Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
E F G G
B A A B C
Y Z X
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
Heat transfer analysis Temperature Heat fluxes Thermal gradients Heat flow from convection faces Fluid analysis Pressures Gas temperatures Convection coefficients Velocities
Car tires require sophisticated analysis because of their complex geometry, large deformations, nonlinear material behavior, and varying contact conditions. Brick elements are used to represent the tread and steel bead, while shell elements are used in the wall area. Membrane elements are used to represent the tire cords.
This forging example is a simulation of a bulk forming process with multiple stages. This axisymmetric analysis begins with a cylinder of metal meshed very simply.
A 3-D finite element model of an instrumented canine cervical spine. The model consisted of four vertebrae (C3-C6), a titanium alloy plate, and two screws attached to the back of two vertebrae (C4-C5).
Finite element analysis works on the premise that a complex structure like the helicopter shown here can be simulated on a computer screen so that the helicopter's physical properties can be studied to determine how well the design will perform under real-world conditions. The computer models permit the design team to examine a wide range of options and to detect design flaws long before the prototype stage.
10
This guitar features two strips of graphite running the length of the neck. This FEM model was used to study how much the neck moved when string forces were applied and moisture content changed. Using the FEM calculations, designers could try different reinforcement scenarios to increase neck stability.
11
The boats hull consists of a thick core material sandwiched between two thinner layers of plys oriented in different directions. The initial analysis work focused on maximizing the hull's overall stiffness by examining different core-material densities and varying the ply thickness and orientations.
12
Dynamic analysis of a tuning fork, to find it's first eight modes of vibration.
4
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
8
13
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
14
Here we present a survey of some of the better-known integrated FEM software packages. These integrated systems allow users to perform all facets of FEM analysis, including modeling, meshing, solution and post-processing. The Internet provides a vast new resource for individuals interested in the FEM. See the Reference section of this paper for interesting FEM links to start your Internet research. In addition to the integrated FEM packages listed below, many vendors offer dedicated software for solid modeling, mesh generation, FE equation generation and solution, and post-processing.
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
15
16
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
17
18
Technologies that Compete With the FEM (cont.) Prototype Testing Reliable. Well-understood. Trusted by regulatory agencies (FAA, DOT, etc.) Results are essential for calibration of simulation software. Results are essential to verify modeled results from simulation. Non destructive testing (NDT) is lowering costs of testing in general. Expensive, compared to simulation. Time consuming. Development programs that rely too much on testing are increasingly less competitive in todays market. Faster product development schedules are pressuring the quality of development test efforts. Data integrity is more difficult to maintain, compared to simulation.
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
19
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
20
Future Trends in the FEM and Simulation The FEM in particular, and simulation in general, are becoming integrated with the entire product development process (rather than just another task in the product development process): FEM cannot become the bottleneck. A broader range of people are using the FEM: Not just hard-core analysts. Increased data sharing between analysis data sources (CAD, testing, FEM software, ERM software.) FEM software is becoming easier to use: Improved GUIs, automeshers. Increased use of sophisticated shellscripts and wizards.
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
21
22
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
23
Selected FEM Resources on the Internet The internet offers virtually unlimited resources to persons interested in the FEM. The following links are a small sample of FEM sites on the Internet which the author has found useful. Thousands more (at least!) are readily available. Most commercial FEM developers have extensive presence on the Internet, with web pages that include company histories, descriptions of software products, and example FEM solutions. Other good FEM resources on the web originate with academia, government, and discussion and user groups.
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
24
Contents
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM) Steps in Using the FEM (an Example from Solid Mechanics) Examples Commercial FEM Software Competing Technologies Future Trends Internet Resources References
26
References Cashman, J., 2000. Future of Engineering Simulation, ANSYS Solutions, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3-4. Chandrupatla, T. R. and Ashok D. Belegundu, 1997. Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Kardestuncer, H., 1987. Finite Element Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York. Krouse, J., 2000. Physical Testing Gets a Bum Rap, ANSYS Solutions, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 2. Lentz, J., 1994. Finite Element Analysis Cross Training, unpublished lecture notes, Honeywell Engines and Systems, Phoenix, Az. Nikishkov, G.V., 1998. Introduction to the Finite Element Method, unpublished lecture notes, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az. Rajan, S.D., 1998. Finite Elements for Engineers, unpublished lecture notes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Az. Segerlind, L. J., 1984. Applied Finite Element Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
, 2000, Barton & Rajan
27