CALCIUM CARBONATE

A guide for GCSE students

2010
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS

CALCIUM CARBONATE
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

LIMESTONE
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate CaCO3 Origin Formed in the sea millions of years ago from the remains of shells Found in places like the Peak District of Derbyshire

Extraction

Quarried in large amounts e.g. 150 million tonnes each year in the UK

IT IS AN IMPORTANT RAW MATERIAL

Use building material and road chippings neutralising excess acid in lakes and soil making cement and concrete added to bread added to toothpaste

LIMESTONE PRODUCTS ARE VERY USEFUL especially in building houses

CEMENT / MORTAR

GLASS

CONCRETE

CARBONATES
Formulae All carbonates contain the CO3 unit The compounds are ionic; the formula is found by balancing the charges of the ions Carbonate ions have a 2- charge

CO32CALCIUM CARBONATE

CaCO3

SODIUM CARBONATE

Na2CO3

CARBONATES
Formulae All carbonates contain the CO3 unit The compounds are ionic; the formula is found by balancing the charges of the ions Carbonate ions have a 2- charge

CO32CALCIUM CARBONATE

CaCO3

SODIUM CARBONATE

Na2CO3

CARBONATES
Formulae All carbonates contain the CO3 unit
Chemical formula

sodium carbonate

Na2CO3

calcium carbonate

CaCO3

magnesium carbonate

MgCO3

copper carbonate

CuCO3

CARBONATES
Formulae All carbonates contain the CO3 unit
Chemical formula

sodium carbonate

Na2CO3

calcium carbonate

CaCO3

magnesium carbonate

MgCO3

copper carbonate

CuCO3

PROCESSING LIMESTONE
Roasting Heating limestone very strongly makes it break up The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

calcium carbonate

>
>

calcium oxide +

carbon dioxide

CaCO3

CaO

CO2

Calcium oxide is also known as QUICKLIME

ACTION OF HEAT ON METAL CARBONATES

METHOD Place a small amount of one of the solid carbonates in a dry test tube. Place about 2cm3 of lime water in another test tube. Heat the solid, gently at first, then more strongly. Test any gas with the limewater. CO2

lime water metal carbonate

Appearance
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Copper carbonate CuCO3 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3

CO2 produced

Residue

Conclusion

ACTION OF HEAT ON METAL CARBONATES

Appearance Calcium carbonate CO2 produced Residue Conclusion

CaCO3
Copper carbonate

WHITE SOLID GREEN SOLID WHITE SOLID WHITE SOLID

WHITE SOLID BLACK SOLID WHITE SOLID

YELLOW SOLID WHICH TURNS WHITE WHEN COOL

Calcium oxide formed (needs very

strong heating)

CuCO3
Magnesium carbonate

Copper oxide formed Magnesium oxide formed Zinc oxide formed

MgCO3
Zinc carbonate

ZnCO3

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) also decomposes on heating but it requires more heat than an ordinary bunsen burner can supply.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONATES

All metal carbonates decompose when heated to form carbon dioxide and a metal oxide. The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

calcium carbonate
copper carbonate magnesium carbonate

>
> >

calcium oxide
copper oxide

+
+

carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide + carbon dioxide

magnesium oxide

sodium carbonate *
zinc carbonate

>
>

sodium oxide
zinc oxide +

carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

* THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GROUP I METAL CARBONATES (SUCH AS SODIUM CARBONATE) REQUIRES A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY A BUNSEN BURNER IS NOT HOT ENOUGH

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONATES

All metal carbonates decompose when heated to form carbon dioxide and a metal oxide. The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

calcium carbonate
copper carbonate magnesium carbonate

>
> >

calcium oxide
copper oxide

+
+

carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide + carbon dioxide

magnesium oxide

sodium carbonate *
zinc carbonate

>
>

sodium oxide
zinc oxide +

carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

* THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GROUP I METAL CARBONATES (SUCH AS SODIUM CARBONATE) REQUIRES A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY A BUNSEN BURNER IS NOT HOT ENOUGH

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONATES

Write out the chemical equations

+ +

CaCO3 > CaO

CO2

CuCO3 > CuO

CO2

MgCO3 > MgO

CO2

Na2CO3 > Na2O

CO2

ZnCO3 > ZnO

CO2

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONATES

+ +

CaCO3 > CaO

CO2

CuCO3 > CuO

CO2

MgCO3 > MgO +

CO2

Na2CO3 > Na2O +

CO2

ZnCO3 > ZnO

CO2

QUICKLIME
Calcium oxide CaO

Reacts with water to form SLAKED LIME (CALCIUM HYDROXIDE) calcium oxide + water > calcium hydroxide + HEAT

CaO

H2O >

Ca(OH)2

Use

added to soil to make it less acidic added to lakes which have been polluted by acid rain

SLAKED LIME & LIME WATER

Lime water is a solution of calcium hydroxide in water it is an alkali it is used to test for the gas carbon dioxide (limewater goes cloudy if CO2 is present) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide > calcium carbonate + water

Ca(OH)2

CO2

>

CaCO3

H2O

LIMESTONE CYCLE
CALCIUM CARBONATE (limestone)

AQUEOUS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (lime water)

CALCIUM OXIDE (quicklime)

SOLID CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (slaked lime)

CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS All three rely on limestone for their manufacture
CEMENT powdered clay powdered limestone mix and roast them in a rotary kiln

CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS All three rely on limestone for their manufacture
MORTAR cement sand water

mortar is a thin form of concrete used for bricklaying

CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS All three rely on limestone for their manufacture
CONCRETE cement - bonds aggregate together sand powdered rock or chippings water - makes it easier to work with - causes a chemical reaction to harden the cement

allow the mixture to dry slowly (set) you get a very hard solid it is much stronger than simple cement

CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS All three rely on limestone for their manufacture
CONCRETE cement - bonds aggregate together sand powdered rock or chippings water - makes it easier to work with - causes a chemical reaction to harden the cement

You choose the correct mixture for the job you are doing foundations, driveways paths filling cracks, holes cement (1) cement (1) cement (1) large chippings (4) small chippings (3) coarse sand (3)

you must not add too much water otherwise it takes ages to dry dont let it set too quickly otherwise it cracks avoid laying concrete when it is frosty - it disintegrates For plastering walls GYPSUM is used; it is a form of calcium sulphate

CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS All three rely on limestone for their manufacture
GLASS made by heating a mixture of limestone - calcium carbonate sand - silica soda - sodium carbonate

+ small amounts of other chemicals can be added to make special glass

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

Everyday examples
Bad - acid rain attacks limestone rocks in the countryside - monuments and statues are attacked - carbonates can neutralise excess acid in the stomach

Good

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER THE SALT THAT IS FORMED DEPENDS ON THE METAL CARBONATE AND THE ACID USED

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER THE SALT THAT IS FORMED DEPENDS ON THE METAL CARBONATE AND THE ACID USED

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER calcium + carbonate sodium + carbonate copper + carbonate hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid nitric acid > > > calcium chloride sodium sulphate copper nitrate + carbon + dioxide carbon dioxide + water

water

carbon + dioxide

water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER calcium + carbonate sodium + carbonate copper + carbonate hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid nitric acid > > > calcium chloride sodium sulphate copper nitrate + carbon + dioxide carbon dioxide + water

water

carbon + dioxide

water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER calcium + carbonate sodium + carbonate copper + carbonate hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid nitric acid > > > calcium chloride sodium sulphate copper nitrate + carbon + dioxide carbon dioxide + water

water

carbon + dioxide

water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER calcium + carbonate sodium + carbonate copper + carbonate hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid nitric acid > > > calcium chloride sodium sulphate copper nitrate + carbon + dioxide carbon dioxide + water

water

carbon + dioxide

water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER calcium + carbonate sodium + carbonate copper + carbonate hydrochloric acid sulphuric acid nitric acid > > > calcium chloride sodium sulphate copper nitrate + carbon + dioxide carbon dioxide + water

water

carbon + dioxide

water

HYDROCHLORIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULPHURIC ACID

produces produces produces

CHLORIDES NITRATES SULPHATES

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

magnesium carbonate zinc + carbonate sodium carbonate zinc carbonate copper carbonate + + nitric acid > magnesium nitrate zinc chloride sodium nitrate zinc sulphate copper sulphate potassium chloride + carbon dioxide + + water

hydrochloric > acid nitric acid sulphuric acid sulphuric acid > > >

carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide

water

water

water

water

potassium + hydrochloric > carbonate acid

water

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES

magnesium carbonate zinc + carbonate sodium carbonate zinc carbonate copper carbonate + + nitric acid > magnesium nitrate zinc chloride sodium nitrate zinc sulphate copper sulphate potassium chloride + carbon dioxide + + water

hydrochloric > acid nitric acid sulphuric acid sulphuric acid > > >

carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide carbon + dioxide

water

water

water

water

potassium + hydrochloric > carbonate acid

water

AQA C1.2.1
a)

Calcium carbonate - summary

Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is quarried and can be used as a building material. Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on heating in a similar way to give carbon dioxide and the metal oxide. Not all carbonates of metals in Group 1 of the periodic table decompose at the temperatures reached by a Bunsen burner. Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.

b)

c)

d)

e)

A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.
Carbonates (eg Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Na) react with acids to produce carbon dioxide, a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain. Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.

f)

g)

CALCIUM CARBONATE
THE END

2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING