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Tribology Online, 6, 1 (2011) 1-9.

ISSN 1881-2198
DOI 10.2474/trol.6.1

Review

Industrial Tribology in the Past and Future

Koji Kato
*


Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nihon University
1 Nakagawara, Tokusada, Tamuramachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan
*
Corresponding author: koji@mech.ce.nihon-u.ac.jp

( Manuscript received 27 March 2010; accepted 4 October 2010; published 31 January 2011 )
( Presented at the World Tribology Congress 2009, Kyoto, 6-11 September, 2009 )

In the past 250 years, natural resources have been consumed with very high speed and the earth is seriously
damaged and polluted. Tribology supported powerful and high speed machinery in the period with
technologies of energy and materials saving. Many kinds of resources reserves including those of energy and
metals are now facing to deficiency within one hundred years. Revolutional technologies of sustainability and
zero-emission are being strongly required in the world industries to establish new lifestyles of real health and
sustainability for the eternal existence of human beings and other living things in symbiotic ways. Tribology
is expected to support the revolutions by developing its science and technology for the demand of new values
of industrial products.

Keywords: industry, tribology, energy, materials, environment, zero-emission, sustainability, savings, cost,
revolutions


1. Introduction
Since the start of Industrial Revolution in the middle
of 18
th
century in Great Britain, the power and speed of
machinery have been increased year by year till today.
Present electric train running with the speed around 300
km/hr is one example to show the speed change in the
past 250 years. As a result, the mechanical and thermal
severities of contact of machine elements in relative
motion have been similarly increased to high levels in
the period. The introduction of very severe
environments of high temperature, high pressure,
corrosive media or vacuum into practical systems
increased the chemical severity of contact at the same
time.
Lubricants and theories of contact, friction and
lubrication have been developed in the period to
overcome the severities and supply reliable and efficient
transmission systems including bearings, gears and
friction belts. Wear laws have been studied intensively
in the last 50 years and anti-wear materials and surface
modification methods have been developed for having
higher reliability and longer life of machinery.
The big economic contribution of saving the costs of
energy, materials and maintenance by reducing friction
and wear was confirmed and reported in 1966 by Jost
Report
1)
, which introduced a new word of Tribology
to describe the field of science and technology of this
character. Its concept and importance have been widely
accepted since then in various fields of industries.
All industries are now facing to the facts of
Deficiency of Resources Reserves of energy and
metals in the coming 50 years and the Critical
Pollutions of air, water and soil. We are clearly
required to develop technologies of Sustainability and
Zero-emission for the everlasting healthy lives of all
living things.
Tribology is expected to contribute to the technical
challenges through its original way. This paper aims at
reviewing the essential parts of tribological
achievements in the past 250 years and proposing its
expected challenges for the coming 50 years.
2. Key machines and tribo-elements in the past 250
years
The key machines and tribo-elements are listed
chronologically in Fig. 1 where a large part of
information of names and years are from the book of
History of Tribology by D. Dowson
2)
. We may
confirm in the figure that the steam engine could
perform well by having the piston ring introduced by J.
Watt and the improved metallic piston rings have been
essential key elements for the petrol engine since its
introduction in 1885 by G. Daimler and K. Bentz.
We may also confirm that the industrial production
of electricity at a power plant was made possible by the
Copyright 2011 Japanese Society of Tribologists 1
Koji Kato
introduction of reliable large bearings, such as the tilting
pad bearing by A. Kingsbury in 1898, and electric
motors for machines and devices could be popularly
used by having the reliable and less-expensive ball
bearings developed in early 1900 s.
The reliable performances of modern petrol engines,
jet engines, or turbines have been made possible by
having the developed transmission systems of bearings
and gears. Lubricants for them have been made from
oil which has been the major source of energy for
machinery since 1850.
For the modern industries and their products,
bearings and gears lubricated by oil are not all
tribo-elements but many others have been newly
generated. They include seals of gases and liquids,
brakes and tires, electric wires and strips, magnetic
heads and tapes/discs, greaseless guides, oil-less dry
metal cutting tools, metal forming tools, hip/knee joints
and joints of robots in the space.
The introduction of a new word Tribology was
timely to describe the science and technology of all of
them in modern industries and the expressions of
Space & aero-, Vehicle-, Process-, Information-
storage-, Maintenance-, Bio-, Nano-, Eco- and
Geo-tribology have been introduced in the last 50 years
to characterize the role of tribology in each
characteristic field of industry.




























3. Empirical laws and theories of friction, lubrication
and wear
The empirical laws and theories of friction,
lubrication and wear established in the period from 1470
to 2000 are listed chronologically in Fig. 2 together with
the schematic diagrams to show observed characteristics
of friction, lubrication and wear. A large part of
information of names and years in the figure are from
History of Tribology by D. Dowson
2)
.
We may confirm in the figure that the mechanisms
of the empirical friction laws observed by Leonardo da
Vinci in 1470 were scientifically explained after about
500 years by F. Bowden and D. Tabor
3)
with the base of
Hertzs theory
4)
.
In contrast, the basic understanding of mechanisms
of film lubrication and the development of its theory
were relatively quickly made in the period from 1880 to
1970 starting with the pioneering works by B. Tower
5)

and O. Reynolds
6)
, and the firm theoretical base for the
design of lubricated bearings was established in the
period.
The demand of minimizing wear in industries
became crucial after 1920 as the severities of contact
were extremely increased especially at the dry contacts
and the requirements of higher reliability and longer life
became strong under large load and high speed.

Self-alighning
double-row ball
bearing,
S. Wingquest,
SKF (1907)
River Water
&
Wind
Water wheels
&
wind mills
for
machinery
(1625)
Atmos-
pheric
beam
engine
< 1%
T.
Newcomen
(1712)
First
commercial
railway,
Leeds-
Middleton
Colliery
(1758)
Lathe & drill
machine
tools (1750)
Steam
engine
= 2.7%
J. Watt
(1769)
Steam
boat on
river
Sne
(1783)
Steam
engine in
cotton
industry
(1785)
Boring mill
J. Wilkinson
(1774)
Steam ship on
Hudson River
(1807)
Steam locomotive
on railway, Leeds
(1812)
The railway
booms, England
(1830-50)
Tar macadam
road, Nottingham
(1830)
Steel rails,
England (1862)
Dynamo, M.
Faraday
(1831)
DC motor,
T. Davenport
(1834)
Electric
railway, Berlin
(1879)
Hydraulic
power plant, T.
Edison (1882)
AC motor,
N. Tesla
(1887)
Petrol engine
& motorbike,
G. Daimler
(1885)
Petrol engine
& automobile,
K. Bentz
(1885)
Gas turbine, F.
Stolze (1872)
Steam turbine,
C. Parsons
(1884)
Diesel engine,
R. Diesel
(1892)
12 sec. flight
of Flyer, O.
Wright (1903)
Model T-Ford
mass
produced, 15
million (1909-
27)
Jet engine, F.
Whittle (1937)
Coal, oil, gas,
nuclear power
plants
(1920-1954)
Steel shaft &
brass
bearings
(1607)
Oil lubricated
axels of cart
(1637)
Roller/disc
bearings, J.
Rowe (1734)
Chain/sprock
et wheel
drive, J. Ladd
(1757)
Piston
seals of
oakum
& tallow,
J. Watt
(1769)
Brass piston
rings, J.
Ramsbottom
(1854)
Piston ring,
D. Joy (1855)
Wood bearings,
Lignum-vitae
(1856)
Oil-filled axle-
boxes, P. Hodge
(1852)
Hydrostatic
bearing,
L. Girard
(1865)
Pneumatic
tyre for
bicycles,
J. Dunlop
(1888)
Air bearing,
A. Kingsbury (1897)
Tilting pad bearing,
A. Kingsbury (1898)
Taper roller bearing,
H. Timken (1898)
Steel ball turning &
grinding, E. Hoffman
(1899)
Rubber tiers for motor
cars, E. Michelin (1895)
Space & aero-tribology
Vehicle-tribology
Process-tribology
Information-storage-tribology
Maintenance-tribology
Bio-tribology
Micro-tribology
Nano-tribology
Eco-tribology
Geo-tribology
Gears, Tools,
Brakes, Filters,
Pulleys, Belts,
Bolts & Nuts,
Guides,
wheels, ...
Jost Report: Tribology
(1966)
Scottish Mineral Oil Co. (1851), Standard Oil Co. (1870), Gulf Oil Co. (1901)
Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. (1854), Royal Dutch Co. (1890), Texas Fuel Co. (1901)
Anglo-Persian Oil Co. (1909)
Oil, Combustion Engine, & Electricity
Industrial Revolution
Coal & Steam Engines
1800AD 1900AD 2000AD
Fig. 1 Representative machinery and tribo-elements introduced in the period of industrial revolution and oil age
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 2
Industrial Tribology in the Past and Future
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 3






























































Very fundamental wear laws were experimentally
introduced by A. Palmgren
7)
, J. Archard
8)
and M.
Khruschov
9)
by 1960 for typical metallic materials, and
several wear modes were microscopically well observed
with the SEM in 1980 s and 1990 s. However,
comprehensive wear theories are not yet well
established for the design of contact materials and
tribo-elements.
1500AD 1600AD 1700AD 1800AD 1900AD 1500AD 1600AD 1700AD 1800AD 1900AD
Hypothesis
on viscous
flow, I.
Newton
(1687)
F = W/3,
F: independent
of contact area,
G. Amonton
(1699)
Cohesion of
Pb-balls,
J. Desagullier
(1724)
F = 0. 35W on
rough surfaces,
B. Blidor
(1737)
F/W = = tan ,
L. Euller (1750)
F = C + W,
s > k,
C. Coulomb
(1779)
Friction law
F = W
F: independent
of area,
Leonardo da
Vinci (1470)
Elastic contact
theory
H. Hertz (1881)
Pressure distribution
in a journal bearing,
B. Tower (1883)
Friction in journal
bearings,
N. Petrov (1883)
Fluid film lubrication
theory, O. Reynolds
(1886)
Stribeck curve (1902)
Solution of Reynolds
equation for journal bearings,
A. Sommerfeld (1904)
Numerical solution of plane
bearing with side-leakage,
A. Michel (1905)
Gmbel number
/P (1914)
Gmbel number
/P (1914)
Boundary lubrication
W. Hardy &
I. Doubleday (1922)
Oil whril in journal bearings,
B. Newkirk (1924)
Flash temperature theory,
H. Blok (1937)
Real contact area & adhes
theory,
F. Bowden & D. Tabor (1950
4. Examples of tribo-elements for modern machinery
made in japan in the past 50 years
Fig. 3 chronologically shows 14 selections of
modern machines and tribo-elements produced in Japan
in the past 50 years. They are introduced from the 50
th

Anniversary Report of Japanese Society of Tribologists
in 2007
10)
.
The head/disk drive system in 1957 was designed
with the theory of aero-dynamic lubrication and it has
been developed in the following 50 years for the smaller
size and larger capacity.
The electric high speed train called Shinkan-sen ran
at the speed of 210 km/hr in 1964 and now runs at
above 270 km/hr. The control of friction and wear at
wheel/rail and electric wire/strip and the high
reliability of rolling bearings are the key technologies
for such a high speed rail way. A rotary engine was
finally installed in a commercial car in 1967 by
overcoming the problem of wear at the apexes of rotor.
DLC coatings first synthesized in 1970 were later
introduced to the sliding valve in water tap and the
guide in camera, and greases were totally removed from
their sliding surfaces. An automatic transmission for a
car became popular in 1973, where power was
transmitted by friction between surfaces of metal and
paper plates in oil. A turbo-charger of floating bush
bearing was introduced to a car in 1979 for higher
efficiency of combustion engine.
A very large tilting pad bearing for a 20" rotary
shaft was installed in a turbine generator in 1980.
Ceramic rolling bearings were mass produced in 1987.
Oil-less tower link bearings were used in 1985 in the
world longest bridge over the inland sea between Japan
main island and Shikoku island. Bearings for non-CFC
compressor were developed in 1989.
Plastic thrust bearings of PTFE/GF/MoS
2
were
introduced in 1994 to a water turbine for power
generation. Bearings and seals were made for a
turbo-pump supplying liquid hydrogen and oxygen to a
rocket engine in 1994. Lead free over lay was
introduced to engine crank shaft bearings in 1998. A
continuously variable transmission driven by the
traction force was installed in a car in 1999.

Fig. 2 Empirical laws and theories of friction, lubrication and wear established in the past 550 years
F: friction force, W: load, v: velocity, A
a
: apparent contact area, d: film thickness, q: viscosity,
e: angular velocity, p: contact pressure, T: temperature, N
f
: fatigue limit cycle, AV: wear volume,
L: sliding distance
ive
)
Pressure spike near the
outlet in EHL,
A. Petrusevich (1951)
Theory of oil whip,
H. Hori (1956)
Minimum film thickness
formula,
D. Dowson &
G. Higginson (1959)
Measurement of EHL film
thickness,
R. Gohar &
A. Cameron (1963)
Fatigue life of rolling elem
W
3
Nf = constant
A. Palmgren (1923)
ent
Adhesive wear of metals
V WL/H
J. Archard (1953)
Atomic transfer wear
V LAr
R. Holm (1946))
Metallic wear
J. Barwell & C. Strang (1952)
Abrasive wear of metals
V WL/H
M. Khruschov (1957)
Shakedown limit in rollin
contact, K. Johnson (1962)
g
Prediction of rolling conta
fatigue life, T. Tallian (197
ct
6)
Prediction of wear modes
slip line field theory, J.
Challen & P. Oxley (1979
by
)
Friction
Lubrication
(HL, BL, EHL)
Wear
2000AD
Friction
Lubrication
Wear
Koji Kato





















































The DN value reached 3 10
6
with hybrid ceramic
bearings for a rocket engine in 2001 and 5 10
6
for a
machine spindle in 2004. These successful
achievements in industries are made possible by using
the fundamental properties of friction and wear at the
dry or lubricated contact interface.
1950AD 2000AD
HDD (1957)
ShinkansenRailway
210 km/h (1964)
DLC (1970)
Floating bush
bearing for
turbo-charger
(1979)
Tilting pad bearing
for turbine generator (1980)
Friction plates
for AT-CL
(1973)
Ceramic rolling
bearings (1984)
Tower link
bearings
(1985)
Non-CFC
compressor
bearings
(1989)
Bearings
and seals in
turbo-pumps
for rocket
engine
(1994)
PTFE/GF/
MoS2
thrust
bearings
in water
turbine
(1994)
Pb-free
over lay
for engine
bearings
(1998)
Troidal CVT for
automobile (1999)
DN 3x10
6
hybrid
ceramic
bearings
for rocket
engine
(2001)
DN 5x10
6
hybrid
ceramic
bearings for
machine
spindles
(2004)
Rotary engine
(1967)
Rotary engine
(1967)
20
Jost Report: Tribology (1966)
Fig. 3 Examples of machinery and tribo-elements made in Japan in the past 50 years [10]
5. Tribology for savings and better functions
Table 1 introduces the industrial savings in UK
(1965) by tribology in seven categories shown in Jost
Report
1)
. The savings in categories of (a), (b) and (c)
can be attained mainly by reducing wear and those in
categories of (d) and (e) by reducing friction. Those
savings are made by the improvements in Safety,
Reliability and Efficiency of machinery through the
reduction in wear and friction.
The economic contribution of this kind by tribology
can be generally observed in any kind of machinery
including automobiles, aircrafts, rail ways, power plants
and production facilities.
The other kind of contribution available by tribology
is to give useful functions to raise the value of
machinery. The automatic transmission using friction
plates and the continuously variable transmission using
traction disks in Fig. 3 are examples of this kind.
Those two types of transmissions are operated by
friction at the contacts of friction plates or traction disks
where high friction is required for the high efficiency of
power transmission. High friction is the essential
property at such contact interfaces for giving the
function of power transmission to the system.
Grinding and polishing for finishing surfaces,
friction welding for joining elements, rubbing for
controlling liquid crystals and bolts/nuts for fixing
elements make the similar kind of contributions of
giving essential functions to elements and machinery by
tribology, where low friction and low wear are not
necessarily required.
Although they are not obviously shown in Fig. 3,
their tribological contributions of giving necessary key
functions to elements are very important in industry for
realizing new or improved performances of machinery
such as shown in the figure.
Table 1 Industrial savings by tribology in UK (1965)
from the Jost Report (1966) [1]
(a) Savings in maintenance
and replacement costs
230
(b) Savings on losses
consequential upon breakdown
115
(c) Savings in investment
through increased life of machinery
100
(d) Reduction in consumption
through lower friction
28
(e) Savings in investment
due to higher utilization ratios
and greater mechanical efficiency
22
(f) Reduction in manpower
10
(g) Savings in lubricant costs
10
(a) Savings in maintenance
and replacement costs
230
(b) Savings on losses
consequential upon breakdown
115
(c) Savings in investment
through increased life of machinery
100
(d) Reduction in consumption
through lower friction
28
(e) Savings in investment
due to higher utilization ratios
and greater mechanical efficiency
22
(f) Reduction in manpower
10
(g) Savings in lubricant costs
10
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 4
Industrial Tribology in the Past and Future
6. Technical tasks in the age of deficiency of
resources reserves and the environmental pollution
Energy has been sufficiently supplied for the life of
human beings from coal and oil and sufficient minerals
by powerful mining in the past 250 years. Fig. 4 shows
the available periods of resources reserves of energy and
metals in the future with the present speed of
consumption
11)
.
It is very clear from the figure that new methods of
obtaining energy from renewable sources and methods
to use metals repeatedly without throwing away have to
be developed within 50 years. Reproducible materials
will become necessary for forming elements and
machinery.
Fig. 5 shows the results of numerical simulations of
natural resource, food per person in one year, production
per person in one year, pollution against the one in 1970,
and population in the world
12)
. The solid curve of
Resource in the figure partly corresponds to the
diagram in Fig. 4 and describes the quick deficiency of
natural resources on the earth within 50 years. The solid
line of Pollution shows extremely rapid increase in
world pollution caused by the rapid consumption of the
natural resources and extensive emissions of pollusive
by-products to air, water and soil.
As the result of such deficiency in natural resources
and coincided increase in pollutions, the amount of
industrial products and that of foods in the world will
suddenly drop before 2050 after experiencing their
peaks, which will be similarly followed by the world
population.
The facts shown in Fig. 4 and predictions shown in
Fig. 5 tell us the strong and urgent needs of new
technologies available to live without natural resources
and pollutions in the environment. Reducing the
amount of emissions of carbon dioxide in the viewpoint
of global warming reported by IPCC
13)
is a typical
example requiring quick development of new
technologies.

















It is very clear from those facts that technical
revolutions are necessary in industries for the use of
renewable energy and recycled and/or reproduced
materials without harmful emissions to the environment.
Tribology is expected to take its role in such technical
revolutions.
7. The age of revolutions of energy, materials and
environment and industrial products in 2000 - 2100
Human beings are now at the stage of changing their
lifestyles from present ones to new ones for the time of
no natural resources of energy and minerals as shown in
Figs. 4 and 5. They also have to be prepared for the
negative impacts on their health and life by the
accumulated pollutions in air, water and soil.
Chemically polluted foods and global warming are
examples of the negative impacts.
Challenges to make revolutions in technologies of
energy, materials and environment are clearly required
for solving the problems and establishing new
Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability which should
promise the ever lasting existence of human beings in
symbiotic relationships with other living things.
Table 2 lists the essential keywords to describe those
revolutions. Energy revolution will be made by
changing sources of energy from oil, gas, uranium and
coal to sun, water, wind, ground and bio-mass.
Materials revolution will be made by changing
sources of materials from mines and wells to recycled
ones and/or to reproduced ones. Environment
revolution will be made by introducing new
technologies for avoiding emissions of pollutive
materials and/or replacing them with un-pollutive ones.
Technologies for the quick recovery of polluted air,
water and soil will be required at the same time. New
Fig. 4 Resources reserves of energy and metals [11]
( 198years) ( 76years)
( 54years)
( 34years)
( 2years)
( 8years)
( 11years)
( 17years)
( 18years)
( 20years)
( 30years)
( 40years)
( 40years)
( 46years)
( 90years)
( 111years)
( 117years)
( 150years)
2010 2200
Cr
Fe
Ti
W
Hg
Ni
Cu
Sn
Pb
Zn
Au
Ag
Diamond
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Al
U
http://my.reset.jp/adachihayao/081210A03.j pg http://my.reset.jp/adachihayao/081210A03.j pg
http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20080709/164924/px480_03.jpg http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20080709/164924/px480_03.jpg
Metal
Resources
reserves
Energy
resources
reserves
2
Resource
Population
010 2050 2100 2150 2200 2010 2050 2100 2150 2200
Year
Food
Pollution
Production
1900 2100 2000
Year, AD
Fig. 5 Simulations of natural resources, foods/person
year, productions/person, population, and
pollutions/pollutions in 1970 in the world by
D. H. Meadows, et al. in 1972 [12]
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 5
Koji Kato
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 6
rules and laws to restrict emissions of pollutive ones
will also be introduced for the successful revolution.
Industrial products in such an age of revolutions will
have to satisfy the strong demand of Sustainability in
addition to the traditional demands of high Value and
low Cost. Table 3 lists essential keywords related to
the products in 2000 - 2100. In order to design products
of sustainability, Engineering of renewable energy,
recycling, reuse and reproduction of materials,
zero-emission of pollutions and ecological balance will
have to be developed. In determining the cost of a
product, costs of recycling and/or reproducing materials
will have to be added to the traditional costs of raw
materials, manufacturing, and maintenance.
Therefore, in the design of the value of a product,
recyclability/reusability of materials and no-pollution
will have to be seriously considered in addition to the
traditional ones of usefulness, performance, reliability,
life and comfort.
LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) in 2000 - 2050 will
mainly deal with the items for sustainability and cost in
Table 3, where tribology is expected to make
contributions through its original ways for the better
score of LCA of a product
14)
.
In Fig. 6, the three white arrows schematically show
the tribologically generated improvements of
sustainability, cost-saving and value for one product.
It would be important for traditional tribologists to
consider possible ways of tribology to increase the
improvements in the future by introducing new
tribological concepts and approaches in the age of
revolutions of energy, materials and environment.
8. Tribology for sustainability in 2000 - 2050
Among the requirements of industrial products in
21
st
century, sustainability will become an essential and
new one which has not been seriously considered in 20
th

century. The principal tribological approaches with the
concept of sustainability are listed in Table 4, which are
expected to be realized in 2000 - 2050. The keywords in
the table are light elements, coated surfaces,
nano-design, control of wear particles and outgases,
reproducible lubricants, on-purpose running-in, and
on-demand lubrication.

Table 2 Keywords to describe energy-, materials-, and
environment revolutions in 2000 - 2100 AD
Value 2000AD 2100AD 2000AD 2100AD
(1) Heavy tribo-elements of
metals
(2) Bulk materials for contact
surfaces
(3) mmto mscale surface
design
(4) No control of wear particles
and tribo-outgases
(5) Mineral oil lubricatants
(6) Resultant running-in surfaces
(7) Over-supply of lubricant
Light tribo-elements of reproducible
materials
Coated surfaces for contacts
+ nano-scale surface design
On-purpose control of wear particles
and tribo-outgases
Reproducible oils, water, gases,
complex emulsions
On-purpose running-in surfaces
Minimum supply of lubricant on
demand
(1) Heavy tribo-elements of
metals
(2) Bulk materials for contact
surfaces
(3) mmto mscale surface
design
(4) No control of wear particles
and tribo-outgases
(5) Mineral oil lubricatants
(6) Resultant running-in surfaces
(7) Over-supply of lubricant
Light tribo-elements of reproducible
materials
Coated surfaces for contacts
+ nano-scale surface design
On-purpose control of wear particles
and tribo-outgases
Reproducible oils, water, gases,
complex emulsions
On-purpose running-in surfaces
Minimum supply of lubricant on
demand
Table 4 Tribological approaches for sustainability
Cost-saving
Sustainability
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram describing the
tribologically generated improvements of
value, cost-saving and sustainability of a
product with the three white arrows
Age of Energy-, Materials-
and Environment Revolutions
Aiming at Sustainable Healthy Living
Energy Revolution
from
Oil
Gas
Uranium
Coal
to
Solar
Water
Wind
Geothermal
Bio-mass
Materials Revolution
from Mining to
Reuse
Recycle
Reproduce
Environment Revolution
from
Soil-Pollution
Water-Pollution
Air-Pollution
to
Zero-emissions and
total recovery from
accumulated pollutions
(3R)
Age of Energy-, Materials-
and Environment Revolutions
Aiming at Sustainable Healthy Living
Energy Revolution
from
Oil
Gas
Uranium
Coal
to
Solar
Water
Wind
Geothermal
Bio-mass
Materials Revolution
from Mining to
Reuse
Recycle
Reproduce
Environment Revolution
from
Soil-Pollution
Water-Pollution
Air-Pollution
to
Zero-emissions and
total recovery from
accumulated pollutions
(3R)
2000AD 2100AD 2000AD 2100AD
Table 3 Design demands of industrial products in
2000 - 2100 AD
Value : Usefulness, Performance, Reliability, Life, Comfort,
Reusability, Recyclability, No-pollution
Industrial Products
Sustainability :
Renewable energy
Recycled materials
Reproduced materials
Reused materials
Ecological balance
No-pollution
Cost :
Materials
Manufacturing
Maintenance
Recycling
Reproduction
LCA : Life Cycle Assessment
LCT : Life Cycle Tribology
Industrial Tribology in the Past and Future
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Time (s)
Coated sapphire ball against coated sapphire
disk in dry nitrogen
0. 001
Erdemir, et al. , J. Vac. Sci. Technol. , A 18
(2000) 1987
Load
Sapphire
Ball
Disk
NFC
Coating
Load: 10 N
Speed: 0. 3 m/s
Environment: Dry Nitrogen
Ball Radius: 3. 175 mm
Width of Wear
Track
Wear
Scar (0. 18 mm)
Ball Side
Disk Side
An example for (2): Coatings (a)

(e) An example for (5): N
2
-lubrication
(N. Umehara, et al, , 2003)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

Number of cycles N, 10
3
cycles
Disk: CNx (100nm) / Si3N4
Pin: Si
3
N
4
ball (d = 4 mm)
Normal load: 200 mN
Rotary speed: 250 rpm (0.4 m/s)
Air
0 L/min
1. 2 L/min
4. 8 L/min

Laser texturing
Micro-pores 95 mm, depth of 3. 5 mm
C/SiC in water at 4, 000 rpm
(I. Etsion, et al. , 1999)
SiC
Carbon
Water
Load
SiC
Carbon
Water
Load
An example for (3): Micro Texture
(b)


0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
No texture RSP CLP CLRSP
S
t
a
b
l
e

f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

s
Lubricant: refined water
Supply rate: 60ml/min
Temperature: 14-20
Textures name Textures name
An example for (3): Micro Texture (K. Adachi, et al. , 2006) (c)


(H. Yoshimura et al. , 2004)
Cutting force, F
H
(N)
Emulsion flood coolant
(1,200 L/h)
Refined rape oil
Synthetic ester + 2%TCP
Edible frying oil
Mineral base oil
Water only (1.0 L/h)
Refined rape oil only (0.01 L/h)
O
i
l

o
n

W
a
t
e
r
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Cutting force, F
H
(N)
Emulsion flood coolant
(1,200 L/h)
Refined rape oil
Synthetic ester + 2%TCP
Edible frying oil
Mineral base oil
Water only (1.0 L/h)
Refined rape oil only (0.01 L/h)
O
i
l

o
n

W
a
t
e
r
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Droplets of 99% Water
with 1% Oil film
An example for (5): Oil-coated Water Droplets (d)

N
2
N
2
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

Number of cycles N, 10
3
cycles
Disk: CNx (100nm) / Si3N4
Pin: Si
3
N
4
ball (d = 4 mm)
Normal load: 200 mN
Rotary speed: 250 rpm (0.4 m/s)
Air
(K. Kato, et al. , 2003)
N
2
N
2 N
2
N
2
1. 2 L/min
4. 8 L/min 0 L/min
1. 2 L/min
4. 8 L/min 0 L/min



An example for (5): N
2
-lubrication
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Load: 1 N
Sliding speed: 0.21-0.27 m/s (250 rpm)
Temperature: 20-24
o
C, Humidity: RH 20-40 %
Gas flow rate: 2.0 L/min. (2.10 cc/mm
2
s)
Inner radius of tube: 4.5 mm
O
2
, N
2
Si
3
N
4
CNx
Si
3
N
4
CNx
O
2
, N
2
Si
3
N
4
CNx
Si
3
N
4
CNx
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

w
e
a
r

a
m
o
u
n
t

W
s
,

x
1
0
-
7
m
m
3
/
N
m
S
t
e
a
d
y

s
t
a
t
e

f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

s
Air O
2
(f)
N
2
O
2
N
2
O
2
N
2
50 cycles
Air N
2
Air N
2
100 cycles
(400 mN)
From
1
st
cycle
From
1
st
cycle
(K. Adachi, et al., 2004) (K. Adachi, et al., 2004)


(K. Kato, et al. , 1990)
.
Indium Deposition
0 1 2 3
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
Number of cycles, x10
4
cycles
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

Pin /Disk: Si
3
N
4
/SUS440c
Lubricant: In
H = 2 nm/min, t
h
= 1-2 min
P = 1. 3 GPa, L = 10 N
v =24 mm/s
Vacuum = 10
-6
Pa
In
(K. Kato, et al. , 1990)
.
Indium Deposition
0 1 2 3
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
Number of cycles, x10
4
cycles
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

Pin /Disk: Si
3
N
4
/SUS440c
Lubricant: In
H = 2 nm/min, t
h
= 1-2 min
P = 1. 3 GPa, L = 10 N
v =24 mm/s
Vacuum = 10
-6
Pa
In
An example for (7): Tribo-assisted coating on demand (g)


Fig. 7 Examples of experimental observations useful
for tribological applications of sustainability
corresponding to the articles of (2), (3), (5) and
(7) in Table 4 [15-21]
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 7
Koji Kato
Figs. 7 (a)-(h) introduce examples of experimental
observations which seem to give high potentials of
useful tribological applications of sustainability. (a)
shows an example corresponding to (2) in Table 4,
where the friction coefficient of about 0.001 is
generated in dry nitrogen at the sliding contact interface
between diamond-like carbon coatings containing
hydrogen above 40%
15)
. (b) shows an example
corresponding to (3) in Table 4, where the introduction
of micro-pores on the flat contact surface of SiC disk
reduces the sliding friction coefficient by more than a
half
16)
. (c) shows the similar example of micro-texture
effect on sliding friction in water, where the texture
pattern of RSP on SiC disk gives the friction coefficient
of about 0.0001
17)
. (d) shows an example corresponding
to (5) in Table 4, where the cutting force of metals is
effectively reduced by having the spray of oil-coated
water droplets much more than mineral base oil only
18)
.
(e) shows a similar example, where nitrogen gas
supplied in air to the sliding interface between CNx
coating and Si
3
N
4
ball reduces friction coefficient from
about 0.70 to about 0.05
19)
. (f) also shows a similar
example, where the friction coefficient around 0.02 is
observed when nitrogen gas is supplied after oxygen gas
for 50 cycles in air and the specific wear amount around
0.5 10
-7
mm
3
/Nm when nitrogen gas is supplied after
dry air for 100 cycles
20)
. (g) shows an example
corresponding to (7) in Table 4, where the friction
coefficient between Si
3
N
4
pin and SUS440C disk sliding
in high vacuum is quickly reduced from about 0.3 to
0.05 - 0.10 by depositing indium vapour for 1 - 2 min on
the wear track during sliding with the thickness of 2 - 4
nm. This amount of indium film keeps friction
coefficient at around 0.05 for about 10
4
cycles after
sufficient running-in
21)
.
Many other new observations of similar
characteristics to those shown in Figs. 7 (a)-(h) will be
made in the near future and tribolocial technologies for
sustainability will be developed.
9. Concluding remarks
Since the start of Industrial Revolution in 1750, the
power and speed of machinery have been rapidly
increased until now. The technology for controlling
friction have been well established to support such
industrial development in 1750 - 1970 by developing
tribo-elements, lubricants, lubrication methods and
lubrication theory. Controlling wear became one more
important subject in various industrial fields especially
1500AD 2000AD
Fig. 8 Schematic diagrams of empirical laws of friction, wear and lubrication, and key words to describe
the observed phenomena and industrys needs in 21
st
century
Sustain-
ability
Social Needs:
Sustainable
Healthy
Living
Friction, Load, Velocity, Area
Liquid Film, Boundary Layer,
Tribolayer
Fatigue-, Abrasive-, Adhesive-, &
Corrosive-Wear
Adhesion, Stiction, Shake-down
Industrial Needs:
Technology & Products
of Sustainability
Tribological Challenge:
Tribology of Sustainability
3R VOCs
EHL Tribofilm Micro-Plasma
Mechanical
Approach
Chemical
Approach
Tribo-chemical
Approach
Electronic
Approach
Value
Cost-
saving
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
L
u
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
W
e
a
r
M
.

K
a
n
e
t
a
K
.

I
t
o
K
.

N
a
k
a
y
a
m
a
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 8
Industrial Tribology in the Past and Future
Japanese Society of Tribologists (http://www.tribology.jp/) Tribology Online, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2011) / 9
after 1950. Super alloys, ceramics and hard coatings
have been developed as anti-wear materials. However,
wear theories are not yet well developed to give design
standards of tribo-elements.
The well confirmed empirical laws of friction, wear
and liquid film lubrication are summarized by the 18
schematic diagrams in Fig. 8. Mechanical, chemical and
tribo-chemical approaches have been made to
understand those empirical laws, and keywords of
asperities, real contact area, adhesion, stiction,
shake-down, liquid film, boundary layer and tribolayer
have been introduced to describe the observed
phenomena.
In 21
st
century, tribology is facing to the new stage
of technical requirements in industry which is
experiencing revolutions of energy, materials and
environment for the eternal living of human beings and
other living things in symbiotic ways
It is very clear as shown in Fig. 8 that the
establishment of Tribology of Sustainability is the
urgent industrial demand in the coming 50 years.
10. Acknowledgements
The author would like to express his big thanks to
Associate Professor Kosuke Ito at Nihon University for
his help in making slides and technical discussions.
11. References
[1] Jost, P. H., A Report on the Present Position and
Industrys Needs (HMSO), UK Department of
Education and Science, 1966.
[2] Dowson, D., History of Tribology, Longman,
London & New York, 1979.
[3] Bowden, F. P. and Tabor, D., Friction and
Lubrication of Solids Vol. I (1951), Vol. II
(1964), Oxford University Press, London.
[4] Hertz, H., On the Contact of Elastic Solids, J.
reine und angewandte Mathematik, 92, 1882,
156-171. (in German)
[5] Tower, B., 1
st
Report on Friction Experiments,
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Nov. 1883, 632-666.
[6] Reynolds, O., On the Theory of Lubrication and
Its Application to Mr. Beauchamp Towers
Experiments Including an Experimental
Determination of the Viscosity of Olive Oil, Phil.
Trans. 177(i), 1886, 157-234.
[7] A. Palmgrens work is introduced at 433-434 in
the book of reference number [2].
[8] Archard, J., Contact and Rubbing of Flat
Surfaces, J. Appl. Phys., 24, 1953, 981-988.
[9] Khruschov, M.,Resistance of Metals to Wear by
Abrasion-As Related to Hardness, Proc. Int. Conf.
on Lubrication and Wear, Inst. Mech. Engr.,
London, 1957, 655-659.
[10] 50
th
Anniversary Report of Japanese Society of
Tribologists, 2007.
[11] Jp. Dep. Resources & Energy, Proc. Energy Forum
2004, 228, and Jp. Ecomat. Res. Center, Resources
Coefficient of Minerals, 2004, March.
[12] Medows, D. H., Medows, D. L., Randers, J. and
Behrens III, W., The Limits to Growth, Universe
Books, New York, 1972.
[13] IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis
Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and
III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core
Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.
(eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104.
[14] Kato, K. and Ito, K., Modern Tribology in Life
Cycle Assessment, Proc. 31
st
Leeds-Lyon
Symposium on Tribology, Leeds, 2004, Ed.
Dowson, D., et al., Tribology and Interface
Engineering Series, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, 48,
2005, 495-506.
[15] Erdemir, A., Eryidmaz, O. L. and Fenske, G.,
Synthesis of Diamond Like Carbon Films with
Superlow Friction and Wear Properties, J. Vac.
Sci. Technol., A, 18, 4, 2000, 1987-1992.
[16] Etsion, I., Improving Tribological Performance of
Mechanical Seals by Laser Surface Texturing,
Proc. 17
th
International Pump Users Symposium,
2000, 17-22.
[17] Adachi, K., Otsuka, K., Wang, X. and Kato, K.,
Effects of Surface Texture on Water Lubrication
Properties of Advanced Ceramics, J. Japan
Society for Abrasive Technology, 50, 2006,
107-110.
[18] Yoshimura, H., Matsushima, H., Niwa, K.,
Nakamura, T. and Itonaga, F., Study of
Eco-Friendly Oil on Water Drop Metalworking
Fluid, Technology and Business Challenges, SAE
2004 World Congress, 2004-01-0789, 2004,
21-26.
[19] Kato, K., Umehara, N. and Adachi, K., Friction,
Wear and N
2
-Lubrication of Carbon Nitride
Coatings: a Review, Wear, 254, 2003, 1062-1069.
[20] Adachi, K., Wakabayashi, T. and Kato, K., The
Effect of Sliding History on the Steady State
Friction Coefficient between CNx Coating Under
N
2
Lubrication, Proc. 31
st
Leeds-Lyon
Symposium on Tribology, 2004, Leeds, Ed.
Dowson, D., et al., Tribology and Interface
Engineering Series, Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, 48,
2005, 673-677.
[21] Kato, K., Furuyama, H. and Mizumoto, M., The
Fundamental Properties of Tribo-Coating Films in
Ultra High Vacuum, Proc. Japan Int. Tribol. Conf.
Nagoya, 1, 1990, 261-266.

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