answer : 360 m RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 22 Solution : Time taken by a car to reaches the tree (t) = hr / km 60 m 240

= hr 60 24 . 0 Now, the distance travelled by the bird during this time interval (s) = 60 24 . 0 90 = 0.12 3 km = 360 m. Problem 3 The position of a particle moving on X-axis is given by x = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct + D. The numerical values of A, B, C, D are 1, 4, -2 and 5 respectively and SI units are used. Find (a) the dimensions of A, B, C and D, (b) the velocity of the particle at t = 4 s, (c) the acceleration of the particle at t = 4s, (d) the average velocity during the interval t =0 to t = 4s, (e) the average acceleration during the interval t = 0 to t = 4 s. Answer : (a) [A] = [LT -3 ], [B] = [LT -2 ], [C] = [LT -1 ] and [D] = [L] ; (b) 78 m/s ; (c) 32 m/s 2 ; (d) 30 m/s ; (e) 20 m/s 2 Solution : As x = At 3 + Dt 2 + Ct + D (a) Dimensions of A, B, C and D , [At 3 ] = [x] (by principle of homogeneity) [A] = [LT 3 ] similarly, [B] = [LT -2 ], [C] = [LT -1 ] and [D] = [L] ; (b) As v = dt dx = 3At 2 + 2Bt + C velocity at t = 4 sec. v = 3(1) (4) 2

+ 2(4) (4) 2 = 78 m/s. (c) Acceleration (a) = dt dv = 6At + 2B ; a = 32 m/s 2 (d) average velocity as x = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct = D position at t = 0, is x = D = 5m. Position at t = 4 sec is (1)(64) + (4)(16) (2) (4) + 5 = 125 m Thus the displacement during 0 to 4 sec. is 125 5 = 120 m < v > = 120 / 4 = 30 m/s (e) v = 3At 2 + 20 t + C , velocity at t = 0 is c = 2 m/s velocity at t = 4 sec is 78 m/s < a > = 1 2 1 2 t t v v = 20 m/s 2 Problem 4. For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity is given as a function of time as v = 2t 2 + sin t. At t = 0, particle is at origin. Find the position as a function o f time? Solution : v = 2t 2 + sin t dt dx = 2t 2 + sin t } x 0 dx = dt ) t sin t 2 ( t 0 2 } + = 1 t cos t 3 2 x 3 + = Ans. Problem 5. A car decelerates from a speed of 20 m/s to rest in a distance of

100 m. What was its acceleration, assumed constant? Solution : v = 0 u = 20 m/s s = 100 m as v 2 = u 2 + 2 as 0 = 400 + 2a 100 a = 2 m/s acceleration = 2 m/s 2 Ans. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 23 Problem 6. A 150 m long train accelerates uniformly from rest. If the front of the train passes a railway worker 50 m away from the station at a speed of 25 m/s, what will be the speed of the b ack part of the train as it passes the worker? Solution : v 2 = u 2 + 2as 25 25 = 0 + 100 a a = 4 25 m/s 2 Now, for time taken by the back end of the train to pass the worke r we have v 2 = v 2 + 2al = (25) 2 + 2 48 25 150 v 2 = 25 25 4 v = 50 m/s. Ans. Problem 7. A particle is thrown vertically with velocity 20 m/s . Fin d (a) the distance travelled by the particle in first 3 seconds, (b) displacement of the particle in 3 seconds. Answer : 25m, 15m Solution : Highest point say B V B = 0 v = u + gt 0 = 20 10 t t = 2 sec. distance travel in first 2 seconds. s = s(t =0 to 2sec) + s (2sec. to 3sec.) s = [ut + 1/2 at 2

] t = 0 to t = 2s + [ut +1/2at 2 ] t = 2 to t = 3s s = 20 2 1/2 10 4 + 1/2 10 1 2 = (40 20) + 5 = 25 m. and displacement = 20 5 = 15 m. Problem 8. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate o for some time after which it decelerates at a constant rate | to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t. Find the maximum velocity acquired by the car. Solution : t = t 1 + t 2 slope of OA curve = tanu = o = 1 max t v v max O o | t 2 t 1 B A V t slope of AB curve = | = 2 max t v t = t 1 + t 2 t = o max v + | max v v max = t | | .

| \ | | + o | o Problem 9. In the above question find total distance travelled by the car in time t . Solution : v max = t ) ( | + o | o t 1 = o max v = ) ( t | + o | t 2 = | max v = ) ( t | + o o Total distance travelled by the car in time t = 2 1 t 2 1 o + v max t 2 2 2 t 2 1 | = 2 2 2 ) ( t 2 1

| + o o| + 2 2 2 ) ( t | + o | o 2 2 2 ) ( t 2 1 | + o |o Area under graph (directly) = ) ( t 2 1 2 | + o o| = ) ( 2 t 2 | + o o| Ans. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 24 Problem 10. The displacement vs time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw velocity vs time and acceleration vs time graph. Upwards direction is taken as positive, downwards direction is taken as negative. Solution : (a) The equation of motion is : x = 8t 2 v = dt dx = 16 t ; this shows that velocity is directly proportional to time and slope of velocity-time curve is negative i.e. 16. Hence, resulting graph is (i) (b) Acceleration of particle is : a = dt dv = 16. This shows that acceleration is constant but negative. Resulting graph is (ii) Problem 11. Draw displacementtime and accelerationtime graph for the given veloci tytime graph. Solution : Part AB : v-t curve shows constant slope i.e. constant acceleration or Velocity increases at constant rate wit h time. Hence, s-t curve will show constant increase in slope

and a-t curve will be a straight line. Part BC : v-t curve shows zero slope i.e. constant velocity. So, s-t curve will show constant slope and acceleration will be zero. Part CD : v-t curve shows negative slope i.e. velocity is decreasing with time or acceleration is negative. Hence , s-t curve will show decrease in slope becoming zero in the end . and a-t curve will be a straight line with negative intercept on y-axis. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 25 RESULTING GRAPHS ARE: Problem 12. For a particle moving along x-axis, following graphs are g iven. Find the distance travelled by the particle in 10 s in each case? Solution : (a) Distance area under the v - t curve distance = 10 10 = 100 m Ans. (b) Area under v t curve distance = 2 1 10 10 = 50 m Ans. Problem 13. For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as 2 2v a = . If the speed of the particle is v 0 at x = 0, find speed as a function of x. Solution : a = 2v 2 or dt dv = 2v 2 or dx dv dt dx = 2v 2 v dx dv = 2v 2 dx dv = 2v } v v 0 v dv = } x

0 dx 2 | | v v 0 nv = | | x 0 x 2 0 v v n = 2x v = v 0 e 2x Ans. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 26 Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each] 1. Are rest and motion absolute or relative terms ? 2. Under what condition will the distance and displacement of a moving object wi ll have the same magnitude? 3. What will be nature of xt graph for a uniform motion? 4. Can x-t graph be a straight line parallel to position axis ? 5. Can x-t graph be a straight line parallel to time-axis for an object which is moving ? 6. what does slope of v-t graph represent ? 7. Two balls of different masses (one lighter and other heavier) are thrown vert ically upward with same initial speed. Which one will rise to the grater height ? 8. Is it possible that velocity of an object is zero but its acceleration is non e zero ? If yes, then give an example. 9. What does speedometer of a car measure ? Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each] 10. Given below are some examples of motion. State in each case, if the motion is one, two or three dimensional : (a) a kite flying on a windy day (b) a speeding car on a long straight highway (c) an insect crawling on a globe (d) a carrom coin rebounding from the side of the board (e) a planet revol ving around its star. 11. A car travelling with a speed of 90 kmh 1 on a straight road is ahead of scooter travelling with a speed of 60 kmh 1 ,calculate velocity of car wrt to scooter. solve above problem if scooter is ahe ad of car. 12. Show that slope of displacement-time graph is equal to the velocity of unifo rm motion. 13. Delhi is at a distance of 250 km from Chandigarh. A sets out from Chandigarh at a speed of 80 kmh 1 and B sets out at the same time from Delhi at a speed of 45 kmh 1 . When will they meet each other. 14. Derive the equation x(t) = x(0) + v(0) t +

2 at 2 1 15. The direction in which an object moves is given by the direction of velocit y of the object and not by the direction of acceleration. Explain the above statement with some suitable example . 16. Fig. below gives x-t plot of a particle in one dimensional motion. Three dif ferent equal intervals of time are shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest and in which is it the le ast ? Give the sign of average velocity for each interval. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 27 17. Prove that v 2 u 2 = 2aS, where symbols have their usual meanings. 18. Prove that the distance travelled by a body in nth second is given by S nth = u + 2 a (2n 1) where symbols have their usual meanings. Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each] 19. Derive an expression for the distance travelled by uniformly accelerated bod y in t seconds. Also derive an expression for the distance travelled by the body in the nth second. 20. Deduce the following relations analytically for a uniform motion along a str aight time, where the terms have their usual meanings : (i) v = u + at (ii) S = ut + 2 1 at 2 (iii) v 2 u 2 = 2aS 21. The driver of a car A going at 25 ms 1 applies the brakes, decelerates uniformly, and stops in 10s. The driver of another car B going at 15 ms 1 puts less pressure on this brakes and stops in 20 s. On the same graph, plot speed-time for each of the two cars. (a) Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied ? (b) Add a line to the graph, which shows the car B decelerating at the same rate as the car A. How long does it take the car B to stop at this rate of deceleration ? 22. Draw velocity-time graph of uniform motion and prove that the displacement o f an object in a time interval is equal to the area under velocity-time graph in that time interval. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 28 PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

SECTION (A) : DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT A-1. A car starts from P and follows the path as shown in figure. Finally car st ops at R. Find the distance travelled and displacement of the car if a = 7 m, b = 8 m and r = 11 m? [Take 7 22 = ] A-2. A man moves to go 50 m due south, 40 m due west and 20 m due north to reach a field. (a) What distance does be have to walk to reach the field ? (b) What is his displacement from his house to the field? SECTION (B) : AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY B-1. When a person leaves his home for sightseeing by his car, the meter reads 1 2352 km. When he returns home after two hours the reading is 12416 km. During journey he stay for 15 min ute at midway. (a) What is the average speed of the car during this period ? (b) What is the average velocity? B-2. A particle covers each 3 1 of the total distance with speed v 1 , v 2 and v 3 respectively. Find the average speed of the particle ? SECTION (C) : VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, AVERAGE ACCELERATION C-1. The position of a body is given by x = At + 4Bt 3 , where A and B are constants, x is position and t is time. Find (a) acceleration as a function of time, (b) velocity and acceleration at t = 5 s . C-2. Find the velocity as a function of time if x = At + Bt 3 , where A and B are constants, x is position and t is time. C-3. An athelete takes 2s to reach his maximum speed of 18 km/h after starting f rom rest. What is the magnitude of his average accleration? SECTION (D) : EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND MOTION UNDER GRAVITY D-1. A car accelerates from 36 km/h to 90 km/h in 5 s on a straight rod. What wa s its acceleration in m/s 2 and how far did it travel in this time? Assume constant acceleration and direction o f motion remains constant. D-2. A train starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s 2 for half a minute. The brakes are then applied and the train comes to rest in one minute after applying breaks. Fi nd (a) the total distance moved by the train, (b) the maximum speed attained by the train and (c) the posi tion(s) of the train at half the maximum speed. (Assume retardation to be constant)

D-3. A particle moving along a straight line with constant acceleration is havin g initial and final velocity as 5 m/s and 15 m/s respectively in a time interval of 5 s. Find the distance travelled b y the particle and the acceleration of the particle. If the particle continues with same acceleration, find the distance covered by the particle in the 8th second of its motion. (direction of motion remains same) D-4. A car travelling at 72 km/h decelerates uniformly at 2 m/s 2 . Calculate (a) the distance it goes before it stops, (b) the time it takes to stop, and (c) the distance it travels during the first and third seconds. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 29 D-5. A ball is dropped from a tower. In the last second of its motion it travels a distance of 15 m. Find the height of the tower. [take g = 10m/sec 2 ] D-6. A toy plane P starts flying from point A along a straight horizontal line 20 m above ground level starting with zero initial velocity and acceleration 2 m/s 2 as shown. At the same instant, a man P throws a ball vertically upwards with initial velocity 'u'. Ball touches (coming to rest) the base of the plane at point B of plane's journey when it is vertically above the man. 's' is the distance of point B from point A. Just after the contact of ball with the plane, acceleration of plane increases to 4 m/s 2 . Find: (i) Initial velocity 'u' of ball. (ii) Distance 's'. (iii) Distance between man and plane when the man catches the ball back. (g = 10 m/s 2 ) SECTION (E) : GRAPH RELATED QUESTIONS E-1. For a particle moving along x-axis, velocity-time graph is as shown in figu re. Find the distance travelled and displacement of the particle? Also find the average velocity of the particle in intervel 0 to 5 second. E-2. A cart started at t = 0, its acceleration varies with time as shown in figu re. Find the distance travelled in 30 seconds and draw the position-time graph. E-3. Two particles A and B start from rest and move for equal time on a strai ght line. The particle A has an acceleration a for the first half of the total time and 2a for the second half. The particle B has an acceleration 2a for the first half and a for the second half. Which particle has covered larg er distance? PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS * Marked Questions are having more than one correct option. SECTION (A) : DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT A-1. A hall has the dimensions 10 m 10 m 10 m. A fly starting at one corner ends up at a farthest corner. The magnitude of its displacement is: (A) 5 3 m (B) 10 3 m (C) 20 3 m (D) 30 3 m SECTION (B) : AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY B-1. A car travels from A to B at a speed of 20 km h

1 and returns at a speed of 30 km h 1 . The average speed of the car for the whole journey is : (A) 5 km h 1 (B) 24 km h 1 (C) 25 km h 1 (D) 50 km h 1 RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 30 B-2.* A person travelling on a straight line without changing direction moves wi th a uniform speed v 1 for half distance and next half distance he covers with uniform speed v 2 . The average speed v is given by (A) 2 1 2 1 v v v v 2 v + = (B) v = 2 1 v v (C) 2 1 v 1 v 1 v 2 + = (D) 2 1 v 1 v 1 v 1 + = B 3. A body covers first 3 1 part of its journey with a velocity of 2 m/s, next 3 1 part with a velocity of 3 m/s and rest of the journey with a velocity 6m/s. The average velocity of the body w ill be (A) 3 m/s (B) 3

11 m/s (C) 3 8 m/s (D) 3 4 m/s B 4. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track of radius 100 m taking 62. 8 s on each lap. What is the average speed and average velocity on each complete lap? (t = 3.14) (A) velocity 10m/s, speed 10 m/s (B) velocity zero, speed 10 m/s (C) velocity zero, speed zero (D) velocity 10 m/s, speed zero SECTION (C) : VELOCITY, ACCELERATION AND AVERAGE ACCELERATION C 1. The displacement of a body is given by 2s = gt 2 where g is a constant. The velocity of the body at any time t is: (A) gt (B) gt/2 (C) gt 2 /2 (D) gt 3 /6 SECTION (D) : EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND MOTION UNDER GRAVITY D-1. A particle performs rectilinear motion in such a way that its initial veloc ity has opposite direction with its uniform acceleration. Let x A and x B be the magnitude of displacements in the first 10 seconds and the next 10 seconds, then: (A) x A < x B (B) x A = x B (C) x A > x B (D) the information is insufficient to decide the relation of x A with x B . D-2. A body starts from rest and is uniformly acclerated for 30 s. The distance travelled in the first 10 s is x 1 , next 10 s is x 2 and the last 10 s is x 3 . Then x 1 : x

2 : x 3 is the same as (A) 1 : 2 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 : 5 (C) 1 : 3 : 5 (D) 1 : 3 : 9 D-3. A ball is dropped from the top of a building. The ball takes 0.5 s to fall past the 3 m height of a window some distance from the top of the building. If the speed of the ball at the top and a t the bottom of the window are v T and v B respectively, then (g = 9.8 m/sec 2 ) (A) v T + v B = 12 ms 1 (B) v T v B = 4.9 m s 1 (C) v B v T = 1 ms 1 (D) T B v v = 1 ms 1 D-4. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a and sp eed u. The acceleration and speed of the stone just after the release is (A) a upward, zero (B) (g-a) upward, u (C) (g-a) downward, zero (D) g downward, u D-5. The initial velocity of a particle is given by u (at t = 0) and the acceler ation by f, where f = at (here t is time and a is constant). Which of the following relation is valid? (A) v = u + at 2 (B) v = u + 2 at 2 (C) v = u + at (D) v = u D-6. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level of water is h below the t op of the well. If v is velocity of sound, the time T after dropping the stone at which the splash is heard is given by

(A) T = 2h/v (B) v h g h 2 T + = (C) v 2 h g h 2 T + = (D) v h 2 g 2 h T + = RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 31 D-7. A student determined to test the law of gravity for himself walks off a sky scraper 320 m high with a stopwatch in hand and starts his free fall (zero initial velocity). 5 second lat er, superman arrives at the scene and dives off the roof to save the student. What must be superman's initia l velocity in order that he catches the student just before reaching the ground ? [Assume that the superman's acceleration is that of any freely falling body.] ( g = 10 m/s 2 ) (A) 98 m/s (B) 3 275 m/s (C) 2 187 m/s (D) It is not possible D 8. In the above question, what must be the maximum height of the skyscraper so that even superman cannot save him. (A) 65 m (B) 85 m (C) 125 m (D) 145 m SECTION (E) : GRAPH RELATED QUESTIONS E-1*. Figure shows position-time graph of two cars A and B. Lines are parallel. A 0 5 x(m) B (A) Car A is faster than car B. (B) Car A always leads Car B. (C) Both cars are moving with same velocity. (D) Both cars have positive acceler ation. E-2. Figure shows the position time graph of a particle moving on the X-axis. (A) the particle is continuously going in positive x direction (B) area under xt curve shows the displacement of particle (C) the velocity increases up to a time t o , and then becomes constant. (D) the particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t o

, and then stops. E-3. In the displacementtime graph of a moving particle is shown, the instantaneous velocity of the particle is negative at the point : t x C D E F (A) C (B) D (C) E (D) F E-4. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is sho wn in the figure. The distance travelled by the particle in 4 s is : (A) 25 m (B) 30 m (C) 55 m (D) 60 m E-5. A particle starts from rest and moves along a straight line with constant a cceleration. The variation of velocity v with displacement S is : (A) S v (B) v S C) v S (D) v S RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 32 E-6. The displacement time graphs of two particles A and B are straight lines ma king angles of respectively 30 0 and 60 0 with the time axis. If the velocity of A is v A and that of B is v B , then the value of B A v v is (A) 2 1 (B) 3 1 (C) 3 (D) 3 1 PART - III : ASSERTION / REASON 1. STATEMENT-1: A particle having negative acceleration will slow down. STATEMENT-2 : Direction of the acceleration is not dependent upon direction of t he velocity.

1. (A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is corr ect explanation for STATEMENT-1 (B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct expl anation for STATEMENT-1 (C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false (D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true (E) Both STATEMENTS are false 2. STATEMENT-1 : Magnitude of average velocity is equal to average speed. STATEMENT-2 : Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to instantaneous spee d. (A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for STATEMENT-1 (B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct expl anation for STATEMENT-1 (C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false (D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true (E) Both STATEMENTS are false 3. STATEMENT-1 : When velocity of a particle is zero then acceleration of partic le must be zero at that instant. STATEMENT-2 : Acceleration is equal to | . | \ | = dx dv v a , where v is the velocity at that instant.. (A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for STATEMENT-1 (B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct expl anation for STATEMENT-1 (C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false (D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true (E) Both STATEMENTS are false 4. STATEMENT-1 : A particle moves in a straight line with constant accleration. The average velocity of this particle cannot be zero in any time interval STATEMENT-2 : For a particle moving in straight line with constant acceleration , the average velocity in a time interval is 2 v u + , where u and v are initial and final velocity of the particle in the given time interval. (A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for STATEMENT-1 (B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct expl anation for STATEMENT-1 (C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false

(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true (E) Both STATEMENTS are false RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 33 PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Figure shows four paths along which objects move from a starting point to a f inal point (particle is moving along the same straight line), all in the same time. The paths pass over a grid of equally spaced straight lines. Rank the paths according to (a) the magnitude of average velocity of the objects (b) the average speed of the objects, greatest first. 2. A particle moving in straight line, traversed half the distance with a veloci ty v 0 . The remaining part of the distance was covered with velocity v 1 for half the time and with velocity v 2 for the other half of the time. Find the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the whole time of motion. 3. The displacement of a particle moving on a straight line is given by x = 16t 2t 2 . Find out (a) Displacement upto 2 and 6 s. (b) Distance travelled upto 2 and 6 s. 4. A man walking with a speed ' v ' constant in magnitude and direction passes under a lantern hanging at a height H above the ground (consider lantern as a point source). Find the veloc ity with which the edge of the shadow of the man's head moves over the ground, if his height is ' h '. 5. A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a moter bike. The motor bike cro sses a turn at a speed of 72 km/ h. The jeep follows it at a speed of 108 km/h, crossing the turn 10 seconds late r than bike (keeping constant speed). After crossing the turn, jeep acclerates with constant accleration 2 m/s 2 . Assuming bike travels at constant speed, how far from the turn will the jeep catch the bike? 6. A healthy youngman standing at a distance of 6 m from a 11.5 m high building sees a kid slipping from the top floor. With what uniform acceleration (starting from rest) should he run to catch the kid at the arms height (1.5 m)? Take g = 10 m/s 2 . 7. A lift is descending with uniform acceleration. To measure the acceleration , a person in the lift drops a coin at the moment when lift was descending with speed 6 ft/s. The coin is 5 ft above the floor of the lift at time it is dropped. The person observes that the coin strikes the floor in 1 second. Cal

culate from these data, the acceleration of the lift. [Take g = 32 ft/s 2 ] 8. A body starts with an initial velocity of 10 m/s and moves along a straight l ine with a constant acceleration. When the velocity of the particle becomes 50 m/s the acceleration is reversed in direction without changing magnitude. Find the velocity of the particle when it reaches the starti ng point. 9. The accompanying figure shows the velocity v of a particle moving on a coordi nate line. -4 2 (m/s) (a) When does the particle move forward? move backward? Speed up? slow down? (b) When is the particle's acceleration positive? Negative ? zero? (c) When does the particle move at its greatest speed ? (d) When does the particle stand still for more than an instant? RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 34 10. A point moves rectilinearly in one direction. Fig. shows the displacement s traversed by the point as a function of the time t. Using the plot find: (a) the average velocity of the point during the time of motion; (b) the maximum velocity; (c) the time t 0 at which the instantaneous velocity is equal to the mean velocity averaged over the first t 0 seconds. 11. A l ift starts f rom the top of a mine shaft and descends with a constant speed of 10 m/s. 4 s later a boy throws a stone vertically upwards from the top of the shaft with a speed of 30 m/s. Find when and where stone hits the lift.[ Take: g = 10 m/s ] PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Single choice type 1. Two balls of equal masses are thrown upward, along the same vertical line at an interval of 2 seconds, with the same initial velocity of 40 m/s. Then these collide at a height of (Tak e g = 10 m/s 2 ) (A) 120 m (B) 75 m (C) 200 m (D) 45 m 2. A body starts from the origin and moves along the X-axis such that the veloci ty at any instant is given by (4t 3 2t), where t is in second and velocity is in m/s. What is acceleration of the p article, when it is (A) 28 m/s 2 (B) 22 m/s

2 (C) 12 m/s 2 (D) 10 m/s 2 3. The displacement (from origin) of a body in motion is given by x = a sin (et + u). The time at which the displacement is maximum is (e a, and u are constants) (A) e u (B) | . | \ | e u e t 2 (C) t / 2e (D) | . | \ | e u e t 2 4. A body is released from the top of a tower of height h metre. It takes T seco nds to reach the ground. Where is the ball at the time T/2 seconds ? (A) at h/4 metre from the ground (B) at h/2 metre from the ground (C) at 3h/4 metre from the ground (D) depends upon the mass of the ball 5. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed u from the top of a tower, reaches the ground with a speed 3u. The height of the tower is: (A) g 3u 2 (B) g 4u 2 (C) g 6u 2 (D) g 9u 2

6. A particle starts from rest with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity after n seconds is v. The displacement of the particle in the last two seconds is : (A) n 1) - 2v(n (B) n 1) - v(n (C) n 1) v(n + (D) n 1) 2v(2n + 7. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower of height h with velocity v. The ball strikes the ground after time. (A) ( ( ( + + 2 v gh 2 1 1 g v (B) ( ( ( + 2 v gh 2 1 1 g v (C) 2 / 1 2 v gh 2 1 g v | .

| \ | + (D) 2 / 1 2 v gh 2 1 g v | . | \ | RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 35 8. A balloon is moving upwards with velocity 10 ms 1 . It releases a stone which comes down to the ground in 11 s. The height of the balloon from the ground at the moment when the stone was dropped is : (A) 495 m (B) 592 m (C) 460 m (D) 500 m 9. Water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap which is 5m above the ground . The third drop is leaving the tap at the instant the first drop touches the ground. How far above the grou nd is the second drop at that instant ? (Take g = 10 ms 2 ) (A) 4 5 m (B) 4 m (C) 2 5 m (D) 4 15 m 10. Two particles held at different heights a and b above the ground are allowed to fall from rest. The ratio of their velocities on reaching the ground is : (A) a : b (B) b : a (C) a 2 : b 2 (D) a 3 : b 3 11. In the one-dimensional motion of a particle, the relation between position x and time t is given by x

2 + 2x = t (here x > 0). Choose the correct statement : (A) The retardation of the particle is 3 ) 1 x ( 4 1 + (B) The uniform acceleration of the particle is 3 ) 1 x ( 1 + (C) The uniform velocity of the particle is 3 ) 1 x ( 1 + (D) The particle has a variable acceleration of 4t + 6. 12. Mark the correct statement : (A) Ideal speedometer shows the magnitude of the instantanteous velocity. (B) The magnitude of displacement in an interval is equal to distance covered in that time interval. (C) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of a particle is some time zero and some time nonzero but the average speed is zero. (D) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is nev er zero but the average speed in an interval is zero. 13. Figure shows the position of a particle moving on X-axis as function of time. (A) The particle has come to rest 5 times (B) Initial speed of particle was zero (C) The velocity remains positive for t = 0 to t = 6 s (D) The average velocity for the total period shown is negative. 14. A body freely falling from rest has a velocity v after it falls through dist ance h. The distance it has to fall down further for its velocity to become double is : (A) h (B) 2h (C) 3h (D) 4h More than one choice type 15. The acceleration time plot for a particle (starting from rest) moving on a straight line is shown in figure. For given time interval, (A) The particle has zero average acceleration (B) The particle has never turned around. (C) The particle has zero displacement (D) The average speed in the interval 0 to 10s is the same as the average speed in the interval 10s to 20s. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 36 16. The acceleration of a particle is zero at t = 0 (A) Its velocity must be constant. (B) The speed at t = 0 may be zero. (C) If the acceleration is zero from t = 0 to t = 5 s, the speed is constant in this interval. (D) If the speed is zero from t = 0 to t = 5 s the acceleration is also zero in the interval. 17. Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a clock. In one hour (A) the displacement is zero (B) the distance covered is zero (C) the average speed is zero (D) the average velocity is zero 18. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a straight line (xpositio n coordinate, vvelocity, a acceleration) :

(A) If the v and a have opposite sign, the object is slowing down. (B) If the x and v have opposite sign, the particle is moving towards the origi n. (C) If the v is zero at an instant, the a should also be zero at that instant. (D) If the v is zero for a time interval, then a is zero at every instant withi n the time interval. PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN 1. Column I gives some graphs for a particle moving along x-axis in positive xdir ection. The variables v, x and t represent velocity of particle, xcoordinate of particle and time respectively. Column II gives certain resulting interpretation. Match the graphs in Column I with the statements in Column I I. Column Column (A) v v - x graph x (p) Acceleration of particle is uniform (B) v 2 v - x graph 2 x (q) Acceleration of particle is nonuniform (C) v v - t graph t (r) Acceleration of particle is directly proportional to t (D) v v - t graph 2 t 2 (s) Acceleration of particle is directly proportional to x. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 37 2. Match the following : Column Column (A) Rate of change of displacement (p) Magnitude of average velocity (B) Average speed is always greater than or equal to (q) Initial to final positi on (C) Displacement has the same direction as that of (r) Velocity (D) Motion under gravity is considered as the case of (s) Uniform acceleration PART - IV : COMPREHENSION Comprehension # 1 Read the following write up and answer the questions based on that. The graph below gives the coordinate of a particle travelling along the X-axis a s a function of time. AM is the tangent to the curve at the starting moment and BN is tangent at the end moment (u 1 = u 2 =120). 1. The average velocity during the first 20 seconds is (A) 10 m/s (B) 10 m/s (C) zero (D) 20 m/s 2. The average acceleration during the first 20 seconds is

(A) 1 m/s 2 (B) 1 m/s 2 (C) zero (D) 2 m/s 2 3. The direction ( i or i ) of acceleration during the first 10 seconds is _____________ . 4. Time interval during which the motion is retarded. (A) 0 to 20sec. (B) 10 to 20sec. (C) 0 to 10sec. (D) None of these Comprehension # 2 The position of a particle is given by x = 2 (t t 2 ) where t is expressed in seconds and x is in meter. Possitive direction is twords right. 5. The acceleration of the particle is (A) 0 (B) 4 m/s 2 (C) 4 m/s 2 (D) None of these. 6. The maximum value of position co-ordinate of particle on positive x-axis is (A) 1 m (B) 2 m (C) 2 1 m (D) 4 m 7. The particle (A) never goes to negative x-axis (B) never goes to positive x-axis (C) starts from the origin then goes upto x = 1/2 in the positive x-axis then go es to left (D) final velocity of the particle is zero 8. The total distance travelled by the particle between t = 0 to t = 1 s is : (A) 0 m (B) 1 m (C) 2 m (D) 2 1 m RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 38 PART - I : IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (LAST 10 YEARS) * Marked Questions are having more than one correct option. 1. A block is moving down a smooth inclined plane starting from rest at time t = 0. Let S n be the distance travelled by the block in the interval t = n 1 to t = n. The ratio 1 n n S S + is [JEE (Scr.), 2004, 3] (A) n 2 1 n 2

(B) 1 n 2 1 n 2 + (C) 1 n 2 1 n 2 + (D) 1 n 2 n 2 2. A particle is initially at rest, It is subjected to a linear acceleration a , as shown in the figure. The maximum speed attained by the particle is [JEE Scr. 2004; 3] (A) 605 m/s (B) 110 m/s (C) 55 m/s (D) 550 m/s 3. The velocity displacement graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown. The most suitable acceleration-displacement graph will be [JEE Scr. 2005; 3] (A) (B) (C) (D) PART - II : AIEEE PROBLEMS (LAST 10 YEARS) 1. If a body loses half of its velocity on penetrating 3 cm in a wooden block, t hen how much will it penetrate more before coming to rest? [AIEEE - 2002, 4/300] (1) 1 cm (2) 2 cm (3) 3 cm (4) 4 cm 2. From a building two balls A and B are thrown such that A is throw n upwards and B downwards (both vertically with same speed). If V A and V B are their respective velocities on reaching the ground, then [AIEEE - 2002, 4/300] (1) v B > v A (2) v A =v B (3) v A > v B (4) their velocities depends on their masses 3. Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific instant. The ratio o f the respective distances at which the two cars are stopped at the same instant is : [AIEEE - 2002, 4/300] (1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 4 (3) 1 : 8 (4) 1 : 16 RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 39 4. The coordinates of a moving particle at any time t are given by x = ot 3 and y = |t 3 . The speed of the particle at time t is given by : [AIEEE - 2003, 4/300] (1)

2 2 | + o (2) 3t 2 2 2 | + o (3) t 2 2 2 | + o (4) 2 2 | + o 5. A car moving with a speed of 50 km/hr, can be stopped by brakes after at leas t 6 m. if the same car is moving at a speed of 100 km/hr, the minimum stopping distance is : [AIEEE - 2003, 4/300 ] (1) 12 m (2) 18 m (3) 24 m (4) 6 m 6. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height h metres. It takes T sec onds to reach the ground. What is the position of the ball in T/3 seconds? [AIEEE - 2004, 4/300] (1) h/9 metre from the ground (2) 7h/9 metre from the ground (3) 8h/9 metre from the ground (3) 17h/9 metre from the ground 7. An automobile travelling with a speed of 60 km/h, can brake to stop within a distance of 20 m. If the car is going twice as fast, ie. 120 km/h, the stopping distance will be [AIEEE - 2004, 4/300] (1) 20 m (2) 40 m (3) 60 m (4) 80 m 8. The relation between time t and distance x is t = ax 2 + bx, where a and b are constants. The acceleration is: [AIEEE 2005, 4.300] (1) 2abv 2 (2) 2bv 2 (3) 2av 3 (4) 2av 3 9. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the rate f through a distance S, th en continues at constant speed for time t and then decelerates at the rate 2 f to come to rest. If the total distance travelled is 15 S, then : [AIEEE 2005, 4/300] (1) S = ft (2) S = 6 1 ft 2 (3) S = 72 1 ft 2 (4) S = 4 1 ft

2 10. A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5 ms 1 . In 10 second the velocity changes to 5 ms 1 northwards. The average acceleration in this time is : [AIEEE 2005, 4/300] (1) 2 1 ms 1 towards north-west (2) 2 1 ms 2 towards north (3) zero (4) 2 1 ms 2 towards north-west. 11. A parachutist after bailing out falls 50 m without friction. When parachute opens, it decelerates at 2 m/s 2 . He reaches the ground with a speed of 3 m/s. At what height approximately, did he b ail out? [AIEEE 2005, 4/300] (1) 91 m (2) 182 m (3) 293 m (4) 111 m 12. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving along the positive x-direction with a velocity v that varies as v = x o The displacement of the particle varies with time as [AIEEE-2006, 3/180] (1) t 1/2 (2) t 3 (3) t 2 (4) t 13. The velocity of a particle is v = v 0 + gt + ft 2 . If its position is x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after unit time (t = 1) is [AIEEE 2007, 3/120] (1) v 0 + 2g + 3f (2) v 0 + 2 g + 3 f (3) v

0 + g + f (4) v 0 + 2 g + f 14. An object moving with a speed of 6.25 m/s, is decelerated at a rate given by : u = u 5 . 2 dt d where u is the instantaneous speed. The time taken by the object, to come to res t, would be : [AIEEE - 2011, 4/120, 1] (1) 1 s (2) 2 s (3) 4 s (4) 8 s RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 40 15. A particle of mass m is at rest at the origin at time t = 0. It is subjected to a force F(t) = F 0 e bt in the x direction. Its speed v(t) is depicted by which of the following curves ? [AIEE E 2012 ; 4/120, 1] Hint : Acceleration = Mass Force (1) (2) F b mb 0 v(t) t (3) (4) BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : ANSWER & SOLUTIONS 1. Both rest and motion are relative terms. 2. When the object moves along a straight line and always in the same direction. 3. It will be a straight line, inclined with time-axis. 4. No. It is because, the x-t graph parallel to position axis indicates that the position of the object is changing at a given instant of time. 5. No. It is because, the x-t graph parallel to timeaxis indicates that the object is at rest. 6. Acceleration . 7. Both the balls will rise to the same height. It is because, for a body moving with given initial velocity and acceleration, the distance covered by the body does not depend on the mass of the body. 8. if an object is thrown verticle upward than at top point velocity will be zero but acceleration will be non zero. 9. Instantaneous speed. 10. (a) Three dimensional (b) One dimensional (c) Three dimensional (d) Two dimensional. (e) Two dimensional 11. Let

C V and S V be the velocities of the car and the scooter respectively. Here C V = 90 kmh 1 and S V = 60 kmh 1 The relative velocity of the car w.r.t. the scooter, S C CS V V V = or V CS = V C V S When the car is ahead of the scooter : V CS = 90 60 = 30 km h 1 (away from the scooter) When the scooter is ahead of the car : v CS = 90 60 = 30 km h 1 (towards the scooter) 13. two hours 15. When an object is thrown up, the direction of motion of the object and its velocity are along verticaly downward and upward direction but acceleration is along verticaly downward direction. Therefore, the direction of motion of the object is that of the velocity and not that of acceleration. 16. The average speed in a small time interval is equal to the slope of the x-t graph in that interval. Since the slope of the graph is maximum in the time interval 3 and least in the interval 2; the average speed is greatest in interval 3 and is least in interval 2. RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 41 Further, the slope of x-t graph is positive in the time intervals 1 and 2 and it is negative in the interval 3. Therefore, in interval 1 and 2, the average velocity is positive; and in the interval 3, the aver-

age velocity is negative. 18. 2 n n . a . 2 1 n . u s + = ( ) 2 1 n 1 n a . 2 1 ) 1 n ( u s + = ( ) 1 n 2 2 a u s s s 1 n n n th + = = 21. For a uniformly accelerated motion, the speed-time graph is a straight line, whose slope is equal to the acceleration of the motion. Since both the cars start with a given speed at zero time and have zero speed at a later time, the v-t graph in each case can be obtained by joining these points with a straight line. Thus, AB represents v-t graph for the car A and CD represents that for the car B. 5 10 15 20 25 2 O 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 S p e e d ( m s ) 1 C D' B CarB D A Time (s) CarA (a) The distance travelled by each car is equal to the area under its v-t graph. Therefore,

distance travelled by the car A, x 1 = area of AOAB = 2 1 AO OB = 2 1 25 10 = 125 m distance travelled by the car B, x 2 = area of ACOD = 2 1 CO OD = 2 1 15 20 = 150 m Since x 2 > x 1 , the car B travels farther. (b) If the car B decelerates at the same rate as the car A, then its v-t graph should be a straight line drawn from the point C and parallel to AB. Therefore, dotted line CD represents the v-t graph of the car B decelerating at the same rate as the car A. Since corresponding to point D, t = 6s, the car B will then stop in 6s. EXERCISE # 1 PART - I SECTION (A) : A-1. Distance travelled by the car = 48 m, Displacement of the car = 36 m A-2. (a) 110 m (b) 50 m,tan 1 3 4 west of south SECTION (B) : B-1. (a) 32 km/h (b) zero B-2. 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 v v v v v v v v 3v + + SECTION (C) : C-1. (a) 24 Bt ; (b) A + 300 B, 120 B C-2. A 3 Bt 4 C-3. 2 5 = 2.5 m/s 2

SECTION (D) : D-1. a = 3 m/s 2 ; 2 175 = 87.5 m D-2. (a) 2700 m = 2.7 km , (b) 60 m/s, (c) 225 m and 2.25 km D-3. 50m ; 2m/s 2 ; 20 m D-4. (a) 100 m ; (b) 10 s ; (c) 19 m, 15 m D-5. 20m D-6. (i) 20 m/s (ii) 4 m (iii) 656 m. SECTION (E) : E-1. distance travelled = 10 m; displacement = 6 m; average velocity = 5 6 = 1.2 m/s E-2. 2000 m. , , straight line parabolic curve parabolic curve x(m) 2000 1500 500 E-3. Particle B RESONANCE RECTILINEAR MOTION - 42 PART - II SECTION (A) A-1. (B) SECTION (B) B-1. (B) B-2. (A,C) B 3. (A) B 4. (B) SECTION (C) C 1. (A) SECTION (D) : D-1. (D) D-2. (C) D-3. (A) D-4. (D) D-5. (B) D-6. (B) D-7. (B) D 8. (C) SECTION (E) : E-1. (B,C) E-2. (D) E-3. (C) E-4. (C) E-5. (B) E-6. (D) PART - III 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (D) EXERCISE # 2 PART - I 1. (a) > < 1 v = > < 2 v

= > < 3 v = > < 4 v (b) v 4, avg > v 1, avg = v 2, avg > v 3, avg 2. | | . | \ | + + + 2 1 0 2 1 v v v 2 v v 0 v 2 3. (a) 24 m, 24 m (b) 24 m, 40 m 4. | | . | \ | h H H v 5. 400 m 6. 6 m/s 2 7. 22 ft/s 2 8. 70 m/s 9. (a) [0,1) s & (5,7)s (1, 5)s (1, 2) s & (5, 6) s (0, 1) s & (3, 5) s & (6, 7) s (b) (3, 6) s (0, 2) s & (6, 7) s (2, 3) s & (7, 9) s (c) 0 s & (2, 3) s (d) [7, 9] s 10. (a) 10 cm/s; (b) 25 cm/s; (c) t

0 = 16s 11. ) 6 2 8 ( + sec after the lift starts descending, 129m below the top of the shaft PART - II 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A,B,D) 16. (B,C,D) 17. (A,D) 18. (A,B,D) PART - III : 1. (A) q, s (B) p (C) p (D) q, r 2. (A) r, (B) p, (C) q, (D) s PART - IV : 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. i 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (B) EXERCISE # 3 PART - I 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) PART - II 1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (4) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (3)