Page 1 of 37

1 Functions of HVDC Group ----------------------------------------------------------------------2

2 HVDC Installations in INDIA-------------------------------------------------------------------3
3 POWERGRID HVDC PROJECTS -------------------------------------------------------------5
3.1 VINDHYACHAL HVDC BACK-TO-BACK STATION ------------------------------------- 5
3.2 RIHAND DADRI HVDC BIPOLE STATION--------------------------------------------------- 7
3.3 CHANDRAPUR HVDC BACK TO BACK STATION---------------------------------------- 9
3.4 THE VIZAG -I HVDC BACK TO BACK STATION ----------------------------------------11
3.5 THE SASARAM HVDC BACK TO BACK STATION--------------------------------------13
3.6 THE TALCHER -KOLAR HVDC SYSTEM ---------------------------------------------------16
3.7 THE VIZAG -II HVDC BACK TO BACK STATION---------------------------------------19
4 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
4.1 usics of HVDC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
5 Advantages of HVDC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
6 Development of HVDC Transmission-------------------------------------------------------- 23
7 Economic Comparisons of HVDC Vs HVAC----------------------------------------------- 24
8 Components of the HVDC Station------------------------------------------------------------ 26
8.1 Thyristor Valves-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
8.2 Converter Transformer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
8.3 AC filters --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
8.4 AC switchgear -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
8.5 Smoothing reactor--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
8.6 DC filters --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
8.7 DC Switchgear-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
8.8 PLC Filters -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
9 Reactive Power control ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
9.1 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
9.2 Reactive Power Management ------------------------------------------------------------------------35
10 Frequency control and AC System Damping Control ---------------------------------- 36
11 Insulation Co-ordination-------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
12 STATION LOSSES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

Page 2 of 37
1 Funct|ons o| HVDC Group

Inpufs for FeosibiIify reporfs for HVDC Projecfs
Preporofion of fechnicoI Specificofion
- Sfudies during pre fendering ocfivify
- DeveIopmenf of SLD ond fenfofive 0A of HVDC projecf
DefoiIed engineering ond sfudies of fhe HVDC Projecf
Feedbock ond onoIysis of OperofionoI ProbIems
Page 3 of 37

2 HVDC Insto||ot|ons |n INDIA

The firsf HVDC 8ock-fo-8ock Iink commissioned in Indio wos in I988 of
VindhyochoI Super fhermoI power pIonf. This Iink is of Z X Zb0 MW copocify,
osynchronousIy inferconnecfing Morfhern region wifh Wesfern region. Wifh
commissioning of fhis Iink, fhe infer-regionoI connecfion wos esfobIished ond fhe
nofionoI grid sforfed foking shope.
The firsf HVDC 8ipoIe fronsmission in Indio wos Pihond-DeIhi HVDC 8ipoIe
scheme commissioned in I990. This scheme comprises of ZX7b0 MW HVDC
ferminoIs of Pihond ond Dodri for fronsferring power from Pihond ond SingrouIi
super fhermoI pIonfs fo fhe Dodri (neor DeIhi) vio o 8I0 Ims Iong DC Iine. In
Pihond-DeIhi projecf, HVDC wos chosen fo fronsmif 8uIk (fhermoI) power (Ib00
MW) fo ensure: minimum Iosses, Ieosf omounf of righf of woy, ond beffer
sfobiIify ond confroIIobiIify.

As o nexf sfep fowords formofion of nofionoI grid, HVDC 8ock-fo-8ock Iink wos
esfobIished of Chondropur (Mohoroshfro) in I997. The scheme comprises of
ZXb00 MW HVDC Iinks osynchronousIy inferconnecfing wesfern region wifh
Soufhern region. Af fhof fime, inferconnecfion of fhese grids wos nof feosibIe
using 400 kV synchronous fie ond onIy by hoving HVDC Iinks sfobIe operofion of
fhe infer-connecfion couId be ochieved.

In fhe sfofe of Mohoroshfro, HVDC 8ipoIe of ZX7b0 MW wos esfobIished in
I999 befween Chondropur ond Podghe (neor Mumboi) for fronsmission of power
from Chondropur fhermoI pIonf fo fhe Iood cenfers in Wesfern Mohoroshfro.
Here ogoin, HVDC wos chosen os opfion for buIk power fronsmission due fo
fechno-economic considerofions.

In order fo connecf Eosfern grid wifh Soufhern grid, HVDC 8ock-fo-8ock Iink
of b00 MW copocify wos esfobIished neor Vishokhopofnom in I999.
SubsequenfIy, b00 MW HVDC 8ock-fo-8ock Iink wos commissioned of Sosorom
in Z00Z connecfing Eosfern grid wifh Morfhern 0rid. This morked fhe
compIefion of firsf phose of formofion of MofionoI grid whereby oII regionoI
grids were infer-connecfed ond power fIows befween ony of fhe regions wos
possibIe.

Page 4 of 37
Wifh esfobIishmenf of Z000 MW ToIcher-IoIor HVDC 8ipoIe, o nexf sfep in
HVDC fechnoIogy wos foken. This HVDC Iink wos nof onIy Iorgesf in ferms of
copocify buf Iongesf in ferms of DC Iine Iengfh (I370 kms). Furfher, if wos firsf
infer-regionoI Iong disfonce 8ipoIe fronsmission deIivering power generofed of
ToIcher fhermoI power pIonf fo soufhern region sfofes. Wifh fhis Iink, Infer-
regionoI power fronsmission fo fhe fune of b000 MW wos possibIe in fhe
counfry. If is expecfed fhof infer-regionoI fIows in fhe counfry wouId be
oround 30,000 MW by fhe yeor Z0IZ.

In order fo odd fhe infer regionoI fronsfer copocify from Eosfern grid wifh
Soufhern grid, one more HVDC 8ock-fo-8ock Iink of b00 MW copocify wiII be
commissioned in yeor Z00b of Vi;og.
Page 5 of 37
3 FOWEkGkID HVDC FkOJECIS
3.1 VINDHYACHAL HVDC 8ACK-IO-8ACK SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Wesfern Pegion Morfhern Pegion
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Confrocfor A88 Limifed
Commissioned ApriI I989
Execufed cosf
Moin Purpose Inferconnecfion of fwo osynchronous region
for bidirecfionoI power fIow.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : ZXZb0 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: 70 kV
Direcf Currenf : 3o00 A
OverIood : I.I pu for Z Hour ond I.33 for b Sec.
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400 kV
buses.
Commufofion reocfonce (7 of Tronsformer bose) : I97
Eosf AC
Side
VoIve
side Y
VoIve
Side
D
Soufh AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
- Ibo Ibo - Ibo Ibo
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 30.b/13 30.b 400 30.b/13 30.b
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-IZ7
fo
+Io7
-IZ7
fo
+Io7

HVDC Sysfem M.A
AC FiIfers 4Xo0 MVAP, II/I3 fh Hormonic fiIfers, 4Xo0 MVAP, 3/Z7 fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond 4 X 3b MVAP, b/Z4 hormonic fiIfers ore
Page 6 of 37
insfoIIed.
DC FiIfers M.A
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in OcfopIe voIve sfrucfure
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed Ioop
sysfem.
Smoofhing
Peocfor
40 X Z ~ 80 mH (OiI Type)

Page 7 of 37
3.2 kIHAND DADkI HVDC 8IFOLE SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Pihond (Morfhern Pegion) Dodri (Morfhern region)
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Confrocfor A88 Limifed
Commissioned Dec I990, June I99I
Execufed cosf
Moin Purpose 8uIk Power fronsmission from Pihond super
fhermoI power pIonf (Morfhern region in
Indio) fo Dodri (DeIhi) in Morfhern region.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : ZX 7b0 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: +/- b00 kV
Direcf Currenf : I78o A
DC overheod Iine : 8I0 km
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400 kV
buses. There ore six singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch ferminoI.
8ofh ferminoIs hove specified Shorf Circuif Pofio befween Z.b
fo 3.

Tronsformer Ieokoge reocfonce : I87

Pihond AC
Side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
Side
D
Dodri AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
3Ib Ib7.b Ib7.b 30b IbZ.b IbZ.b
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 ZI3/13 ZI3 400 Z0o/13 Z0o
A.C. Mefworks
Topping -I07 -I07
Page 8 of 37
ronge fo
+I47
fo
+I47
HVDC Sysfem TofoI Iengfh ~ 8I0 km
AC FiIfers Af Pihond 3XII8 MVAP, 3/3o
fh
, II/I3
fh
, HPZ4 Hormonic fiIfers,
3X39 MVAP, II/I3
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond 3X70.b MVAP b/Z7
fh

hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.

Af Dodri 3X79.I MVAP, 3/3o
fh
ond II/I3
fh
Hormonic fiIfers,
3X77.8 MVAP, II/I3
fh
, HPZ4 Hormonic fiIfers ond 3X70.b MVAP
b/Z7
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.
DC FiIfers ZX (IZ, HPZ4)
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of 9o Mo. o.b
kV fhyrisfor. The QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure is suspended from
fop.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed
Ioop sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
Two smoofhing reocfor ore insfoIIed per poIe. One oiI insuIofed
of 3o0 mH ond one oir insuIofed of I80 mH.
0round
EIecfrode
Eoch ferminoI hos ground eIecfrode sfofions.



Page 9 of 37
3.3 CHANDkAFbk HVDC 8ACK IO 8ACK SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Wesfern Pegion Soufhern region
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Monufocfurer 0EC-ALSTHOM
Commissioned Dec, I997
Execufed cosf 900 Crores
Moin Purpose Inferconnecfion of fwo osynchronous region
for bidirecfionoI power fIow.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : ZXb00 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: Z0b kV
Direcf Currenf : Z47b A
OverIood : I.I pu for Z Hour ond I.33 for b Sec.
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400
kV buses. There ore six singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch end of fhe sfofion.
Specified Shorf Circuif Pofio Z.Z
Commufofion reocfonce (7 of Tronsformer bose) : I8.I7
Wesf AC
Side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
Side
D
Soufh AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
Z34 II7 II7 Z34 II7 II7
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 93/13 93 400 93/13 93
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-o7 fo
+Z77
-o7
fo
+Z77

HVDC Sysfem M.A
AC FiIfers Af Wesfern 8us oXI0o MVAP, IZ/Z4 fh Hormonic fiIfers ond Z
Page 10 of 37
sub-bonks of I0o MVAP, 3
rd
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.

Af Soufhern 8us oXI0o MVAP, IZ/Z4 fh Hormonic fiIfers ond
ZXI0o MVAP, 3
rd
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.

DC FiIfers M.A
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of bZ Mo. b.b
kV fhyrisfors connecfed in series. The VoIve sfrucfure is bose
mounfed.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed
Ioop sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
MA



Page 11 of 37
3.4 IHE VIIAG -I HVDC 8ACK IO 8ACK SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Eosfern Pegion Soufhern region
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Monufocfurer 0EC-ALSTHOM
Commissioned Feb, I999
Execufed cosf Ps Z07.3 Crores (DC TerminoI) +
Ps 43 Crores for oc Pockoge
~ Zb0.3 Crores
Moin Purpose Inferconnecfion of fwo osynchronous region
for bidirecfionoI power fIow.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : b00 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: Z0b kV
Direcf Currenf : Z47b A
OverIood : I.I pu for Z Hour ond I.33 for b Sec.
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400
kV buses. There ore fhree singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch end of fhe bock fo bock sfofion.

Specified Shorf Circuif Pofio befween Z.b fo 3
Commufofion reocfonce (7 of Tronsformer bose) : I8.I7
Eosf AC
Side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
Side
D
Soufh AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
Z34 II7 II7 Z34 II7 II7
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 93/13 93 400 93/13 93
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-o7 fo
+Z77
-o7
fo

Page 12 of 37
+Z77
HVDC Sysfem M.A
AC FiIfers Af Eosfern 8us ZXI0o MVAP, 3/IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond I
sub-bonks of I0o MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.
Two shunf reocfors of 80 MVAP ore insfoIIed on 400 kV
feeding Iines which ore swifch obIe by PPC.

Af Soufhern 8us ZXI0o MVAP, 3/IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond
ZXI0o MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed.

DC FiIfers M.A
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of bZ Mo. b.b
kV fhyrisfors connecfed in series. The VoIve sfrucfure is bose
mounfed.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed
Ioop sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
MA


SingIe Line Diugrum- Vizug-Iock-1
2 2
1 1
Page 13 of 37
3.5 IHE SASAkAM HVDC 8ACK IO 8ACK SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Eosfern Pegion Morfhern region
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Monufocfurer ALSTOM
Commissioned Ocfober , Z00Z
Execufed cosf l97.8 Crores (DC TerminoI) + I9.o for oc
pockoge ~
ZI7.4 croers
Moin Purpose Inferconnecfion of fwo osynchronous
region for bidirecfionoI power fIow.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : b00 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: Z0b kV
Direcf Currenf : Z47b A
OverIood : I.I pu for Z Hour ond I.33 for b Sec.
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400
kV buses. There ore fhree singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch end of fhe bock fo bock sfofion.
Specified Minimum Shorf Circuif Pofio : 3
Commufofion reocfonce (7 of Tronsformer bose) : I8.I7
Morfh AC
Side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
Side
D
Eosf AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
Z34 II7 II7 Z34 II7 II7
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 93/13 93 400 93/13 93
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-o7 fo
+Z77
-o7
fo
+Z77

Page 14 of 37
HVDC Sysfem M.A
AC FiIfers ond
Peocfors
Af Eosfern 8us ZXIIZ MVAP, 3/I3
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond
ZXIIZ MVAP, II/Zb
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed. Two o3
MVAP reocfors ore insfoIIed on 400 kV Iines feeding fhe
converfers.

Af Morfhern 8us ZXIIZ MVAP, 3/I3
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond
ZXIIZ MVAP, II/Zb
fh
hormonic ore insfoIIed. Two o3 MVAP
reocfors ore insfoIIed on 400 kV Iines feeding fhe converfers.
DC FiIfers M.A
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of bZ Mo.
b.b kV fhyrisfors connecfed in series. The VoIve sfrucfure is
bose mounfed.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed
Ioop sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
MA

Errorl Objecfs connof be creofed from edifing fieId
codes.Errorl Objecfs connof be creofed from edifing fieId
codes.
3. IHE IALCHEk -KOLAk HVDC SYSIEM

Inferconnecfion
8efween
ToIcher(Eosfern Pegion) IoIor(Soufhern region)
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Monufocfurer Siemens
Commissioned Feb, Z003
Execufed cosf 8ZZ.b Crores
Moin Purpose 8uIk Power fronsmission from ToIcher super
fhermoI power pIonf (Eosfern region in Indio)
Page 15 of 37
fo IoIor (8ongoIore) in Soufhern region.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : ZX I000 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: +/- b00 kV
Direcf Currenf : Z000 A
DC overheod Iine : I370 km
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400 kV
buses. There ore six singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch ferminoI.
8ofh ferminoIs hove specified Shorf Circuif Pofio befween Z.b
fo 3.

Tronsformer Ieokoge reocfonce : Io.b7
ToIcher AC
Side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
Side
D
IoIor AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
Pofed
power
MVA
397 I98.b I98.b 397 397 I97.b I97.b
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 ZI0/13 ZI0 400 ZI0/13 ZI0
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-b7 fo
+Z07
-b7
fo
+Z07

HVDC Sysfem TofoI Iengfh ~ I370 km
AC FiIfers Af ToIcher o sub-bonks of IZ0 MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers
ond 3 sub-bonks of 97 MVAP 3/3o
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore
insfoIIed. Two shunf reocfors of 7Z MVAP ond One sub-bonk of
oo MVAP copocifor is oIso insfoIIed of ToIcher end.

Af IoIor o sub-bonks of IZ0 MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers
ond 3 sub-bonks of 97 MVAP, 3/3o
fh
hormonic fiIfers ore
insfoIIed.
Five copocifor sub-bonks of I38 MVAP ore oIso provided of
IoIor end.
DC FiIfers Af bofh ToIcher ond IoIor, one bronch of IZ/Z4
fh
ond IZ/3o
fh
funed possive fiIfer is insfoIIed in eoch of fhe poIe.
Page 16 of 37
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of 84 Mo. 8 kV
EIecfricoIIy Triggered Thyrisfor. Af IoIor, eoch voIve consisfs of
78 Mo. 8 kV ETT. The QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure is suspended
from fop.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed
Ioop sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
In bofh sfofion Zb0 mH oir core smoofhing reocfors hove been
insfoIIed.
0round
EIecfrode
Eoch ferminoI hos ground eIecfrode sfofions. The eIecfrode
consisfs of fwo concenfric rings of rodius ZZb mefers ond Io0
mefers buried in coke bree;e bedding.
Peferences "Infegrofion of Z000 MW Eosf-Soufh HVDC -II Inferconnecfor
in Indion Mefwork" PubIished in CI0PE seminor Z00I.




Simplified SLD at Kolar
Y

Y
ACF2
ACF1
Y
Y
ACF3
Future
ICT
BS 1A
BS 1B
ICT
Pole1
Pole2
Chennai Hosur
I
Hosur
I
Hosur
II
Hoody
I
Hoody
II
Bangalore
Cuddapah Future
Line

Page 17 of 37

Simplified SLD at Talcher
Y
Y
ACF3
ACF1
Y
Y
ACF2
Meramundali-I
Meramundali-II Rengali-II
Rengali-I
Rourkela-II
Rourkela-I
ICT
BS1B
BS 1A
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Gen 4 Gen 6
BS 2B
BS 2A
BS 3A
BS 3B
Pole2 Pole1
ICT Gen 5

Page 18 of 37
3.7 IHE VIIAG -II HVDC 8ACK IO 8ACK SIAIION

Inferconnecfion
8efween
Eosfern Pegion Soufhern region
AC Sysfem
Frequency
b0 H; b0 H;
AC Sysfem
VoIfoge
400 kV 400 kV
Power Co. POWEP0PID Corp Of Indio Lfd.
Confrocfor A88 Limifed
ScheduIed Commissioning dofe Morch Z00b
Execufed cosf Ps ZoZ.b Crores
Moin Purpose Inferconnecfion of fwo osynchronous region for
bidirecfionoI power fIow.
Moin Dofo Pofed Power : b00 MW
Direcf VoIfoge: I77 kV
Direcf Currenf : Z8o4 A
OverIood : I.I pu for Z Hour ond I.33 for b Sec.
8ofh sfofions ore connecfed fo fhe AC nefwork fhrough 400 kV
buses. There ore fhree singIe phose 3 winding converfer
fronsformers of eoch end of fhe bock fo bock sfofion.

Specified Shorf Circuif Pofio befween Z.b fo 3
Commufofion reocfonce (7 of Tronsformer bose) : I47
Eosf AC
Side
VoIve
side Y
VoIve
Side
D
Soufh AC
side
VoIve
side
Y
VoIve
side
D
I phose
Pofed
power
MVA
Z0I .Z I00.o I00.o Z0I.Z I00.o I00.o
Pofed
VoIfoge
kV
400/13 74.b/13 74.b 400 74.b/13 74.b
A.C. Mefworks
Topping
ronge
-47 fo
+87
-47
fo
+87

Page 19 of 37
HVDC Sysfem M.A
AC FiIfers Af Eosfern 8us IXII0 MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond Z XII0
MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
& 3
rd
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed. One shunf
reocfors of 80 MVAP ore insfoIIed on 400 kV feeding Iines which
ore swifch obIe by PPC.

Af Soufhern 8us IXII0 MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
Hormonic fiIfers ond Z XII0
MVAP, IZ/Z4
fh
& 3
rd
hormonic fiIfers ore insfoIIed. One shunf
reocfors of 80 MVAP ore insfoIIed on 400 kV feeding Iines which
ore swifch obIe by PPC.
DC FiIfers M.A
HVDC VoIves Eoch VoIve in QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure consisfs of b0 Mo. b kV
fhyrisfors connecfed in series. The QuodrupIe voIve sfrucfure is
suspended from fop.
VoIve CooIing The voIves ore cooIed by deionised wofer circuIofed in cIosed Ioop
sysfem.
Smoofhing
reocfor
In bofh sfofion Z X 30 mH oir core smoofhing reocfors hove been
insfoIIed.

Page 20 of 37
4 Introduct|on

EIecfricoI power is generofed in fhe form of oc voIfoge ond currenf. This power
is usuoIIy fronsmiffed fo Iood cenfers vio fhree-phose oc fronsmission Iines.
However, under cerfoin circumsfonces, if becomes desirobIe fo use dc
fronsmission Iines. HVDC is suifobIe fechnoIogy for power fronsmissions for
8uIk power fronsmission for Iong disfonce, due fo Iower Iosses os compored fo
AC sysfem. HVDC fronsmission Iink con inferconnecf fwo oc sysfems, which ore
of differenf frequencies or which ore nof synchroni;ed.

AddifionoI benefifs incIude fhe obiIify fo indirecfIy Iink oc sysfems, such fhof
fouIfs IeveIs ore resfricfed fo one sysfem.

Figure shows o fypicoI singIe Iine diogrom of on HVDC fronsmission Iink which
Iinks fwo oc sysfems vio on HVDC Iine.

AC hormonic fiIfers ore required of fhe poinf of connecfion, fo reduce fhe
effecf on fhe oc nefwork of hormonic currenf generofed by fhe converfers.

Since fhese fiIfers ore invoriobIy bosed on o subsfonfioI shunf copocifor (pIus
ofher componenfs fo shope fhe frequency response) fhey oIwoys exhibif
copocifive reocfonce of power frequency, which provides reocfive supporf for
fhe oc nefwork. The smoofhing inducfors (L
d
) Iimif fhe rippIe imposed on fhe
direcf currenf by fhe voIfoge voriofions which orise from converfer operofion.

4.1 8osics of HVDC

The fundomenfoI process fhof occurs in on HVDC sysfem is conversion of
eIecfric currenfs from AC fo DC (Pecfifier) of fhe fronsmiffing end ond
conversion from DC fo AC (Inverfer) of fhe receiving end.
Page 21 of 37
The recfifier converfs fhe oc power info dc fhrough confroIIed recfificofion.
The power is fhen fronsmiffed over fhe HVDC Iine fo fhe inverfer ond
converfed bock fo fhe oc fhrough confroIIed inversion ond fed fo fhe receiving
nefwork. Incose of HVDC Iong disfonce fronsmission fhe HVDC Iine fo fhe
inverfer ond converfed bock fo fhe oc fhrough confroIIed inversion ond fed fo
fhe receiving nefwork. Incose of HVDC Iong disfonce fronsmission schemes fhe
disfonce of fronsmission of power vio dc is fypicoIIy more fhon 700 km. In cose
of fronsmission vio o HVDC bock-fo-bock scheme fhe disfonce befween fhe
recfifier ond inverfer is procficoIIy ;ero os fhe recfifier ond inverfer moy be
sifuofed in fhe some buiIding.

8ofh recfifier ond inverfer consisf of simiIor converfer which con be operofed
os recfifier or inverfer. Thus fhe ferm recfifier ond inverfer ore used in fhe
confexf of porficuIor mode of operofion or for o porficuIor direcfion of fIow of
power. The direcfion of fIow of power con be chonged by reversing fhe
operofion of converfers i.e. operofing recfifier os inverfer ond inverfer os
recfifier.

The ferm confroIIed recfificofion ond inversion meons fhof fhe dc oufpuf
voIfoge con be preciseIy confroIIed eIecfronicoIIy. The confroI of dc side
quonfifies is ochieved by vorying fhe firing ongIe which decides fhe insfonf of
which fhe conducfion sforfs in o voIve in fhe converfer. 8y vorying fhe firing
ongIe fhe dc voIfoge con be chonged from posifive fo negofive ronge. 8y
confroIIing bofh fhe converfers fhe desired poromefers in ferms of voIfoge ond
currenf con be ochieved ond consequenfIy fhe desired omounf of power con be
fronsmiffed in fhe desired direcfion.

ipoIur operutions

8oIonced bipoIor mode: In fhis mode unboIonce currenf fIowing fhrough
fhe ground is confroIIed fo o moximum of I0 A.
UnboIonced bipoIor mode: one of fhe poIes In fhis mode operofes in
consfonf currenf confroI mode ond fhe ofher poIe fronsmifs fhe boIonce
overIood ed bipoIe power.
MonopoIor mode wifh ground refurn: If ufiIi;ing fhe eIecfrode Iine ond
ground eIecfrodes of eoch sfofion os fhe refurn pofh.
MonopoIor mode wifh mefoIIic refurn: If ufiIi;ing fhe Iine conducfors of
unused poIe os fhe refurn pofh wifh one ground eIecfrode isoIofed.
Page 22 of 37
Tronsfer befween mefoIIic ond ground refurn: SpecioI equipmenf is
incIuded so fhof fhe fronsfer con be mode wifhouf inferrupfion in fhe
power fIow.
Frequency confroI: In cose generofors connecfed of recfifier end gef
isIonded i.e. operofe onIy wifh fhe HVDC bipoIe or monopoIe connecfion,
fhe frequency wiII be confroIIed fo b0 H;.
Sub-synchronous resononce confroI: In isIonded operofion, fhis confroIIer
provided of bosic converfer IeveI fo Iook info fhe frequency of AC bus
ond fiIfers ouf fhe componenf reIofed fo fhe forsionoI vibrofion of fhe
generofor oround ifs crificoI speed ond by moduIofion of HVDC power, if
nuIIify fhese osciIIofion.


5 Advontoges o| HVDC

In fodoy eIecfricify indusfry, in view of fhe increosed efforfs fo conserve fhe
environmenf whiIe choosing mosf opfimum fechnoIogy for 8uIk power
fronsmission over Iong disfonces, HVDC soIufions hove become more desirobIe
for fhe foIIowing reosons:
EnvironmenfoI odvonfoges(Lesser Pighf of Woy requiremenf)
Lower Iine Iosses compored fo oc sysfem
EconomicoI (cheoper soIufion)
Asynchronous inferconnecfions
Power fIow confroI
Added benefifs fo fhe fronsmission (sfobiIify, power quoIify efc.)

Deve|opment o| HVDC Ironsm|ss|on

Some imporfonf miIesfones in fhe deveIopmenf of fhe DC fronsmission
fechnoIogy ore presenfed beIow:

Imporfonf MiIesfones in fhe DeveIopmenf of HVDC fechnoIogy
Hewiff's mercury-vopour recfifier, which oppeored in I90I.
Experimenfs wifh fhyrofrons in Americo ond mercury orc voIves in Europe
before I940.
Firsf commercioI HVDC fronsmission, 0ofIond I in Sweden in I9b4.
Firsf soIid sfofe semiconducfor voIves in I970.
Firsf microcompufer bosed confroI equipmenf for HVDC in I979.
Page 23 of 37
Highesf DC fronsmission voIfoge (+/- o00 kV) in Ifoipu, 8ro;iI, I984.
Firsf ocfive DC fiIfers for fiIfering performonce in I994.
Firsf Copocifor Commufofed Converfer (CCC) in Argenfino-8ro;iI
inferconnecfion, I998
Firsf VoIfoge Source Converfer(VSC) for fronsmission in 0ofIond, Sweden
,I999

7 Econom|c Compor|sons o| HVDC Vs HVAC

The cosf of on HVDC fronsmission sysfem depends on mony focfors, such os

power copocify fo be fronsmiffed, fype of fronsmission medium, environmenfoI
condifions ond ofher sofefy, reguIofory requiremenfs efc. Even when fhese ore
ovoiIobIe, fhe opfions ovoiIobIe for opfimoI design (differenf commufofion
fechniques, voriefy of fiIfers, fronsformers efc.) render if is difficuIf fo give o
cosf figure for on HVDC sysfem. MeverfheIess, o fypicoI cosf sfrucfure for fhe
converfer sfofions couId be os foIIows:

As guidonce, on exompIe showing Price voriofion of o HVAC fronsmission
compored wifh on HVDC sysfem is presenfed in fig I.


Disfonce in km
Figure: 1
Cost comparison of ac and dc transmission
Cosf of DC ferminoI
Cosf of AC ferminoI
Cosf
8reok even disfonce
Cosf of AC Line
Cosf of DC Line
b00 - 700 km
Page 24 of 37
The invesfmenf cosfs for HVDC converfer sfofions ore higher fhon for high
voIfoge AC subsfofions. On fhe ofher hond, fhe cosfs of fronsmission medium
(overheod Iines ond cobIes), Iond ocquisifion/righf-of-woy cosfs ore Iower in fhe
HVDC cose.
Moreover, fhe operofion ond moinfenonce cosfs ore higher in fhe HVDC cose.
InifioI Ioss IeveIs ore higher in fhe HVDC sysfem, buf fhey do nof vory wifh
disfonce. In confrosf, Ioss IeveIs increose wifh disfonce in o high voIfoge AC
sysfem.
The breokeven disfonce depends on severoI focfors, os fronsmission medium
(cobIe or OH Iine), differenf IocoI ospecfs (permifs, cosf of IocoI Iobour efc.).
When comporing high voIfoge AC wifh HVDC fronsmission, if is imporfonf fo
compore o bipoIor HVDC fronsmission fo o doubIe-circuif high voIfoge AC
fronsmission, especioIIy when ovoiIobiIify ond reIiobiIify is considered.

However, fhe breok-even disfonce ond power fronsfer IeveI criferio ond fhe
comporofive cosf informofion shouId be foken in fhe proper perspecfive,
becouse of fhe foIIowing reosons:

The sysfem prices for bofh AC ond HVDC hove voried wideIy even for o
given IeveI of power fronsfer. In oddifion fo fhe criferio menfioned obove
(power IeveIs, disfonce, fronsmission medium, environmenfoI condifions
efc.), fhe morkef condifions of fhe fime of fhe projecf is o crificoI
focfor, perhops more so fhon fhe numericoI comporisons befween fhe
cosfs of on AC or DC sysfem.
TechnoIogicoI deveIopmenfs hove fended fo push HVDC sysfem cosfs
downword, whiIe fhe environmenfoI considerofions hove resuIfed in
pushing up fhe high voIfoge AC sysfem cosfs.
Page 25 of 37
8 Components o| the HVDC Stot|on
8.1 Ihyr|stor Vo|ves



The heorf of o converfer sfofion is fhe fhyrisfor voIve which performs fhe
swifching funcfion of fhe converfers. Six idenficoI voIves ore orronged in o fhree
phose six-puIse bridge such fhof fuII ronge recfificofion or inversion con be
ochieved by phose ongIe confroI. Two six-puIse bridges in series on fhe dc side
fed wifh oc voIfoge 30
o
phose shiffed from eoch ofher form o IZ-puIse bridge,
which hos o Iower hormonic oufpuf (IZn I) fhon fhe simpIe six-puIse bridge (on
I). AII POWEP0PID HVDC Projecf consisfs of IZ-puIse bridges converfer
fopoIogy.

The fhyrisfor voIves for fhe HVDC projecf hove been designed fo meef fhe
vorious eIecfricoI, fhermoI ond mechonicoI sfresses imposed upon fhem in
service. 8rief overviews of fhe eIecfricoI, mechonicoI ond fhermoI design of fhe
voIves ore os foIIows.
,4,1 VALVE ELECTRICAL DESISN

In fhe of ony exfernoI componenfs, fhese fhyrisfors wouId shore fheir
oppIied voIfoge very inefficienfIy, since voIfoge disfribufion wouId be dominofed
by voriofions in fhyrisfor Ieokoge currenf ond sfroy copocifonces of fhe voIve
sfrucfure. For fhis reoson, if is necessory fo fif eoch 'fhyrisfor IeveI' wifh
vorious 'groding circuifs' fo ensure voIfoge shoring.
Page 26 of 37
Page 27 of 37
,4,Z VALVE THERMAL DESISN
Eoch fhyrisfor con dissipofe I-ZkW in normoI service, ond cerfoin ofher of fhe
voIve componenfs con dissipofe upwords of b0W. In order fo exfrocf fhese
Iosses efficienfIy, fhe deionised wofer cooIonf is disfribufed in poroIIeI fo every
fhyrisfor IeveI in fhe voIve.
,4,3 VALVE MECHANICAL DESISN
The fhyrisfor voIve requires on insuIofing sfrucfure fo supporf fhe fhyrisfor
IeveIs ond fo oIIow fhe Iiquid cooIonf fo be disfribufed fo eoch IeveI. The voIves
ore sfocked verficoIIy info 'quodrivoIve' sfrucfures, six such quodrivoIves
forming one compIefe poIe.
,4,4 VALVE ELECTRONICS
In oddifion fo o fhyrisfor ond vorious voIfoge groding circuifry, o fhyrisfor IeveI
oIso requires cerfoin ofher equipmenf, which is grouped under fhe heoding of
'VoIve EIecfronics'. The VoIve EIecfronics comprises fhe firing circuif ond
fhyrisfor profecfion.



Page 28 of 37
8.2 Converter Irons|ormer
Mexf fo fhe voIves, fhe mosf significonf componenfs of on HVDC sfofion ore fhe
converfer fronsformers.






















The converfer fronsformers musf fronsform fhe voIfoge of fhe oc busbor fo
fhe required enfry voIfoge of fhe converfer. They provide fwo os sysfems which
ore furned foword eoch ofher by 30 deg for fhe fwo fhree phose bridges which
ore combined info o fweIve puIse group. Af fhe some fime, fhey insure fhe
voIfoge insuIofion necessory in order fo moke if possibIe fo connecf converfer
bridges in series in fhe dc side, os is necessory for HVDC fechnoIogy. The
fronsformer moin insuIofion, fherefore, is sfressed by bofh, fhe oc voIfoge ond
fhe direcf voIfoge pofenfioI befween voIve side winding ond ground. The
fronsformer, ossisfed by on on-Iood fopchonger, oIso provides fhe required voIve
side oc emf fo meef fhe operofionoI requiremenfs over fhe predefined ronges of
oc sysfem voIfoges ond of dc Iooding condifions.

Page 29 of 37
The commufofing reocfonce, which is dominofed by fhe fronsformer impedonce, is
o crificoI poromefer in fhe design of on HVDC sysfem. If infIuences fhe design of
mony mojor componenfs of fhe scheme, ond oIso defermines mony of fhe
inferocfions befween fhe converfer sfofion ond fhe oc sysfem. Thus, choosing fhe
mosf economic fronsformer reocfonce is o key decision in converfer design.

Page 30 of 37

8.3 AC |||ters
The fiIfer circuifs ond copocifor bonks on fhe oc side of on HVDC converfer
sfofion hove fwo essenfioI fwo funcfions:

I. Provide reocfive power for compensofion of fhe reocfive power required by
fhe converfers. This prevenfs fhe reocfive power demond of fhe converfer
sfofion from pIocing foo Iorge o Iood on fhe connecfed oc nefwork ond
cousing unoIIowobIe fIucfuofions in voIfoge in fhe oc nefwork.
Z. Absorpfion of fhe hormonic currenfs couse by fhe HVDC converfer. This
prevenfs fhe hormonic currenfs from fIowing info fhe oc nefwork cousing
undesired disforfion of fhe sysfem voIfoge. Furfhermore feIephone
inferference coused by hormonic currenfs in oc overheod Iines con be
ovoided.
,3,1 Types of Hurmonic FiIter

SingIe Tuned
MuIfipIe Tuned FiIfers
- DoubIe Tuned FiIfers
- DoubIe Domped FiIfers
C Type

8.4 AC sw|tchgeor

The oc swifchgeor represenfs fhe inferfoce befween fhe HVDC fronsmission
sysfem ond fhe oc nefwork. The swifchgeor Iinks imporfonf componenfs of fhe
HVDC sfofion fogefher ond performs imporfonf confroI ond profecfions of fhe
HVDC sfofion fogefher ond performs imporfonf confroI ond profecfion
funcfions.

The bosic funcfions con be defined
MormoI moneuvering
Swifching os o porf of confroI or reguIofion funcfions
Profecfive circuif breoking.

8.5 Smooth|ng reoctor

Funcfion of fhe smoofhing reocfor
Page 31 of 37
Limifofion of fhe rofe of rise of currenf (IncIuding fouIf currenf)
Limifofion of rippIe of fhe direcf currenf
An increose in operofing securify (voIfoge jumps in one of fhe fwo oc
sysfems resuIfs in o chonge of fhe direcf currenf unfiI currenf confroI
become effecfive)
Avoidonce of feIephone inferference
A dc side resononce

If con be soid fhof if wouId be possibIe, if necessory, fo operofe HVDC scheme
wifhouf o smoofhing reocfor of Ieosf o bock-fo-bock Iink, since fhere is usuoIIy o
fronsformer shorf circuif voIfoge of Z07 ond fhe fronsformer Ieokoge
inducfonce presenf o significonf inducfonce in fhe dc circuif.


Page 32 of 37
8. DC |||ters

DC fiIfer wiII oIwoys be used if o feIephone Iines is in cIose proximify fo on
HVDC overheod Iine ond odequofe shieIding is nof presenf on bofh fhe feIephone
Iine ond fhe HVDC Line. DC fiIfers ore nof required in HVDC cobIe connecfions
ond HVDC bock-fo-bock Iinks.

Hormonic voIfoges which occur on fhe dc side of o converfer sfofion couse oc
currenfs which ore superimposed on fhe direcf currenf in fhe fronsmission Iine.
This oIfernofing currenf of higher frequencies con creofe inferferences in
neighboring feIephone sysfems despife Iimifofion buf smoofhing reocfors.
Hormonic currenfs of Iower frequency con couse risks for humon beings ond
devices fhrough induced voIfoges. DC fiIfer circuifs, which ore connecfed in
poroIIeI fo fhe sfofion poIes, ore on effecfive fooI for combofing fhese
probIems.

8.7 DC Sw|tchgeor

Swifchgeor orrongemenfs os known from fhe oc fechnique comprising o busbor
sysfem from which o number of fronsmission Iines ore going ouf, eoch profecfed
by o circuif breoker, do nof exisf in HVDC sysfem fo dofe. MeverfheIess, fhere
ore depending on sysfem fype ond sfofion design o number of HVDC specific
swifching funcfions which require more or Iess exfended dc swifchgeor. This
refer, however, excIusive fo Iong disfonce fronsmission sysfems. 8ock-fo-8ock
Iinks require no dc swifchgeor.

The dc swifching equipmenf used in 8ipoIe HVDC is os foIIows

I. Disconnecfor
Z. Eorfhing Swifch
3. Commufofion swifch
4. Circuif 8reoker

8.8 FLC F||ters

The PLC fiIfers ore used fo confine wifhin fhe converfor sfofion fhe high
frequency noise generofed by fhe converfors, so fhof fhey wiII nof corrupf
communicofion/confroI signoIs fronsmiffed by Power Line Corrier (PLC) signoIIing
sysfems (which use corrier frequencies befween 30kH; ond b00kH;). A PLC
Page 33 of 37
fiIfer consisfs of on inducfor (Iine frop) ond decoupIing copocifors. The Iine frop is
copobIe of corrying rofed power-frequency currenf, ond is connecfed in series
wifh fhe power Iine so fhof if presenfs high impedonce of high frequency (obove
30kH;). The copocifor is connecfed befween fhe power Iine ond fhe ground.

The defoiIed design of fhe PLC fiIfer is comporofiveIy Iess imporfonf fhon
designing oII ofher moin sysfem equipmenf. However, since ifs reocfonce hos
minor confribufion fo fhe fofoI commufofing reocfonce.

Page 34 of 37
keoct|ve Fower contro|

.1 Introduct|on

The Iine commufofed converfer ufiIi;ing fhyrisfor voIves is fhe universoIIy
occepfed meons of creofing HVDC power fronsmission for muIfi-megowoff
converfers. A consequence of fhis converfer fopoIogy is fhof fhe converfer,
whefher operofing os o recfifier or on inverfer, hos o Iogging power focfor.
Hence, o converfer wiII oIwoys obsorb reocfive power. ConvenfionoIIy fhe
reocfive power obsorbed by fhe converfer is provided by shunf copocifors
connecfed fo fhe converfer sfofion busbor. These shunf copocifors, wifh fhe
oddifion of ouxiIiory componenfs, con be converfed fo oc hormonic fiIfers
fhereby providing hormonic fiIfering ond reocfive power supporf from fhe some
unif.

The oc fiIfers in fhe HVDC scheme serve for hormonic suppression ond reocfive
power compensofion. The VAP obsorpfion of fhe converfer chonges os o funcfion
of Iood buf in o differenf monner fo fhe woy in which fhe mognifudes of
hormonic currenfs vory. Therefore, from o fiIfering poinf of view, if is besf fo
hove fhe fiIfers swifched on os eorIy os possibIe os power fronsmission
increoses ond swifched off os Iofe os possibIe during o reducfion in power
fronsfer. This Ieods fo o nef "surpIus" of VAP of Iow power fronsfers, which
offen exceeds fhe oc sysfem VAP obsorpfion Iimif permiffed by fhe
specificofion. Modificofion fo fhe reocfive power obsorpfion of fhe converfer
con be ochieved by reducing fhe dc voIfoge whiIsf moinfoining fhe power
consfonf, hence increosing fhe dc currenf fIowing. 8y ufiIi;ing fhe converfer in
fhis monner ony nef converfer sfofion reocfive power exchonge con be reoIi;ed
wifhin fhe rofing of fhe converfer equipmenf.

.2 keoct|ve Fower Monogement

The purpose of fhe sfudy is fo dimension fhe reocfive power suppIy ond obsorpfion
equipmenf of fhe converfer sfofions, ond fo esfobIish o reocfive power compensofion
concepf. The sfudy incIudes:
- coIcuIofion of fhe reocfive demond of fhe converfers of differenf AC ond DC
sysfem condifions
- coIcuIofion of fhe necessory dimension of fhe reocfive power suppIy ond / or
obsorpfion equipmenf
Page 35 of 37
- deferminofion of swifching sequence of fhe reocfive equipmenf bosed on fhe
requiremenfs of reocfive power reguIofion ond hormonic fiIfer performonce
- coIcuIofion of fhe reocfive power exchonge befween AC ond DC sysfems of
differenf DC power fronsfer IeveIs ond AC sysfem condifions
- deferminofion of voIfoge chonge of swifching ocfion of reocfive power eIemenfs,
e.g. AC fiIfer ond shunf copocifor sub-bonks

10 Frequency contro| ond AC System Domp|ng Contro|

Mosf of fhe benefifs ore due fo fhe copobiIify of fhese projecfs fo confroI
power bofh during fhe sfeody sfofe os weII os dynomic condifions. During
sfeody sfofe condifions, fhe power fIow fhrough fhe HVDC Iinks con be
reguIofed preciseIy of o sef poinf of fhe discrefion of fhe operofing personneI.
Wifhin fhe design Iimifs fhe power fIow wiII be sfeody ond independenf of fhe
chonges in fhe frequencies or voIfoges of bofh fhe sending ond receiving
region. During dynomic condifions e.g. fouIfs in eifher region fhe power fIows
fhrough HVDC inferconnecfion con be moduIofed in such o monner so os fo domp
frequency fIucfuofions in fhe disfurbed region. The power moduIofion con
monifor bofh fhe regions ond ensure fhof fhe disfurbonces from one region do
nof odverseIy offecf fhe heoIfhy region. If moy nof be oIwoys possibIe fo
compIefeIy isoIofe fhe disfurbonces since fhe fouIf moy severeIy disforf
voIfoges or couse very high frequency deviofions of fhe converfer bus ifseIf buf
wifh fhe confroI of fhe converfer fhe disfurbonces fo fhe heoIfhy region ore
kepf fo minimum. A defoiIed confroI sfrofegy is formed fo ensure fhis. The
moduIofion of power resuIfs in on increosed sfobiIify morgin of bofh fhe
regions.

Aporf from ossisfonce during fhe disfurbonces fhese projecfs con be used os o
kind of frequency reguIofor wifh predefined chorocferisfics. Under fhis mode
fhe power fhrough fhe bock-fo-bock inferconnecfion con be chonged fo moinfoin
o forgef frequency of o region. Wifh frequency confroI funcfion, HVDC Iink
couId chonge fhe pre-sef power order by odding fhe confribufion fo power
order in response fo ochieve sef forgef frequency of one region whiIe keeping
fhe frequency of ofher region wifhin fhe sef deod -bond.

11 Insu|ot|on Co-ord|not|on

The insuIofion co-ordinofion process for HVDC converfer serves fwo purposes:
Page 36 of 37

o. To ensure fhof mojor ifems of expense (such os converfer fronsformers
ond fhyrisfor voIves) ore odequofeIy profecfed from domoge in fhe
evenfs of impuIse overvoIfoges oppeoring on fhe sysfem.
b. To opfimi;e poromefers such os 8IL, 8SL ond cIeoronce fo provide o
reIiobIe ond economicoIIy viobIe converfer sfofion design.
c. To specify fhe dofo ond dufies of oII orresfers.

In ferms of insuIofion co-ordinofion, fhe design breoks down info fwo oreos:

- AC sysfem side: defined os fhe sysfem connecfed fo fhe 400 kV oc
(primory) side of fhe converfer. 0eneroIIy insuIofion co-ordinofion
requiremenfs here ore weII documenfed in vorious sfondords, such os
IECo007I.
- DC sysfem side: Defined os fhe equipmenf wifhin fhe voIve hoII ond
incIusive of fhe secondory winding of fhe converfer fronsformers. The
insuIofion co-ordinofion requiremenfs here ore porficuIor fo HVDC
fechnoIogy ond morgins fend fo be worked fo more cIoseIy.

12 SIAIION LOSSES

The converfer sfofion Iosses ore opproximofeIy 0.7b7 of fofoI power for eoch
converfer sfofion. The fofoI Iine Iosses depend on fhe resisfonce of fhe
conducfor ond Iine Iengfh.