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AIM:

To determine the Sampling frequencies (fs ) for dierent signals, Convolving two signals, Determining stable and unstable systems.

THEORY:
Aliasing: Aliasing refers to an eect that causes dierent signals to become indistinguishable from each other when sampled.Aliasing arises when a signal is discretely sampled at a rate that is insucient to capture the changes in the signal. To avoid aliasing errors ,an analog lowpass lter ,called antialising lter is used. Dierent Types of Input: Impulse Input: The impulse function has zero amplitude everywhere except at t = 0 .At t = 0,the amplitude is innity such that the area under the curve is equal to one. x(t) = (t) Unit Step Function: when t in u(t) is less than zero,then the unit step function is zero,and when t is greater than or equal to zero than the unit step function is unity. x(t) = u(t) Even and Odd Signals: Even Signal: An even signal is any signal such that f (t) = f (t). Even signals are symmetric around the vertical axis. x(t) = cos(t) Odd Signal: An odd signal, on the other hand, is a signal such that f (t) = f (t). x(t) = sin(t) Linear Convolution and Circular Convolution: Linear Convolution: Linear convolution is a mathematical operations on two functions f and g ,producing a third function that is the modied version of one of the original signals giving the area overlap between the two functions. x(t) = (f g )(t) Circular Convolution: The circular convolution, also known as cyclic convolution, of two aperiodic functions occurs when one of them is convolved in the normal way with a periodic summation of the other function. x(n) = (f gN )[n]

Causal and Non Causal Systems: Causal System: A causal system is one for which the output at any time t depends on the present and past inputs but not future inputs.these systems are also known as non-anticipative systems. y (t) = x(t) + x(t 1) Non Causal: A non causal system is one whose output depends on future values y (t) = x(t) + x(t + 3) System Stability: A system is said to be bounded input and bounded output stable if and only if every bounded input produces a bounded output.

PROCEDURE:
1. Two sin waves with given frequency 1/8 and 7/8 are generated. 2. Stem plots have been generated using stem function and colour coded using colourll parameter. 3. we observe that the given sampling frequency undersamples the the signal as fs < 2f . 4. Since fs < 2f , we cant reconstruct the signal. So, we increased the sampling frequency to higher value say 6.8Hz. This time it is over sampled, so the signal can be reconstructed. 5. To nd the convolution of the two discrete sequences we rst created a [11,8] matrix for the given impulse sequence and 81 matrix for the input sequence and then we multiplied both the matrices to form a [111] matrix (convolved output) and then we have used the function stem to plot the graph 6. For showing dierent situations of stable and unstable senarios, we took dierent values of a and plotted h(n) over n. If the function increases with time, then it is unstable system otherwise it is stable system.

SIMULATION FIGURES:

DISCUSSION:
1. Sampling problem occured in rst case, because fs < 2f . The theortical value for sampling frequency is fs 2f . To get the proper sampling at given sampling frequency fs = 1 Hz, the f2 should be less than 4/8 Hz. 2. If we change the point of origin of either h(n) or x(n), the output pattern doesnt change, only the origin point of output shifts accordingly. 3. For given h(n) : 1 < n < 1 - stable system else - unstable system

CONCLUSION:
sine waves were created and their sampling frequencies is determined to avoid aliasing ,convolution between two signals have been studied and based on the knowledge of the impulse response of the system,it has been determined whether a system is stable or not.

Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/ signals and system by p.ramesh babu

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