4 - 6 July 2013

ISEG, Lisbon, Portugal

ABSTRACTS


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1rack 1
CLC8ALlZA1lCn, lnlC8MA1lCnAL
LCCnCM?, Anu
CCMMCulllCA1lCn
Chalr: Alexandra ulas SAn1CS


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Abhl[lL SLn, hu
ueparLmenL of Mass CommunlcaLlon
WlnsLon-Salem SLaLe unlverslLy, uSA
abzen2004[yahoo.com

1he advenL of new Lechnology has Lremendously acceleraLed Lhe way we send ouL and dlssemlnaLe
lnformaLlon, news and enLerLalnmenL programs. lL becomes omlnous when we reallze LhaL Lhls hlgh-
speed communlcaLlon ls Laklng place ln a world so lnLerconnecLed and enLwlned elecLronlcally LhaL
Lhe lmpacL and consequences of such lnformaLlon dlssemlnaLlon ls unfaLhomable lf vlewed Lhrough
an older paradlgm. Clder models of communlcaLlon are unable Lo explaln Lhe resulLs because of
lnserLlon of unusual and unlque varlables - for example Lhe new communlcaLlons Lechnology- ln Lhe
model. new medla forms co-exlsL wlLh many of Lhe old medla" and Lhe argumenL LhaL medla are
converglng has become real. 1he lnLerconnecLedness" of new medla Lechnologles formlng an
lnLegraLed elecLronlc neLwork lncreaslngly shows LhaL Lhere ls less senslLlvlLy Lo dlsLance and cosL
and greaLer speed, volume, flexlblllLy, lnLerconnecLlvlLy and exLenslblllLy. ln Lerms of Lechnologlcal
evoluLlon, a new renalssance of sorLs ls underway whlch began ln Lhe laLe 20
Lh
cenLury. A renalssance
ls a shlfL ln perspecLlve and lL llLerally means reblrLh" where old ldeas emerge ln a new conLexL",
Lhe new renalssance ls a reconflguraLlon of Lhe older percepLlon and mlnd-seL whlch requlres some
form of adapLaLlon of our culLural lenses" Lo Lhe changlng envlronmenL. 1he new Lechnologlcal,
blologlcal and oLher dlscoverles and lnvenLlons are shaklng up Lhe old world order as much as Lhe
earller renalssance palnLers dld wlLh Lhelr perspecLlve palnLlngs, skewlng represenLaLlons of reallLy,
challenglng Lhe rellablllLy of our vlslon and suggesLlng Lhe posslblllLy LhaL llluslon exlsLs ln reallLy."
lncreaslngly culLures are comlng face Lo face wlLh each and oLher and more ofLen Lhan noL, ln some
parLs of Lhe world, culLures are puLLlng up reslsLance Lo Lhe lnfuslon of WesLern llberal ldeas and
culLural values. ln oLher parLs of Lhe world a new culLural form ls Laklng shape Lhrough Lhe process of
hybrldlzaLlon and we see new medla conLenL ln fllms and vldeo programs caLchlng on llke flre wlLh
Lhe worldwlde audlence. A good example would be Lhe new dance manla called Lhe 'Cangam SLyle'
sLarLed by a korean slnger and dance arLlsL whlch has become a runaway besLseller on ?ou1ube.
1hls paper looks aL Lhe lmpllcaLlons of Lhe new medla Lechnology and culLural confllcLs from Lhe
perspecLlve of globallzaLlon, elecLronlc colonlallsm and culLural lmperlallsm, and uses crlLlcal and
hlsLorlcal approach Lo analyze currenL news medla conLenL Lo come Lo a feaslble concluslon. 1he
paper also Lakes an ln-depLh look aL Lhe wrlLlng and prognosLlcs of Marshall McLuhan who was
lnsLrumenLal ln predlcLlng Lhe comlng of a 'global vlllage'.
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9%,#'%/# soft :",1:"(+$5"16';<:*$(%+$./1'0.,'=/.8*"#3"'<%/%3"<"/+'

Marla !. SAn1CS
School of Lconomlcs and ManagemenL
1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon (lSLC/ u1L), orLugal
m[sanLos[lseg.uLl.pL

8aky M. WAnL
School of Lconomlcs and ManagemenL
1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon (lSLC/ u1L), orLugal
rakymwane[gmall.com

1he relevance of Lhe concepL of knowledge managemenL (hereafLer kM) Lo Lhe currenL
socloeconomlc conLexL ls unquesLlonable. 1here ls a wldely recognlLlon abouL Lhe lmporLance of
managlng knowledge as a crlLlcal source of susLalnable compeLlLlve advanLage. 1hls paper conLrasLs
Lwo eplsLemologlcal assumpLlons abouL kM. Cn one hand, Lhe Lechno-cenLrlc perspecLlve, and on
Lhe oLher hand Lhe people-cenLrlc perspecLlve. ln accordance wlLh Lhe Lermlnology of Cao, Ll, &
Clarke (2008) Lhese perspecLlves are denomlnaLed here botJ and soft. 1he way ln whlch
organlsaLlonal knowledge ls deflned provldes a clear dlvlslon beLween Lhe Lwo llnes of Lhlnklng. 1he
former assumes LhaL knowledge ls a facLor suscepLlble Lo codlflcaLlon and separable from Lhe person
holdlng lL. ln conLrasL, Lhe sofL perspecLlve challenges Lhls concepLuallzaLlon of knowledge ln
assumlng lL ls rooLed ln persons and developed Lhrough Lhem and Lherefore lnseparable from lLs
holders, Lhe conLexLs and pracLlces adopLed by organlsaLlons (Plslop, 2009).
nard perspect|ve. 1he hard approach ls bullL on Lhe assumpLlon LhaL knowledge derlves from
lnformaLlon, lnformaLlon comes from daLa, and daLa come from evenLs (Alavl & Leldner, 2001).
Accordlng Lo Lhls approach, kM should concenLraLe on renderlng Lhe mosL relevanL expllclL
knowledge, placlng lL ln a cenLral sLorage faclllLy and ensure lLs accesslblllLy Lo all users (Plslop,
2009). lollowers of Lhls Lrend frequenLly resorL Lo Lerms such as capLure", codlfy", organlse",
sLore", reuLlllse", Lransfer" or Lransform"(Cao eL al., 2008).
knowledge ls shared Lhrough Lransfer and codlflcaLlon of expllclL knowledge beLween an lsolaLed
emlLLer Lo a slmllarly lsolaLed recepLor. Achlevlng Lhe sharlng of LaclL knowledge ls consldered Lo be
dlfflculL, complex and Llme consumlng (Plslop, 2002, 2009).
1hls vlslon ls very close Lo Lhe codlflcaLlon sLraLegy proposed by Pansen, nohrla, and 1lerney (1999).
ln llne wlLh Lhls sLraLegy knowledge ls carefully codlfy and sLore ln daLabases or reposlLorles, where lL
can be accessed and used by anyone ln Lhe company. knowledge ls codlfled uslng a 'people-Lo-
documenLs' approach: lL ls exLracLed from Lhe person who developed lL, made lndependenL of LhaL
person, and reused for varlous purposes" (Pansen eL al., 1999:108).
ConslsLenL wlLh Lhls vlew, Lechnology plays a cenLral role wlLhln Lhls perspecLlve slnce lL enables Lhe
sLorage and reLrleval of large amounLs of lnformaLlon. lnformaLlon Lechnology (l1) Lools are used Lo


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codlng and sharlng besL pracLlces, Lo Lhe creaLlon of corporaLe knowledge reposlLorles and Lo Lhe
creaLlon of knowledge neLworks (Alavl & Leldner, 2001).
noLwlLhsLandlng, several auLhors malnLaln LhaL l1 plays a llmlLed role ln kM (Plslop, 2002).
Moreover, scholars argue LhaL Lhls Lechno-cenLrlc vlew Lends Lo neglecL soclal and culLural lssues
assoclaLed wlLh kM (e.g. lahey & rusak, 1998).
Soft' perspect|ve. 1he people-cenLrlc vlew proposes LhaL knowledge ls lnseparable from lLs holders.
1hus, knowledge developmenL represenLs a conLlnuous process based on Lhe rouLlnes and acLlvlLles
underLaken by persons (Plslop, 2009). ln Lhe undersLandlng of Lhese auLhors, purely expllclL
knowledge does noL exlsL as all knowledge ls found Lo conLaln a LaclL dlmenslon.
1hls vlew emphaslses Lhe soclal consLrucLlon of knowledge wlLhln Lhe organlsaLlon. Pence, Lhls
approach conslders lnequallLy, confllcL, domlnaLlon, subordlnaLlon and manlpulaLlon lnfluences
ln knowledge consLrucLlon (McAdam & McCreedy, 2000). ln addlLlon, knowledge creaLlon and
sharlng lnvolves a large componenL of soclal lnLeracLlon and face Lo face communlcaLlon (Plslop,
2002).
WlLh Lhls change of paradlgm lL ls assumed LhaL Lhe kM ls noL conflned Lo Lhe use of Lhe exlsLlng
knowledge. lnsLead new knowledge creaLlon ls a key faceL Lo achleve greaLer organlsaLlonal
performances (nonaka & von krogh, 2009).
laclng people-lssues aL Lhe cenLre of kM dlscusslons draws our aLLenLlon Lo Lhe lmporLance of
several relaLed concepLs: soclal caplLal, organlzaLlonal culLure and communlLy learnlng (ue Long &
lahey, 2000, nahapleL & Choshal, 1998). As such, organlsaLlon's managemenL should faclllLaLe
knowledge creaLlon and sharlng Lhrough encouraglng a shared conLexL approprlaLed Lo Lhe
developmenL of kM ( nonaka, 1994).

8eferences
Alavl, M., & Leldner, u. (2001). 8evlew: knowledge managemenL and knowledge managemenL
sysLems: concepLual foundaLlons and research lssues. Ml5 Ooottely, 25(1), 107-136.
ue Long, u. W., & lahey, L. (2000). ulagnoslng culLural barrlers Lo knowledge managemenL. AcoJemy
of Moooqemeot xecotlve, 14(4), 113-127.
lahey, L., & rusak, L. (1998). 1he eleven deadllesL slns of knowledge managemenL. collfotolo
Moooqemeot kevlew, 40(3), 263-276.
Cao, l., Ll, M., & Clarke, S. (2008). knowledge, managemenL, and knowledge managemenL ln
buslness operaLlons. Iootool of koowleJqe Moooqemeot, 12(2), 3-17.
Pansen, M. 1., nohrla, n., & 1lerney, 1. (1999). WhaL's your sLraLegy for managlng knowledge?
notvotJ bosloess tevlew, 77(2), 106-16, 187.
Plslop, u. (2002). Mlsslon lmposslble? CommunlcaLlng and sharlng knowledge vla lnformaLlon
Lechnology. Iootool of lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy, 17(3), 163-177.


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Plslop, u. (2009). koowleJqe Moooqemeot lo Otqoolzotloos. A ctltlcol lottoJoctloo (p. 336). new
?ork: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
McAdam, 8., & McCreedy, S. (2000). A crlLlque of knowledge managemenL: uslng a soclal
consLrucLlonlsL model. New 1ecbooloqy, wotk & mploymeot, 15(2), 133-168.
nahapleL, !., & Choshal, S. (1998). Soclal CaplLal, lnLellecLual CaplLal, and Lhe CrganlzaLlonal
AdvanLage. 1be AcoJemy of Moooqemeot kevlew, 2J(2), 242.
nonaka, l., & von krogh, C. (2009). erspecLlve--1aclL knowledge and knowledge Converslon:
ConLroversy and AdvancemenL ln CrganlzaLlonal knowledge CreaLlon 1heory. Otqoolzotloo 5cleoce,
20(3), 633-632.
nonaka, lku[lro. (1994). A uynamlc 1heory of CrganlzaLlonal knowledge CreaLlon. Otqoolzotloo
5cleoce, 5(1), 14-37.

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Magdalena 1uLL1A
ACP unlverslLy of Sclence and 1echnology, oland
magdaLuleLa[gmall.com

Crowdsourclng ls a relaLlvely new phenomenon, whlch refers Lo Lhe boLh soclal and economlc
changes and consLanLly developlng markeLs. Cruclal LransformaLlons wlLhln Lhese areas are relaLed
Lo Lhe emergence of neLwork socleLy, where lnformaLlon Lechnologles and Lhe lnLerneL play
slgnlflcanL role. Moreover, lL can be wldely noLlced LhaL almosL all klnd of buslness acLlvlLles have
recenLly been moved lnLo vlrLual reallLy, becomlng equlvalenL sphere of Lhe markeL acLlvlLles.
Crowdsourclng ls a new form of Lhe acLlvlLy of lnLerneL users, an example of a process seLLled ln Lhe
Web 2.0. lL ls based on Lhe assumpLlon LhaL people are wllllng Lo work, collaboraLe and engage ln
lnLeresLlng, exclLlng lnlLlaLlves. Moreover, lnLerneL users en[oy Lo creaLe Lhe conLenL, mosL of Lhem
do so. Ma[orlLy could even hardly lmaglne passlve recepLlon of Lhe lnLerneL. 1hrough parLlclpaLlon ln
Lhe lnlLlaLlves and pro[ecLs such as crowdsourclng Lhey creaLe new value, whlch ls now hlghly deslred.
eople, as carrles of lndlvldual knowledge, are lnLerconnecLed, Lhrough Lhe global neLwork - Lhe
lnLerneL. All unknown lndlvlduals around Lhe world, Lhe crowd", are percelved as a source. ln Lhe
age of new lnformaLlon Lechnologles geographlcal dlsLances are noL relevanL anymore as Lhe lnLerneL
glves Lhe opporLunlLy Lo connecL anyone all over Lhe globe, who belongs Lo Lhe lnLerneL neLwork.
ulfferenL Lasks are usually performed by speclflc lndlvlduals, Leams, company sLrucLures. ln a
crowdsourclng process a company may accompllsh necessary human resources from ouLslde
envlronmenL, Lhrough Lhe lnLerneL. 1he crowd, undeflned group of lnLerneL users, ls LreaLed as a
source. 1hls process ls slmllar Lo Lhe ouLsourclng and based on lLs assumpLlon - Lhe Lask, Lhe problem


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ls ouLsourced ouLslde Lhe company, buL noL Lo parLlcular agenLs, conLracLors, buL Lo unknown
lndlvlduals - Lhe crowd. 1he lnLeracLlve naLure of Lhe Web 2.0 lnLerneL and lncrease of web
appllcaLlon enables Lo perform Lhe acLlvlLy and parLlclpaLe ln Lhe challenge.
1here are several reasons why lL ls so lmporLanL and why Lhe crowdsourclng ls remarkable maLLer.
ueveloplng companles wlLh each day more and more are forced Lo focus on bulldlng Lhelr
compeLlLlve poslLlon. Mechanlsms drlvlng modern economy are seLLled ln lnnovaLlon, whlch ls
nowadays a cenLral feaLure. lnnovaLlon ls valuable good buL sLlll may be dlfflculL Lo obLaln.
Crowdsourclng ls a klnd of Lool LhaL makes posslble Lo galn an access Lo lnnovaLlve source, because
lndeed, ln Lhe crowd of lnLerneL users creaLlve and LalenLed people may be found. WhaL ls more lL
can be done ln a cosL effecLlve way wlLh less efforL and even more efflclenLly. lL obvlously has Lo be
well planned and well-LhoughL-ouL. ln facL Lhe effecLs of Lhe process are dlverslfled, from slmple and
sLralghLforward Lo mulLldlmenslonal. Crowdsourclng should be well undersLood and consldered wlLh
all lLs complexlLy ln order Lo Lake advanLage of Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of lLs resulLs. Cne may say lL
seems Lo be easy buL Lhe reallLy shows lL ls usually used ln overslmpllfled way.
ln Lhls paper l would llke Lo presenL relaLlvely new process, form of Lhe acLlvlLy, now very well known
ln Lhe global lnLerneL. l declded Lo seL Lhe crowdsourclng ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe processes relaLed Lo
Lhe formaLlon of a new Lype of economy based on knowledge, soclal lnLeracLlon and creaLlon of
soclal neLworks. l wlll also presenL Lhe processes and phenomena LhaL occur wlLhln vlrLual reallLy,
helplng Lo lncrease Lhe opporLunlLles of bulldlng soclal neLworks wlLh global reach. 8esulL of Lhese
LransformaLlons lnfluence real buslness and markeL acLlvlLles of many companles. 1hese processes
are embedded ln soclal changes, whlch l percelve as lndlcaLors of Lhe new economy. 1hus l explaln
crowdsourclng from soclologlcal perspecLlve Lheorles and presenL soclal paradlgms, based on uanlel
8ell's concepL of posL-lndusLrlal socleLy and also on concepL of neLwork socleLy and lnformaLlon
revoluLlon LhoughL by Manuel CasLells. l wlll also refer Lo Lhe concepL of Lhe soclal relaLlons and
Lypes of Lhe soclal caplLal, ln parLlcular Lo Mark CranoveLLer's Lheory of sLrengLh of weak Lles and
sLrucLural holes of 8onald 8urL. l would also llke Lo presenL a comparlson of Lhree forms of
organlzaLlon - markeL, hlerarchy and neLwork, based on reflecLlons of WalLer W. owell.
8eglnnlng wlLh Lhls LheoreLlcal explanaLory, Lo Lhe undersLandlng of crowdsourclng process, l wlll
move Lo Lhe pracLlcal examples. l wlll Lry Lo lllusLraLe mechanlsms, characLerlsLlcs, dlfferenL Lypes of
crowdsourclng by showlng varleLy of appllcaLlons. l wlll also presenL a meLhodologlcal Lool whlch l
have developed durlng my own research sLudles, and Lhen l wlll apply lL ln several quallLaLlve case
sLudles. l wlll show on examples LhaL crowdsourclng can be applled ln varlous areas, and ln a very
dlfferenL ways.
Crowdsourclng becomes a sub[ecL of much aLLenLlon as buslness explores lLs wlde posslblllLles. 1he
poLenLlal of Lhls process lles ln Lhe soclal caplLal, embedded and consLrucLed by Lhe neLwork, Lhrough
Lhe lnLerneL and mechanlsms of Web 2.0 plaLforms. Crowdsourclng ls a powerful Lool and aL Lhe
same Llme a challenge whlch can provlde mulLlple opporLunlLles. lL may ensure a qulck overvlew of
emerglng Lrends and bellefs wlLhln Lhe communlLy. 8ecenLly observed Lrends show also LhaL Lhe
Lrend ls movlng Lowards craLlng even Lhe crowdsourclng labour markeL. lor Lhls reason lL ls worLh Lo


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look closer aL Lhls phenomenon, especlally LhaL lL also reflecLs lnLeresLlng LransformaLlon of soclo-
economlc llfe.

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nlkola vLAPCvlC, hu
laculLy of Lconomlcs and 8uslness
unlverslLy of Zagreb, CroaLla
nvlahovlc[efzg.hr

vlrLuallsaLlon ls one of Lhe mosL lmporLanL phenomena LhaL ls Lhe drlvlng force of conLemporary
globallsaLlon (8lley, 2003, SLlgllLz, 2004, lrledman, 2003, llew, 2008). Slnce Lhe lnLroducLlon of
vlrLual consLrucLs ln soclal sLrucLures ln Lhe laLe 1990s (such as vlrLual organlsaLlons, vlrLual Leams,
vlrLual communlLles, and oLhers) Lhey have creaLed greaL lmpacL on Lhe conLemporary socleLy and
conLlnue Lo do so (Shekhar and Canesh, 2007, Ale, Ahmed & 1aha, 2009, Marlnov & SeeLharamu,
2004, 1erdlman, 2004, 8lanchard, 2004, Wllson & eLerson, 2002). vlrLual consLrucLs ln Lhe socleLy
ln Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe 21
sL
cenLury have amalgamaLed wlLh Lhe real world sysLems Lo Lhe polnL LhaL
Lhey cannoL be separaLed. ln Lhe recenL perlod we have wlLnessed Lhe advanLages LhaL vlrLual
sysLems broughL abouL ln Lerms of fosLerlng a beLLer llfe for clLlzens of Lhe world, where beneflLs
have been shared wlLhln Lhe developed and developlng world, buL also changes can be seen ln some
of Lhe underdeveloped counLrles as well. AL Lhe same Llme we have unravelled some of Lhe complex
lnLerdependencles LhaL were creaLed by vlrLual sysLems and vlrLual consLrucLs LhaL we use. CreaLlng
vlrLual counLerparLs LhaL may appear Lo have no maLerlal subsLance (unllke real world sysLems) by
sole use of Lechnology led Lo Lhe LhoughL LhaL vlrLual sysLems may be more envlronmenLally frlendly
and can supporL susLalnablllLy on lLs own. 8ecenL sLudles show LhaL employlng vlrLual consLrucLs
does make a subsLanLlal lmpacL on Lhe envlronmenL lf lL ls noL used, organlzed or undersLood ln Lhe
rlghL manner (luchs, 2008). 8ecognlLlon of aL leasL some of Lhese mlsconcepLlons has lnlLlaLed
change ln dlfferenL aspecLs of human acLlvlLles, such as economlcs, pollLlcs, publlc engagemenL or
slmply clLlzenshlp and consumpLlon of goods and servlces.

1he goal of Lhls paper ls Lo revlew Lhe lmpacL of Lhe mosL lmporLanL vlrLual consLrucLs LhaL have been
embedded ln real sysLems or even employed parallelly wlLh real sysLems as a new medlum of
communlcaLlon for sLakeholders of Lhe e-socleLy and a new medlum for buslness acLlvlLles ln Lhe
dlglLal economy. 1he currenL maLurlLy of Lhe organlsaLlon and undersLandlng of vlrLual producLs and
servlces lnLroduced advanced mechanlsms LhaL empowered lndlvldual buslnesses and clLlzens Lhus
promoLlng reallsaLlon of knowledge based dlglLal economy and e-clLlzenshlp. CovernmenLs have
recognlzed Lhe lmporLance of new medlum as a vlLal lnfrasLrucLural asseL provldlng buslnesses and
clLlzens wlLh capablllLles accompllshlng Lhe lnLroducLlon of concepLs such as e-ldenLlLles, e-
arLlclpaLlon, e-LeglslaLlon and e-uemocracy. 8uslnesses have embraced Lhe need Lo manage Lhelr
processes and lnLroduce Lhe concepL of demaLerlallsaLlon of Lhelr producLlon allevlaLlng Lhe sLraln of


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economlc acLlvlLy on Lhe envlronmenL ln order Lo achleve susLalnablllLy. roducL llfecycle
managemenL (LM) ls a new framework LhaL acknowledges Lhe necesslLy of lnLegraLed producL
lnformaLlon LhroughouL all of Lhe phases of producL llfe (Crleves, 2009). 1he avallablllLy of
lnformaLlon, as an addlLlonal value for Lhe end cusLomer, has a poLenLlal of changlng Lhe
consumpLlon hablLs maklng Lhe full clrcle of producL llfe compleLe and manageable. now, new
lnnovaLlon ls called for. lnLegraLlon of all Lhe descrlbed capablllLles ls a necesslLy.
ln Lhls paper we wlll presenL a concepLual framework of a publlc lnformaLlon lnfrasLrucLure LhaL can
envelope all of Lhe currenL Lrends ln vlrLuallsaLlon of socleLy and acL as a solld foundaLlon LhaL
lnLegraLes vlrLual realm and provlde Lrue parallellsm of soclal vlrLual consLrucLs LhaL may allow for a
new level of demaLerlallsaLlon LhaL lnvolves goods and servlces, buL also prerogaLlves and even
processes as such. 1he maln advanLage on a naLlonal level ls LhaL Lhe vlrLual realm esLabllshed
Lhrough a sLandardlzed publlc lnformaLlon lnfrasLrucLure resclnds Lhe resLrlcLlons of Lhe real-llfe
sysLems elLher ln Lerms of spaLlal or Llme llmlLaLlons or Lhe scarclLy of physlcal economlc resources.
LxecuLlon of vlrLual buslness processes LhaL subsLlLuLe varleLy of baslc resources wlLh lnformaLlon
maklng Lhem 'vlrLualy' unresLrlcLed wlll be presenLed. 1here are addlLlonal poLenLlal beneflLs from
adopLlng Lhls concepL. Maklng publlc lnformaLlon avallable ln a unlque form wlll creaLe an lncenLlve
for creaLlon of new servlces by buslnesses. ubllc vlrLual realm wlll furLher empower e-clLlzens
maklng an enLlre naLlonal economy operaLe on a hlgher level of efflclency. rovldlng a parallel
sysLem of soclal lnLeracLlon can provlde lmporLanL beneflLs for enLlre naLlonal economy buL also
lmprove lnLernaLlonal communlcaLlon and collaboraLlon ln Lerms of lnLernaLlonal exchange of goods,
servlces, caplLal and knowledge.


8eferences

1. Shekhar, S. and L. S. Canesh (2007). A Morphologlcal lramework for vlrLual CrganlzaLlons. llM8
ManagemenL 8evlew, 19(4), 333-364.
2. 8lley, 1. (2003): ?ear 12 Lconomlcs, 1lm 8lley ubllcaLlons.
3. SLlgllLz, !. (2003): CloballsaLlon and lLs ulsconLenLs, W.W. norLon & Company, new ?ork.
4. lrledman, 1.L. (2003): 1he World ls llaL: A 8rlef PlsLory of 21sL CenLury, larrar, SLraus and Clroux,
new ?ork, n?, uSA.
3. llew, 1. (2008): new Medla: An lnLroducLlon. SouLh Melbourne, vlcLorla: Cxford unlverslLy ress,
AusLralla.
6. Ale Lbrahlm, n., Ahmed, S., 1aha, Z. (2009). "vlrLual 8 & u Leams ln small and medlum enLerprlses:
A llLeraLure revlew". SclenLlflc 8esearch and Lssay 4 (13): 1373-1390.
7. Marlnov v., SeeLharamu, S. (2004): vlrLual Machlnlng CperaLlon: A ConcepL and An Lxample.
roceedlngs of SlL Conference on lnLelllgenL SysLems ln ueslgn and ManufacLurlng, 23-26 CcLober
2004, vol. 3603.
8. 1erdlman, u. (2004): 'vlrLual Cash 8reeds 8eal Creed', Wlred Magazlne, !anuary 23, 2004.
uosLupno na: hLLp://www.wlred.com/gamlng/gamlngrevlews/news/2004/01/61999 [02-09-2012]


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9. 8lanchard, A. (2004). vlrLual behavlor seLLlngs: An appllcaLlon of behavlor seLLlng Lheorles Lo
vlrLual communlLles. !ournal of CompuLer MedlaLed CommunlcaLlon, 9(2).
10. Wllson, S. M., & eLerson, L. C. (2002). 1he anLhropology of onllne communlLles. Annual 8evlew
of AnLhropology, 31(1), 449-467.
11. luchs, C. (2008): 1he lmpllcaLlons of new lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles for
susLalnablllLy. LnvlronmenL, uevelopmenL and SusLalnablllLy, vol. 10, no. 3, Sprlnger neLherlands,
pp. 291 - 309.
12. Crleves, M. (2009): 8ack Lo Lhe luLure: roducL Llfecycle ManagemenL and Lhe vlrLuallzaLlon of
roducL lnformaLlon, ln: 1omovlc, M.M. & Wang, S., (eds.): roducL 8eallsaLlon: A Comprehenslve
Approach, Sprlnger Sclence+8uslness Medla, LLC, pp. 39 - 32.


* * *


D2"':",1$1+"/("'.0'+2"':.1+<.#",/6'E"11./1'0,.<'+2"':2$*.1.:2B'.0'+"(2/.*.3B'

Andrew Wells CA8nA8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and 8ellglon
Clemson unlverslLy, uSA
agarnar[clemson.edu

lor Lhe pasL decade, a growlng number of scholars have been argulng LhaL posLmodernlsm ls over
and done wlLh. WlLhln Lhe arLs and llLeraLure lL ls plauslble Lo argue LhaL hlgh posLmodernlsm, ln Lhe
form of lrank Cehery, uon uellllo, or hlllp Class, has had lLs day. Slmllar polnLs mlghL be made
abouL Lhe sLaLus of phllosophy LhaL expllclLly poslLlons lLself as posLmodern," llke 8lchard 8orLy. lf
such cases are on Lhe rlghL Lrack, Lhen argumenLs llke Lhose from Alan klrby's ulqlmoJetolsm and
8aoul Lshelman's letfotmotlsm are largely correcL LhaL Lhe assorLed culLural movemenLs LhaL fell
under Lhe headlng of posLmodern" now belong Lo Lhe provlnce of hlsLory. 1hls paper wlll argue
LhaL, even Laklng Lhese crlLlclsms lnLo accounL, Lhe concepL of posLmodern" conLlnues Lo be relevanL
for undersLandlng Lhe presenL. 1he cenLral clalm of Lhe paper ls LhaL whlle Lhls-or-LhaL posLmodern
movemenL mlghL have run lLs course, conLemporary socleLles remaln posLmodern" because Lhey
have noL yeL lefL Lhe era of posLmodernlLy." 8y posLmodernlLy," l lnclude LyoLard's collapse of
grand narraLlves, as well as fluldlLy, Lhe endlng of hlsLory, relaLlvlsm and so on. 1hese Lrends remaln
slgnlflcanL and l propose LhaL Lhey wlll conLlnue Lo be so because of Lhe llnk beLween posLmodernlLy
and Lechnology, ln parLlcular lnformaLlon Lechnologles.
1he flrsL secLlon of Lhe paper beglns by demonsLraLlng Lhe conLlnulng relevance of AlberL 8orgmann's
analysls of lnformaLlon and oLher Lechnologles ln ctossloq tbe lostmoJeto ulvlJe and nolJloq oo to
keollty. 8oLh of Lhese books are concerned wlLh posLmodern Lechnologles," whlch ls Lo say
Lechnologles LhaL reflecL aspecLs of Lhe posLmodern condlLlon. 1echnologles, mosL clearly
lnformaLlon Lechnologles, are posLmodern lnasmuch as Lhey are sub[ecL-cenLered, flexlble and fluld.
1he lncreased slgnlflcance of posLmodern Lechnologles ls bound up wlLh Lhe enLry lnLo


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posLmodernlLy. Whlle posLmodernlLy ls noL only a Lechnologlcal phenomenon, l argue LhaL
8orgmann's analysls of posLmodern Lechnologles helps Lo draw LogeLher and make more lnLelllglble
many aspecLs of Lhe conLemporary condlLlon llke changes ln economlcs, soclal relaLlons and culLural
producLlon. ln maklng Lhls argumenL, lL ls lmporLanL Lo avold falllng lnLo elLher reducLlonlsm or
deLermlnlsm. 1hroughouL Lhls dlscusslon, l wlll lllusLraLe how Lechnology boLh shapes socleLy and ls
shaped by socleLy. 1he second parL of Lhe paper lnvolves llnklng 8orgmann Lo oLher analyses of
posLmodernlLy, l make Lhe case LhaL Lechnology provldes a Lhread for showlng boLh how
posLmodernlLy breaks from modernlLy and Lhe ways LhaL many faceLs of posLmodernlLy from Lhe
1960s on have deep connecLlons Lhrough Lhe presenL. 1hls ls done by followlng 8orgmann's lead,
among oLhers, and looklng aL Lhe lncreased sophlsLlcaLlon and use of lnformaLlon Lechnology. 1hls
helps esLabllsh conLlnulLy beLween Lhe sorLs of posLmodernlsm clalmed Lo be dead and burled and
more recenL culLural producLlons. Whlle Lhe hlgh posLmodernlsm" dlscussed above has faded, more
recenL culLural producLlons LhaL concern klrby and Lshelman can be shown Lo conLlnue ouL Lhe
Lra[ecLory of Lhe posLmodern condlLlon. 8y dolng Lhls, l wlll make clear Lhe perslsLence of Lhe
posLmodern Lo Lhe presenL.

* * *

!./"B'$/'+2"'3*.4%*'5$**%3"6'9.8'0$/%/($%*'+"(2/.*.3$"1'12%:"'.),'<.,%*'geography

Mark CCLCkLL8L8CP
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
m.coeckelbergh[uLwenLe.nl

CurrenL publlc dlscusslons on flnance and economy rarely conslder Lhe role of flnanclal Lechnologles,
ln parLlcular flnanclal lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1), and phllosophers of
Lechnology do noL usually pay much aLLenLlon Lo Lhe lssue. 8uL few Lechnologles or medla have been
so lnfluenLlal as money and oLher flnanclal Lechnologles ln shaplng our conLemporary world. lf Loday
we llve ln a global" lnformaLlon socleLy aL all, Lhls ls made posslble by money and (oLher) lC1s LhaL
connecL people and creaLe a global neLwork of Lrade and communlcaLlon. Pow shall we lnLerpreL Lhls
developmenL and lnvesLlgaLe lLs moral and soclal lmpllcaLlons?
ln Lhls paper l offer a prellmlnary reflecLlon on Lhe moral and soclal slgnlflcance of flnanclal
Lechnologles by asklng Lhe quesLlon whaL klnd of moral spaces are creaLed by Lhese Lechnologles,
and by suggesLlng and dlscusslng Lwo klnds of posslble answers Lo Lhls quesLlon.
llrsL l (re)consLrucL a narraLlve abouL how money and elecLronlc" flnanclal Lechnologles have
qlobollzeJ our world, LhaL ls, have creaLe one global space. lC1s have made posslble a shrlnklng of
our world. We now llve ln whaL McLuhan called a global vlllage": elecLronlc Lechnology creaLes a
global embrace, abollshlng boLh space and Llme" (McLuhan 1964, p. 3). 1here ls one global markeL
space, made posslble by money and especlally by our presenL elecLronlc Lradlng Lechnologles. WlLh


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regard Lo morallLy, Lhls lmage of a markeL-neLwork LhaL spans Lhe earLh bears Lhe promlse of a
morally and pollLlcally unlLed world, a globallzaLlon of morallLy, an expanslon of our moral clrcle,
world clLlzenshlp, peace and cooperaLlon, LnllghLenmenL unlversallsm reallzed by Lechnologlcal
means.
1hen l call lnLo quesLlon Lhls narraLlve (lLs descrlpLlve and normaLlve dlmenslon) and skeLch a revlsed
moral geography.
llrsL, llke oLher new Lechnologles (Coeckelbergh 2013), elecLronlc flnanclal Lechnologles creaLe new
vulnerablllLles. 8y connecLlng us, Lhey also make us dependenL on global markeLs. We qulver and
osclllaLe Lo Lhe ebb and flow of flnanclal acLlvlLles. Powever, Lhls vulnerablllLy ls unequally
dlsLrlbuLed: some are more vulnerable Lhan oLhers, ln Lhls sense, Lhere ls no global moral space.
Second, Lhere ls no (maLure) global publlc space LhaL could be a space for democraLlc acLlon. 1here ls
a huge moral dlsLance beLween Lhose who Lake flnanclal declslons and flnanclal experLs, on Lhe one
hand, and clLlzens, on Lhe oLher hand. We don'L really know whaL ls golng on and have llLLle or no
conLrol over whaL ls golng on, yeL we are dependenL Lhe flnanclal world. Agaln, Lhere ls a dlvlded
global moral space, a dlvlded polls, raLher Lhan one moral-pollLlcal space.
1hlrd, money already rendered our relaLlons wlLh oLhers and wlLh our envlronmenL more deLached,
and has Lurned value lnLo someLhlng absLracL and vlrLual. Slmmel has argued LhaL money ls a Lool
LhaL renders human relaLlons less personal, makes us more dependenL on socleLy, and creaLes
dlsLance beLween shareholders and Lhelr company or esLaLe (Slmmel 1907). CurrenL lC1s seem Lo
aggravaLe Lhe slLuaLlon. lf Lhere ls a global space aL all, Lhen lL ls one ln whlch Lhere ls moral and
soclal dlsLance beLween people, and beLween dlfferenL spaces of acLlvlLy. eople are allenaLed from
each oLher and from Lhelr" acLlvlLles. Such a dlspersed and fragmenLed moral space hardly deserves
Lhe name global".
llnally, whlle lL seems aL flrsL slghL LhaL Lhe new Lechnologles abollsh" space and creaLe one
vlrLual" global space of flnanclal-communlcaLlve floxos, ln reallLy space and place remaln very
lmporLanL. As llLeraLure ln Lhe fleld of soclal sLudles of flnance shows, conLemporary flnanclal
pracLlces (sLlll) have a slgnlflcanL maLerlal and bodlly aspecL, are noL generally global when lL comes
Lo Lhe geographlcal dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhelr aLLenLlon and operaLlon, and are Lled Lo speclflc places (e.g.
a Lradlng room) LhaL maLLer wlLh regard Lo Lhe way Lhe pracLlce Lakes shape (see for example Callon
and Munlesa 2007, 8eunza and SLark 2004, 8eunza eL al. 2006, Pardle and Mackenzle 2007, knorr
CeLlna and 8ruegger 202). And CasLells argued LhaL Lhere ls a 'space of flows' buL he also sLressed
LhaL ln Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy Lhere ls also Lhe 'space of places' and LhaL noL everyLhlng ls global ln
Lhe global economy. lor example, mosL producLlon and employmenL remalns local (CasLells 2010).
Agaln, Lhe global" space of flnance Lurns ouL Lo be less homogeneous Lhan assumed ln Lhe flrsL
narraLlve, Lhere are aL leasL dlfferenL spaces, and Lhe place of flnanclal pracLlces has moral
consequences.
l conclude LhaL l have successfully quesLloned Lhe narraLlve abouL moral globallzaLlon by flnanclal
lC1s, buL LhaL Lhls ls only a rough skeLch: we need furLher work on how flnanclal Lechnologles shape


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our moral geography ln order Lo arrlve aL a more reflned and nuanced plcLure LhaL can conLrlbuLe Lo
a more developed phllosophy of flnanclal Lechnologles.

8eferences
8uenza, uanlel and SLark, uavld. (2004). 1ools of Lhe 1rade: 1he Soclo-1echnology of ArblLrage ln a
Wall SLreeL 1radlng 8oom. loJosttlol ooJ cotpotote cbooqe 13(2): 369-400.
8eunza, uanlel, Pardle, laln, and uonald Mackenzle. (2006). A rlce ls a Soclal 1hlng: 1owards a
MaLerlal Soclology of ArblLrage. Otqoolzotloo 5toJles 27(3): 721-7438eunza and SLark 2004
Callon, Mlchel, Mlllo, ?uval, and lablan Munlesa (eds). (2007). Motket uevlces. Cxford: 8lackwell.
CasLells, Manuel. (2010). 1be klse of tbe Netwotk 5oclety, 2nd edlLlon. ChlchesLer: 8lackwell/!ohn
Wlley & Sons.CasLells 2010.
Coeckelbergh, M. (2013) nomoo 8eloq klsk. oboocemeot, 1ecbooloqy, ooJ tbe volootloo of
voloetoblllty 1toosfotmotloos. Sprlnger (forLhcomlng)
Pardle, laln and Mackenzle, uonald. (2007). Assembllng an Lconomlc AcLor: 1he Aqeocemeot of a
Pedge lund. 1be 5ocloloqlcol kevlew 33(1): 37-80.
knorr CeLlna, karln and 8ruegger, urs. (2002). Clobal MlcrosLrucLures: 1he vlrLual SocleLles of
llnanclal MarkeLs. Ametlcoo Iootool of 5ocloloqy 107(4): 903-930.
McLuhan, Marshall. (1964). uoJetstooJloq MeJlo. new ?ork: MenLor.
Slmmel, Ceorg. (1907). 1be lbllosopby of Mooey. (1rans. 1om 8oLLomore and uavld lrlsby. Ld. uavld
lrlsby.) London and new ?ork: 8ouLledge, 2004.

* * *

D.8%,#1' 4)1$/"11' +,%/1%(+$./1' 1+"",$/3' +.' %*$3/' $/0.,<%+$./' 1B1+"<1' <.#"*1' 8$+2' .:",%+$./' )1$/3'
./+.*.3B'

Serglo Luls roena uuarLe CuL88Ll8C
unlversldade Lusfona de Pumanldades e 1ecnologlas, orLugal
serglo.guerrelro[ulusofona.pL
slguerrelro[gmall.com

1o deal wlLh Lhe organlzaLlonal complexlLy, lnformaLlon SysLems (lS) are deslgned, consLrucLed and
managed accordlngly wlLh many absLracLlons LhaL are dlscussed beLween Lhe dlfferenL sLakeholders
of an organlzaLlon (Laudon and Laudon, 2012). 1hose dlscusslons drlve Lo Lhe classlcal requlremenLs
ellclLaLlon sLage LhaL alms aL ldenLlfylng Lhe besL shorL-, mld- or long-Lerm models Lo vlew,
undersLand and operaLe Lhe organlzaLlon (Sommervllle, 2009) and also Lo faclllLaLe Lhe forLhcomlng
lS LransformaLlons. AbsLracLlon ls a powerful lnLellecLual Lool LhaL, ln a glven lnsLanL ln Llme and
conLexL, allows Lo leave some deLalls for furLher analysls (MarLlns and Cravo, 2007). ln Lhe
subsequenL lnsLanLs of Llme and conLexLs, Lhe absLracLlon level decreases and forces Lhe


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sLakeholders Lo furLher speclfy Lhe models. Accordlngly wlLh (PoogervorsL, 2009), buslness
LransacLlon models are absLracLlons whlch prescrlbe Lhe deslgn freedom resLrlcLlons of a process-
based organlzaLlon and are useful Lo share a common undersLandlng beLween Lhe sLakeholders
regardlng Lhe buslness processes Lo be execuLed. ln facL, ln Lhe lS domaln, buslness processes models
(CMC, 2013) (ArchlmaLe, 2013) are frequenLly used Lo descrlbe Lhe way LhaL operaLlons are expecLed
Lo happen whlle Lhe acLors perform Lhelr acLlvlLles. Powever, Lhe buslness LransacLlon models per sl,
are noL sufflclenL and do noL guaranLee LhaL Lhe buslness acLors perform Lhem accordlngly durlng
operaLlon.
CperaLlon deflnes as Lhe collecLlve acLlvlLy of all Lhe elemenLs wlLhln Lhe organlzaLlon and ln Lhe
surroundlng envlronmenL. lL encompasses boLh Lhe producLlons performed by Lhe elemenLs wlLhln
Lhe organlzaLlon and Lhe lnLeracLlons wlLh Lhe organlzaLlonal bounds (uleLz, 2006).
Pence, an acLor ls auLonomous ln decldlng whaL Lo do nexL, and Lhus mlsallgnmenLs occur beLween
Lhe buslness LransacLlon models and acLor's operaLlon. Moreover, buslness acLors, lndlvldually
and/or collecLlvely, operaLe Lhe organlzaLlon and also admlnlsLraLe and sLeer lL, by means of
observlng Lhe sLaLe of Lhe world and Lhen acLlng wlLh purpose Lo change lLs sLaLe. 1hls reason ls why
sLeerlng Lhe operaLlon of buslness LransacLlons, by Lhe mean of Lhe correcL buslness rules, ls sLrongly
needed nowadays on organlzaLlons.
CrganlzaLlons requlre sLeerlng for conLlnuous verlfylng lf Lhe deslred models are saLlsfled and Lhen Lo
Lake purposeful acLlons Lo correcL Lhem. ln llne, sysLems conLrol area ldenLlfles Lhe need Lo consLrucL
a classlc cycle of observaLlon, declslon and conLrol Lo guaranLee LhaL Lhe operaLlon of a sysLem
saLlsfles wlLhln Lhe deslred condlLlons (lranklln eL al., 2009). As deplcLed ln llgure 1, Lhese concepLs
are used ln Lhls paper Lo ground Lhe research of organlzaLlonal sLeerlng wlLh a speclflc narrow Lo Lhe
observaLlon and acLuaLlon of Lhe conLrol varlables enclosed ln Lhe run-Llme buslness LransacLlons.




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llg. 1. SLeerlng cycle: Lhe buslness LransacLlons are Lhe organlzaLlonal ob[ecLs Lo be conLrolled, Lhe observed varlables are
lLs sLaLes and Lhe conLrol varlables are Lhe buslness LransacLlons redeslgn lnlLlaLlves.

Moreover, organlzaLlonal sLeerlng ls mosL of Lhe Llme consldered as an lndependenL and lsolaLed
organlzaLlonal add-on componenL LhaL reacLs accordlng wlLh Lhe behavlor of Lhe parL of Lhe
organlzaLlon LhaL ls supposed Lo conLrol (CC8l1, 2007), for lnsLance, Lhe Ceneral SysLems 1heory
(8erLalanffy, 1969), Lhe vlable SysLem Model (8eer, 1979), (8eer, 1981) and Lhe recenL LnLerprlse
Covernance proposals (PoogervorsL, 2009) (PoogervorsL and uleLz, 2008). ln general, organlzaLlonal
sLeerlng ls relaLed wlLh Lhe ablllLy Lo conLrol, wlLhln a bounded efforL, Lhe operaLlon of Lhe enLerprlse
Lowards a deslred prescrlpLlon whenever changes or perLurbaLlons occur. lollowlng Lhe proposal of
(Cuerrelro eL al., 2012), ln Lhls paper we sLaLe LhaL, due Lo Lhe organlzaLlonal complexlLy, behavlor-
based approaches are lnsufflclenL because lL ls lmpracLlcable Lo enLlre speclfy Lhe dynamlcs of Lhe
sysLem Lo be conLrolled wlLhouL a consLrucLlonal perspecLlve of Lhe buslness LransacLlon models. 1o
produce declslons abouL whlch acLlon Lo enacL, Lhe undersLandlng of Lhe essenLlal dynamlc of Lhe
enLerprlse ls cruclal. Pence, buslness LransacLlon are a core prlnclple of Lhls work and follows Lhe
uLMC onLology encompasslng Lhree dlfferenL conLrol varlables Lo bulld Lhe buslness LransacLlon
space: elemenLary acLor roles, acLlon rules and facL Lypes, whlch correspond Lo responslblllLy,
LranslLlon space and sLaLe space.
1he proposed soluLlon Lakes advanLage of recenL advances ln Lhe domaln of lS onLology, ln speclflc
Lhe LnLerprlse Lnglneerlng (uleLz & PoogervorsL, 2012) and Lhe uLMC Lheory and meLhodology
(uleLz, 2006), Lo presenL a sLeerlng soluLlon. lL Lrlggers Lwo dlfferenL conLrol acLlons whenever a
mlsallgnmenL beLween Lhe buslness LransacLlons models and operaLlon are ldenLlfled: (l) a change ln
Lhe buslness LransacLlon models Lo mlLlgaLe Lhe mlsallgnmenL or (ll) a change ln Lhe buslness rules
because devlaLlon ls consldered lnnovaLlve and Lhus lL should be lncorporaLed ln Lhe dynamlc of Lhe
organlzaLlon.



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8eferences
Laudon k. and Laudon !. ManagemenL lnformaLlon SysLems, 12Lh edlLlon, renLlce Pall (2012)
Sommervllle, lan. SofLware englneerlng (9Lh ed.), Parlow: Addlson Wesley. lS8n 978-0-13-703313-1
lS8n 0-13-703313-2 (2009)
MarLlns, !. . and Cravo, M. 8. rogramao em Scheme, lnLroduo a programao uLlllzando
mulLlplos paradlgmas, 2 ed., lS1 ress (2007)
PoogervorsL, !. LnLerprlse governance and enLerprlse englneerlng. 8erlln, Peldelberg: Sprlnger-
verlag (2009)
Cb[ecL managemenL group, hLLp://www.omg.com, accessed ln !anuary (2013)
ArchlmaLe, 1he Cpen Croup: ArchlmaLe verslon 2.
hLLp://www.opengroup.org/sub[ecLareas/enLerprlse/archlmaLe accessed ln !anuary (2013)
uleLz, !.L.C. LnLerprlse CnLology - 1heory and MeLhodology. 8erlln, Peldelberg, Sprlnger-verlag
(2006)
lranklln, l., owell, u., and Lmaml-naelnl, A. leedback conLrol of dynamlc sysLems, 6Lh ed. Addlson-
Wesley ubllshlng Company (2009)
CC8l1. ConLrol ob[ecLlves for lnformaLlon and relaLed Lechnology (coblL).
hLLp://www.lsaca.org/coblL.hLm, LdlLlon 4.1, l1 Covernance lnsLlLuLe, 8olllng Meadows, llllnols,
accessed ln !anuary 2013, (2007)
8erLalanffy, L.v. Ceneral SysLems 1heory. Ceorge 8razlller, new ?ork (1969)
8eer, S. 1he PearL of Lhe LnLerprlse, !ohn Wlley & Sons lnc. new ?ork, n? (1979)
8eer, S. 8raln of Lhe llrm: 1he Managerlal CyberneLlcs of CrganlzaLlon. !ohn Wlley & Sons lnc. new
?ork, n? (1981)
PoogervorsL, !. and uleLz, !. LnLerprlse archlLecLure ln enLerprlse englneerlng, LnLerprlse Modelllng
and lnformaLlon SysLems ArchlLecLure, 3, 1 !uly, 3-11, (2008)
Cuerrelro, S., vasconcelos, A., and 1rlboleL, !. LnLerprlse dynamlc sysLems conLrol enforcemenL of
run-Llme buslness LransacLlons, Sprlnger-verlag 8erlln Peldelberg, volume 110, arL 2, serles LecLure
noLes ln 8uslness lnformaLlon rocesslng, LnLerprlse Lnglneer-lng Worklng Conference 2012 (LLWC
2012), uCl: 10.1007/978-3-642-29903-2, uelfL, neLherlands 46-60 (2012)
uleLz, !. and PoogervorsL, !. 1he rlnclples of LnLerprlse Lnglneerlng, Sprlnger-verlag 8erlln
Peldelberg, volume 110, arL 2, serles LecLure noLes ln 8uslness lnformaLlon rocesslng, LnLerprlse
Lnglneerlng Worklng Conference 2012 (LLWC 2012), uCl: 10.1007/978-3-642-29903-2, uelfL,
neLherlands 13-30 (2012)




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1rack 2
CCn18CL, ulSC8lMlnA1lCn Anu
Su8vLlLLAnCL
Chalr: Marla !oo SlM0LS


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F%,'<"+%:2.,16'(.<:)+",C<"#$%+"#'(./0*$(+'$/'+2"'%3"'.0'>+)@/"+'

ArLur MaLos ALvLS
unlversldade ALlnLlca & CLCL, orLugal
amalves[uaLlanLlca.pL

1he neLworked uLopla of communlcaLlon ls belng replaced by anoLher lmage: LhaL of Lhe lnLerneL as
a baLLlefleld. 1he developmenL of cyber weapons, for example, sLems from Lhe drlve Lo defend and
aLLack sLraLeglc lnLeresLs. Cn Lhe one hand, recenL evenLs, such as Lhe SLuxneL (2010) and llame
(2012) worms and Lhe acLlvlLles of Lhe Anonymous group, have shown Lhe vulnerablllLy of Lhe
lnformaLlon lnfrasLrucLure upon whlch Lhe economlc and communlcaLlon sysLems rely, Lhereby
relnforclng Lhe percelved need for cyber defence. Cn Lhe oLher hand, hlgh-lnLenslLy confllcL ls
mlgraLlng lnLo cyberspace, under Lhe gulse of propagandlsLlc acLlons, lndusLrlal esplonage, and
lnformaLlon conLrols, buL also Lhrough Lhe monlLorlng of communlcaLlons aL Lhe global scale.
1he mulLlfaceLed naLure of Lhe aLLacks suggesL LhaL Lhe neLworked loglc of power ln Lhe
conLemporary world, whlch comprlses naLlonal and lnLernaLlonal prlvaLe and publlc secLors, does noL
go unnoLlced. Lvery ma[or player ln Lhe global arena ls, ln facL, llable Lo aLLacks LhaL seek an enLry
polnL Lo Lhe publlc sphere, and cerLalnly Lo Lhe medla sysLem. 1haL paLh allows aLLackers Lo exerL
maxlmum lnfluence upon oLher polnLs of Lhe neLwork, Lhereby applylng pressure upon nodes of
declslon and publlc oplnlon. WlLh lLs low cosL of opporLunlLy and few barrlers Lo enLry, lndlfferenL Lo
naLlonal fronLlers and confllcL fronLllnes, cyber-aLLacks seem Lo be a very aLLracLlve opLlon for acLors
Lo achleve noLorleLy and spread uncerLalnLy.
ls confllcL ln cyberspace shaplng percepLlons and pollcles on dlglLal neLworks and communlcaLlon?
ulglLal neLworks are lncreaslngly seen as scenarlos of pollLlcal and economlc sLrlfe, reachlng Lhe
dlplomaLlc and pollLlcal spoLllghL as a new baLLlefleld", where heLerogeneous groups vle for conLrol.
CurrenL scholarshlp frames compuLer-medlaLed confllcL ln dlfferenL ways. 1he flrsL perspecLlve ls
lndebLed Lo crlLlcal and medla Lheorles, Lhrough Lhe works of loucaulL (1969, 1973), ueleuze and
CuaLLarl (1987), and PardL and negrl (2000, 2004), focuslng on Lhe sLudy of onllne debaLes and
dlspuLes, as well as pollLlcal and acLlvlsL pracLlces (karaLzoglannl and 8oblnson 2010, karaLzoglannl
2008). 1he second ls rooLed mlllLary sLudles and lnLernaLlonal affalrs. lL developed as a proLo-
docLrlnal narraLlve of Lhe role of lnformaLlon Lechnologles ln war and Lerrorlsm. lL ls represenLed by
auLhors such as Arqullla and 8onfeld (1999, 2001), Llblckl (2009) and Carr (2009), whose work
addresses dlplomaLlc, mlllLary and economlc SLaLe pollcles. My sLudy draws on crlLlcal dlscourse
analysls meLhods (van ul[k 2008, Wodak and Meyer 2001) ln order Lo elucldaLe Lhe llnkages beLween
Lhe SLuxneL evenL and soclo-pollLlcal aLLlLudes Lowards cyberspace.
1hls paper ls a case sLudy of Lhe SLuxneL worm (2010), whlch LargeLed lran's nuclear lnfrasLrucLure,
as one of Lhe mosL promlnenL lnsLances of aLLrlbuLable use of cyberspace ln hlgh-lnLenslLy confllcL
(1he new ?ork 1lmes, 2012). AfLer esLabllshlng a chronology of evenLs and dlscourses on Lhe use of
compuLer code as weapon, l wlll crlLlcally analyse Lhe lmpacL of SLuxneL on Lhe dlscourses and
docLrlne of cyber confllcL, especlally regardlng posslble repercusslons on lnLerneL pollLlcs.

* * *


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G"C+2$/=$/3''"+2$(1'.0'0.,"/1$('H7I'+"(2/.*.3B'%::*$(%+$./1''
Pelena MACPAuC
ueparLmenL of Soclology of Lhe unlverslLy of Mlnho
8esearch CenLre for Lhe Soclal Sclences (unlverslLy of Mlnho) and CenLre for Soclal SLudles
(unlverslLy of Colmbra), orLugal
helenacrlsLlnaferrelra.machado[gmall.com

1he number of compuLer daLabases worldwlde conLalnlng geneLlc daLa used Lo prevenL and combaL
lllegal lmmlgraLlon, crlme and global Lerrorlsm has expanded conslderably ln a rapld and far-reachlng
way. ln my paper l propose Lhe developmenL of a new analyLlcal and concepLual framework for
dlscusslng Lhe soclal, culLural and eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of bulldlng a pan-Luropean sysLem for Lhe
LransnaLlonal exchange of forenslc geneLlc lnformaLlon. l argue for Lhe need of a more LexLured
approach Lo Lhe soclal, regulaLory and eLhlcal, as well as Lhe Lechnlcal, sclenLlflc and operaLlonal
lmpllcaLlons posed by Lhe esLabllshmenL of broad-based forenslc unA daLabaslng ln Lurope and
beyond. 1he foundaLlon of my Lhlnklng ls LhaL Lhere ls an underlylng cerLalnLy or Laken-for-granLed
assumpLlon concernlng Lhe naLure and meanlng of human rlghLs, as well as Lhe eLhlcal rlsks of
geneLlc Lechnologles and Lhe poLenLlal publlc beneflLs of Lhelr uses. 1hese assumpLlons need Lo be
quesLloned and re-examlned on Lhe basls of a mulLl-vocal approach Lo forenslc unA Lechnologles -
one LhaL also lnvolves clLlzens - servlng as a resource for a beLLer undersLandlng of lndlvldual sense-
maklng and collecLlve aLLlLudes.
l conslder LhaL culLural consLrucLlons of human rlghLs and governlng prlnclples relaLe Lo deep and
complex values and normaLlvlLles LhaL are culLurally and hlsLorlcally bounded, such as Lhe balance
beLween lndlvldual and collecLlve rlghLs, Lhe sLaLe-clLlzen relaLlonshlp and noLlons of human naLure
and soclal commlLmenLs Lo whaL ls worLh proLecLlng and why and Lhe processes Lhls lnvolves. ln
order Lo achleve my goal, l alm Lo provlde answers Lo Lhe followlng quesLlons LhaL, ln my vlew, have
noL yeL been answered ln a robusL and sysLemaLlc way ln prevlous sLudles on Lhe soclal, eLhlcal and
legal lmpllcaLlons of Lhe collecLlon and use of geneLlc daLa for crlmlnal forenslc purposes and Lhe
sharlng and flow of Lhls lnformaLlon on a LransnaLlonal level. 1he quesLlons are:
-WhaL counLs as lndlvldual and collecLlve rlghLs, ln Lerms of knowledge and acLlon, and who has Lhe
rlghL Lo declare Lhem so?
-Can Lhe prlnclple of solldarlLy and falr sharlng of responslblllLy, consldered a core pollLlcal and
consLlLuLlonal prlnclple of Lhe Luropean unlon, be applled ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe governance of
geneLlc daLabases for forenslc purposes (ln Lurope and ln non-Luropean conLexLs)?
-WhaL human rlghLs and governlng prlnclples are co-produced by forenslc sclence and Lhe crlmlnal
[usLlce sysLem and lmplnge on Lhe llves of clLlzens and where should human agency, and Lhe
proLecLlon accorded Lo lL, begln and end?

* * *



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I)+.<%+"#'(.*./$%*$+B'.0':.8",6'9.8':,"#$(+$5"'+"(2/.*.3$"1'"/+,"/(2'+2"':,""<:+$5"'.+2",$/3'.0'
JK%#'L.<<)/$+$"1M

Chloe S. CLC8AS
unlverslLy of uerLo 8lco Law School, uerLo 8lco
cgeoras11[gmall.com

8lchard 8erk, a professor aL Lhe unlverslLy of ennsylvanla, has developed a pre-crlme predlcLlve
sofLware LhaL he conLends can address a probaLlon offlcer's concern over Lhe deLermlnaLlon of whaL
level of supervlslon [.] you provlde" when a person goes on probaLlon or parole. 8erk's sofLware
clalms Lo ellmlnaLe Lhe need for human dlscreLlon by "replac[lng] Lhose seaL-of-Lhe-panLs
calculaLlons." Speclflcally, Lhe researchers assembled a daLaseL of more Lhan 60,000 varlous crlmes,
lncludlng homlcldes. uslng an algorlLhm Lhey developed, Lhey found a subseL of people much more
llkely Lo commlL homlclde when paroled or probaLed. lnsLead of flndlng one murderer ln 100, Lhe
uenn researchers could ldenLlfy elghL fuLure murderers ouL of 100.
Whereas prevlous verslons of Lhe sofLware, used ln 8alLlmore and hlladelphla, focused on sald
predlcLlons of murders by and among parolees and offenders on probaLlon," Lhe new lncarnaLlons
of Lhe Lechnology deployed ln WashlngLon, u.C., clalm Lo broaden Lhe predlcLlve scope Lo oLher,
meanlng lesser, crlmes as well. 8y uslng anLlclpaLory algorlLhms LhaL slfL Lhrough a daLabase of
Lhousands of crlmes [.] and dlfferenL varlables, such as geographlcal locaLlon, crlmlnal records and
ages of prevlous offenders," 8erk's Lechnology can purporLedly predlcL where, when, and how a
crlme could posslbly be commlLLed and by who" before lL ls acLually commlLLed. 8erk furLher lmplles
LhaL Lhe sofLware could lmpacL Lhe deLermlnaLlon of Lhe lengLh of senLences and ball amounLs.
redlcLlve Lechnologles, such as 8erk's sofLware, are clearly remlnlscenL of hlllp ulck's sclence
flcLlon classlc shorL sLory, come Pollywood Lhrlller, 1he MlnorlLy 8eporL. 1he sLory represenLs a
crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem based upon Lhe preempLlve punlshmenL of acLs LhaL have noL yeL occurred.
1he predlcLlon of fuLure crlmes by muLanL precogs who can foresee Lhe fuLure [usLlfles Lhe
crlmlnallzaLlon of people prlor Lo Lhe commlsslon of speclflc acLs.
AlLhough Lhe Anglo-Amerlcan crlmlnal [usLlce sysLems are sLlll premlsed upon Lhe crlmlnallzaLlon of
acLs commlLLed ln Lhe pasL, new predlcLlve Lechnologles pose growlng challenges Lo Lhe sancLlLy" of
LhaL prlnclple as well as LhaL of oLher foundaLlonal prlnclples such as lnnocence unLll proven gullLy
and due process. 1o make maLLers worse, Lhe specLacular lncrease ln Lhe pasL decades of
lncarceraLlon raLes, and Lhe relaLed pressures on Lhe admlnlsLraLlon of probaLloners, dramaLlze Lhe
problems posed by Lhe uncrlLlcal deploymenL of preempLlve predlcLlve Lechnologles.
eople on probaLlon and parole offer an lnLeresLlng LesL case aL Lhe crossroads beLween esLabllshed
docLrlnes and Lhe emergenL dlscourses and pracLlces enabled by Lhe Lechno-normaLlvlLy of emergenL
predlcLlve Lechnologles focused on preempLlng fuLure rlsks. My paper wlll address Lhe publlc
secLor's use of preempLlve predlcLlons Lo assess Lhe llkely consequences of (dls)allowlng a person Lo
acL ln a cerLaln way" ln Lhe conLexL of lndlvlduals LhaL are sub[ecL Lo probaLlon or parole ln Lhe u.S.
crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem. Accordlngly, Lhe paper ls dlvlded as follows: llrsL, l provlde a general


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framework of Lhe u.S. sLaLuLory provlslons, [urlsprudenLlal precedenLs and u.S. consLlLuLlonal
prlnclples, parLlcularly due process, LhaL regulaLe probaLlon/parole and lmporLanL shlfLs LhaL have led
Lo greaLer dlscreLlonary power for [udges ln senLenclng deLermlnaLlons. Second, l ouLllne Lhe
poLenLlal for a double [udlclal delegaLlon of power by examlnlng Lhe lncreaslng delegaLlon of power
on probaLlon offlcers Lo make declslons LhaL adversely lmpacL Lhe llves of probaLloners/parolees and
lLs relaLlon Lo Lhe poLenLlal of an analogous delegaLlon of power on preempLlve predlcLlve sofLware.
1hlrd, l revlew Lhe maln llLeraLure and debaLes concernlng Lhe legal, soclal and eLhlcal challenges
posed by anLlclpaLory Lechnologles and Lhe need Lo make Lhelr encoded values vlslble and
accounLable. lourLh, l examlne how Lhe model of acLuarlal [usLlce has become predomlnanL ln Lhe
crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem and Lhe shlfL lL has marked from a concern over lndlvldual rehablllLaLlon Lo
Lhe managemenL of hlgh-rlsk groups. llfLh, by way of posLcolonlal debaLes and Lhe relaLed Lheory of
colonlallLy of power, l address how Lhe conLlnulLles of Lhe colonlal lmaglnary underpln Lhe Lechno-
soclal normaLlvlLy of preempLlve predlcLlon Lechnologles. SlxLh, l puL forward some concludlng
LhoughLs.

* * *
'
;LD1&'<%11'<./$+.,$/3'%/#'(./+,.*'%+'+2"'1+%+"'*"5"*6'$#"/+$0B'+2"'N)"1+$./1'%/#'$11)"1',%$1"#'4B'
/"8'$/1:"(+$./'+"(2/.*.3$"1'./'+2"';/+",/"+''

Marle CCu?
8esearch Croup L1CS - 1elecom Lcole de ManagemenL
lnsLlLuL Mlnes-1elecom, Lvry, lrance
marle.gpy[gmall.com

!ean-Marc SALMCn
8esearch Croup L1CS - 1elecom Lcole de ManagemenL
lnsLlLuL Mlnes-1elecom, Lvry, lrance
[msalmon[gmall.com

1he developmenL of lnformaLlon and CommunlcaLlon 1echnologles (lC1s) hase deeply changed
securlLy lssues for sLaLes. lssues relaLed Lo dlglLal LraceablllLy and personal daLa mlnlng have been
wldely dlscussed and researched. Powever, complalnLs ln 2011 lodged agalnsL AMLS?S, a lrench
securlLy sofLware corporaLlon, by Lhe lnLernaLlonal lederaLlon for Puman 8lghLs (lluP) and Llgue des
drolLs de l'homme (LuP) ln arls for compllclLy ln crlmes of LorLure" wlLh Lhe Llbyan reglme of
Mouammar kadhafl have helped draw aLLenLlon Lo speclflc lssues. 1hese new quesLlons arlse from
Lhe sale, lmplemenLaLlon and malnLenance of plaLforms and Lechnologlcal sysLems of Lhe mass
survelllance of lnLerneL communlcaLlon. Among Lhese Lechnologles sLands ouL Lhe ueep ackeL
lnspecLlon (ul) whlch expands Lhe monlLorlng and analysls of lnLerneL communlcaLlons Lo a sLaLe
level.


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1he sale of Lhe Lagle survelllance sysLem by AMLS?S Lo Lhe Llbyan governmenL has been branded as
a scandal because lL lnvolved a dlcLaLorlal governmenL. As a maLLer of facL, before Lhe Arab sprlng,"
numerous auLhorlLarlan reglmes - for example, 8ahraln, 1unlsla, Syrla, eLc. - have supplled Lhelr
represslve unlLs wlLh such equlpmenL acqulred from varlous hl-Lech corporaLlons.
1he ever wlder use of Lhese Lechnologlcal sysLems of mass survelllance has Lo be consldered wlLhln a
broader framework as democraLlc governmenLs, such as Lhe lrench, are aLLracLed by Lhe poLenLlal
use of Lhese Lechnologles, ln furLlve and dlscreLe ways, Lo collecL lnLelllgence.
We lnLend Lo formulaLe Lhese new quesLlons and lssues ln relylng on a comparaLlve sLudy of lrance,
Llbya and 1unlsla, ln Lhree maln areas:
1- Pow ls Lhe use of such mass compuLerlzed survelllance sysLems conslsLenL wlLh Lhe prlnclples of
Lhe rule of law and democracy regardlng Lhe respecL of lndlvldual prlvacy? ls Lhe llne beLween publlc
and prlvaLe spheres modlfled? WhaL rlsks and challenges could democraLlc sLaLes have Lo face ln case
of exLenslve soclal conLrol and represslve use agalnsL lndlvlduals and groups suspecLed of anLl-
democraLlc behavlor? Could Lhe deflnlLlon of Lhese groups lead Lo dlscrlmlnaLlon agalnsL Lhese
groups? Could Lhe slngllng ouL of groups Lhrough compuLerlzed mass analysls sysLems affecL Lhe
percepLlon of Lhe publlc sphere by a democraLlc governmenL? And by Lhe clLlzens?
2- 1he corporaLe lnvolvemenL ln Lhe sale of such Lechnologlcal sysLems Lo auLhorlLarlan reglmes as
well as Lo more democraLlc reglmes ralses quesLlons abouL Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween hl-Lech
corporaLlons and Lhe sLaLes where Lhese corporaLlons are headquarLered, especlally concernlng Lhe
sale, lmplemenLaLlon and malnLenance of Lhese hl-Lech survelllance plaLforms and sysLems abroad.
1he lssue ls ofLen framed ln Lerms of corporaLe moral responslblllLy. Powever, Lhls lssue ls a pollLlcal
one ln democraLlc sLaLes as lL enLalls Lhe respecL of human rlghLs. Pow does lL sLand wlLhln Lhe
presenL legal framework aL naLlonal and Luropean levels concernlng Lhe exporL of such plaLforms
and sysLems? WhaL could be lnferred by Lhe analysls of pendlng leglslaLlon ln Lhe Luropean unlon
whlch polnLs Lo a growlng concern among Luropean leglslaLors?
3- Pow could Lhe sLaLus of Lhese survelllance plaLforms and sysLems be characLerlzed, sLandlng, as
Lhey are, ln a grey zone beLween a Lechnlcal Lool used Lo regulaLe lnLerneL Lrafflc by servlce provlders
and a warfare Lechnology as lL ls deflned for exporL by counLrles such as lrance?

8eferences
8amford, !ames, 1he Shadow lacLory: Lhe ulLra-secreL nSA from 9/11 Lo Lhe Lavesdropplng on
Amerlca, new ?ork, uoubleday, 2008
CasLells, Manuel, neLwork of CuLrage and Pope: Soclal MovemenLs ln Lhe lnLerneL Age, new ?ork,
ollLy, 2012
Morozov, Lvgeny, 1he neL ueluslon : 1he uark Slde of lnLerneL lreedom, !ackson, 1n, ubllc Affalrs,
2011.


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Mueller, MllLon, neLwork and SLaLes. 1he Clobal ollLlcs of lnLerneL Covernance, Cambrldge, Mass.,
1he Ml1 ress, 2010
8ouvroy, AnLolneLLe & 8erns, 1homas, Le nouveau pouvolr sLaLlsLlque. Cu quand le conLrle
s'exerce sur un reel nomme, doclle eL sans evenemenL car consLlLue de corps numerlques,
MulLlLudes 40, (2010), 88-103.
1ermlnal, 108-109, (2011), numero speclal lssu du 13
e
colloque Crels-1ermlnal: Les llberLes a
l'epreuve de l'lnformaLlque: flchage eL conLrle soclal.

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'
O/#",1+%/#$/3'(B4",1"(),$+B6'"+2$(%*'%/#'(./(":+)%*'(./1$#",%+$./1'

Shannon 8randL lC8u
CenLre for Applled hllosophy and ubllc LLhlcs
Charles SLurL unlverslLy, AusLralla
shford[csu.edu.au

ln Lhls paper l provlde an eLhlcal and concepLual analysls of Lhe emerglng concern wlLh
'cybersecurlLy.' My paper provldes an opporLunlLy Lo explore some key concepLs relaLlng Lo securlLy
ln Lhe 'cyberrealm,' where klneLlc and lnformaLlonal LhreaLs are rapldly converglng. l offer a way of
clearlng Lhe concepLual space relaLlng Lo cybersecurlLy by explorlng boLh how Lhe Lerm ls belng used
and how lL coo be used.
llrsL of all, l ouLllne how cybersecurlLy (Lhe sysLemlsed proLecLlon of lndlvlduals and sLaLes agalnsL
cyberwarfare, cyberLerrorlsm and cybercrlme) ls an lncreaslngly promlnenL feaLure of Lhe naLlonal
securlLy agenda. naLlonal governmenLs, for lnsLance, are becomlng lncreaslngly alarmed aL Lhe
poLenLlal for serlous aLLacks on cybersecurlLy and are respondlng accordlngly. 1he AusLrallan
CovernmenL nomlnaLed 'mallclous cyber aLLacks' as one of seven key naLlonal securlLy rlsks ln Lhe
recenLly released naLlonal securlLy sLraLegy and announced a new cybersecurlLy cenLre. And Lhe u.S.
uefense ueparLmenL ls seL Lo more Lhan quadruple lLs cyber forces over Lhe nexL few years, ln an
efforL Lo beLLer proLecL crlLlcal neLworks and lmprove capaclLy for offenslve cyber operaLlons.
nexL l argue LhaL an effecLlve cybersecurlLy sLraLegy requlres clarlflcaLlon of cerLaln key concepLs. An
effecLlve response Lo emerglng LhreaLs Lo cybersecurlLy requlres a comprehenslve undersLandlng of
Lhe problem and lLs poLenLlal soluLlons. ln parLlcular, l argue, LhaL lL ls an lmporLanL Lask Lo esLabllsh
a flrm concepLual grasp on whaL we mean by Lhe Lerm 'cybersecurlLy' slnce many of Lhe lmporLanL
concepLual aspecLs of cybersecurlLy remaln unexamlned. As a consequence, dlfferenL people mlghL
be referrlng Lo dlfferenL Lhlngs when Lhey dlscuss cybersecurlLy. A more concepLually rlgorous
approach Lo 'cybersecurlLy' wlll also help us Lo undersLand how Lhe Lerm sboolJ be used.


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1hen, Lo demonsLraLe my polnL LhaL clarlfylng Lhe meanlng of cybersecurlLy ls an lmporLanL Lask, l
provlde an analysls of Lhe eLhlcs of survelllance as lL applles Lo dlfferenL aspecLs of cybersecurlLy. 1he
permlsslblllLy of survelllance depends on how we concelve of cybersecurlLy ln Lerms of cyberwarfare,
cyberLerrorlsm, and cybercrlme. key Lo any aspecL of securlLy ls Lhe ablllLy Lo anLlclpaLe LhreaLs and
consLrucL boLh passlve (l.e. bulldlng defences) and acLlve (l.e. neuLrallslng LhreaLs) soluLlons.
AnLlclpaLlon ln Lhe cyberworld requlres survelllance. ?eL survelllance lnfrlnges on Lhe rlghLs of
lndlvlduals and exposes securlLy pracLlces Lo lnLernal LhreaLs. lurLhermore, as a second example, l
demonsLraLe LhaL dlsLlngulshlng beLween cyberwarfare, cyberLerrorlsm, and cybercrlme ls an
lmporLanL pollcy lssue because lL helps deLermlne whlch lnsLlLuLlonal mechanlsms Lo use on a
parLlcular securlLy LhreaL, a problem whlch ls lncreaslngly compounded by changlng undersLandlngs
of war, Lerrorlsm, and crlmlnallLy.
llnally, l go on Lo conslder Lwo poLenLlal avenues for lmprovlng Lhe concepLual clarlLy of
cybersecurlLy. llrsL, l examlne cybersecurlLy ln reference Lo Lhe acLor uslng Lhe Lerm. 1hls approach
conslders how Lhe Lerm ls used by a varleLy of acLors wlLh responslblllLles for cybersecurlLy,
lncludlng: l1 professlonals, governmenL, mlllLary, pollce, prlvaLe buslness and so on. Second, l
examlne cybersecurlLy ln reference Lo Lhe LhreaL lL descrlbes. 8y provldlng a concepLual analysls of
cybersecurlLy ln Lerms of LhreaL, Lhe currenL and fuLure Lechnologlcal and soclal developmenLs LhaL
bear on cybersecurlLy pracLlces can be sysLemaLlcally ldenLlfled and analysed.

* * *


G"3)*%+$/3' 5$,+)%*' (B4",(,$<"' 4B' <"%/1' .0' +2"' (,$<$/%*' *%86' %' :2$*.1.:2$(%*&' *"3%*C"(./.<$(' %/#'
:,%3<%+$('#$<"/1$./'


LlLska S18lkWL8uA, hu SLudenL
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
L.SLrlkwerda[uLwenLe.nl

1hls paper wlll be abouL Lhe quesLlon wheLher or noL vlrLual cybercrlme should be regulaLed by
means of Lhe crlmlnal law. 8y vlrLual cybercrlme l mean crlme LhaL lnvolves a speclflc aspecL of
compuLers or compuLer neLworks: vlrLuallLy. Lxamples of vlrLual cybercrlme are: vlrLual chlld
pornography, LhefL of vlrLual lLems and Lhe kllllng of an avaLar (a vlrLual person). 1hese behavlors are
noL commonly prohlblLed yeL. 1he general quesLlon of whlch conducL should be crlmlnallzed and
whlch noL ls dealL wlLh ln a well-known 1972 paper by Lhe uuLch lawyer and crlmlnologlsL Pulsman.
Accordlng Lo Pulsman Lhe aforemenLloned quesLlon has Lhree dlmenslons: a (moral) phllosophlcal, a
legal-economlc and a pragmaLlc dlmenslon (Pulsman 1972, pp. 87-88). l agree wlLh Pulsman LhaL
Lhese are Lhe Lhree (maln) aspecLs LhaL have Lo be Laken lnLo accounL, for, alLhough Lhe Loplc of
crlmlnallzaLlon has recelved scarce scholarly aLLenLlon, mosL of whaL has been wrlLLen on lL can


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lndeed be caLegorlzed under one of Lhese Lhree headlngs. ln Lhls paper l wlll, Lherefore, sLudy Lhe
speclflc quesLlon wheLher or noL vlrLual cybercrlme should be regulaLed by means of Lhe crlmlnal law
from a phllosophlcal, legal economlc and pragmaLlc polnL of vlew.
l have exLenslvely LreaLed Lhe phllosophlcal dlmenslon of Lhe quesLlon wheLher or noL vlrLual
cybercrlme should be regulaLed by means of Lhe crlmlnal law ln earller work, boLh ln a general way
and as applled Lo speclflc lnsLances of vlrLual cybercrlme (SLrlkwerda 2011, SLrlkwerda 2012,
SLrlkwerda forLhcomlng a, SLrlkwerda forLhcomlng b). 1herefore, a summary of and reference Lo Lhls
work wlll sufflce for Lhe purposes of Lhls paper. ln a nuLshell, l have esLabllshed LhaL lL ls a necessary
condlLlon for a vlrLual cybercrlme ln order Lo counL as a crlme under exlsLlng law LhaL lL has an
exLravlrLual consequence (a consequence ouLslde Lhe vlrLual envlronmenL). 1haL ls also a sufflclenL
condlLlon lf Lhe consequence ls of such a naLure LhaL lL can be broughL under Lhe scope of one of Lhe
llberLy-llmlLlng prlnclples as dlsLlngulshed by Lhe legal phllosopher lelnberg ln hls volumlnous work
1he Moral LlmlLs of Lhe Crlmlnal Law, namely: Lhe harm prlnclple, Lhe offense prlnclple, legal
paLernallsm or legal morallsm.
1he legal-economlc dlmenslon of Lhe general quesLlon whlch conducL should be crlmlnallzed and
whlch noL has glven rlse Lo a separaLe fleld ln legal sLudles, whlch can be called Lhe law and
economlcs approach (osner 1983, 8owles, laure & Caroupa 2008, p. 390, Pusak 2008). ln essence,
Lhe law and economlcs approach conslsLs of a cosL beneflL analysls: Lhe approprlaLe domaln for Lhe
use of crlmlnal law ls deLermlned by Lhe cosLs and beneflLs of uslng crlmlnal law Lools relaLlve Lo non-
crlmlnal lnsLrumenLs, such as admlnlsLraLlve, clvll or LorL law (8owles, laure & Caroupa 2008, p. 393).
l wlll reflecL on Lhe cosLs and beneflLs of uslng crlmlnal law lnsLrumenLs for Lhe regulaLlon of vlrLual
cybercrlme relaLlve Lo non-crlmlnal lnsLrumenLs. Slnce vlrLual cybercrlme ofLen Lakes place ln Lhe
vlrLual envlronmenLs of compuLer games, l wlll pay speclflc aLLenLlon Lo Lhe rules of games as an
alLernaLlve for crlmlnal law ln Lhe regulaLlon of vlrLual cybercrlme.
1he pragmaLlc dlmenslon of Lhe general quesLlon whlch conducL should be crlmlnallzed and whlch
noL has Lo do wlLh Lhe overall capaclLy of Lhe crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem. As a rule, Lhe crlmlnallzaLlon of
conducL should noL overload Lhe crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem. AL Lhe Llme Pulsman wroLe hls paper Lhls
dlmenslon was seldom Laken lnLo accounL (Pulsman 1972, p. 88). 8uL slnce Lhe scope of Lhe crlmlnal
law has dramaLlcally expanded durlng Lhe pasL several years, a Lrend whlch ls called
overcrlmlnallzaLlon", lL ls now recelvlng more and more aLLenLlon (Pusak 2008, p. 3). l wlll sLudy
wheLher or noL Lhe crlmlnal [usLlce sysLem would be able Lo handle Lhe crlmlnallzaLlon of vlrLual
cybercrlme from a pragmaLlc polnL of vlew.
AL Lhe end of hls paper, Pulsman concreLlclzes hls analysls of Lhe phllosophlcal, legal-economlc and
pragmaLlc dlmenslon of Lhe quesLlon whlch conducL should be crlmlnallzed and whlch noL lnLo a llsL
of crlLerla for crlmlnallzaLlon" whlch leglslaLors or [udlclarles can use Lo declde on acLual cases
(Pulsman 1972, p. 89-92). uslng Pulsman's crlLerla as a sLarLlng polnL, l wlll do Lhe same wlLh regard
Lo Lhe speclflc case of vlrLual cybercrlme. l wlll conclude by LesLlng whlch lnsLances of vlrLual
cybercrlme should be crlmlnallzed and whlch noL accordlng Lo Lhe crlLerla LhaL l have esLabllshed.
8eferences


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8oger 8owles, Mlchael laure & nuno Caroupa (2008). 1he Scope of Crlmlnal Law and Crlmlnal
SancLlons: An Lconomlc vlew and ollcy lmpllcaLlons. Iootool of low ooJ 5oclety, volome J5, Nombet
J, 389-416.
8ouLelller, Pans (2002). ue velllqbelJsotople, neJeoJooqs oobeboqeo eo vetlooqeo tooJ mlsJooJ eo
sttof. uen Paag: 8oom !urldlsche ulLgevers.
lelnberg, !oel (1984). 1be Motol llmlts of tbe ctlmlool low, volome Ooe, notm to Otbets. Cxford:
Cxford u.
lelnberg, !oel (1983). 1be Motol llmlts of tbe ctlmlool low, volome 1wo, Offeose to Otbets. Cxford:
Cxford u.
lelnberg, !oel (1986). 1be Motol llmlts of tbe ctlmlool low, volome 1btee, notm to 5elf. Cxford:
Cxford u.
lelnberg, !oel (1988). 1be Motol llmlts of tbe ctlmlool low, volome loot, notmless wtooqJoloq.
Cxford: Cxford u.
Croenhul[sen, M. S. (1993). CrlLerla voor sLrafbaarsLelllng, uellkt eo uellokweot, 2J/1, 1-6.
Pulsman, L. P. C. (1972). krlLerla voor sLrafbaarsLelllng. ln u. Chapman eL al., 5ttoftecbt 1etecbt? Ovet
Jektlmloollsetloq eo Jepeoollsetloq (pp. 80-92). 8aarn: ulLgeverl[ ln den 1oren.
Pusak, uouglas (2008). Ovetctlmloollzotloo. 1be llmlts of tbe ctlmlool low. new ?ork: Cxford
unlverslLy ress.
osner, 8lchard (1983). An Lconomlc 1heory of Lhe Crlmlnal Law. colomblo low kevlew, vol. 85, No.
6, 1193-1231.
SLrlkwerda, LlLska (2011). vlrLual Chlld ornography Why lmages uo Parm from a Moral erspecLlve.
ln Charles Lss & May 1horseLh (Lds.), 1tost ooJ vlttool wotlJs cootempototy letspectlves (pp. 139-
161). new ?ork: eLer Lang ubllshlng.
SLrlkwerda, LlLska (2012). 1hefL of vlrLual lLems ln onllne mulLlplayer compuLer games: an onLologlcal
and moral analysls. tblcs ooJ lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy, volome 14, lssoe 2, 89-97.
SLrlkwerda, LlLska (forLhcomlng a). When Should vlrLual Cybercrlme 8e 8roughL under Lhe Scope of
Lhe Crlmlnal Law?. lectote Notes of tbe lostltote fot compotet5cleoces, 5oclol-lofotmotlcs ooJ 1ele-
commoolcotloos oqloeetloq (lNlc51). Sprlnger-verlag (8esL paper award).
SLrlkwerda, LlLska (forLhcomlng b). resenL and fuLure lnsLances of vlrLual rape ln llghL of Lhree legal
phllosophlcal Lheorles of rape. (SubmlLLed Lo ctlmlool low ooJ lbllosopby).


* * *
'


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;/0.,<%+$./'%/#'(.<<)/$(%+$./'+"(2/.*.3$"1'P;LD1Q&'1),5"$**%/("'%/#'(.<<%/#'%/#'(./+,.*'
("/+",16'+"/#"/(B'$/'1.<"'K,%R$*$%/1'($+$"1''

Alexandre PC!uA, hu SLudenL
onLlflcla unlversldade CaLllca do aran (uC8), 8razll
profalexho[da[gmall.com

1he purpose of Lhe paper ls Lo deepen Lhe knowledge of some 8razlllan clLles lnlLlaLlves Lo use Lhe
lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s) Lo lmprove Lhe survelllance and conLrol by use of
Lhe command and conLrol cenLers (CCC) ln order Lo mlnlmlze lnfrasLrucLure's problems and soclal
lssues wlLhln scenarlos of llmlLed economlc and human resources. 1he LexL wlll presenL Lhree cases
where munlclpallLy ln 8razll used Lhe lC1s Lo develop Lhe local survelllance and conLrol (CCC) Lo
asslsLs Lhe clLy's managemenL: urban managemenL (8lo de !anelro), urban moblllLy (CurlLlba) and
publlc safeLy (Cuaru[).
1he CCC provlded wlLh Lechnologles and lnfrasLrucLure, allowlng Lhe acLanLs Lo supervlse, conLrol and
lnLeracL, beyond Lhls, Lhe use of CCC promoLe Lhe lnformaLlon's cenLrallzaLlon and regeneraLe Lhe
capaclLy Lo crlsls managemenL.
1) CCC ass|st the urban management - Cperat|ons Centre of the k|o de Iane|ro Mun|c|pa||ty (CCk-
kI)
1he 8lo de !anelro's clLy has urban and soclal problems (slums, floods and slldlngs) resulLlng ln a
complex urban dynamlcs.
1he 8lo de !anelro's MunlclpallLy creaLed Lhe CenLro Cperaes 8lo" (CperaLlon CenLer 8lo -
CC8/8!, uecember, 2010) Lo asslsL, Lhe urban managemenL, supporL ln emergency cases and ald ln
Lhe organlzaLlons Lo lnLernaLlonal evenLs (2014 lllA World Cup and 2016 Clymplc Came), whlch
modern Lechnology (lC1s) ln urban survelllance. Cne of Lhe mosL lmporLanL polnL abouL Lhe CC8/8! ls
Lhe acLors relaLlons: lnLegraLlon more Lhan LhlrLy dlfferenL acLanLs Lo faclllLaLe Lhe declslon-maklng.
1he urban problems and lack of resources, sLarLed presenL some success ln mlLlgaLlon wlLh Lhe CCC.
2) CCC ass|st the urban mob|||ty (pub||c transportat|on and trans|t)
CurlLlba ls an lnLernaLlonal reference ln publlc LransporL sysLem, deslgned ln Lhe 1970s, however
desplLe hls lnnovaLlve creaLlon, Lhe sysLem Loday ls small for currenL demands.
ln order Lo lmprove Lhe managemenL of publlc LransporL and LranslL, Lhe CurlLlba MunlclpallLy's
creaLed Lhe CenLro de Comando e Cperaes" (CperaLlonal ConLrol CenLer - CCC, March, 2011),
uslng modern Lechnology (lC1s), and acLlons Lo lnLegraLlng Lhe acLanLs of Lhe LranslL and publlc
LransporL.
1he lnfrasLrucLure's problems and pollLlcs lssues sLarL Lo reduce wlLh CCC.




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3) CCC ass|st the pub||c safety po||cy - "Center for Integrated Cperat|ons Guaru[" (CICS)
Cuaru[ ls a beach's clLy locaLed ln Lhe So aulo's SLaLe, wlLh a hlgh degree of soclal lnequallLy (rlch
areas near Lhe beach and a loL of poverLy areas ln Lhe suburbs, 43 of Lhe lnhablLanLs llves ln slums)
Lhe soclal problems (employmenL, drugs, vlolence) lmpacL ln Lhe Lourlsm (Lhe mosL lmporLanL source
of lncome).
ln Lhls dlfflculL scenarlo, Lhe Cuaru['s MunlclpallLy creaLed ln 2003 a CCC Lo use of survelllance's
cameras Lo Lry Lo mlnlmlze Lhe vlolence's problem and maybe boosL Lourlsm and Lhe local economy.
ln Lhls case Lhe success ls sLlll doubLful.
ln Lhls Lhree cases, Lhe 8razlllans munlclpallLles dldn'L have enough resources (economlc, humans
and maLerlal) Lo creaLe Lhe besL" or correcL" acLlons and everyone used Lhe lC1s, Lhe survelllance
and Lhe CCC Lo Lry Lo lmprove Lhe local publlc pollcy. 1hls opLlons are novel, buL lL ls posslble percelve
good resulLs ln some cases and especlally recovery of clLlzen parLlclpaLlon ln a scenarlo of llmlLed
budgeL.





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1rack 3
WL8S, lMAClnA8lLS Anu u1ClAS
Chalr: ArLur MaLos ALvLS


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G"#""<$/3'+2"'#%,='%,+16'>+"%<:)/='%/#'+2"'<%3$('.0'+"(2/.*.3$(%*'$/5.*)+$./'

8ebecca 8LCCkSCML
Spencer Museum of ArL and ueparLmenL of vlsual ArLs
unlverslLy of kansas, uSA
rblocksome[ku.ed

Any sufflclenLly advanced Lechnology ls lndlsLlngulshable from maglc" famously proclalmed 8rlLlsh
auLhor ArLhur C. Clarke. lndeed, far from belng a slmple opposlLlon, Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween maglc
and Lechnology ls complex and fraughL wlLh phllosophlcal dllemmas. Whlle Clarke, as a sclence
flcLlon wrlLer, found no need Lo make value [udgmenLs ln Lhls observaLlon, we, as Lhe helrs of
uescarLes' revoluLlon of reason, Lend auLomaLlcally Lo undersLand lL as an endorsemenL of sclenLlflc
progress. ModernlLy arguably deflnes lLself as Lhe polnL where medleval maglc succumbs Lo
lrrefuLable loglc, where Lhe world ls dlsenchanLed by sysLemaLlc doubL. osL-modern Lheory,
however, has called lnLo quesLlon Lhe Lrlumphal narraLlve of modernlsm, and wlLh lL Lhe lmpllclL
[udgmenLs LhaL conslgn maglc and mysLlclsm Lo Lhe dusLbln of hlsLory.
ln 1be ulolectlcs of ollqbteomeot, 1heodor Adorno and Max Porkhelmer descrlbe Lhe LnllghLenmenL
as a grand pro[ecL Lo llberaLe Lhe world from maglc and myLhologles. 1he pro[ecL sLarLed off well, by
casLlng aslde Lhe feLLers of LradlLlon-rellglon-myLhology Lo allow Lhe emergence of crlLlcal, raLlonal
LhoughL. 1hls LhoughL emphaslzed Lechnlque" as Lhe way Lo masLer Lhe apparenLly lrraLlonal and
chaoLlc forces of naLure, by exLenslon, LechnologlzaLlon was puL forLh as Lhe hope of human socleLy.
Adorno and Porkhelmer argue, however, LhaL by Lhe end of Lhe LnllghLenmenL bellef ln Lechnology
and human masLery over Lhe physlcal world had become a new myLhology, an lnsldlously desLrucLlve
force based on Lhe predomlnance of power aL any prlce. 1hls ls Lhe world we flnd ourselves ln now, a
world LhaL can only end ln self-desLrucLlon.
ln conLrasL Lo Adorno and Porkhelmer, lrench LheorlsLs Cllles ueleuze and lellx CuaLLarl deplcL an
essenLlal opLlmlsm abouL Lhe fuLure of Lhe human race ln Lhelr semlnal work, A 1boosooJ lloteoos.
Whlle ueleuze and CuaLLarl share Adorno and Porkhelmer's concerns abouL Lhe allenaLlng effecLs of
Lechnology and reason, Lhey belleve LhaL human socleLy can come up wlLh new models for exlsLence
Lhrough Lhe process of cteotlve lovolotloo. Lurnlng Lhe culLure lnward upon lLself. 8y Lhls loglc,
Lechnology can once agaln become a llberaLlng force when lL ls separaLed from reason and Lhe
noLlon of sclenLlflc progress. ln essence, ueleuze and CuaLLarl advocaLe Lhe blrLh of lrraLlonal
machlnes"--Lechnologlcal conLrapLlons LhaL refuse Lo behave ln predlcLable ways, Lhereby remlndlng
humans of Lhe falllblllLy of omnlpoLence.
1he fasclnaLlng pop culLure phenomenon of sLeampunk provldes one posslble model for Lhls process
of Lechnologlcal lnvoluLlon. As a dlsLlncL llLerary, muslcal, and arLlsLlc genre, sLeampunk celebraLes
boLh fuLurlsLlc Lechnology and anLlquaLed aesLheLlcs. 1he resulLlng forwards-backwards Lenslon
perfecLly manlfesLs Lhe ldea of a culLure fllpped over upon lLself. 1he common use of vlcLorlan
London as a seLLlng for sLeampunk sLorles hlghllghLs Lhe uneasy relaLlonshlp wlLh Lechnology, slnce lL
represenLs Lhe lasL perlod of LumulLuous Lechnosoclal change: Lhe lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon. Whlle Lhe


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Lechnologles descrlbed ln sLeampunk arL represenL Lhe besL LhaL can be concelved of Lhe fuLure, Lhey
ofLen go awry, resulLlng ln senseless desLrucLlon beyond Lhe realm of human conLrol. ln llghL of Lhese
characLerlsLlcs, Lhe enormous popularlLy of Lhe sLeampunk genre over Lhe pasL decade suggesLs LhaL
many of us are noL qulLe sure of our place ln Lhls brave new world.
Whlle sLeampunk was lnlLlally dlsmlssed as mere pasLlche, lL has recenLly begun drawlng Lhe
aLLenLlon of scholars who are lnLeresLed ln lL as an arLlfacL of 21sL-cenLury humanlLy comlng Lo Lerms
wlLh lLs Lechnologlcally medlaLed exlsLence. 1he flrsL exhlblLlon of sLeampunk culLure was mounLed
ln 2010 aL Cxford's Museum of Lhe PlsLory of Sclence. ln Lhe wake of lLs resoundlng success, arLlsLs
worklng wlLh Lhe consLrucL of reLro-fuLurlsLlc uLoplas have suddenly found a plaLform for serlous
lnLellecLual engagemenL wlLh Lhe broader sclenLlflc-raLlonal communlLy. Among Lhese ls aul LLlenne
Llncoln, a 8rlLlsh arLlsL who works prlmarlly ln Lhe fleld of lnsLallaLlon. Pe mlnes Lhe hlsLory, llLeraLure,
and muslc of a parLlcular place Lo creaLe lmposslbly elaboraLe machlnes, whose funcLlon makes sense
only as publlc rlLual.
ln Lhls paper, l wlll analyze Llncoln's work and Lhe larger sLeampunk phenomenon ln llghL of ueleuze
and CuaLLarl's Lheorles abouL posL- or hyper-Lechnologlcal socleLles. lurLher, l wlll examlne Lhe
elemenLs of uLoplanlsm and dysLoplanlsm evldenL ln Lhelr respecLlve bodles of work and propose a
crlLlcal arLlsLlc concepLlon of Lhe world-as-lL-mlghL-be. llnally, l wlll make an argumenL for Lhe
communal lmporLance of Lhe arLs as a conLemporary manlfesLaLlon of maglc, provldlng a channel
Lhrough whlch chaos, lrraLlonallLy, and nonsub[ecLlvlLy can be explored and experlenced ln a way
LhaL promoLes raLher Lhan deLracLs from a sense of belng ln Lhe world. lL ls only Lhrough Lhe
lmaglnaLlon LhaL Lhe human mlnd Lruly coo bend Lhe world Lo lLs own wlll Lhereby paradoxlcally
reconclllng Lhe promlse of modernlLy wlLh Lhe reallLy of hlsLorles.

* * *

D2"'/"8'(.**%4.,%+$5"'#$3$+%*'($/"<%6'+2"'(%1"'.0'2$+GSL.,#'

MarLa lnho ALvLS
School of LducaLlon
olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe of SeLubal, orLugal
marLa.alves[ese.lps.pL
marLaplnhoalves[gmall.com

1he World Wlde Web, and parLlcularly lLs called second sLage, also known as Soclal Web, has been
descrlbed by several recenL economlc and culLural dlscourses as a prlvlleged sLage of collaboraLlve
pracLlces for a mulLlLude of parLlclpanLs. Accordlng Lo Lhls perspecLlve, Lhe onllne plaLforms LhaL
allow Lhe producLlon and sharlng of user-generaLed conLenLs, ln con[ucLlon wlLh mulLlple, slmpler
and less expenslve recordlng and edlLlon devlces, as well as Lhe lmprovemenL and broadenlng of
lnLerneL access, allows Lhe posslblllLy of a wlder number of lndlvlduals Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhe deflnlLlon
and consLrucLlon of Lhe ob[ecLs LhaL consLlLuLe Lhelr culLural and arLlsLlc herlLage. lurLhermore,


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because Lhls parLlclpaLlon occurs onllne, LhroughouL sharlng exchanges and lnLeracLlons, Lhe work
LhaL ls bullL ln LhaL envlronmenL ls observed has resulLlng from Lhe cooperaLlon beLween lLs several
agenLs and Lhe con[ugaLlon of Lhelr conLrlbuLlons.
1hls assumpLlon lmplles a renovaLlon of Lhe economlc and soclal condlLlons of culLural and arLlsLlc
producLlon and clrculaLlon and, Lherefore Lhe emergence of a new klnd of organlzaLlon capable of
reformlng Lhe LradlLlonal caplLallsL sysLem, replaclng lL for a neLwork" or a collaboraLlve"
caplLallsm. lL suggesLs LhaL Lhe domlnaLlon of Lhe culLural and medla lndusLrles ln Lhe deflnlLlon and
producLlon of conLenLs and Lhelr fluxes durlng Lhe 20
Lh
cenLury ls now quesLloned by Lhe acLlon of
neLworked lndlvlduals LhaL are able noL only Lo propose new conLenLs more akln Lo Lhelr real
lnLeresLs and needs buL even Lo acL upon Lhem, forclng Lhose lndusLrles Lo redeflne Lhelr offer and
Lhelr relaLlon Lo consumers. 8ecause of Lhls lL, ls sald LhaL we are ln Lhe LranslLlon beLween a
consumpLlon culLure, deLermlned by a unldlrecLlonal flux of conLenL and a parLlclpaLory culLure" ln
whlch fans [of culLure lndusLry producLs] and oLher consumers are lnvlLed Lo acLlvely parLlclpaLe ln
Lhe creaLlon and clrculaLlon of new conLenL" (!enklns, 2006, p. 331), whlch ls Lhe reason why Lhey wlll
be collecLlvely capable of changlng Lhe way Lhe markeL works. 1hls new model also proposes Lhe
subsLlLuLlon of Lhe concepL of self medla, ofLen suggesLed ln Lhe flrsL wave of Lhlnklng abouL Lhe
dlglLal era, for Lhe one of communal medla" (!enklns, 2006, p. 236).
1hlnklng abouL Lhese new posslblllLles for organlzlng Lhe producLlon and clrculaLlon of conLenLs, !eff
Powe used for Lhe flrsL Llme ln 2006, ln Lhe pages of Wlred magazlne, Lhe Lerm ctowJsootcloq.
Powe's orlglnal arLlcle, subsequenLly expanded Lo a book, deflned Lhls concepL as resulLlng from Lhe
comblnaLlon of Lhe Lwo Lerms ootsootcloq and crowd, Lhe second referrlng Lo Lhe broad collecLlve of
lndlvlduals LhaL parLlclpaLes ln Lhe web, and borrowed from Lhe book 1be wlsJom of ctowJs (2004)
by !ames Surowleckl. 1he new Lerm was meanL Lo refer Lo Lhe new posslblllLles of low coasL labour
obLalned ln Lhe lnLerneL orlglnaLed by Lhe growLh of parLlclpanLs and easy access Lo conLenL Lhrough
Web plaLforms. Accordlng Lo Lhe auLhor, Lhese beneflL Lhe users whlch flnd a markeL for Lhelr
efforLs and also Lhe companles LhaL flnd new ways of formas de aprovelLar o LalenLo laLenLe da
mulLldo" (2006).
ln Lhe fleld of Lhe clnema, several works are belng lnLegraLed ln Lhe auLo-deslgnaLed caLegory of
collaboraLlve clnema. uo Lhese new clnemaLlc manlfesLaLlons suggesL LhaL Lhe lndusLrlal mode of
producLlon and clrculaLlon ls belng replaced by a new model, domlnaLed by Lhe users and by a
conLrlbuLlve economy? Cr ls Lhe classlc model adapLlng Lo Lhe economlc, soclal and culLural
LransformaLlons and Lrylng Lo flnd complemenLary ways of maklng proflLs ln Lhls new landscape?
ln Lhls arLlcle, we wlll Lry Lo answer Lhe Lwo quesLlons formulaLed above Lhrough Lhe analysls of Lhe
clnemaLlc producLlons creaLed by Lhe onllne producLlon company PlL8LCord LhaL deflnes lLs work as
resulLlng of collaboraLlve pracLlces and exhorLs all lnLerneL users Lo submlL Lhelr conLrlbuLlons. As he
hope Lo demonsLraLe, Lhe company, founded and dlrecLed by Pollywood acLor !oseph Cordon-LevlLL,
uses Lhe dlscourse of collaboraLlon as a mean Lo creaLe hype and capLure parLlclpanLs (ofLen non-
pald) whlle sLlll malnLalnlng a Lop down organlzaLlonal sLrucLure.



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8eferences
Caldwell, !. 1. (2011), Worker 8lowback: user-CeneraLed, Worker-CeneraLed, and roducer-
CeneraLed ConLenL: WlLhln Collapslng roducLlon Workflows". ln !. 8enneLL, n. SLrange (ed.),
1elevlsloo os ulqltol MeJlo, uurham, uuke unlverslLy ress, pp. 284-310.
Caldwell, !. 1. (2009), Plve Sourclng ls Lhe new CuLsorclng: SLudylng Cld (lndusLrlal) ln new
(Consumer) Labor CloLhes". ln Clnema !ournal, 49 (1), pp. 160- 167.
ul[ck, !. van (2009), users llke you? 1heorlzlng agency". ln MeJlo, coltote & 5oclety, Los Angeles,
London, new uelhl and Slngapore, Sage ubllcaLlons, vol. 31(1), pp. 41-38.
Powe, !. (2006), 1he 8lse of Crowdsourclng". ln wlteJ, !un. [onllne], 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.wlred.com/wlred/archlve/14.06/crowds.hLml, 10/08/2012.
!enklns, P. (2008 [2006]), coovetqeoce coltote. wbete OlJ ooJ New MeJlo colllJe, new ?ork and
London, new ?ork unlverslLy ress.
Mlller, 1. (2009), CyberLarlans of Lhe World unlLe: you have noLhlng Lo lose buL your Lubes, ". ln .
Snlckars, . vonderau (eds.), 1be ootobe keoJet, SLockholm, MedlehlsLorlskL Arklv, pp. 424-440.
1erranova, 1. (2003 [2000]), lree Labor: roduclng CulLure for Lhe ulglLal Lconomy". ln Soclal 1exL,
18 (2), pp. 33-38 [onllne], 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.elecLronlcbookrevlew.com/Lhread/LechnocaplLallsm/volunLary, 20/07/2012.

* * *

;#"%1'%/#'+2"'$/+",/"+6'D.8%,#1'%'+,%/1("/#"/+%*':2$*.1.:2B'.0'+"(2/.*.3B'

uomlnlc SMl1P
hllosophy, School of PumanlLles
unlverslLy of uundee, uk
d.[.y.smlLh[dundee.ac.uk

1hls paper alms Lo ouLllne Lhe requlremenLs for a Lhoroughgolng 'LranscendenLal' phllosophy of
Lechnology. 1he mlnlmum clalm of such an approach ls LhaL, for any glven Lechnologlcal arLefacL,
normaLlve condlLlons for lLs posslblllLy can be soughL, clarlfled, and crlLlqued. lf vlewed solely ln
Lerms of Lhls clalm, however, 'LranscendenLal phllosophy of Lechnology' would seem Lo offer no
advance on many esLabllshed approaches ln phllosophy of Lechnology, wheLher 'exLended mlnd',
'posL-phenomenologlcal', 'crlLlcal Lheory', Peldeggerlan, or 'soclal consLrucLlvlsL' ln ouLlook, for
example. 1hls ls because Lhese approaches all seem Lo unconLroverslally accepL Lhe mlnlmum clalm.
ln response Lo Lhls, Lhe paper forwards lLs 'maxlmum' clalm: LhaL conLemporary phllosophy of
Lechnology ls noL 'LranscendenLal' enough. 8y Lhls, Lwo Lhlngs are meanL: flrsL, LhaL many esLabllshed
approaches ln phllosophy of Lechnology fall Lo glve adequaLe conslderaLlon Lo Lhe genealogy of Lhe
'LranscendenLal meLhod', second, LhaL Lhls causes Lhem Lo overlook problemaLlc valuaLlons lmpllclL
wlLhln Lhelr own approaches.


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1o address Lhe flrsL of Lhese lssues, Lhe paper Lraces Lhe genealogy of Lhe LranscendenLal meLhod Lo
Lhe work of lmmanuel kanL, examlnlng lLs sLaLus Lhere wlLh parLlcular emphasls on Lhe concepL of
'regulaLlve ldeas'. 1o address Lhe second lssue, Lhe paper applles LranscendenLal meLhods Lo Lhe
lnLerneL. 1he raLlonale for dolng so ls Lo provlde an approprlaLe focal polnL for drawlng ouL
valuaLlons lmpllclL ln our conLemporary approaches Lo Lechnology.
1he paper comprlses four secLlons. SecLlon one sLaLes Lhe case for applylng LranscendenLal meLhods
Lo Lhe lnLerneL. SecLlon Lwo uses examples from conLemporary phllosophy of Lechnology (for
example: SLlegler, and Clark and Chalmers) Lo argue LhaL fallure Lo apprehend Lhe lnLerneL
'LranscendenLally' can lead Lo uLoplan and dysLoplan exLremes on lLs llkely consequences for
experlence. SecLlon Lhree pursues Lhe LranscendenLal approach furLher, ouLllnlng and crlLlqulng four
core values whlch, lL ls argued, are lmporLanL for condlLlonlng our relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe lnLerneL Loday.
8especLlvely, Lhese are Lhe values whlch hold: 1.) LhaL Lhe lnLerneL ls an enLlLy 'wlLhouL values', 2.)
LhaL Lhe lnLerneL ls a unlfled and famlllar enLlLy, 3.) LhaL lncreased connecLlvlLy, novelLy and speed ln
communlcaLlons are absoluLe vlrLues, 4.) LhaL Lhe lnLerneL can supersede and lnLegraLe all oLher
forms of communlcaLlon and lnformaLlon Lechnology. '
ln concluslon, secLlon four of Lhe paper argues for a shlfL ln crlLlcal perspecLlve on values such as
Lhese. ln much conLemporary dlscourse on Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lechnology and value, Lhe
phenomenologlcal reglsLer of 'consLlLuLlon' ls employed (see, for example, verbeek 2011, SLlegler
1998 & 2004, SLlegler and Ars lndusLrlalls 2008, llusser 2002, or lhde 2010). ln Lhe phenomenologlcal
LradlLlon, however, 'consLlLuLlon' lmplles a phenomenon capable of belng dlrecLly glven Lo
experlence LhaL plays Lhe fundamenLally acLlve role ln shaplng Lhe condlLlons under whlch Lhe
experlence ls posslble (see, for example Pusserl 2002, or Peldegger 1988). urawlng on kanL's
LranscendenLal meLhod, Lhe concludlng argumenL of Lhls paper wlll be LhaL Lhe lnLerneL ls no such
phenomenon, and LhaL, lnsLead of belng 'consLlLuLlve' of experlence, lL ls 'regulaLlve' of lL.
1hls ls Lo make Lwo relaLed clalms: flrsL, LhaL whlle Lhe lnLerneL ls noL consLlLuLlve of experlence, lL ls
proposed Lo lLs users os lf lL were, second, LhaL Lhls recognlLlon Lakes us one sLep furLher Lowards a
properly LranscendenLal phllosophy of Lechnology by maklng expllclL valuaLlons lmpllclL ln Lhe
reglsLer of 'consLlLuLlon' (a Lendency Lowards forms of Lechnologlcal deLermlnlsm, for example).
8ulldlng on Lhese clalms, lL wlll be argued LhaL whaL we call Lhe lnLerneL ls one of Lhe domlnanL
'regulaLlve ldeas' of our Llme (ln kanL's sense of LhaL Lerm), and LhaL exposlng lL as such opens up
crlLlcal and creaLlve scope for a properly LranscendenLal approach Lo Lhe ways ln whlch Lechnologles
regulaLe conLemporary experlence more broadly.

8eferences
Clark, Andy (2010) 5opetslzloq tbe MloJ. mboJlmeot, Actloo ooJ coqoltlve xteosloo, Cxford
unlverslLy ress, Cxford.
llusser, vllem (2002) wtltloqs, Lrans. Lrlk Llsel, unlverslLy of MlnnesoLa ress, MlnnesoLa.
Pusserl, Ldmund (2002) lJeos, 8ouLledge, London.


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Peldegger, MarLln (1988) 1be 8oslc ltoblems of lbeoomeooloqy, Lrans. A. PofsLadLer, lndlana
unlverslLy ress, 8LoomongLon and lndlanapolls.
lhde, uon (2010) nelJeqqets 1ecbooloqles. lost-pbeoomeooloqlcol letspectlves, lordham, new
?ork.
SLlegler, 8ernard (1998) 1ecbolcs ooJ 1lme, 1. 1be loolt of plmetbeos, Lrans. 8. 8eardsworLh and C.
Colllns, SLanford unlverslLy ress, SLanford.
SLlegler, 8ernard (2004) Mctooce et JlsctJlt (1) . lo JcoJeoce Jes Jmoctotles loJosttlelles,
Calllee, arls.
SLlegler, 8ernard and Ars lndusLrlalls (2008) keocbootet le mooJe. lo voleot esptlt cootte le
popollsme loJosttlel, llammarlon, arls.
verbeek, eLer-aul (2011) Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy. uoJetstooJloq ooJ ueslqoloq tbe Motollty of
1bloqs, Chlcago and London.

* * *
H"%#'%+'+2"'3*%/("'.0'%'(*$(='
Ana CelesLe MLnuLS
CenLre for 8esearch and SLudles ln Soclology - lSC1L
unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
anacelesLe.mendes[gmall.com

1echnlcal and soclal changes ln Lhe conLemporary world have conLrlbuLed Lo Lhe appearance of new
ways Lo remember and pay LrlbuLe Lo Lhe dead. 1he observaLlon of on llne memorlals and soclal
neLworks such as lacebook reveal a new Lechnologlcal sub[ecLlflcaLlon, consequenL of Lhe lmperaLlve
of memory and Lhe perpeLuaLlon of Lhe dead's lmage. 8y uploadlng lmages, movles and messages, by
Lhe expresslon of losL and grlef or by preservlng Lhe proflles of dead users, lacebook users conLrlbuLe
Lo Lhe reconflguraLlon of Lhe dead memory Lhrough Lhelr use of Lhe cyberspace.
1he lncreaslng of cremaLlons, Lhe volaLlllsaLlon of ashes and Lhe removal of Lhe lndlvldual from Lhe
ceremonlal rlLuals of Lhe pasL (lncludlng Lhe vlslLs Lo Lhe cemeLery), conLrlbuLe Lo such a change. lf
Lhe dead from Lhe pasL were LerrlLorlallzed ln Lhe sacred spaces of cemeLerles, Loday's dead are
dlssemlnaLed, wlLhouL mysLlclsm or LerrlLory, ln Lhe cyberspace. 1he rupLure lmposed by Lhe physlcal
dlsappearance of Lhe dead ls, ln Lhls way, opposed by lLs presence ln Lhe cyber space. AL lacebook,
Lhe forms of memory ofLen allow Lhe gaLherlng of Lhe llvlng wlLh Lhe dead ones. lf, ln Lhe pasL, Lhe
compllance wlLh grlef rlLuals meanL havlng Lo go Lo Lhe cemeLery, conducLlng Lo a blgger
confronLaLlon wlLh deaLh, our days lL ls enough Lo swlLch on Lhe compuLer and, proLecLed by exlsLlng
dlsLance beLween Lhe cyberspace and Lhe physlcal experlence of phenomena, Lo leL Lhe dead ln.

* * *


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A",+$(%*'.:"/'=/.8*"#3"':*%+0.,<1'./'+2"'F"4'TUV6''D2"')+.:$%'$1'4"(.<$/3',"%*$+B'

Sandra MA81C8LLL
unlverslLaL ollLecnlca de valencla, Spaln
sanferm2[epsg.upv.es

lernando CAnL1
unlverslLaL ollLecnlca de valencla, Spaln
fercacen[upv.es

Web 2.0 represenLs a revoluLlon ln Lerms of Lhe posslblllLles lL offers for faclllLaLlng communlcaLlon
and collaboraLlon beLween users - someLhlng LhaL has become lncreaslngly common ln Lhe world of
research. A mere few years ago, Lhe lnformaLlon produced by sclenLlsLs and scholars remalned ln Lhe
hands of a very llmlLed clrcle of lnsLlLuLlons and publlshers, as lf lL were a guarded secreL. 1oday lL
can be shared wlLh Lhe resL of Lhe sclenLlflc communlLy ln order Lo make lL more accesslble and Lo
allow new advances.
1he web offers a new form of accesslng and dlsLrlbuLlng knowledge, a cyberneLlc paradlse where
mllllons of users [oln forces Lo feed off each oLher. 1hese pracLlces have led Lo Lhe concepL of
collecLlve lnLelllgence, whlch moves beyond Lhe level of lndlvlduals. CollecLlve lnLelllgence ls posslble
Lhanks Lo a Lechnologlcal framework LhaL glves fluldlLy Lo Lhe new relaLlonshlps floaLlng ln
cyberspace, whlch are [usL as leglLlmaLe and valld as any oLher because, as lerre Levy (2004) noLes,
a vlrLual world of collecLlve lnLelllgence could [usL as easlly be as repleLe wlLh culLure, beauLy,
lnLellecL and knowledge as a Creek Lemple, a CoLhlc caLhedral, a llorenLlne palazzo, Lhe
Lncyclopedle of ulderoL and d'AlemberL or Lhe ConsLlLuLlon of Lhe unlLed SLaLes."
A subsLanLlal parL of Lhe lnformaLlon creaLed and shared by users ofLen appears classlfled ln verLlcal
or speclallsed knowledge plaLforms LhaL operaLe lncreaslngly on a phllosophy of open access. 1he
prlnclple ls clear: Lo share ls Lo progress, because, as Levy (2004) has polnLed ouL, we need Lo leave
Lhe CarLeslan concepL of coqlto behlnd Lo move onLo coqltomos.
lL ls Lhese Lypes of plaLforms LhaL are Lhe focus of Lhe sLudy proposed here, plaLforms LhaL dellmlL
Lhelr acLlvlLy Lo speclflc sclenLlflc groups or areas, ln whlch lndlvlduals wlLh common concerns and an
lnLeresL ln sharlng Lhem Lake parL. ln Lhls way, such plaLforms become a space for reflecLlon, buL also
for sharlng, exchanglng and sLorlng lnformaLlon LhaL wlll supporL fuLure research, Lhereby
conLrlbuLlng Lo progress and Lo Lhe developmenL of sound sclence, based on Lhe four prlnclples for
Lhe open world proposed by uon 1apscoLL: collaboraLlon, Lransparency, sharlng and empowermenL.
1he arLlcle proposed here wlll sLudy Lhls phenomenon uslng a meLhodologlcal sysLem based on Lhe
analysls of plaLforms for Lhe exchange of sclenLlflc knowledge, boLh general and speclallsed, ln order
Lo demonsLraLe lLs poLenLlal ln a socleLy LhaL ls becomlng lncreaslngly aware of Lhe need Lo move
forward LogeLher beyond physlcal or lnsLlLuLlonal boundarles, Laklng concepLs such as lnLercreaLlvlLy


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(8erners-Lee, 1996), smarL mobs (8helngold, 2002), or sharlsm (lsaac Mao, 2008) as polnLs of
reference of Lhls uLopla of Lhe pasL LhaL nowadays ls our presenL.

8eferences
8erners-Lee,1lm. 2000. 1ejleoJo lo teJ. l loveotot Jel wotlJ wlJe web oos Jescobte so otlqeo. Slglo
xxl. Madrld.
8udapesL Cpen Access lnlLlaLlve. 2002. ueclaraLlon afLer Lhe Cpen SocleLy lnsLlLuLe meeLlng.
8udapesL. lrom : <fLLp://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shLml>
Chan, L. & klrsop, 8. 2001. Cpen Archlvlng CpporLunlLles for ueveloplng CounLrles: Lowards equlLable
dlsLrlbuLlon of global knowledge. ln AtloJoe. lrom: hLLp://www.arladne.ac.uk/lssue30/oal-chan/
Levy, lerre. 2004. lotellqeoclo colectlvo. pot ooo oottopoloqlo Jel clbetspoclo. an-Amerlcan PealLh
CrganlzaLlon. 8esearch romoLlon and uevelopmenL unlL and Lhe LaLln Amerlcan and Carlbbean
CenLer on PealLh Sclences lnformaLlon. WashlngLon.
Mao, lsaac. 2008. Sharlsm: A Mlnd 8evoluLlon. lteesools coptoteJ ooJ keleoseJ by Iol lto.
lreesouls.cc. lrom: < hLLp://freesouls.cc/essays/07-lsaac-mao-sharlsm.hLml>
8helngold, Poward. 2002. 5mott Mobs. 1be Next 5oclol kevolotloo. erseus 8ooks Croup. Cambrldge.
Salvador ueclaraLlon on Cpen Access: Lhe developlng world perspecLlve. 2003. ueclaraLlon slgned ln
Lhe lnLernaLlonal Semlnar Cpen Access for ueveloplng CounLrles. Salvador. lrom:
hLLp://www.elfl.neL/docs/ucl-Salvador-CpenAccess-en.pdf
1apscoLL, uon. 2012. lour rlnclples for Lhe Cpen Word [en llnea]. 1uClobol 2012 koJlcol Opeooess
coofeteoce. Ldlmburgh. lrom:
hLLp://www.Led.com/Lalks/don_LapscoLL_four_prlnclples_for_Lhe_open_world_1.hLml
Weber, SLeven. 2004. 1be 5occess of Opeo 5ootce. Parvard unlverslLy ress. Cambrldge.
Welnberger uavld. 2007. 5opetoovo coofeteoce. lrom: hLLp://supernovahub.com/2007/07/vldeo-
andrew-keen-and-davld-welnberger/
Wllllnsky, !ohn. 2003. 1be cose fot Opeo Access to teseotcb ooJ scbolotsblp [on-llne]. Ml1 ress.
lrom:
hLLp://kuramoLo.flles.wordpress.com/2008/09/Lheaccessprlnclple_LhemlLpress_0262232421.pdf

* * *
W.8",0)*'*"%=1X'F2B'YF$=$YC'%'1"<$.+$('%/%*B1$1'

Conalo !orge Morals da CCS1A, hu SLudenL
unlversldade AuLnoma de Llsboa, orLugal
CenLre for CompuLlng and Soclal 8esponslblllLy, ue MonLforL unlverslLy
goncalo[[goncalocosLa.com


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CelesLlno AnLunes MC8CAuC
M8A SLudenL, School of 1echnology and ManagemenL,
Lelrla olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe, orLugal
celesLlnoam[gmall.com

lnLroducLlon
neLwork socleLy underllnes an lncreaslng sysLem of mass self-communlcaLlon" (CasLells, 2009) and
encourages pollLlcal acLlvlLles, l.e., neL-acLlvlsm. neL-acLlvlsm enLalls several clLlzen based onllne
acLlvlLles ln order Lo supporL socleLal change (8enson, 2009), as well as Lo be a counLer-power"
abouL a domlnaLlng socleLal stotos poo (CasLells, 2007). Powever, Lhe culLural mllleu or power lssues
may change e-acLlvlsm acLlvlLles (8enkler, 2011, Luengo, 2006).
L-acLlvlsm llLeraLure recognlzes Lwo dlsslmllar perspecLlves: resource moblllzaLlon and psychologlcal
lnvolvemenL. lollowlng Maddlson (2003), resource moblllzaLlon lllusLraLes lndlvldual and collecLlve
acLlons upon pollLlcal clrcumsLances LhroughouL a cosL/beneflL raLlonal assessmenL (bond Lo Lhe
uLlllLarlan phllosophy), and, psychologlcal lnvolvemenL expresses group consclousness,
personallLy(les) and llfe experlence(s) as a way Lo porLray collecLlve acLlons (e.g. uuncan, 1999).
1hls paper alms Lo undersLand WlklLeaks role as an e-acLlvlsL, as well as lLs changlng behavlors due Lo
domlnanL soclal power Lhrough a Llme llne analysls. 1he revelaLlons (leaks") of a wlkl (WlklLeaks) are
changlng Lhe socleLal landscape (powerful"), so lLs lmpacLs compel for an eLhlcal analysls.
WlklLeaks
Mlsslon
WlklLeaks mlsslon ls a moolfesto Lo Lransparency:
publlshlng lmproves Lransparency, and Lhls Lransparency creaLes a beLLer socleLy for all
people. 8eLLer scruLlny leads Lo reduced corrupLlon and sLronger democracles ln all socleLy's
lnsLlLuLlons, lncludlng governmenL, corporaLlons and oLher organlzaLlons. A healLhy, vlbranL
and lnqulslLlve [ournallsLlc medla plays a vlLal role ln achlevlng Lhese goals" (Wlkl Leaks,
2013a).
Alms
1he alms of WlklLeaks recognlze aL some exLenL mlsslon...
WlklLeaks ls a noL-for-proflL medla organlzaLlon. Cur goal ls Lo brlng lmporLanL news and
lnformaLlon Lo Lhe publlc. We provlde an lnnovaLlve, secure and anonymous way for sources
Lo leak lnformaLlon Lo our [ournallsLs (our elecLronlc drop box)" (Wlkl Leaks, 2013b).
AlLhough, furLher deLalls wlll be exhlblLed ln secLlon powerful leaks?".
Symbols




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loqo
lor who ls unfamlllar wlLh Lhe organlzaLlon logo, Lhe auLhors have lnserLed lnLo Lhe
absLracL. 1he logo ls a blend beLween an hourglass and Lhe globe acknowledglng some
drops (leaks"). Accordlng Lo Lhe lree Cnllne ulcLlonary (2013a), a hourglass ls an devlce
wlLh Lwo glass chambers for measurlng Llme whlch may conLaln several dlfferenL
subsLances (e.g., sand, mercury, eLc.), and, a globe ls a sphere represenLlng planeL LarLh
(lLs conLlnenLs and oceans) (lree Cnllne ulcLlonary, 2013b).

AlLhough, a closer look reveals some lnLeresLlng concluslons (!ohnson, 2010).
1. Lhe hourglass wlLh Lhe waLer leaks has Lhe lnLenLlon Lo hlghllghL a fuLurlsLlc approach
(hlsLorlcal lmporLance),
2. planeL earLh acknowledges Lhelr global acLlvlLles and lssues addressed,
3. Lhe upward globe ls darker, l.e., Lhe lnLenLlon ls Lo denoLe a LranslLlon phase (fllLerlng)
among boLh globes. ln Lhls case darker refers Lo confldenLlallLy (peoples lgnorance) and llghL
blue Lransparency (lnformed people). 8esumlng, Lhe fllLer of course ls WlklLeaks.

Concludlng, WlklLeaks logo ls conslsLenL wlLh Lhe organlzaLlonal alms and ob[ecLlves (pollLlcal
acLlvlsL). ?eL, Lhe changlng naLure of lLs behavlors and acLlvlLles blur lLs deslgn. (see secLlon
powerful leaks?")

cooteot
WlklLeaks archlves conLenL analysls whlch wlll be presenL ln CLL 2013 by Lhe auLhors. lor now, Lhe
auLhors refer LhaL exlsLlng daLa caLegorles conflrm Lhe organlzaLlon prlorlLles as an e-acLlvlsL:

War, kllllngs, LorLure and deLenLlon, CovernmenL, Lrade and corporaLe Lransparency,
Suppresslon of free speech and a free press, ulplomacy, spylng and (counLer- lnLelllgence,
Lcology, cllmaLe, naLure and sclences, CorrupLlon, flnance, Laxes, Lradlng, Censorshlp
Lechnology and lnLerneL fllLerlng, CulLs and oLher rellglous organlzaLlons, Abuse, vlolence,
vlolaLlon" (WlklLeaks, 2013c).

WlklLeaks semloLlc analysls
LlLeraLure regardlng WlklLeaks semloLlc sLudles ls rlch, as for lnsLance: ldeology (karaLzoglannl,
2012), dlsclosure lnformaLlon (8oblnson, 2012), dlscourse analysls (C8rlen, 2013). Powever, a
comprehenslble Llme analysls beLween mlsslon, behavlor and conLenL ls non-exlsLenL.
owerful leaks?


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1he paper wlll hlghllghL a full deLall analysls regardlng WlklLeaks behavlor and pollLlcal acLlvlLles.
AlLhough, some slmple remarks are:
1. 2006
WlklLeaks domaln was reglsLered on CcLober 4
Lh
and Lhe webslLe publlshed lLs flrsL leak"
(documenL) ln uecember. lnlLlally lLs mlsslon was expllclL ln Lhe homepage, as well as edlLorlals
archlve was avallable.
2. Mld 2009
Mlsslon sLaLemenL was moved from Lhe homepage Lo abouL page" (ln lLs beglnnlng).
3. Mld 2010
1helr mlsslon quoLaLlon was relocaLed Lo secLlon 1.3 (abouL"- cenLer of Lhe page), whlch can be
bounded Lo !ullan Assange legal process (1) and laLesL releases Lo uS mlllLary and dlplomaLlc
documenLs (76900 documenLs). ln addlLlon, WlklLeaks ress sLarLed publlshlng ln mld 2010 (.)
weekly dlgesLs of arLlcles and scholarly works whlch make use of maLerlal released (.) our own
reLrospecLlve commenLary and orlglnal research pleces" (WlklLeaks, 2013d).
Concludlng, WlklLeaks as an e-acLlvlsL has moved from ldeallsL" e-acLlvlsL Lo a proselyLlzer wlLh
ma[or socleLal lmpllcaLlons.

8eferences
(1)8enson (2009): neL-acLlvlsm shapes dlvergenL approaches regardlng Lhe pollLlcal sLance
8enkler, ?. (2011). neLworks of power, degrees of freedom. lotetootloool Iootool of commoolcotloo,
5, 721-733. Cnllne ln hLLp://l[oc.org/o[s/lndex.php/l[oc/arLlcle/vlewllle/1093/331 (accessed 01
!anuary 2013).
8enson, 1. (2009). ctoss coooectloos- Oolloe octlvlsm, teol wotlJ ootcomes. Canberra: AusLrallan
naLlonal unlverslLy.
CasLells, M. (2007). CommunlcaLlon, power, and counLer-power ln Lhe neLworked socleLy.
lotetootloool Iootool of commoolcotloo, 1, 238- 266. Cnllne ln
hLLp://l[oc.org/o[s/lndex.php/l[oc/arLlcle/vlew/46/33 (accessed 01 !anuary 2013).
CasLells, M. (2009). commoolcotloo powet. Cxford: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
uuncan, L. (1999). MoLlvaLlon for collecLlve acLlon: Croup consclousness as medlaLor of personallLy,
llfe experlences, and womens rlghLs acLlvlsm. lolltlcol Actlvlsm, 20(3), 611-633.
!ohnson, 8. (2010). 8eveallng Lhe ldenLlLy of WlklLeaks. loqo loo. Net. Cnllne ln
hLLp://www.logolnn.neL/reveallng-Lhe-ldenLlLy-of-wlklleaks/ (accessed 17 lebruary 2013)
karaLzoglannl, A. (2012). WlklLeaks affecLs: ldeology, confllcL and Lhe revoluLlonary vlrLual. ln A.
karaLzoglannl & A. kunLsman (Lds.), ulqltol coltotes ooJ tbe lolltlcs of motloo (pp 32-76). London:
algrave MacMlllan.


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Luengo, C. (2006). L- acLlvlsm: new medla and pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon ln Lurope. coofloes, 2(4), 39-71.
Maddlson, S. (2003). collectlve lJeotlty ooJ Aosttolloo femlolst octlvlsm. cooceptoollzloq o tbltJ
wove. unpubllshed hu Lhesls, unlverslLy of Sydney, Sydney.
C8rlen, M. (2013). (LlmlLs Lo) freedom of Lhe press and Lhe man who felL Lhe earLh- narraLlves and
frameworks ln Lhe sLory of !ullan Assange. Mlcbelle O8tleo. Cnllne ln
hLLp://www.mlchelleobrlen.neL/wp-conLenL/uploads/2013/01/C88lLn_Assange.pdf (accessed 17
!anuary 2013).
8oblnson, !. (2012). WlklLeaks, dlsclosure, free speech and democracy: new medla and Lhe fourLh
esLaLe. ln P. Sykes (Ld.), Mote ot less uemoctocy ooJ New MeJlo (pp. 144-173). vlcLorla: luLure
Leaders.
1he lree Cnllne ulcLlonary. (2013a). Pourglass. 1be ltee Oolloe ulctloooty.
hLLp://www.LhefreedlcLlonary.com/hourglass (accessed 07 lebruary 2013).
1he lree Cnllne ulcLlonary. (2013b). Clobe. 1be ltee Oolloe ulctloooty.
hLLp://www.LhefreedlcLlonary.com/globe (accessed 07 lebruary 2013).
WlklLeaks (2013a). AbouL- WhaL ls WlklLeaks. wlklleoks. Cnllne ln hLLp://wlklleaks.org/AbouL.hLml
(accessed 10 !anuary 2013).
WlklLeaks (2013b). AbouL- WhaL ls WlklLeaks. wlklleoks. Cnllne ln hLLp://wlklleaks.org/AbouL.hLml
(accessed 10 !anuary 2013).
WlklLeaks (2013c). AbouL- WhaL ls WlklLeaks. wlklleoks. Cnllne ln hLLp://wlklleaks.org/AbouL.hLml
(accessed 10 !anuary 2013).
WlklLeaks (2013d). AbouL- WhaL ls WlklLeaks. wlklleoks. Cnllne ln hLLp://wlklleaks.org/AbouL.hLml
(accessed 10 !anuary 2013).


* * *
'
'
D2"';:2./"Z1'$<%3$/%,B'%/#',":,"1"/+%+$./1'

Wahlba PAMMACul, hu sLudenL
1lcom-lotls 1ecb Mlnes of arls School, lrance
hammaoul_w[yahoo.fr

1hls research ls abouL Lhe Amerlcan flrm Apple. 1hls company creaLes ln 1976 produce sofLware and
Lechnlcal ob[ecLs llke Lhe famous LrlnlLy lpod, lphone, lpad". Why work on Lhls Lechnologlcal
company ln parLlcular whereas Lhousands of sLarL-up and oLher glanLs' Lechnlque (Coogle, ?ahoo.)
lmpose Lhemselves ln Lhe worldwlde economy?


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1he orlglnallLy of Lhls sub[ecL ls Lo propose a crlLlcal sLudy on Lhe emergence of a new lndusLrlal form
whlch ls based on Lhe lmaglnary. 1he lmaglnary ls heard here llke a language or a coherenL, dynamlc
and sLrucLured comblnaLlon composed by LexLs and lmages. We supposed LhaL Lhe lmaglnary ls Lhe
raw maLerlal" of conLemporary lndusLry.
!ean-!acques Wunenburger's book tbe lmoqlooty offers barrlers Lo Lhls rubber band" concepL. Why
be lnLeresLed ln Lhe lmaglnary ls a good key Lo undersLand Lhe place of Lhe new Lechnology ln our
everyday llfe? WhaL does lL conLaln? Whlch ls Lhe place of lmaglnary ln our relaLlon wlLh reallLy? 1he
lmaglnary: ls lL made up only of lmages, LexLs, seLLlng ln scene, body? Why Lhe Lechno-sclence
economy" (. Legendre) whose Apple ls an acLor, ls noL saLlsfled any more Lo lmprove Lhe exlsLlng
Lechnlques whlle lnnovaLlng, buL wanLs Lo dream and make us dream?
1he Apple Company ls Lhe Amerlcan flrm mosL powerful of our Llme. llrsL markeL cap ln fronL of Lhe
Lxxon oll glanL slnce AugusL 2011. 1hls Company lmposes lLs Lechnlcal uLoplas slnce nearly LhlrLy
years. 1he crunched apple ls an ordlnary lmage lnvolved on Lhe screens (adverLlslng, Lhe 1v show,
movles, economlc reporLs.) and wlLh Lhe back of Lhe Lechnlcal ob[ecLs.
Apple exLends lLs LerrlLory unLll ln Lhe lnLlmacy of Lhe hearLhs households lnlLlally passlng Lhe door of
Lhe houses, Lo Lake place on Lhe desk Lhanks Lo Lhe compuLer's MaclnLosh and flnally Lo llve wlLh Lhe
LrlnlLy lpod, lphone, lpad" whose celebraLes lL SmarLphone lphone" ln Lhe pockeLs and Lhe
handbags.
lL ls ln 1oLem" wlLh Lhe dlrecLlon of symbollc sysLems ob[ecLs of veneraLlon" llke descrlbes lL Marcel
Mauss LhaL Lhose Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs bulld Lhelr place ln our llves. 1hls ob[ecL lncarnaLes Lhe
Callfornlan culLure (surf, hlppy, Slllcon valley.) and way of llfe. LoLs of myLhs are presenLs ln Lhls
smarLphone. Llke Lhe hlsLorlan or Lhe anLhropologlsL we suppose LhaL an ob[ecL can reveal a loL
abouL a socleLy.
lL seems almosL lmposslble Lo undersLand Lhe conLemporary lndusLrlal world llke lLs evoluLlon
wlLhouL sLudylng Lhe Lechnologlcal flrm wlLh crunched apple of Slllcone valley. 1he sLudy of Lhe
hlsLory of Lhe Lechnlques show Lhrough Lhe wrlLlngs of professor lranols Caron whom Lhe Lechnlcal
uLoplas were always carrled ouL (ex: Lhe rallroad, Lhe plane, Lhe rockeL, Lhe car, ublqulLy.) drawlng
Lhelr orlglns ln Lhe fanLasLlc llLeraLure ln parLlcular wrlLlngs of !ules vernes and 8oblda for Lhe lrench
LradlLlon or more commonly called sclence flcLlon" Lhrough Lhe very popular comlcs books" ln Lhe
Anglo-Saxon counLrles such as Lhe magazlnes Lhe Whole earLh CaLalog".
Apple ls Lhe blggesL flrm for Lhe personal Lechnologles. 1he lphone ls a new ob[ecL compleLely
presenL and lnLegraLed ln our llves. 1he lphone ls an lcon of our socleLy whlch ls over Lechnologlzed
nowadays. Ceorges 8alandler ln hls book le qtooJ Jetooqemeot Lalks abouL some Lechnologlzed
lmaglnarles" Lo deflne our new vlslon of world. 1he Lechnology ls everywhere ln our purse, our bag,
on our desk and mosLly ln our pockeL and our hands. Pow can we explaln LhaL we pass mosL of our
Llme Lo cherlsh ob[ecL by some new pracLlces llke caress, Louch, Lype. WhaL klnd of soclal
represenLaLlon can we flnd ln Lhose ob[ecLs and mosLly ln Lhe lphone Lo undersLand Lhe new
Lechnology ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon.



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8eferences
Ceorges 8alandler, le CtooJ 5ystme, arls, layard, 2001
lranols Caron, lo Jyoomlpoe Je l'looovotloo: ChangemenL Lechnlque eL changemenL soclal (xlx-xxe
slecle), 2010
lerre Legendre, Leons ll. l'mplte Je lo vtlt. lnLroducLlon aux espaces dogmaLlques lndusLrlels,
ed. layard, 1983, nouvelle edlLlon augmenLee, 2001.
lerre Legendre, lo lobtlpoe Je l'bomme occlJeotol, ed. Mllle eL une nulLs, 1996.
lerre Legendre, uomlnlum mundl. l'mplte Jo moooqemeot, ed. Mllle eL une nulLs, 2007
(LraducLlon allemande: uomlnlum mundl. uas lmperlum des ManagemenLs, LradulL par !rg MlrLl, ed.
1urla + kanL, 2008).
Louls Marln, ue lo teptseototloo (Seull, 1993)
Marcel Mauss, ssol sot le Joo. lotme et tolsoo Je l'cbooqe Joos les soclts otcbotpoes (1925),
lnLroducLlon de llorence Weber, Cuadrlge/resses unlverslLalres de lrance, 2007.
lerre Musso, ctltlpoe Jes tseoox, ul, 2003.
lerre Musso, lobtlpoet le lotot, l'lmoqloolte oo setvlce Je l'looovotloo, vlllage Mondlal, 2003.
lerre Musso, lo tellqloo Jo mooJe loJosttlel, analyse de la pensee de SalnL-Slmon, La 1our d'Algues,
LdlLlons de l'Aube, 2006.
lerre Musso, Jltloo ctltlpoe Jes Oeovtes compltes Je 5olot-5lmoo, avec !ulleLLe Crange, hlllppe
8egnler eL lranck ?onneL ul, 2012.
CllberL Slmondon, uo moJe J'exlsteoce Jes objets tecbolpoes, Aubler, 1938
!ean-!acques Wunenburger, l'otople oo lo ctlse Je l'lmoqloolte, LdlLlons unlverslLalres, 1979
!ean-!acques Wunenburger, l'lmoqlootloo, ul, Cue sals-[e?, 1991, 2
e
ed. 1993

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!"#$%&%'() %$) *%+,-".) +'".%,/0) ") +'".%,/) 1%,2) 34!!-$%3",%*') "$() 56/32%3) 34++'.",'60) ,2",) .'"(6) ,4) $'1)


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!"#$%&'%'"$()&*)*+,%-./&$)*+%"*0%/1&2-32)*+%2(-%)!"#$%&'%()$%*+(*!"($,-

!"#"$"%&"'
!"#$% &'(% )*++,-$% !"#$%&"'() $*+) ,+-./) 0*1'("'() 2"+34) 5.) $*+) ,%67+#$) "') 2"4%1-) 0%-$%&+!" #$%" &'()*"
!"#"$%&'()*+*,-"
!"#$%&'()*+-!"#$%&'()))&*+,,-./0&!"#$%&'()*+,","*#!"#$%&$%"'"()*"+$,-."/$%01%223!
!"##$%&'() *+&,-.%) /01213() !"#$#%&$'( %)*( !+#'")',( -( !.&/"'"0.&1%/( 2)34&#5!" #$%&'()" #$%&'(" *+,-.'/,01"
!"#$$%&
!"#$%&'(")*+*,'-.//01&!"#$%&'("#)"*+,)-'.%$&. Cxford: Clarendon ress.
Luhmann, nlklas (1993), ule koost Jet Cesellscboft. lrankfurL am Maln: Suhrkamp verlag.
Luhmann, nlklas (1996), ule keolltot MosseomeJleo (2. erwelLerLe Auflage), Cpladen: WesLdeuLscher
verlag.
Luhmann, nlklas (1997), ule Cesellscboft Jet Cesellscboft. lrankfurL am Maln: Suhrkamp.
!""#$%&'#()*"%+,-#."$%/-01#*%2/#)345%267785$%!"#$%"&'()$&-!!"#!!"#"$%&'()$*"+$,-.*"+!"kln: uumonL.
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!"#$%&'#()*+,*-.#/01+*2&%''3
C'nelll, Shaleph (2008), lotetoctlve MeJlo. 1be 5emlotlcs of mboJleJ lotetoctloo. London: Sprlnger-
verlag.
1lsseron, Serge (2003), lsycbooolyse Je l'lmoqe. ues ptemlets ttolts oo vlttoel. arls: uunod.
!"#$%&'( )*+,,( %$-( ./0012'( !"#$#%&'(")* '+,* !"-.#/#(")0* 1//')/* #+* $"2* !2+3-.
!"#$%&'(). Malden: !"#$%&'""()*+",-.,/01




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1rack 4
nLW MLulA, u8LlC SACL Anu
uLMCC8AC?
Chalr: 8lcardo CA8vALPC


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1echno|ogy access and the commun|cat|on act|on theory: paths towards democracy and a fraterna|
soc|ety

Mlrlam L8LZ
MasLer SLudenL
unlversldade LsLclo de S, 8lo de !anelro, 8razll
mlrlam.perezr[[gmall.com

8runo ClZuMl
MasLer SLudenL
unlversldade LsLclo de S, 8lo de !anelro, 8razll
bolzuml[yahoo.com

1echnology ls commonly presenLed by Lhe auLhors, Lhe medla and Lhe auLhorlLles as a powerful
lnsLrumenL for Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of democracy, by allowlng Lhe creaLlon of a publlc space, albelL
vlrLual, ln whlch lndlvlduals can meeL and exerclse effecLlvely lLs pollLlcal role, as clLlzens. Powever,
one of Lhe mosL lmporLanL lssues of Lhe process of achlevlng democracy Lhrough Lhe use of avallable
Lechnology ls Lhe lack of access Lo Lhe armory and Lhe speclflc languages used - Lhemselves growlng
and changlng ln speed. 1here ls no posslblllLy Lo use Lechnology effecLlvely Lo Lhe developmenL of
democracy wlLhouL access ln Lhe broad sense, because lL requlres an lsonomlc LreaLmenL Lo all
members of Lhe socleLy - whlch ls far from belng done. Cn Lhe oLher hand, we should noL conslder
LhaL Lhe use of Lechnology should be made ln lsolaLlon by Lhe clLlzens because Lhe sLaLe plays a
cruclal role ln Lhe democraLlc process. A revlew of Lhe role of Lhe sLaLe ln Lhe LwenLy-flrsL cenLury,
Lherefore, ls cruclal ln order Lo ldenLlfy Lhe acLlvlLles LhaL are mosL approprlaLe and meeL Lhe needs
of clLlzens.
ln Lhls conLexL, Lhe developmenL of whlch has been undersLood as "e-governmenL", or Lhe creaLlon
of a vlrLual face of Lhe governmenL, ln a publlc, accesslble, lnLeracLlve and dynamlc fashlon, ls [usL
one elemenL of Lhls process. AuLhors such as !urgen Pabermas undersLands LhaL Lhe leglLlmaLe sLaLe
ln Lhe LwenLy-flrsL cenLury musL lnvolve Lhe parLlclpaLlon of all soclal acLors ln an equal way, ln a
collecLlve debaLe, ln whlch dlsagreemenLs are consldered and addressed, ln an efforL Lo reach a
consensus. 1he SLaLe, Lherefore, ln Lhe vlew of Lhls auLhor, ls bullL ln a dlalecLlcal dlalogue developed
by all soclal acLors LhaL dellberaLe abouL rules, pollLlcal slLuaLlon, governmenLal pollcles and oLhers.
CLherwlse, lL ls necessary Lo underllne LhaL, for Lhe reallzaLlon of a dlalecLlcal dlalogue, gulded
Lowards Lhe creaLlon of consensus, some elemenLs should be presenL, such as Lhe observance of Lhe
prlnclple of fraLernlLy. 1he prlnclple of fraLernlLy resurfaces ln currenL docLrlne as an eLhlcal
requlremenL Lo be observed so LhaL Lhe human dlgnlLy and democracy can be effecLlvely observed.
1herefore, lL ls lmporLanL Lo analyze lf Lhe observance of Lhe prlnclple of fraLernlLy ls an essenLlal
requlremenL Lo ensure Lhe developmenL of a dlalecLlcal dlalogue, gulded Lo Lhe consensus ln Lhe
Lerms of Lhe Lheory of communlcaLlve acLlon of !urgen Pabermas, ln Lhe conLemporary socleLy, uslng
Lhe Lechnologlcal asseLs LhaL are avallable.


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1he developmenL of a democraLlc sLaLe ln Lhe xxl cenLury cannoL be done wlLhouL Lhe medlaLlon of
eLhlcal values or Lhe respecL of humanlLy as a unlL, or even wlLhouL lgnorlng soclal, economlc and
pollLlcal dlfferences, because Lhe complex socleLles requlre a new approach, where Lhe care, Lhe
aLLenLlon Lo Lhe oLher does noL occur merely ln a formal way, buL based on muLual respecL and
openness.
1hus, Lhe readlng of Lhe prlnclple of fraLernlLy and lLs analysls as a prerequlslLe for Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of consensus should be analyzed ln order Lo ensure Lhelr conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe
democraLlc process.

* * *
'
G"<"#$%+$./'%/#'(.<:"/1%+$./6'W.*$+$(%*':.+"/+$%*'.0'<$(,.4*.33$/3'$/'L2$/%'

WAnC uazhou
CenLer for Lnglneerlng and SocleLy
unlverslLy of Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna
dzwang[ucas.ac.cn

1he lasL decade has wlLnessed a global bloom of new medla. As a personal medla, mlcroblogglng
enables lLs users Lo share oplnlons, LhoughLs and acLlvlLles LhaL would lnLeresL oLher people who
have chosen Lo follow Lhem. Powever, Lhere are few phllosophlcal reflecLlons on mlcroblogglng so
far. 1o flll Lhe gap, Coeckelbergh (2011) ldenLlfles some sLrucLural feaLures of mlcroblogglng as a
medlum, such as promoLlng Lhe lmporLance of acLlvlLy as opposed Lo reflecLlon, Lhe communlcaLlon
of oplnlon as opposed Lo crlLlcal dlscusslon, Lhe self as Lhe Lheme of communlcaLlon, Lhe prlmacy of
Lhe presenL as opposed Lo hlsLorlcal perspecLlves, and so on. urawlng on Lhe noLlon of "remedlaLlon"
offered by 8olLer and Crusln (1999), he argues LhaL Lhe culLural slgnlflcance of a new medlum
depends on how lL rlvals and refashlons older medla. Such lnslghLs are valuable Lo undersLand Lhe
essence of Lhe mlcroblogglng. ln Lhls paper, l wlll demonsLraLe LhaL mlcroblogglng ln Chlna has shown
a raLher dlfferenL plcLure, and Lhen Lry Lo explaln why lL ls so.
Called "welbo" ln Chlnese, mlcroblogglng ln Chlna sLarLed as a copy of 1wlLLer. Slnce Lhen, welbo has
swlfLly become Lhe mosL powerful medla" (Lee, 2012). ln 2012, Lhere were 309 mllllon welbo users,
largesL ln Lhe world. ln facL, welbo noL only offers a popular plaLform for soclal lnLeracLlons, buL also
plays an essenLlal role ln pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon. Accordlng Lo reporL by CASS, over 70 percenL of
welbo users Lake welbo as Lhelr prlmary source of news and some 60 percenL belleve lL ls
LrusLworLhy, and by conLrasL only abouL 9 percenL of Amerlcans respond Lhey geL news malnly from
mlcroblogglng. lurLhermore, nearly 60 percenL sald Lhey are more wllllngly Lo express Lhelr pollLlcal
vlews on welbo. ln so dolng, welbo ln Chlna ls never lack of such elemenLs as reflecLlon, crlLlcal
dlscusslon, and hlsLorlcal perspecLlve.


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1hls slLuaLlon has lLs rooLs ln Lhe unlque sLyle of Welbo, anoLher klnd of remedlaLlon": llrsLly, Slna
Welbo users have a 140-Chlnsese characLer llmlL, equlvalenL Lo 300 characLers ln Lngllsh, and Sohu's
welbo users even have no characLer llmlL. Secondly, welbo servlce enables users Lo send plcLures and
vldeos dlrecLly Lo Lhelr followers, and even Lo sLarL a voLe. 1hlrdly, welbo enables users publlcly
commenL anoLher users' posL. lL ls such feaLures LhaL allow Lhe users Lo reveal hlsLorlcal facLs, Lo
summarlze a vlewpolnL, Lo debaLe each oLher, or Lo spread Lhe laLesL breaklng news. ln a word,
everyone has been glven an opporLunlLy Lo become a medla cenLer raLher Lhan a passlve audlence.
1herefore, mosL Lop 1wlLLer sLars Lalk abouL whaL Lhey're dolng and polnL Lo oLher slLes, buL Slna
Welbo has become Lhe porLal for accesslng news, gosslp, and commenLarles"(Lee 2012).
1wo quesLlons: why welbo has developed lLs unlque feaLures? Why so many Chlnese people have
swarmed lnLo welbo and make Lhelr volces heard serlously? 1he answer: lL ls Lhe ouLcomes of Lhe
sLrucLure of represslon-compensaLlon. !usL llke sexual represslon ls a facLor whlch brlngs sex lnLo
dlscourse so we can Lalk abouL lL (loucaulL 1976), pollLlcal represslon has conLrlbuLed Lo Lhe acLlve
marglnal pollLlcal dlscourse ln Chlna. !usL llke bllnd people develop compensaLory mechanlsms Lo
compensaLe Lhelr vlsual loss, welbo servlce has developed such unlque conflguraLlon LhaL has
aLLracLed so many Chlnese people Lo enroll".
lL ls generally known LhaL Lhe LradlLlonal medla ls regulaLed sLrlcLly ln Chlna. ln a represslve
envlronmenL, people's pollLlcal concerns have been expressed ln an lmpllclL and faceLlous sLyle, ln
forms of ballad, pollLlcal [oke, rumors and so on. WlLh Lhe advenL of Lhe lnLerneL, especlally Lhe
welbo, such expresslons have Lhe opporLunlLy Lo be made publlc (LaLour), because welbo help
consLlLuLe a relaLlvely free speech envlronmenL and even a publlc sphere (Pabermas) for Chlnese,
alLhough welbo servlces are sLlll governed by varlous self-censorshlp pollcles and meLhods.
1herefore, such Loplcs as soclal [usLlce and clvll rlghLs, offlclaldom corrupLlon, envlronmenLal
polluLlon, reform of Lhe pollLlcal sysLem have always been Lhe focus of welbo users.
lL ls clear LhaL, raLher Lhan sLralghLforward, Lhe lmpllcaLlons of mlcroblogglng as a medlum are Lhe
[olnL effecL of remedlaLlon/embodlmenL of Lhe mlcroblogglng as a Lechnology comblnlng wlLh Lhe
power-sLrucLure of a socleLy.

key words: welbo, mlcroblogglng, remedlaLlon, represslon, compensaLlon, pollLlcal lmpllcaLlon

8eferences
8olLer, !. and Crusln, 8., (1999), 8emedlaLlon: undersLandlng new Medla, Ml1 ress, Cambrldge, MA.
Coeckelbergh, M., (2011), 'WhaL Are We uolng? Mlcroblogglng, Lhe Crdlnary rlvaLe, and Lhe
rlmacy of Lhe resenL' ln: !ournal of lnformaLlon, CommunlcaLlon & LLhlcs ln SocleLy 9(2), 127-136.
Pabermas, !urgen, (1962 Lrans 1989), 1he SLrucLural 1ransformaLlon of Lhe ubllc Sphere: An lnqulry
lnLo a caLegory of 8ourgeols SocleLy, ollLy, Cambrldge.
LaLour, 8., (1999), andora's hope: Lssays on Lhe reallLy of sclence sLudles. Cambrldge, Mass.:
Parvard unlverslLy ress.


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LaLour, 8runo and Welbel, eLer, eds., (2003), Maklng 1hlngs ubllc: ALmospheres of uemocracy. Ml1
ress.
Ll, kalfu, (2012) Welbo: Lhe mosL powerful medla ln Chlna.
hLLp://www.llnkedln.com/Loday/posL/arLlcle/20121023132902-416648-welbo-Lhe-mosL-powerful-
medla-ln-chlna?goback=2Lgde_1398377_member_186338682.

loucaulL, Mlchel, [1976] (1998), 1he PlsLory of SexuallLy vol. 1: 1he Wlll Lo knowledge. London:
enguln.
SlnA CorporaLlon, (2012), 2012 SlnA Welbo user uevelopmenL Survey 8eporL, CcLober, 2012.
xu, ?ang, and !lng, [lng, (2011), Welbo vs 1wlLLer. Clobal 1lmes, May 18, 2011.

* * *
'
[%2,"/2"$+'\]^'.,'%'/"8'Y(%0_YX'L,)($%*'$11)"1'./'P/"8Q';LD1'

Marla !oo SlM0LS
ueparLmenL of Soclology, unlverslLy of 8elra lnLerlor
ClCS, unlverslLy of Mlnho, orLugal
marla[oaoslmes[sapo.pL

AnLnla do Carmo 8A88lCA
lSC1L, unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon
ueparLmenL of Soclology, unlverslLy of 8elra lnLerlor, orLugal
acab[ubl.pL

nuno Amaral !L8CnlMC
ueparLmenL of Soclology
LA8CCM, unlverslLy of 8elra lnLerlor, orLugal
nunoa[[gmall.com

lblo AuCuS1C
M. A. SLudenL ln Soclology
unlverslLy of 8elra lnLerlor, orLugal
fablorgsaugusLo[hoLmall.com

When a new Lechnology appears ln Lhe fleld of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon, a broaden debaLe
abouL lLs democraLlc poLenLlal ls lnevlLable. lL happened wlLh Lhe lC1s, Lhe forums, Lhe blogs and
speclally now wlLh Lhe web 2.0, also deslgnaLed as soclal medla, llke 1wlLLer or lacebook, LhaL have
been glorlfled as Lhe unlversal publlc sphere, a promlslng new "cafe" (Slmes, 8arrlga and !ernlmo,
2011: 33).


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AlLhough, we should acknowledge LhaL LheoreLlcal framework ln Lhls fleld span from opLlmlsLlc
auLhors, namely 8helngold (1996) and uahlgren (2003), who polnLed ouL Lhe LransformaLlon of Lhe
fleld of pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon Lhrough Lhe use of new Lechnologles, Lo pesslmlsL auLhors, namely
Moore (1999) and SunsLeln (2001), who referred LhaL (new) lC1s do noL produce slgnlflcanL changes
ln pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon.
AL Lhe emplrlcal evldence level, several researches polnL ouL Lo opposlLe resulLs whlch are relaLed
noL only wlLh meLhodologlcal quesLlons LhaL have yeL Lo be assessed, buL also and malnly due Lo
dlfferences beLween LheoreLlcal frameworks and Lypes of parLlclpaLlon Laken ln conslderaLlon.
8oLh polnLs of vlew, elLher Lhe opLlmlsLlc or Lhe pesslmlsL, seem Lo be very slmpllsLlc accordlng Lo Lhe
complexlLy of Lhe soclologlcal polnL of vlew (Slmes, 2003).
1hus, wlLhln Lhe fleld of (new) lC1s ln pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon lL seems LhaL Lhere ls a long road yeL Lo
go, boLh from Lhe LheoreLlcal and Lhe emplrlcal polnL of vlew.
1herefore, our alm ls Lo conLrlbuLe Lo a more soclologlcal and reflexlve research on Lhe use of
lnLerneL plaLforms Lowards pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon. ln Lhls paper we lnLend Lo dlsLlngulsh and analyse
Lhree aspecLs whlch wlll be presenLed ln dlfferenL secLlons.
Cn Lhe one hand, we focus our aLLenLlon on: Lhe (e-)parLlclpaLlon concepL and Lhe necesslLy of lLs
(re)reconsLrucLlon and (re)operaLlonallzaLlon, on Lypes and levels of pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon, and also
how onllne and offllne parLlclpaLlon are lnLerrelaLed, because, as Slmes polnLs ouL (2003), pollLlcal
parLlclpaLlon and e-parLlclpaLlon cannoL be analysed as dlsLlncL phenomena, buL as Lwo
lnLerconnecLed forms Lo express clLlzenshlp.
Cn Lhe oLher hand, we wlll defend LhaL e-parLlclpaLlon cannoL be dlsconnecLed and undersLood
wlLhouL all LheoreLlcal framework on pollLlcal soclology, speclally Lhe dlfferenL LheoreLlcal
frameworks on pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon, Lhe soclal and power lnequallLles ln Lhls domaln and even Lhe
changlng soclo-hlsLorlcal conLexL LhaL encompasses Lhe broaden debaLe abouL wheLher we face a
pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon crlsls or Lhe emergence of new forms of pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon or even Lhe
presence of boLh. We cannoL make Labula rasa of Lhls knowledge, alLhough we cannoL also make lLs
auLomaLlc LransposlLlon.
1hus, Laklng lnLo accounL Lhe Lwo analysls level, we have Lhe LheoreLlcal and analyLlcal background Lo
debaLe Lhe pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon ln onllne conLexLs and Lhe changes LhaL lL brlngs Lo pollLlcal
parLlclpaLlon Lheory and Lo Lhe exerclse of clLlzenshlp. So, ln Lhls secLlon, we shall map some cruclal
analysls levels Lo Lake lnLo accounL ln researches on pollLlcal e-parLlclpaLlon. Clearly, we can choose
one, Lwo or more of Lhese analysls levels ln a research pro[ecL.
llrsLly, do e-parLlclpaLlon enhance, or noL, clLlzens' pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon? Such debaLe lmplles
ldenLlfylng Lhe change, lLs dlrecLlon, lf lL acLually occurs and where, when, why and how, as well as lLs
scope, ln sum, Lo ldenLlfy Lhe opporLunlLles and Lhe consLralnLs. ln order Lo parLlclpaLe lL ls noL
enough Lo presenL pro[ecLs consLlLuLed by hardware and sofLware.
Second, whaL are Lhe effecLs of e-parLlclpaLlon on Lhe dlfferenL levels and Lypes of pollLlcal
parLlclpaLlon? 8elng Lhe human socleLles sLrucLured accordlng Lo gender, age, lncome, soclal and


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professlonal caLegory and eLhnlc group, and knowlng LhaL Lhe lnLeresL Lo parLlclpaLe and Lhe
necessary skllls for parLlclpaLlon are also unequally dlsLrlbuLed, as 8ourdleu says (1979), whaL
happens ln onllne conLexLs?
1hlrd, faclng Lhe consldered people's lack of lnLeresL on pollLlcs, does e-parLlclpaLlon moblllse more
lndlvlduals Lo become clLlzens elLher offllne or onllne conLexLs?
lourLh, whaL are Lhe effecLs of pollLlcal e-parLlclpaLlon ln pollLlcal llfe ln general and, ln a more
concreLe way, ln declslon-maklng processes?
llve, do Lhese Lechnologles sLlmulaLe more Lhe convenLlonal parLlclpaLlon or alLernaLlve forms of
parLlclpaLlon?
llnally, lL ls lmperaLlve Lo reflecL on survelllance. 1o an exLenL, Lhe ldenLlfled opporLunlLles broughL
by new Lechnologles Lo pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon can be desLroyed, Laklng lnLo accounL Lhe LhreaL of
survelllance on clvll and pollLlcal rlghLs (Slmes, 2011).
As belng an lndlvldual ls noL Lhe same as belng a clLlzen (8arber, 1984), lL ls cruclal, from Lhe eLhlc
polnL of vlew, Lo answer all Lhe referred quesLlons, promoLlng a wlder reflexlvlLy so people mlghL be
persuaded Lo become more acLlve agenLs.

8eferences
8arber, 8en[amln (1984), 5ttooq uemoctocy. lottlclpototy lolltlcs fot o New Aqe, 8erkeley, unlverslLy
of Callfornla ress.
8ourdleu, lerre (1979), lo ulstloctloo. ctltlpoe 5oclole Jo Ioqemeot, arls: MlnulL.
uahlgren, eLer (2003), lnLerneL, ubllc Spheres, and ollLlcal CommunlcaLlon: ulsperslon and
uellberaLlon", ln lolltlcol commoolcotloo, n 22, pp. 147-162
Moore, 8lchard (1999), uemocracy and cyberspace" ln 8arry Pague e 8rlan Loader (eds.) ulqltol
uemoctocy. ulscootse ooJ ueclsloo Mokloq lo tbe lofotmotloo Aqe, Londres: 8ouLledge, pp. 39-39.
8helngold, P. (1996), lecttoolc uemoctocy 1oolklt, avallable aL
www.well.com/user/hlr/elecLrondemoc.hLml, 06-09-2000
Slmes, Marla !oo (2003), lolltlco e 1ecooloqlo - 1ecooloqlos Jo lofotmoo e Jo comoolcoo e
lottlclpoo lolltlco em lottoqol, Celras: CelLa.
Slmes, Marla !oo (2011), Survelllance: A (oLenLlal) 1hreaL Lo ollLlcal arLlclpaLlon?" lcu5 2011.
1be llftb lotetootloool coofeteoce oo ulqltol 5oclety, pp.94-99, CopyrlghL (c) lA8lA, lS8n: 978-1-
61208-003-1, 2011, avallable aL
hLLp://www.Lhlnkmlnd.org/lndex.php?vlew=arLlcle&arLlcleld=lcds_2011_3_40_10096
Slmes, Marla !oo, 8arrlga, AnLnla e !ernlmo, nuno (2011), 8rave new World? ollLlcal
parLlclpaLlon and new medla", 5O1lc5 2011. 1be lltst lotetootloool coofeteoce oo 5oclol co-


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lofotmotlcs, CopyrlghL (c) lA8lA, lS8n: 987-1-61208-163-2 avallable aL
hLLp://www.Lhlnkmlnd.org/lndex.php?vlew=arLlcle&arLlcleld=soLlcs_2011_3_10_30040
SunsLeln C. (2001), kepobllc.com, rlnceLon: rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.

keywords - pollLlcal parLlclpaLlon, e-parLlclpaLlon, Lheory and concepLs, new soclal medla,
opporLunlLles, consLralnLs.

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!"#$%!!"#$%
!"#$%&'()$*!(+)(##&)(+*,(-*.'/01%#&*2$)#($#
!"##$%&'()%*$+,#(-+.)%/0$10$2%*3
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!"#$#%&!!"#$!
!"#$%&'()$*!(+)(##&)(+*,(-*.'/01%#&*2$)#($#
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!"#$#%&''()*+%,-!"#!$%!

1hls paper concerns lLself wlLh Lhe dlscourse surroundlng a Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon, namely Lhe
lnLerneL of 1hlngs
1
. 1he lnlLlal moLlvaLlon for Lhe lnLerneL of 1hlngs was a fuslon of Lhe physlcal and
dlglLal worlds, enabled by pervaslve neLwork connecLlvlLy of everyLhlng everywhere. 8ecenLly, Lhe
prevalllng dlscusslons around Lhe lnLerneL of 1hlngs have been mosLly grounded ln a rheLorlc of
connecLed world
2
, fuLure susLalnablllLy and lmprovemenLs broughL by deploymenL of lnnovaLlve
Lechno-soclo-economlc-envlronmenLal sysLems whlch would noL only dellver soluLlons Lo Lhe
humanlLy's ever growlng needs, and manage lLs resources and dlsLrlbuLlons, buL would also lead Lo a
paradlgm shlfL ln Lhe very prlnclples governlng such sysLems
3
. 1hls would enLall noL only Lhe merger
of global, sclenLlflc knowledge wlLh Lhe excepLlonally local knowlng LhaL we all have of our llfe-
worlds, buL lL would also lnvolve a greaL expanslon of knowledge - abouL space, our envlronmenL,
and ourselves - rooLed ln ever growlng dlglLal absLracLlons.
1he growLh of Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy has lndeed seen Lhe escalaLlon of knowledge dlsLrlbuLlon on
unlmaglnable scale. ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe lnLerneL of 1hlngs, Lhe growLh of maker culLure also plays a
slgnlflcanL role. CfLen Lhese facLors, empowered by Lhe rlghL Lechnology, are seen as Lhe drlvlng
force behlnd a power shlfL LhaL, as lf by maglc, wlll overcome Lhe shorLcomlngs of Lhe currenL
pollLeconomlcal sysLem.


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Whlle such Lechnologlcally drlven opLlmlsm can be observed aL all levels, be lL ln Lu board rooms or
aL Lhe meeLlngs of clLlzen sclence pro[ecLs, lL ls sLlll noL obvlous how such all-encompasslng
connecLlvlLy could be achleved and whaL Lhe governlng prlnclples of such sysLems would be.
Llkewlse, Lhere ls very llLLle crlLlcal debaLe on Lhe hlsLorlcal forerunners of such vlslons, such as Lhe
cyberneLlcs of norberL Wlener
4
or Oskot looqe
3
,LhaL saw Lhe world as a balanced self-organlslng
sysLem managed by feedback loops, wlLhouL Laklng accounL of Lhe dynamlc forces aL Lhe cenLre of
human socleLy, namely pollLlcs and power.
1he research analysls aL Lhe cenLre of Lhls paper ls based on eLhnographlc sLudy of relaLlonshlps
beLween a group of open source developers, a Lech sLarL-up, and a communlLy of clLlzen sclenLlsLs.
We argue LhaL, ln Lhls nexus, prlnclples of knowledge exchange and glfL-economy are Lhereby
approprlaLed lnLo a conLemporary mode of producLlon.
neverLheless, we also argue LhaL, by wllllngly submlLLlng Lo such approprlaLlon, such communlLles of
developers noL only Lake up Lhe avanL-garde role of pushlng Lhe boundarles of Lhls parLlcular
developmenL buL also, mosL llkely Lemporarlly, occupy Lhe domlnanL poslLlon ln a space oLherwlse
domlnaLed by Lhe corporaLe lnLeresLs of caplLal producLlon. ConsequenLly, we should underesLlmaLe
nelLher Lhe lnfluence of such communlLles of developers on Lhe overall dynamlcs of power, nor Lhelr
role ln susLalnlng Lhe publlc sphere or conLrlbuLlng Lo open knowledge.
1he paper Lhus alms Lo conLrlbuLe Lo a cross-dlsclpllnary dlalogue abouL Lhe relaLlon beLween
Lechnology, spaLlallLy, and crlLlcal Lhlnklng, exempllfled ln Lhls currenL Lechnologlcal fronLler.

8eferences

1
CarLner, one of Lhe leadlng lnformaLlon Lechnology research and advlsory company and oLhers, has
named Lhe developmenL of lnLerneL of 1hlngs (lo1) as Lhe Lop 10 Lechnologlcal Lrends ln l1.
2
hLLp://www.forbes.com/slLes/raywang/2012/07/23/research-overvlew-Lhe-lnLerneL-of-Lhlngs-and-
change/
3
hLLp://www.fuLurlcL.eu/Lhe-pro[ecL/overvlew
4
Wlener, n., (1963) CyberneLlcs: or conLrol and CommunlcaLlon ln Lhe Anlmal and Lhe Machlne, Ml1
3
Lange, o., (1970) lnLroducLlon Lo Lconomlc CyberneLlcs, ergamon ress

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'
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aLrlcla ulas da SlLvA
Plgher School of CommunlcaLlon and Medla SLudles
olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
pdlas[escs.lpl.pL


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1hls presenLaLlon quesLlons Lhe consequences LhaL a focus on maxlmlslng Lhe audlence and Lhe
aLLalnmenL of revenue by boLh professlonal and amaLeur vldeo producers may have Lo Lhe role of
?ou1ube vldeos ln Lhe promoLlon of pollLlcal dlscusslon and clLlzen engagemenL. 1hls focus ls also
accompanled by Lhe professlonallsaLlon of campalgnlng and pollLlcal acLlon on ?ou1ube, whlch brlngs
maklng pollLlcal vldeos closer Lo Lhe realm of pollLlcal markeLlng, raLher Lhan Lo Lhe acLlons of
lndlvldual clLlzens speaklng up ln an alLernaLlve venue Lo malnsLream medla.
lrom a close analysls of Lhe company's hlsLory, l propose ?ou1ube has always been a commerclal
enLlLy and LhaL much of lLs sharlng characLer founded on Lhe cenLral role of Lhe ?ou1ube communlLy,
as descrlbed by Lesslg (2008), has been weakened by Lechnologlcal and buslness opLlons over Lhe
years. 1he sLudy of ?ou1ube's developmenL slnce lLs launch ln lebruary 2003 polnLs Lowards a
declslve Lurn from sLlmulaLlng user-generaLed conLenL as Lhe basls of ?ou1ube - made expllclL by Lhe
Lag llne 8roadcasL ?ourself!" - Lo Lhe sLrong promoLlon of professlonal conLenL. 1he onllne vldeo
company has endeavoured Lo reach ouL Lo LradlLlonal acLors from Lhe pollLlcal world, whlle maklng
deals wlLh Lhe enLerLalnmenL and adverLlslng lndusLrles as well as enLlclng ?ou1ubers Lo become
?ou1ube arLners. 1he laLLer leads Lo Lhelr prlvlleglng of formaLs and formulas LhaL may be more
prone Lo go vlral."
8uL has ?ou1ube deflnlLely Lurned Lowards Lhe explolLaLlon of user-generaLed labour, as argued by
Andre[evlc (2009)? lor some Llme, adverLlslng was only sold Lo accompany conLenL from parLners
due Lo early skepLlclsm Lowards belng assoclaLed wlLh user-generaLed conLenL. As ?ou1ube launched
new feaLures, plracy" became less of a problem and has parLly ceased Lo be a deLerrenL for
aLLracLlng adverLlslng. Some companles now undersLand LhaL Lake-down noLlces mosLly affecL Lhelr
lmage among ?ou1ubers and may even be agalnsL Lhelr own promoLlonal purposes. 1hrough Lhe
comblnaLlon of ConLenL lu and ?ou1ube lnslghL, ?ou1ubers once regarded as plraLes" for posLlng
copyrlghLed conLenL (ln lLs orlglnal formaL or remlxed) can now operaLe as adverLlsers and
markeLeers for Lhe conLenL lndusLry, and Lhe success of Lhelr campalgns" ls Lracked. ?ou1ubers,
Lherefore, lend a hand ln Lhe sophlsLlcaLed proflllng carrled ouL by companles Lhrough Lhe
approprlaLlon and aggregaLlon of personal lnformaLlon, a larger process descrlbed by Serge roulx et
ol. (2011). 1hese volunLeers earnesLly promoLe ads, songs or shows Lhey llke and LhaL may besLow
credlblllLy ln Lerms of quallLy: ?ou1ubers presumedly have no vesLed lnLeresLs. Moreover, desplLe lLs
clalms Lo advocaLe freedom of expresslon, blocklng and Lake-down pracLlces by governmenLal order
have conLrlbuLed Lo denLlng ?ou1ube's self-promoLed lmage as a parLner of acLlvlsm and subverslve
acLlon.
?ou1ube has undergone slgnlflcanL changes slnce lLs beLa launch ln 2003. lrom sacrlflclng poLenLlal
revenue from pre-roll ads Lo preserve lLs communlLy-drlven sLaLus, Lo a buslness model based on
mulLlple adverLlslng formaLs and savvy markeLlng sLraLegles, ?ou1ube's characLer as a company
sLrongly concerned wlLh proflL can hardly be dlspuLed, a process Lermed by !ln klm (2012) as Lhe
lnsLlLuLlonallzaLlon of ?ou1ube." ln facL, Lhe success of ?ou1ube's arLner rogram slgnals how many
users look forward Lo a paycheck for Lhelr user-generaLed creaLlons. ln Lhls sense, ?ou1ube may be a
reflecLlon of a wlder commodlflcaLlon process Laklng place ln dlglLal medla. ln addlLlon, Lhese medla
may Lurn ouL noL Lo be an excepLlon ln Lhe condlLlonlng of medla access by one's flnanclal capaclLy:


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Lhe servlces ?ou1ube now provldes for campalgnlng can be seen as anoLher sLep away from levelllng
Lhe playlng fleld ln Lhe access Lo Lhe publlc sphere, conLrary Lo parLlclpaLory promlses.
1he relaLlon beLween communlcaLlon, culLure, and democracy ls a long-sLandlng soclologlcal Loplc
(SubLll and Carcla 2010). Clven Lhe rouLe followed by Lhe company, Lhe quesLlon ls wheLher Lhere ls
sLlll some room for Lhe empowermenL of ?ou1ubers and hopes of conLrlbuLlon Lo forms of
parLlclpaLory democracy, even lf Lhese pollLlcal asplraLlons conLrasL wlLh Lhe dynamlcs of processes
of commodlflcaLlon and co-opLaLlon.

!"#"$"%&"'
Andre[evlc, Mark. 2009. LxplolLlng ?ouLube: ConLradlcLlons of user-!"#"$%&"'( )%*+,$-.( /#( !"#$
!"#$#%&'(&)*&+!"#$%&#$"'(")#**#"+,%-./01"/,$")/&0%-."23,$#0/4!"567-423. SLockholm: naLlonal Llbrary
!"#$%&'&()
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!"#"$%&"'( )*#&"#&+,( !"#$%&' ()*+),"' -' ./0$"+1! !"# $%&# $'()*(+,# %&-# .!# -!"#$
!"#$%&'%%(()&%*+,,+(%%,-(%..'
!"##$%&' !()*"+,"-' .//0-' !"#$%&' ()*$+,' -./' )+0' 12##".3"' 45.$6"' $+' /5"' 789.$0' :32+2#8!" #$%&$%'"
!"##$%&'()*!"#$%&'"(
!"#$%&'( )*"+*'( ,#"-.( /*.0#-'( 1."2( 3.-*( 45#6( 78##-'( .-9( 1:%.-;*( 1;%%*00*<( =>??<( @!.".9#&;A.%(
!"#$%&'"&()*$+*,'$-./&'/*0(*)1&*2$()&3)*$+*4(+$'"5)0$(56*25#0)560/"78*!"#$%"&'"#$()$*+,"-."/'0$
!"#$%&'()*+#)!!!"#$!%#$&'()*%+#,-!"#$%&'()*#)*+*,)-.)/0.+#!!""#$$%&'&#
SubLll, llllpa, and !ose Luls Carcla. 2010. CommunlcaLlon: An lnherlLance of Lhe Chlcago School of
!"#$%&' ()"*+),-.' /0' !"#$ %#&'()$ *+$ ,"-('&*$ .("**/$ *+$ .*(-*/*&)!" #$%&#$" '(" )*+%,&-.*#+" /0+&!" 123-!"#$
ManchesLer: Mldrash ubllshlng.

* * *
'
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0,%<"8.,='%/#'(%1"'1+)#$"1'

ZPAnC Zhlhul
lnsLlLuLe for PlsLory of naLures Sclences
Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna
zhangzhh[lhns.ac.cn
zhangzhlhul1008[163.com

As a Lyplcal represenLaLlve of Lhe emerglng medla Lechnology, lnformaLlon Lechnology lncludlng Lhe
lnLerneL Lechnology has greaL soclal lnfluence and pollLlcal slgnlflcance. lnformaLlon Lechnology


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promoLes Lhe lnformaLlonlzaLlon of Lhe declslon maklng, whlch wlll lead Lo a revoluLlonary change
for Lhe englneerlng declslon maklng, and Lhen affecLed Lhe reform of Lhe governmenL democraLlc
sysLem. Chlna has been shrouded ln Lhe auLhorlLarlan declslon sysLem for a long Llme ln Lhe 20Lh
cenLury, and Lhe sclenLlflcaLlon and democraLlzaLlon of declslon-maklng was always one of Lhe
senslLlve lssues ln Lhe naLlonal pollLlcal llfe. ln Lhe 21sL cenLury, as Lhe blggesL developlng counLry ln
Lhe world, Lhe Chlnese governmenL began Lo advocaLe Lhe SclenLlflc CuLlook on uevelopmenL,
lmplemenL reform of Lhe pollLlcal sysLem Loward Lhe democracy goal, and usher ln an
unprecedenLed scale of englneerlng consLrucLlon. 1he englneerlng experLs are lnvolved lnLo Lhe
procedure of some lmporLanL englneerlng declslon, buL Lhey are quesLloned for Lhelr lnLeresLs
poslLlon. As a represenLaLlve of Lhe lnformaLlon Lechnology, lnLerneL provldes Lhe publlc wlLh Lhe
effecLlve plaLform for undersLandlng englneerlng lnformaLlon and expresslon Lhelr own wlll. 1hey
parLlclpaLe ln englneerlng declslons maklng Lhrough Lhe 88S, LwlLLer and oLher neLwork plaLforms Lo
gaLher sLrong sLrengLh and lmpacL Lhe auLhorlLarlan governmenL sysLem englneerlng declslon
problems and Lhe lncreaslngly rlse of " Lechnocracy " phenomenon.
ln Lhe currenL research on Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween lnformaLlon Lechnology and declslon maklng,
scholars ofLen Lend Lo launch Lhe dlscusslon from Lhe perspecLlve of ManagemenL Sclence, especlally
Lhe lnfluence of lnformaLlon Lechnology on Lhe declslon maklng of lnLernal organlzaLlon, corporaLe
sLraLegy and e-governmenL affalrs. 8uL Lhe speclal dlscusslon abouL Lhe lnfluence of lnformaLlon
Lechnology on Lhe englneerlng declslon maklng ls sLlll rare. lurLhermore, along wlLh Lhe formlng clvll
socleLles and Lhe undergolng vlgorous englneerlng consLrucLlon, Lhe research abouL Lhe lnfluence of
lnformaLlon Lechnology on Lhe sclenLlflcaLlon and democraLlzaLlon of one counLry's englneerlng
declslon-maklng ls rare and urgenL.
llrsL of all, Lhls arLlcle wlll analyze Lhe maln dlsLlngulshlng feaLure of englneerlng declslon-maklng and
Lhen elaboraLe how Lhe lnformaLlon Lechnology lnfluences Lhe publlc parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe englneerlng
declslon maklng, by glvlng Lhe rlghL of learnlng, declslon maklng and supervlslon Lo Lhe publlc. 1he
relaLed speclflc resulLs are as follows: (1)lL breaks Lhe black case of englneerlng declslon maklng,
breaks Lhe llmlLaLlons of bounded raLlonallLy as far as posslble and promoLes Lhe procedure
democraLlzaLlon. (2)lL enhances Lhe eLhlcal raLlonallLy of englneerlng declslon by brlng Lhe publlc lnLo
Lhe declslon maklng sysLem and Lakes care of Lhe soclal [usLlce and envlronmenLal proLecLlon, ln
order Lo safeguard Lhe susLalnable developmenL and soclal harmonlous. (3)lL lmpacLs Lhe LradlLlonal
pollLlcal operaLlon paLh from Lhe mlcro level, and Lhen promoLes Lhe governmenL's soclal democraLlc
reform.
Secondly, Lhe paper wlll launch a deLalled lnLerpreLaLlon of lnformaLlon Lechnology lnfluence on Lhe
sclenLlflcaLlon and democraLlzaLlon of publlc englneerlng declslon maklng by analyzlng several cases,
such as xlamen x chemlcal pro[ecL, Lhe nu rlver hydropower developmenL ln ?unnan mlnorlLy
eLhnlc communlLles ln Chlna. llnally, focuslng on how Lo Lhe declslon-maklng mechanlsm whlch
comblnlng Lhe publlc parLlclpaLlon, Lhe experL argumenLaLlon, and Lhe governmenL's declslon-maklng
under Lhe age of lnformaLlon Lechnology, Lhls paper wlll puL forward several ldeas, lncludlng Lhe
exlsLlng obsLacles and some posslble soluLlons, so as Lo promoLe Lhe democraLlzaLlon of pollLlcal and
soclal llfe durlng Lhe process of soclal LransformaLlon ln Lhe developlng counLrles.


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8eferences
[1] S Molloy, C8 Schwenk. 1he effecLs of lnformaLlon Lechnology on sLraLeglc declslon maklng.
Iootool of Moooqemeot 5toJles, 1993.
[2] |PelnLzeS 8reLschnelder. 1echnology and resLrucLurlng ln publlc organlzaLlons: does adopLlon
of lnformaLlon Lechnology affecL organlzaLlonal sLrucLures, CommunlcaLlons, and ueclslon maklng?
cbloo's pobllc moooqemeot teseotcb .2000
[3]Lorlen raLL and Mark Zangarl: 1he new sclence of declslon englneerlng. 1elecom Aslo, 2008.
[4] ] Wynn C. SLlrllng. SaLlsfylng games and declslon maklng: wlLh appllcaLlons Lo englneerlng and
compuLer .sclence. combtlJqe oolvetslty ptess, 2003.
[3] n negroponLe. 8elng ulglLal. New otk. koopf. 1999.
[6]aul !.P. Shoemaker. Wlnnlng ueclslons: CeLLlng lL rlghL Lhe flrsL Llme. (2001)
[7] L 8ryn[olfsson, LM PlLL .8eyond compuLaLlon: lnformaLlon Lechnology, organlzaLlonal
LransformaLlon and buslness performance. 1be Iootool of cooomlc letspectlves, 2000
[8] !ames Llnderman, !ohn Crlllo. LLhlcal declslon maklng and lnformaLlon Lechnology. McCtow-nlll
nlqbet Jocotloo, 2006
[9] 1! Andersen . lnformaLlon Lechnology, sLraLeglc declslon maklng approaches and organlzaLlonal
performance ln dlfferenL lndusLrlal seLLlngs. 1he !ournal of SLraLeglc lnformaLlon SysLems, 2001.
[10] M ?lldlz. governmenL research: 8evlewlng Lhe llLeraLure, llmlLaLlons, and ways forward.
Covetomeot lofotmotloo Ooottetly, 2007.
[11] LW Welch, CC PlnnanL, M! Moon .Llnklng clLlzen saLlsfacLlon wlLh e-governmenL and LrusL ln
governmenL. Iootool of lobllc AJmlolsttotloo keseotcb ooJ 1beoty, vol.13, 2003
[12] Ceorge L. Morrls. Lnglneerlng: a ueclslon-maklng rocess. nooqbtoo Mlffllo, 1977
[13]!ohn S. Pammond. SmarL Cholces: A racLlcal gulde Lo maklng beLLer declslons. 2002
[14]Cheng Ll .Chlna's changlng pollLlcal. Landscape: rospecLs for democracy. 8tookloqs lostltotloo
ltess, 2009
[13] 1he declslon of Lhe cenLral commlLLee of Lhe CC on Lhe lmprovemenL of Lhe soclallsL markeL
economy sysLem ", 8eljloq. people's pobllsbloq boose, 2003.

* * *





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D2"' $#".*.3BC*%#"//"11' .0' (2$/"1"' %/#' %<",$(%/' :,"11' (.5",%3"' .0' 1.5$"+' 1($"/("' 0,.<' ^a]b' +.'
^a]a'

ZPLnC kallun
unlL of hllosophy of Sclence and S1S
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
eklng unlverslLy, Chlna
zhkl123[gmall.com

1hls paper analyzes Chlnese and Amerlcan press coverage of SovleL sclence from 1937 Lo 1939 on
boLh macro-sLaLlsLlcal and mlcro-conLenL levels. 1he newspapers plcked up are tbe New otk 1lmes,
tbe wosbloqtoo lost, and tbe leoples uolly. AfLer Lhe lnLroducLory secLlon whlch polnLs aL Lhe
problems broughL ouL by Lhe compllcaLed relaLlonshlp beLween medla and pollLlcs afLer WW ll, Lhe
second secLlon answers some lmmedlaLe quesLlons abouL Lhls sLudy, lncludlng Lhose concernlng Lhe
auLhor's worklng hypoLheses, meLhods, Lhe Llme span and Lhe cholce of newspapers. lour prlnclple
hypoLheses of Lhls sLudy are explalned and key deflnlLlons llke ldeology" and ldeology-laden words"
are clarlfled. 1he Lhlrd secLlon of Lhls paper offers Lhe macro-sLaLlsLlcal level analyses whlch are
based on sLaLlsLlcal analysls of relevanL arLlcles from onllne daLabases of Lhe newspapers. 1echnlques
llke Lerm frequencles of ldeology-laden words are applled. 1he secLlon afLer LhaL plcks some
represenLaLlonal arLlcles Lo conducL a mlcro-conLenL level analysls, where Lhe auLhor Lrles Lo absLracL
ouL Lhe narraLlves behlnd sLorles. 1he lasL secLlon brlefly summarlzes Lhls sLudy and lnvlLes readers Lo
conslder some relevanL and lnLeresLlng Loplcs Lhls sLudy brlngs ouL. 1he concluslon ls even Lhough
reporLs on conLenLs of sclences were lmmune Lo ldeology, Lhe press coverage generally conLalned
many ldeology-laden words, and ldeology helped [ournallsLs from boLh counLrles frame very dlfferenL
narraLlves concernlng Lhe success of SovleL sclence aL LhaL Llme. 1he auLhor of Lhls paper advocaLe
lnLroduclng narraLlve Lheory, whlch complemenL Lhe sLaLlsLlcal pracLlces already adopLed by soclal
sclenLlsLs, lnLo Lhe sLudles on medla communlcaLlon of sclence. 1he posslblllLy of furLherlng Lhls
sLudy Lo conducL sLudles on new medla llke lnLerneL ls hlnLed aL Lhe end of Lhls essay.

keywords: ldeology-ladenness, ress, SovleL Sclence, SLaLlsLlcal Analysls, ConLenL Analysls

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'
H"<.(,%(B'%/#'$/+",/"+6'G"1./%/("1'.0'#$3$+%*':%,+$($:%+$./'

!ullo Cesar Andrade de A88Lu
unlversldade lederal llumlnense, 8razll
[ulloabreu[vm.uff.br




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uanlel 8els A8MCnu-uL-MLLC
unlversldade lederal do Amazonas, 8razll
armond[ufam.edu.br

!ose AnLonlo Comes de lnPC
unlversldade lederal da 8ahla, 8razll
[agp[ufba.br

WlLh Lhe emergence of so-called "lnformaLlon socleLy" and Lhe consolldaLlon of lnformaLlon and
communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s) much has been dlscussed abouL Lhe posslblllLy of expandlng Lhe
democraLlc parLlclpaLlon of clLlzens. 1he lnLerneL was "developed for war, democraLlzed by hackers
and absorbed by Lhe markeL", however lL carrles greaL poLenLlal for sLrengLhenlng democracy (8arros
& Sampalo, 2011, p.87) and counLer-hegemony. lL ls noLlced LhaL Lhe "lnLerneL can be placed as a
landmark of clvlllzaLlon: llfe before and afLer Lhe lnLerneL, because lL has creaLed hlgh expecLaLlons
for change, even revoluLlonary ones" (lnho, 2011, p.98). 1he morphology of socleLy has changed,
assumlng Lhe shape of a neLwork and "wlLh LhaL, everyLhlng changes - from Lhe experlence and
culLure Lo power and manufacLurlng process" (noguelra, 2003, p.130).
1here ls a growlng lnLeresL ln academla and governmenL pracLlce ln new forms of relaLlonshlp
beLween sLaLe and socleLy, especlally ln regard Lo Lhe processes of publlc declslon-maklng (Cunha &
ozzebon, 2009). AL Lhe same Llme, auLhors recognlze LhaL Lhere are few sLudles on governmenLal
experlences of democraLlc parLlclpaLlon medlaLed by Lhe lnLerneL (l.e Welp, 2007 and 8esL eL al,
2010).
SanLos (2002) asserLs LhaL lnformaLlon Lechnology and eleLronlc democracy processes should be used
Lo creaLe "dlfferenLlaLed cosLs of parLlclpaLlon" (SanLos, 2002, p.330). Accordlng Lo Lhe auLhor, "Lhe
lnLroducLlon of referenda and Lhe use of elecLronlc democracy (vla lnLerneL) can be a soluLlon,
provlded lL ls deLermlned Lhe ob[ecLlves of Lhese more lndlvlduallsLlc and less lnLenslve ways of
parLlclpaLlon" (SanLos, 2002, p.330). 1haL ls, Lhe comblnaLlon of parLlclpaLlon Lechnologles (such as
Lhe arLlclpaLory 8udgeL - 8) wlLh Lhe lC1s would be necessary for SanLos (2002), ln order Lo
dlverslfy Lhe parLlclpaLory channels, slnce, wlLh Lhe growLh and recognlLlon of Lhe efflcacy of 8 lL
would occur an lncrease ln clvll parLlclpaLlon.
1hls paper dlscusses democraLlc parLlclpaLlon ln publlc admlnlsLraLlon medlaLed by lnformaLlon and
communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s). 1he research focuses on Lhe ulglLal arLlclpaLory 8udgeL (u8)
used ln 8elo PorlzonLe, 8razll. 1he cenLral quesLlon ls: WhaL are Lhe conLrlbuLlons of Lhe ulglLal
arLlclpaLory 8udgeL of 8elo PorlzonLe for Lhe model of parLlclpaLory democracy from Lhe
perspecLlve of publlc managers and Lhe pracLlce of Lhe clLlzens? 1o adequaLely examlne Lhls
quesLlon, lLs deflned Lwo cenLral varlables: Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal deslgn and pollLlcal pro[ecL LhaL gulded
Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe u8 and, consequenLly, Lhe parLlclpaLlve praLlce. 8y elecLlng lnsLlLuLlonal
deslgn and pollLlcal pro[ecL as analyLlcal keys Lo Lhe presenL research Lhe sLudy ls noL llmlLed Lo
explorlng Lhe u8 lnsLrumenLally. 1he meLhodology used was a slngle case sLudy. 1he daLa were
collecLed Lhrough dlrecL observaLlon, documenLal analysls and lnLervlews wlLh publlc admlnlsLraLors


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and an acLlvlsL of Lhe local soclal movemenL. We analyzed Lhe Lhree edlLlons of Lhe 8elo PorlzonLe
u8 (2006, 2008 and 2011). uaLa were analyzed uslng Lhe sofLware AlLas.1l 6.0. 1he resulLs lndlcaLe
LhaL Lhe offerlng of new cosLs of parLlclpaLlon, Lransparency ln Lhe process and Lhe resonance of
dlglLal parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe face-Lo-face" parLlclpaLlon, are Lhe maln conLrlbuLlons of Lhe u8 Lo Lhe
model of parLlclpaLory democracy. CLher flndlngs lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe pollLlcal pro[ecL and Lhe
lnsLlLuLlonal deslgn lnfluence Lhe Lype of parLlclpaLlon experlenced by clLlzens.

* * *

Cu|tura| b|as |n techn|ca| connect|ons - the re|nforcement of c||ente||sm |n v|rtua| |nteract|ons
between po||t|c|ans and c|t|zens

uanlel nardln 1AvA8LS
MasLer (ongolng), osLgraduaLlon rogram
laculLy of CommunlcaLlon
unlversldade de 8rasllla, 8razll
nardln.danlel[gmall.com

ln modern democracles, Lhe habermaslan concepL of publlc sphere shows Lhe llnks beLween pollLlcs
and communlcaLlon. 1he new medla Lechnologles and Lhe soclal neLworklng consLrucLed ln a vlrLual
place brlngs Lhe ldea of vlrLual publlc sphere, cause ln our Llmes Lhe physlcally presence lsn'L more
declslve Lo creaLe llnkages beLween clLlzens, medla and pollcy. 8uL, even ln Lhls place bullL Lo [oln
people and Lo enhanclng popular parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe pollLlcal debaLe, ln a flnal ob[ecLlve Lo
lmprovlng democracy, vlrLual doesn'L necessarlly mean publlc. ln vlrLual, coexlsLs publlc and prlvaLe
ln a large ampllLude, ever posslble before. And, ln Lhls vlrLual hldeouL, could lL become anoLher
plaLform for relnforce old and unofflclal pollLlcal pracLlces aLLendlng prlvaLe lnLeresLs llke cllenLellsm.

* * *
'
L,"#$4$*$+B'.0'$/+",/"+'(./+"/+'?'%,"'(,.8#1'8$1"'%/#'82%+'#."1'$+'<"%/X'

kaLarzyna A88AMCZuk
lnsLlLuLe of ollLlcal SLudles
ollsh Academy of Sclences, oland
k.abramczuk[gmall.com

Mlcha !AnkCWSkl-LC8Lk
ollsh-!apanese lnsLlLuLe of lnformaLlon 1echnology, oland
m.[ankowskl[p[.edu.pl




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1he Lerm wlsdom of crowds ls wldely used. lL descrlbes Lhe phenomenon of collecLlve oplnlon of a
group of lay lndlvlduals belng equally good or beLLer Lhan an answer of a slngle experL. lL ls ofLen
menLloned when a [usLlflcaLlon for relylng on lnLerneL soclal feedback ls needed. lL has been shown
LhaL crowds Lend Lo work besL when Lhere ls a correcL answer Lo Lhe quesLlon belng posed. 1he sLudy
aL hand ls a soclologlcal sLudy concerned wlLh a slLuaLlon where Lhls condlLlon ls noL meL. We
examlne evaluaLlons of credlblllLy of Web conLenL. Such evaluaLlons seem Lo be largely sub[ecLlve.
eople lncreaslngly rely on Lhe vasL amounL of lnformaLlon avallable on Lhe lnLerneL (and Lhe WWW
ln parLlcular). As a consequence, Lhe lssue of [udglng or evaluaLlng Lhe credlblllLy of Lhls lnformaLlon
becomes of cruclal lmporLance. 1he research on credlblllLy of compuLer sysLems and lnformaLlon ls
conLlnulng slnce Lhe 1990s. 1here ls, however, very few sLudles ln whlch a dlverse group of
respondenLs evaluaLes a number of Web pages repeaLedly. Such sLudles would allow for verlfylng
hypoLheses relaLed Lo sub[ecLlvlLy of credlblllLy evaluaLlons. 1hey could also help us assess usefulness
and preferable ways of aggregaLlng oplnlons ln hlghly heLerogeneous populaLlon.
We can lndlcaLe several sources of sub[ecLlvlLy of credlblllLy evaluaLlons. Some of Lhem are [usLlfled
and should noL be correcLed by sysLems almlng aL supporLlng lnLerneL users ln Lhelr credlblllLy
assessmenLs. lor example acLual dlfferences of oplnlons belong Lo Lhls caLegory. Powever, Lhere are
also oLher dlfferences such as dlfferences ln level of Loplc speclflc knowledge, level of lnLerneL
efflcacy (second level dlglLal dlvlde) and cerLaln psychologlcal facLors such as need for cognlLlon or
general gulllblllLy. 1hey can be a source of blas and sysLemaLlc errors commlLLed by cerLaln groups
and we would ldeally llke Lo correcL for Lhem. 1he quesLlon ls wheLher we can achleve lL by slmply
relylng on wlsdom of crowds.
1o sLudy Lhls problem we deslgned a large experlmenL conducLed over Lhe lnLerneL wlLh supporL of a
company speclallzlng ln Web-based soclal oplnlon research. 1he Web pages for evaluaLlon were
selecLed manually Lo assure dlverslLy of presenLed bellefs, deslgn sLyles and Lype of sources. 1hey
covered a number of Loplcs falllng lnLo four broad caLegorles: healLhy llfesLyle, cancer LreaLmenL,
parenLlng and personal flnance. A slngle Web page was evaluaLed by almosL 30 dlfferenL people. We
have gaLhered over 8000 evaluaLlons from nearly 3000 respondenLs. 1he respondenLs were selecLed
Lo assure dlverslLy wlLh respecL Lo soclo-economlc characLerlsLlcs and lnLerneL efflcacy. We have also
gaLhered respondenLs' declaraLlons regardlng Loplc experLlse and measured Lhelr psychologlcal
characLerlsLlcs. llnally we compared behavlor ln Lwo Lyplcal slLuaLlons: browslng Lhe Web conLenL
and searchlng lL for speclflc answers.
1he general dlsLrlbuLlon of gaLhered answers ls slmllar Lo Lhose we observe ln worklng soclal
feedback sysLems on Lhe lnLerneL. eople Lend Lo be raLher generous ln Lhelr evaluaLlons. Powever,
prellmlnary analysls of Lhe daLa shows a number of slgnlflcanL dlfferences ln evaluaLlons of cerLaln
subgroups from our sLudy. We noLe for example LhaL people characLerlzed by hlgher lnLerneL efflcacy
are more crlLlcal Lowards Web conLenL. 1he same observaLlon applles Lo people wlLh hlgher
educaLlon and Lhose LhaL search for speclflc answers wlLhln Lhe Web page. ulfferenL groups provlde
also dlfferenL [usLlflcaLlons for Lhelr evaluaLlons and pay aLLenLlon Lo such facLors as Web page's
appearance Lo varlous exLenL.


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We are runnlng a number of slmllar comparlsons. 1he maln goal of Lhe presenL paper ls comparlson
of evaluaLlons achleved wlLhln Lhe wlsdom of crowds paradlgm (medlan welghLed evaluaLlons) wlLh
experL evaluaLlons, where experLs can be deflned ln a number of dlfferenL ways. Several posslblllLles
are: hlghly knowledgeable people, people wlLh large lnLerneL experlence, educaLed people, hlghly
lnvolved people. We hope Lo achleve beLLer undersLandlng of boLh sub[ecLlvlLy of credlblllLy
assessmenLs and lLs lnfluence on soclal oplnlon formaLlon processes.

* * *


E$4",+B&'1"(),$+B&'%/#'":$1+"<$('#$11"/+'

uanlele SAn1C8C
ueparLmenL of ollLlcal Sclence
Lulss unlverslLy, 8ome, lLaly
dsanLoro[lulss.lL

Manohar kuMA8
ueparLmenL of ollLlcal Sclence
Lulss unlverslLy, 8ome, lLaly
mkumar[lulss.lL

Wlklleaks releases have slgnlflcanLly conLrlbuLed Lo brlng lssues of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon
Lechnologles Lo Lhe foreground of Lhe pollLlcal debaLe. AgalnsL Lhe flerce aLLacks of governmenLs
worldwlde ln reacLlon Lo Lhose dlsclosures, Lhe maln [usLlflcaLlon lnvoked by advocaLes of Wlklleaks
ls LhaL people have a fundamenLal rlghL Lo lnformaLlon when Lhe governmenL operaLes ln Lhelr name.
1he paper explores Lhe scope and Lhe valldlLy of Lhls argumenL and provldes a raLlonale for Lhe rlghL
Lo know" ln Lhose cases where Lhe fundamenLal rlghLs of prlvacy, freedom of speech and of
movemenL are llmlLed or vlolaLed by secrecy measures such as daLa mlnlng and survelllance.
ln Lhe flrsL secLlon of Lhe paper we deLall ouL Lhe currenL undersLandlng of Lhe [usLlflcaLlon of sLaLe
secrecy. A common oplnlon among pollLlcal and legal LheorlsLs holds LhaL lnsLlLuLlons such as secreL
servlces and governmenL agencles are necessary Lo Lhe very funcLlonlng of democracles (cf. SunsLeln
1986, Solove 2008, Sagar 2009, Moore 2011, and ArLlcle 8 of Lhe Luropean ConvenLlon on Puman
8lghLs). 1hls vlew relles on Lhe ldea LhaL a Lrade-off beLween llberLy and securlLy should be allowed
when sLaLes of emergency requlre exLraordlnary measures (osner and vermuele 2007, vermuele
2011). 1he role of Lhe sLaLe and pollcy makers ls Lhus Lo flnd Lhe ldeal balance under a glven
clrcumsLance. We crlLlclze Lhls vlew on eplsLemlc grounds, argulng LhaL lL [usLlfles an lnformaLlonal
asymmeLry beLween execuLlves and democraLlc consLlLuencles ln conLrasL wlLh Lhe prlnclple of
Lransparency LhaL ls qulnLessenLlal Lo democraLlc declslon-maklng. 8y granLlng execuLlves wlLh an
excluslve prerogaLlve ln gaLherlng and assesslng senslLlve lnformaLlon, no warranL ls ensured LhaL
clLlzens wlll be able Lo [udge wheLher Lhe Lrade-off Lhey are sub[ecLed ls [usLlfled under consLlLuLlonal


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consLralnLs, and wheLher Lhe gaLherlng of daLa wlll be employed Lo serve Lhelr lnLeresLs. Along wlLh
Lhe crlLlclsm from lack of Lransparency, we argue LhaL Lhe balance model falls Lo Lo [usLlfy lLs
deslderaLa: even on Lhe (common-sense) assumpLlon LhaL llberLy ls assoclaLed Lo rlsk, lL ls noL clear
LhaL a dlmlnuLlon of llberLy wlll lncrease Lhe neL-sum of securlLy. 1herefore, lf we cannoL know
wheLher lL ls worLh glvlng up some llberLles, we cannoL Lalk wlLh any confldence abouL an
ad[usLmenL ln Lhe balance". Cn Lhe conLrary, whaL we know for cerLaln ls LhaL Lhe lmmedlaLe effecLs
on suspecLs and dlssldenLs are qulLe clear". (Waldron 2003: 209).
ln second secLlon, we provlde a prlnclpled argumenL agalnsL Lhe complemenLarlLy of llberLy and
securlLy. We argue LhaL, slnce Lhe rule of Law requlres LhaL sufflclenL knowledge musL be made
avallable by lnsLlLuLlons Lo clLlzens ln order Lo fulflll Lhelr own obllgaLlons, Lhe same requlremenL
should be granLed for Lhe en[oymenL of Lhelr rlghLs. Cn Lhls basls, we deflne Lhe eplsLemlc dlmenslon
of consLlLuLlonal rlghLs as a dlsLlncLlve enLlLlemenL Lo Lhe full knowledge requlred for Lhelr fulflllmenL
and llmlLaLlons. 1herefore, any exerclse of a fundamenLal rlghL lmplles (l) a rlghL Lo Lransparency Lo
Lhe full range of acLlons proLecLed under LhaL rlghL and (ll) a due [usLlflcaLlon for Lhose cases when lLs
exerclse ls llmlLed.
We show LhaL, under Lhls angle, Lhe eplsLemlc enLlLlemenLs of consLlLuLlonal rlghLs confllcL wlLh
governmenLal prerogaLlves ln Lwo cases: where Lhe gaLherlng of senslLlve lnformaLlon concerns Lhe
vlolaLlon of prlvacy rlghLs, and when governmenLs' acLlvlLles (such as operaLlons ln war zones) are
conducLed on behalf of clLlzens unbeknown Lo Lhem.
We conclude LhaL ln cases llke of Lhls sorL, when condlLlons of Lransparency are noL meL, forms of
eplsLemlc dlssenL such as Wlklleaks, appear fully leglLlmaLe. 1o Lhls purpose, Lhe paper looks aL some
aspecLs of Lhe new medla, especlally Lhe ones llke Wlklleaks, as empowermenL mechanlsms for an
acLlve clLlzenry.

8eferences
1be otopeoo cooveotloo oo nomoo klqbts, Councll of Lurope, 8ome, 1930,
Moore, Adam (2011), rlvacy, SecurlLy, and CovernmenL survelllance: 1he new AccounLablllLy
Landscape", lobllc Affotls Ooottetly, vol. 23. 2, Aprll 2011
osner, Lrlc A., & Adrlan vermeule, (2007), 1ettot lo tbe 8olooce. 5ecotlty, llbetty ooJ tbe cootts,
Cxford unlverslLy ress
Sagar, 8. (2009), Who Polds Lhe 8alance? A Mlsslng ueLall ln Lhe uebaLe over 8alanclng SecurlLy and
LlberLy, ollLy, volume 41, number 2 . Aprll 2009
Solove, uanlel !. (2008), uaLa Mlnlng and Lhe SecurlLy-LlberLy uebaLe", uolvetslty of cblcoqo low
kevlew, vol. 73: 343-362
SunsLeln, Cass, CovernmenL ConLrol of lnformaLlon", collfotolo low kevlew, vol. 74, no. 3,
Symposlum: new erspecLlves ln Lhe Law of uefamaLlon (May, 1986), pp. 889-921.


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vermeule, Adrlan, (2011), SecurlLy and LlberLy: CrlLlques of Lhe 1radeoff 1hesls", Parvard Law
School, ubllc Law & Legal 1heory Worklng aper Serles aper no. 11-19
Waldron, !eremy (2003), SecurlLy and LlberLy: 1he lmage of 8alance", 1he !ournal of ollLlcal
hllosophy: volume 11, number 2, 2003, pp. 191-210, now lncluded ln Waldron (2012), 1orLure,
1error, and 1rade-Cffs: hllosophy for Lhe WhlLe Pouse

* * *

K,%R$*$%/'0%5"*%1Z',"1$#"/+1'%/#'+2"$,')1"'.0'1.($%*'<"#$%'%1'%'+..*'.0'(.<<)/$(%+$./'

Lullla 1elxelra de vASCCnCLLCS
MasLer CandldaLe
nagoya unlverslLy, !apan
eulallav34[gmall.com

lnformaLlon and CommunlcaLlon 1echnologles (lC1s) conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe new perspecLlve of maklng
[ournallsm and also a more democraLlc process whlch lncludes people from Lhe margln of Lhe
socleLy. ln 8razlllan favelas (1) (slums), resldenLs have acqualnLed Lhe cyberspace as place or square
Lo express oplnlons, flnd peers and connecL Lo Lhem. ln Lhls sense, Lhe webslLe vlvo lovelo was
launched as a deslre of Lhese resldenLs who dld noL feel represenLed by LradlLlonal medla ln 8razll
and could noL recognlze Lhem as clLlzens or parL of Lhe clLy, ln a perspecLlve of dlvlded clLy (favela ls
ouLslde, excluded).
ln Lhls sLudy, supporLed by Lhe assumpLlon of Lhe role of communlcaLlon for developmenL, lL ls
dlscussed soclal medla as Lhe new publlc arena. 1he access of Lhe lnLerneL by marglnallzed groups
and Lhelr role as soclal acLor should be ldenLlfled ln some movemenLs and expresslons ln Lhe
cyberspace. 1hrough soclal medla, undersLood as Lools for open access such as soclal neLworklng
slLes (SnS), weblogs, wlkl, and collaboraLlve webslLes, people are Laklng parL of publlc dlscusslons
assumlng a role and lnLegraLlng groups of resonanL volces.
1he role of soclal medla as Lool of communlcaLlon ls Lhe maln purpose of Lhls sLudy because lL
lnLends Lo analyze ln whaL sense people Lruly make use of Lhe lnLerneL Lo express Lhelr oplnlons and
ldeas, and whaL reason for Lhls. 1he analysls of Lhe collaboraLlve webslLe vlvo lovelo, a favela-based
soclal medla coordlnaLed by nCC vlvo klo, ln 8razll, ls conducLed Lo explore narraLlves of 8razlllan
slums' resldenLs and Lhen undersLand and ldenLlfy funcLlon of Lhls Lool Lo promoLe soclal change and
conLrlbuLe Lo marglnallzed groups' lnvolvemenL as clLlzens. 1o accompllsh Lhls, was necessary Lo
expose a plcLure wlLhln marglnallzed groups' from varlous secLors. 8ased on Lhls, lL ls necessary
ldenLlfy who are Lhese groups LhaL make use of soclal medla Lo galn volce and be heard. SoclologlsLs
and scholars from a huge fleld of sLudles, such as CasLells (2008, 2009), Weber (1978), Pabermas
(1992), and Sen (1999) belleve ln clLlzen's capaclLy of Laklng parL of esLabllshmenL of rules and norms,


1
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and also of publlc arena ln promoLlng soclal lncluslon. Powever, all of Lhem advocaLe abouL Lhe role
of medla as space of dlscusslon Lo enhance marglnallzed groups' parLlclpaLlon.
ln Lhls sense, marglnallzed groups are maklng use of soclal medla, as Clllmor (2006) asserLs ln hls
dlscusslon abouL weblogs and Lhe new Lrend of [ournallsm as a conversaLlon. 1he role of clLlzens ls
fundamenLal Lo clrculaLe lnformaLlon and also Lo promoLe publlc debaLe ln Lhe medla realm. CasLells
(2009) advocaLes LhaL people are produclng news sLorles ln a self-moss commoolcotloo flow, whlch
represenL more Lhan decenLrallzaLlon of lnformaLlon. lndeed, Lhrough soclal medla people are soclal
acLor and responslble for encourage Lhe clLlzens' lnvolvemenL.
1he analysls of vlvo lovelo webslLe Lhrough collaboraLors volunLeers' narraLlves and lnLervlews
shows LhaL people who belong Lo marglnallzed groups are maklng use of soclal medla as Lool of
communlcaLlon. lf Lhey have opporLunlLy, clLlzens should exerclse Lhelr rlghL of volce ln Lhe
cyberspace as advocaLes Clllmor (2006), CasLells (2008, 2009), and Coleman. SupporLed by medla's
concepL, lL was posslble ldenLlfy, based on LheorlsLs such as 1uchman (1978), LhaL publlc are noL
lnvlLed Lo Lake parL of Lhe publlc debaLe. 8ecause of Lhls, cyberspace should promoLe acLlve
parLlclpaLlon of marglnallzed group and corroboraLe Lo clLlzens' democraLlc lnvolvemenL.

8eferences
(1)lavela ls Lerm used Lo refer Lo 8razlllan slum
CasLells, Manuel. commoolcotloo lowet. Cxford unlverslLy ress, uSA, 2009.
_________________ 1he new ubllc Sphere: Clobal Clvll SocleLy, ComunlcaLlon neLworks, and
Clobal Covernance. 1he AnnALS of Lhe Amerlcan Academy of ollLlcal and Soclal Sclence.
uownloaded aL San lranclsco SLaLe unlveslLy on lebruary 13, 2008.
lalrclough, norman. ctltlcol ulscootse Aoolysls. Lngland, 1993.
Clllmor, uan. we tbe MeJlo. CrassrooLs !ournallsm by Lhe eople, for Lhe eople. C8ellly Medla,
new ?ork, 2006.
Pabermas, !urgen. 1be 5ttoctotol 1toosfotmotloo of tbe lobllc 5pbete. ollLy ress, Cambrldge, uk,
1992.
Sen, AmarLya. uevelopmeot os lteeJom. 8andom Pouse, lnc., new ?ork, uSA, 1999.
1uchman, Caye. Mokloq News: a sLudy ln Lhe consLrucLlon of reallLy. Macmlllan ubllshlng Co., lnc.,
new ?ork, uSA, 1978.

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K"2$/#'+2"'3)B'0%8="1'<%1=6'S@%<$/$/3'%/./B<.)1'%/#'c:;1,%"*'

ueml 8A8ZAnA
kaylah 8A?LC8
Ayako lWA1A
Morgan kLSCPL
8ryanna MlLLL8
8achel MC8CAnuALL
Alyssa SCPCLn8L8CL8

reclous vlda ?AMACuCPl, hu
Cedar CresL College, uSA
freshpresh[gmall.com

1hls paper examlnes Lhe use of soclal medla ln organlzlng hackLlvlsL (hacker acLlvlsL) evenLs ln
response Lo Lhe Caza-lsrael flghLlng ln november 2012. 1hls collaboraLlve cyber-eLhnography pro[ecL
lnvolves soclal medla, parLlcularly 1wlLLer, and lLs hashLag, #Cplsrael, Lo sLudy Lhe organlzaLlon,
acLlons, and ouLcomes of onllne acLlvlsm. 1heCuy lawkes' lmage has found a new place ln pop-
culLure. lnsLead of burnlng hls efflgy, some are donnlng hls face. 1he 2003 fllm, v fot veoJetto (based
off of a comlc serles by Lhe same name) feaLured a vlgllanLe called 'v' who wore a lawkes mask whlle
enacLlng hls own modern Cunpowder loL.
WheLher lnsplred by hlsLory or lnsplred by Pollywood, Lhe hacker group known as Anonymous has
assumed Lhe Cuy lawkes mask as Lhelr publlc face. PackLlvlsm as lL ls now known ls Lhe acL of uslng
Lhe lnLerneL Lechnologles Lo sLage proLesLs. MosL recenLly, Lhelr aLLenLlon was Lurned Lo lsrael when
Lhe governmenL LhreaLened Lo shuL down Lhe lnLerneL wlLhln Lhe counLry. Cn november 17, 2012,
Anonymous publlcly declared war on Lhe lsraell governmenL Lhrough a ?ou1ube vldeo feaLurlng a
masked member of Lhe group (1odd, 2012). 1he group organlzed a care-package for Lhe clLlzens of
lsrael wlLh Lrlcks Lo geLLlng back up onllne as well as flrsL ald lnformaLlon and had lL LranslaLed lnLo
Pebrew. 1hey had dlspersed slmllar packages Lo LgypL when Lhelr governmenL slmllarly Lrled Lo shuL
off Lhe lnLerneL. 1he group also began crashlng lsraell webslLes, Laklng down bank daLabases,
governmenL webslLes, and oLhers. ln Lhls paper, we have Laken a quallLaLlve look aL Lhe work of
Anonymous. Looklng aL Lhelr ?ou1ube vldeos, 1wlLLer feeds, and Lhe lsraell webslLes Lhey have
LargeLed, we have creaLed an eLhnographlc sLudy of Lhelr acLlons Lhrough Lhe lens of anLl-
colonlallsm.


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H"<B1+$0B$/3' #"<.(,%(B' $/' +2"' #$3$+%*' %3"6' H"+",<$/$/3' +2"' #"<.(,%+$(' :.+"/+$%*' .0' :%,+$($:%+.,B'
d.),/%*$1<'$/'e$<4%48"'

8ruce Mu1SvAl8C, hu
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
b.muLsvalro[uLwenLe.nl

lrls LLl!LnuLkkL8
AmsLerdam unlverslLy College, 1he neLherlands

lL has been repeaLedly clalmed LhaL freedom of expresslon ls Lhe llfeblood of democracy (See log,
2004, Wahl-!orgenson & PanlLzsch, 2009, 8haLLacharyya & Podler, 2012 ). We are made Lo belleve
LhaL medla and democracy are lnseparable, whlch perhaps explalns why Lhe Lwo words are ofLen
used lnLerchangeably. ConLemporary medla research has moved Lo focus more on Lhe democraLlc
poLenLlallLy of parLlclpaLory [ournallsm (Carlson, 2007, ueuze eL. al., 2007, ue Zunlga, 2009, kaufhold
eL. al., 2010) 1he emergence of new medla plaLforms ls Lhus expecLedly re[uvenaLlng long-sLandlng
debaLe on Lhe role of medla ln democracy. 8eLLer sLlll, emplrlcal research has credlLed parLlclpaLory
[ournallsm for example wlLh helplng free up Lhe democraLlc space ln several counLrles lncludlng
Chlna (8eeze & ual, 2009), Lhe u.S. (?oung, 2008) and 8urma (ldduck, 2010). Cnly a handful of
sLudles have however documenLed Lhe democraLlc poLenLlallLy of conLenL wholly-produced and
shared among unLralned medla professlonals on Lhe Afrlcan conLlnenL. 1hls sLudy uses Zlmbabwe as
a case sLudy Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe democraLlc slgnlflcance of parLlclpaLory [ournallsm. 1radlLlonally,
Zlmbabwe has domlnaLed headllnes ln Lhe WesL for several reasons lncludlng Lhe percelved
represslon on Lhe parL of Lhe governmenL Lowards free press. !ournallsLs seen as crlLlcal Lo resldenL
8oberL Mugabe's governmenL have allegedly been arresLed whlle lndependenL newspapers are sald
Lo have been closed down. 8uL for some, Lhe lnLerneL has changed Lhe rules of Lhe game forclng
prevlously auLhorlLarlan governmenLs, lncludlng Zlmbabwe's, Lo open up. CrlLlqulng 8helngold
(1993)'s uLoplan vlew LhaL Lhe lnLerneL has democraLlslng poLenLlal, Lhls sLudy argues based on a
Lhree-monLh eLhnographlcal assessmenL of clLlzen commenLs appearlng ln Lhe counLry's Lwo ma[or
publlcaLlons (newZlmbabwean.com and 1he Zlmbabwean.co.uk) LhaL Lhe ma[or democraLlc
conLrlbuLlon of clLlzen [ournallsm ls raLher lLs ablllLy Lo enable Zlmbabweans Lo Lell sLorles from Lhelr
own perspecLlves, a chance never accorded Lo Lhem by boLh Lhe sLaLe and WesLern medla ln general.

* * *
'
;+%*$%/':.*$+$(%*'4*.31'$/':,.1:"(+6'I'1+)#B'.0'+2"'#"<.(,%+$(':.+"/+$%*'.0'+2"'./C*$/"':)4*$('1:2","''

AlberLo CCSSu
hu CandldaLe ln Soclology aL CraduaLe School ln Soclal & ollLlcal Sclences (CSSS)
ueparLmenL of Soclal & ollLlcal Sclences
unlverslLa degll SLudl dl Mllano, lLaly
alberLo.cossu[unlml.lL


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1he paper l would llke Lo presenL lnvesLlgaLes Lhe communlcaLlve pracLlces whlch Lake place wlLhln
on-llne publlc spoces and, speclflcally, wlLhln Lwo pollLlcal" blogs of Lhe lLallan blogosphere. 1he
need of such a Lhesls sLems from Lhe wlll Lo undersLand, wlLh Lhe ald of emplrlcal research, Lhe real
capaclLy of such blogs Lo be lnsLrumenLs capable of maklng publlc spbete, LhaL ls, lnsLrumenLs able Lo
conLrlbuLe Lo sLrengLhen democracy Lo Lhe exLenL LhaL Lhey mlghL conflgure new ways for Lhe
creaLlon of publlc oplnlon. 1he Lwo blogs whlch consLlLuLed Lhe case sLudles were selecLed for Lhelr
apparenL anLlnomy, hence, on Lhe one hand, we had Lhe blog of comedlan 8eppe Crlllo and, on Lhe
oLher hand, Lhe one of Lhe pollLlclan aolo CuzzanLl. 1hese blogs presenLed slgnlflcanL dlfferences
among several dlmenslons: audlence slze and popularlLy, pollLlcal culLure background, auLhorshlp,
presence of raLlonal argumenLaLlon.
1he sLudy was conducLed wlLh Lhe supporL of dlfferenL lnsLrumenLs of soclal research: on-llne
surveys, vlrLual eLhnography and conLenL analysls. 1he laLLer, ln parLlcular, conslsLed ln an exLenslve
daLa collecLlon and analysls of 3,000 user commenLs who replled Lo Lhree selecLed blogger's posLs.
1he quallLaLlve analysls of Lhls LexLual daLa has been carrled ouL under Lhe scruLlny of Lhe
Pabermaslan Lheory of publlc sphere - approprlaLely operaLlonallzed ln flve lndlcaLors who
correspond Lo Lhe maln normaLlve condlLlons requlred for an lJeol publlc sphere Lo acLually exlsL.
1he analysls of Lhe case sLudles, has been conducLed followlng a mulLlple seL of caLegorles
prlnclpally dlvlded ln Lwo sLralns. 1he flrsL lnLended Lo address Lhe slgnlflcanL dlscrepancles ln
fulfllllng Lhe normaLlve consLralnLs, by Lhe Lwo blogs, Lhrough a more culLurallsL approach whlch
lncluded Lhree dlmenslons: Lhe dlchoLomy orallLy/LexLuallLy, Lhe dlchoLomy corporeallLy/spaLlallLy
and Lhe noLlon of pollLlcal culLure. Such group of analyLlcal caLegorles allowed Lo hlghllghL, ln
parLlcular, Lhe fundamenLal relevance of soclal deLermlnaLlons wlLhln Lhe frame of a democraLlzlng
use of new medla Lechnologles. 1he second sLraln of analysls, regardlng Lhe evaluaLlon of Lhe
democraLlc poLenLlal, has been conducLed separaLlng analyLlcally Lhe Lwo maln, and consequenLlal,
funcLlons of an Pabermaslan publlc sphere. 1haL ls, Lo maLuraLe consldered and leglLlmaLlng publlc
oplnlons among peers and Lhe capaclLy Lo push" such orlenLaLlons Lo breach Lhe hydraullc
enclosures" of Lhe lnner pollLlcal sysLem. 1he emplrlcal evldences allowed Lo hlghllghL how Lhe Lwo
blogs acLually developed only one of Lhese funcLlons buL lL has also shown LhaL a democraLlzlng
funcLlon, ln a wlder sense, can be achleved ouLslde Lhe curb of publlc sphere Lheory. Such an
ascerLalnmenL led Lo conclude LhaL Lhe normaLlve model of Lhe publlc sphere lacks soclologlcal
reallsm buL, noneLheless, lL remalns an lnvaluable Lool Lo exerL a crlLlc of sysLemaLlcally dlsLorLed
communlcaLlon envlronmenLs.
* * *
'
W.*$(B'<"%1),"1'$/'+2"'%3"'.0'/"8'<"#$%'

Mun Cho klm
ueparLmenL of Soclology
korea unlverslLy, SouLh korea
muncho[korea.ac.kr


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CommunlcaLlons ln Lhe age of new medla are acqulrlng Lhe quallLy of ublqulLy, whereln anybody ls
able Lo exchange any message anywhere anyLlme Lhrough a wlde range of channels, Lools and rouLes.
Accordlngly, Lhe communlcaLlon coverage Lends Lo expand ln every aspecL of Llme, place, sub[ecL,
ob[ecL, mode alLogeLher. Whlle Lhls expanslon of communlcaLlon coverage promoLes Lhe
opporLunlLles of publlc dlscourse, lL also glves rlse Lo Lhe new sources of soclal confllcLs.
ln Lhe age of Web 2.0, 'smarL' neLworklng sysLems of SnS such as 1wlLLer or lacebook have been
prollferaLed. 1he quallLy of communlcaLlons ls also enhanced wlLh help of collecLlve lnLelllgence such
as Wlklpedla. ln addlLlon, agenLs of communlcaLlons who once were slmply passlve reclplenLs merely
accepLlng glven messages have Lransformed lnLo progresslve acLors acLlvely engaglng ln Lhe process
of message producLlon and dellvery.
WlLh broadcasLlng and LelecommunlcaLlons merged, Lhe appllcablllLy and moblllLy of communlcaLlon
spaces belng enhanced and Lhe number of smarL users who can defLly handle communlcaLlon Lools
lncreased, dysfuncLlons such as soclal compeLlLlon, confronLaLlon and feud are belng lnLenslfled as
well. 1hus, Loday's medla-scape accompanylng boLh developmenL and convergence can be
represenLed by Lhe dlcLum, LranslLlon from a cool Lo hoL sLaLe." 1haL ls because, unllke Lhe age of
mass medla, Lhe age of new medla ls belng led by Lhe lnLerneL, whlch demands an acLlve
engagemenL of users.
ln a convenLlonal lndusLrlal socleLy, where Lhe expanslon of maLerlal producLlvlLy used Lo be a ma[or
Lask for naLlonal developmenL, overcomlng soclo-economlc crlses Lhrough efflclenL moblllzaLlon and
dlsLrlbuLlon of resources was Lhe Lop prlorlLy ln publlc pollcy. ln a posL-lndusLrlal socleLy, where Lhe
reducLlon and conLrol of soclal confllcLs came Lo Lhe fore as a promlnenL agenda, regulaLlng
leglLlmaLlon crlses Lhrough reconclllaLlon of collldlng collecLlve lnLeresLs was Lhe mosL urgenL pollcy
lssue. ln fuLure socleLy, where ldenLlLy crlses draw sharp aLLenLlon, Lhe emphasls of publlc pollcy has
Lo be placed on Lhe developmenL of vlslons and sLraLegles for llfe pollLlcs LhaL can enhance clLlzen's
auLonomous llfe compeLence for Lhe sake of collecLlve welfare. ln parLlcular, Lhe medla pollcy of
fuLure socleLy, whlch shows a hlgh probablllLy of ampllfled soclal sLraln due Lo Lhe lnLerneL-based
medla convergence, should be focused on enhanclng Lhe meanlng of llfe Lhrough lmprovlng Lhe
communlcaLlve raLlonallLy based on a sense of auLonomy and Lolerance.
Clven Lhe clrcumsLance, Lhls sLudy seeks Lo explore a "medla engagemenL model" as a new measure
of medla pollcy. 1hls pollcy model has been devlsed for clLlzens Lo acLlvely parLlclpaLe ln medla
acLlvlLles and culLlvaLe Lhelr compeLence ln maklng rlghL declslons. 1he baslc ldea sLems from
uS1(ubllc undersLandlng of Sclence and 1echnology), one of Lhe maln Loplcs ln Lhe fleld of
S1S(Sclence 1echnology SocleLy).
1oday's lndlvlduallzed clLlzens appear Lo have mlxed aLLrlbuLes of Lhe mass, Lhe mulLlLude, and Lhe
enllghLened publlc. WlLh reasonable communlcaLlons and raLlonal [udgmenL under Lhe condlLlon of a
hlgh soclal Lolerance, Lhey wlll be Lransformed lnLo wlse clLlzens: oLherwlse, Lhey wlll fall Lo bllnd
clLlzens. 1herefore, Lhe medla pollcy ln Lhe age of Lhe new medla should concenLraLe on Lhe
developmenL of Lhe medla engagemenL model and relevanL acLlon sLraLegles, whlch can lead


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lndlvlduallzed clLlzens, who are aL Lhe rlsk of degeneraLlng lnLo bllnd clLlzens, Lo become wlse clLlzens
by promoLlng opporLunlLles for open, free and auLonomous communlcaLlve acLlons.


* * *

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"/3%3"<"/+'$/'+2"':.*$(B':,.("11'+2,.)32'#$3$+%*'+"(2/.*.3$"1'

Mary PCuS1Cn, C8 SLudenL
laculLy of Soclal and Puman Sclences
unlverslLy of SouLhampLon, uk
mh3g09[soLon.ac.uk

1he web has Lhe posslblllLy Lo Lransform democracy Lhrough lncreased lnformaLlon flows and
opporLunlLles for lnLeracLlon beLween geographlcally and soclally dlverse lndlvlduals. lL provldes
mechanlsms Lo gaLher oplnlons, experlences and experLlse Lo lmprove pollcy maklng and alLer
pollLlcal dlscourse. Many governmenLs have adopLed Lhe use of dlglLal Lechnologles ln Lhelr efforLs Lo
engage wlLh clLlzens. ln recenL years Lhe uk governmenL has lnvlLed clLlzens Lo parLlclpaLe Lhrough
onllne consulLaLlons, dlscusslon forums, e-peLlLlons, web-chaLs and, lncreaslngly, Lhrough soclal
medla.
lL ls lnsLrucLlve Lo look aL whaL has happened ln cenLral governmenL over almosL 20 years. 1he
ouLcomes have noL been revoluLlonary, or even very exclLlng. CpporLunlLles for parLlclpaLlon ln
pollcy maklng are sporadlc, dlsconnecLed and mosLly non-lnLeracLlve. ubllc consulLaLlons are ofLen
formallzed, responses are resLrlcLed and lL ls noL obvlous whaL lmpacL or lnfluence publlc lnpuL has
lnLo pollcy developmenL. 1he fundamenLal quesLlon for me ls, why ls Lhere such a gap beLween whaL
governmenLs say Lhey wanL Lo achleve and whaL acLually happens? And why has Lhls gap perslsLed
desplLe changes of governmenL, rapld developmenL and lncreaslngly sophlsLlcaLed uses of Lhe
Lechnologles?
1he alm of my paper ls Lo explore Lhe role LhaL clvll servanLs play ln shaplng democraLlc onllne
engagemenL lnlLlaLlves, parLlcularly wlLh regard Lo pollcy maklng. Clvll servanLs are parL of complex
organlsaLlons and sysLems whlch have processes, rules and values LhaL shape behavlour. 1helr
percepLlons of how democracy should be enacLed, Lhe value of publlc lnvolvemenL and Lhelr
concepLlon of Lhe pollcy maklng process also lnLeracLs wlLh organlsaLlonal dynamlcs and lnfluences
cholces abouL Lechnology. 8elaLlvely llLLle research has been done on examlnlng Lhe welghL,
slgnlflcance and llnks beLween Lhese lnLernal varlables buL by dolng so we can galn a beLLer
undersLandlng of why Lhe dlsparlLy conLlnues.


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revlous research lnLo L-democracy can be dlvlded lnLo Lwo broad areas. llrsL, sLudles have looked aL
clLlzen parLlclpaLlon, who Lakes parL and who ls excluded. CLher work has consldered wheLher Laklng
parL ln ln onllne acLlvlLy makes furLher forms of parLlclpaLlon more aLLracLlve or lf Lhe acL of
parLlclpaLlng lncreases or decreases an lndlvldual's wlder soclal lnvolvemenL ln Lhelr local
communlLles for example Lhrough volunLeerlng, soclal assoclaLlons and lnLeracLlons wlLh nelghbours.
AnoLher fleld of sLudy ls on Lhe quallLy of onllne pollLlcal debaLe and wheLher dlglLal Lechnologles
lmprove or debase pollLlcal communlcaLlon.
1he second area of research focuses on Lhe lnfluence of Lhe web on Lhe pollLlcal sysLem and on
moLlvaLlons for deploylng onllne Lechnologles. SLudles dlscuss poLenLlal advanLages and rlsks. 1here
are advanLages such as cosL savlngs, greaLer efflclencles and lncreased accesslblllLy allowlng pollLlcal
parLles Lo demonsLraLe Lhelr wllllngness Lo lnvolve clLlzens ln Lhe buslness of governmenL and Lo
reduce publlc dlsengagemenL and dlsenchanLmenL wlLh Lhe pollLlcal sysLem. Powever, Lhe rlsks
lnclude loslng conLrol of lnformaLlon puL lnLo Lhe publlc domaln, lnadverLenL ldenLlflcaLlon of
lndlvlduals, and Lhe fallure Lo explolL Lhe value of onllne daLa, boLh soclally and economlcally. Much
of Lhls ls framed Lhrough Lhe polarlzlng revoluLlon/normallzaLlon debaLe. AL one end of Lhe
specLrum, greaL clalms are made for how Lhe new Lechnologles wlll revoluLlonlze publlc parLlclpaLlon
ln pollLlcs, whlle aL Lhe oLher end, lL has been argued LhaL 'pollLlcs as usual' wlll conLlnue, LhaL
exlsLlng paLLerns of power and lnfluence wlll prevall over or be lncorporaLed lnLo uses of dlglLal
Lechnologles.
Whlle exlsLlng research has much Lo offer on Lhe naLure of clLlzen parLlclpaLlon, and on Lhe effecLs of
Lhe lnLerneL on Lhe pollLlcal sysLem, Lhere ls a gap ln Lhe research llLeraLure regardlng Lhe lnfluence
of pollcy acLors, parLlcularly clvll servanLs, ln enabllng and faclllLaLlng governmenL sponsored dlglLal
engagemenL ln Lhe pollcy process. 1heorles on Lhe soclal shaplng of Lechnology are slgnlflcanL ln
provldlng explanaLlons on how Lechnologles are adopLed deslgned and lmplemenLed yeL Lhese are
rarely applled speclflcally Lo onllne democraLlc lnlLlaLlves. Much of Lhe work on lmplemenLlng
Lechnology wlLhln organlsaLlons assumes LhaL Lechnology slmply happens raLher Lhan examlnlng Lhe
lnLeracLlon of offlclals wlLh Lhe Lechnology. l argue LhaL uncoverlng whaL goes on wlLhln Lhe 'black
box' of governmenL wlll enable a fuller undersLandlng of currenL and fuLure ouLcomes ln onllne
democraLlc engagemenL.

* * *
'
!$3,%+$./' %/#' F"4' TUV6' 9.8' 1.($%*' /"+8.,=1' $1' 2"*:$/3' B.)/3' <$3,%/+1' $/' L%+%*./$%&' >:%$/' +.'
"/#),%/("'+2"$,'*.(%*',"*%+$./1'%/#'"@:%/#$/3'$/+.'/"8'./"1'

uavld 8AMl8LZ LASCLnClA
unlverslLy of Cuadala[ara, Mexlco
davldrapla[gmall.com
Some people conslder soclal neLworks as an emerglng global vlllage, and oLhers, a generaLor of
lonellness and lsolaLlon. Some belleve lL ls an opporLunlLy Lo grow soclal relaLlons, whlle oLhers see lL
as a way Lo feed Lhe vanlLy and narclsslsm. ln facL you may flnd confllcLlng poslLlons on Lhe beneflclal


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or negaLlve effecL of soclal neLworks. 8uL mosL of academlc llLeraLure agrees LhaL soclal neLworks
reflex Lhe complexlLles of Lhe off-llne llfe, wlLh all lLs conLradlcLlons (uahlgren, 2001)(Llllson,
SLelnfleld, & Lampe, 2007). Whlle many works focus on how soclal neLworks are an exLenslon of off-
llne soclal relaLlon and how young use Lhem for lmprovlng Lhe way Lhey connecL wlLh frlends and
famllles (Aslanldou & Menexes, 2008) (8ohloff, 2011). LlLLle aLLenLlon ls pald Lo how plaLforms llke
lACL8CCk help mlgranLs, noL only for endurance Lhelr naLlve relaLlons (relaLlve or frlends ln
homeland) buL Lo spread lnLo new neLs wlLh locals when arrlvlng lnLo Lhe new counLry.
1hls paper focuses on developlng few polnLs abouL Lhe use Web 2.0 ln Lhe llfe of some mlgranLs ln
Spaln. lL shows Lhe resulLs of research fleld achleved durlng sprlng 2011 ln 8arcelona. 1he maln Loplc
cenLers on how soclal neLworks caLalyze Lhe spread of soclal relaLlons of mlgranLs. Pow Lhe use of
communlLles llke lACL8CCk can lmprove Lhe lnLegraLlon of Lhe new resldenLs ln Lhe recelvlng
counLry and lncorporaLe new relaLlons lnLo Lhelr soclal sphere. Sub[ecLs lnLervlewed are beLween 26
and 40 years old, and lnclude people from Mexlco, uruguay, Chlle and oland. 1he lnLervlew
quesLlonnalre lncorporaLes lnformaLlon abouL soclal background, currenL labour slLuaLlon, lnLerneL
use, and soclal neLwork use, among oLhers.
llnal ouLcomes show LhaL whlle Lhere ls a subsLanLlal lncremenL of lnLerneL use beLween Lhe
quesLloned, especlally ln soclal neLworks, Lhere ls a clear Lendency Lo close llnes" and Lo look back
lnLo Lhelr home (komlLo, 2011). MlgranLs are noL uslng soclal neLworks Lo open wlde lnLo new
relaLlons wlLh Lhe new counLry buL Lo ensure noL Lo lose Lhe connecLlon wlLh Lhelr frlends and
relaLlves ln homeland. MosL of Lhem are noL lnLeresLed ln uslng soclal neLwork or oLher elecLronlcs
ways for conLacLlng and lnLegraLlng Spanlsh people ln Lhelr llves.
1hls could be explalned malnly because Lhere are no effecLlve governmenL or CnCs pollcles Lendlng
Lo use soclal appllcaLlons for helplng mlgranLs Lo lnLegraLe lnLo Lhe socleLy Lhey are llvlng know. Slnce
many of soclal acLlvlLy of mlgranLs are ln lnLerneL, governmenL acLlons has Lo be dlrecL lnLo Lhe use of
lnLerneL for promoLlng lnLeracLlon beLween mlgranLs and soclal agencles. 8uL economlc slLuaLlon
musL conslder, slnce crlsls ln Spaln and many oLher counLrles ln Lurope, ls mlnlng soclal welfare sLaLe
sysLem, many lmmlgranLs are reLurnlng lnLo Lhelr counLrles and Lhe resL who sLay ln Spaln are more
vulnerable speclally ln obLalnlng soclal securlLles servlces. 1here ls an lncreaslng deLrlmenLal slLuaLlon
agalnsL mlgranLs, faclllLaLlng Lhe appearlng of xenophoblc acLs around Lhe counLry. So mlgranLs are
more relucLanL Lo lnLeracL wlLh governmenL and locals.

keywords: MlgraLlon, Soclal neLworks, Web 2.0, lacebook, ?ouLh.

8eferences
Aslanldou, S., & Menexes, C. (2008). ?ouLh and Lhe lnLerneL: uses and pracLlces ln Lhe home.
compotets & Jocotloo, 51(3), 1373-1391.
uahlgren, . (2001). ?oung ClLlzens and ollLlcal arLlclpaLlon Cnllne Medla and Clvlc CulLures.
1olwoo Iootool of uemoctocy,, 7(2), 11-23.


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Llllson, n. 8., SLelnfleld, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). 1he 8eneflLs of lacebook lrlends:" Soclal CaplLal and
College SLudenLs' use of Cnllne Soclal neLwork SlLes. Iootool of compotet-MeJloteJ commoolcotloo,
12(4), 1143-1168.
komlLo, L. (2011). Soclal medla and mlgraLlon: vlrLual communlLy 2.0. I. Am. 5oc. lof. 5cl. 1ecbool.,
62(6), 1073-1086.
8ohloff, !. (2011). Ceoetotloo Jlqltol. oeoe MeJleo lo Jet tzlebooqsbetotooq. ueuLschland:
8undeskonferenz fur LrzlehungsberaLung.


* * *
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:,%(+$("1X'

Lanka PC8S1lnk, hu sLudenL
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
lankah[gmall.com

Cnllne soclal neLworks have become a ublqulLous parL of Lhe llves of many people llvlng ln wealLhy or
fasL growlng counLrles. comScore, a company LhaL measures Lhe dlglLal world, clalms soclal
neLworklng accounLs for 1 ln every 3 onllne mlnuLes, lnvolvlng 82 of Lhe world's over-13 lnLerneL
populaLon or more Lhan 1.2 bllllon users (1). user-frlendly Lechnologles have spawned a new era of
neLwork webslLes, where users and vlslLors provlde Lhe conLenLs and Lhe dynamlcs of Lhe slLe Lo such
an exLenL LhaL Lhey can be consldered crlLlcal members" of Lhe neLwork (Canley and Lampe, 2009).
1hese people are conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe collecLlve on a volunLary basls, so LhaL normal Lools of
organlsaLlonal conLrol no longer apply (Canley and Lampe, 2009). AddlLlonally, Lhelr behavlour can
noL be saLlsfacLorlly explalned by LradlLlonal ego-cenLrlc Lheorles such as Soclal CognlLlve 1heory,
because communlLy-relaLed ouLcome expecLaLlons appear Lo have a more declslve lnfluence on for
lnsLance knowledge sharlng Lhan personal ouLcome expecLaLlons (Chlu, Psu and Wang, 2006).
AlLhough neLwork analysls ls a maLure dlsclpllne, researchers have found LhaL Lhe assumpLlons from
Lhe Lheorles LhaL lnsplred lL, do noL apply neaLly Lo onllne soclal neLworks. Lxplorlng Lhe behavlour
and dynamlcs of Lhese vlrLual communlLles ls only [usL sLarLlng and whlle prellmlnary resulLs are
promlslng, research has focused on elLher mlcro or macro-level, sLudylng lndlvldual characLerlsLlcs of
users or Lyplcal neLwork aLLrlbuLes such as small-world effecL, scale-free feaLures and power-laws.
arallel Lo neLwork analysLs, dellberaLlve scholars have been debaLlng Lhe poLenLlal for radlcal
democracy on Lhe lnLerneL. 8uL very llLLle research lnLegraLes Lhe dlfferenL LheoreLlcal perspecLlves
on lnLerneL dynamlcs Lo analyse boLh Lhe sLrucLure and democraLlc poLenLlal of Lhe meso-level:
onllne soclal neLworks. When lssues such as declslon-maklng or power dynamlcs are Laken up, Lhey
are usually relaLed Lo Lhe use of Lhe World Wlde Web as a whole, Lo Lhe role of medla on Lhe lnLerneL


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or Lhe lnfluence of corporaLlons or governmenLs on lnLerneL access and conLenL. LlLLle ls known
abouL Lhe pollLlcal dynamlcs aL play wlLhln vlrLual communlLles. Cne surprlslng flnd by Sohn and Lee
(2003) lndlcaLes LhaL users Lend Lo Lransfer Lhelr offllne soclal dynamlcs Lo Lhe Web, malnLalnlng
soclally accepLable boundarles, desplLe Lhe safeLy" LhaL Lhe lnLerneL provldes Lhem ln Lerms of non-
physlcal presence and relaLlve anonymlLy. 1he carrylng over of offllne ldenLlLles and behavlours ls
conflrmed by oLher sLudles, Lhrowlng a shadow on Lhe LrumpeLed promlse of soclal and democraLlc
lnnovaLlon Lhrough Lhe lnLerneL.
1hls paper revlews Lheorles and sLudles on onllne soclal neLworks and aLLempLs Lo lnduce Lhe
democraLlc poLenLlal, or lack Lhereof, of Lhese neLworks. 1he analysls ls complemenLed wlLh a survey
on neLwork organlsaLlon and declslon-maklng among users of soclally, pollLlcally and/or ecologlcally
engaged neLworks, of whom lL ls assumed Lhey wlll be more aware of Lhe power dynamlcs aL play ln
Lhelr communlLles. 1he research follows up on an exploraLory sLudy conducLed lasL year by Lhe
auLhor, whlch found LhaL users, even Lhe "engaged" users LhaL were Lhe sub[ecLs of Lhe sLudy, are
largely unaware and uncrlLlcal of how declslons are Laken ln Lhelr neLworks. A large number of users
ls noL lnvolved ln Lhe declslon-maklng, buL neverLheless mosL of Lhese belleve declslons are Laken
Lhrough dellberaLlon and Lhe reachlng of consensus, when Lhls was rarely Lhe case. 1he follow-up
research wlll descrlbe and analyse Lhe declslon-maklng and governance pracLlces of a number of
orLuguese "engaged" onllne soclal neLworks, uslng documenLal sLudy, a survey and ln-depLh
lnLervlews wlLh ploneer users of Lhese neLworks. 1he worklng hypoLhesls ls LhaL Lhe democraLlc
pracLlces of onllne soclal neLworks are mlrrorlng offllne pracLlces, desplLe Lhe faclllLaLlng Lools for
neLwork organlsaLlon avallable wlLh new lC1. 1he research ls expecLed Lo shed llghL on wheLher Lhe
lnLerneL can be consLrued as a publlc sphere LhaL can faclllLaLe and lnnovaLe democraLlc pracLlces,
and on Lhe facLors LhaL promoLe or hlnder Lhls poLenLlal.

keywords: declslon-maklng, democracy, lnLerneL, onllne soclal neLworks, parLlclpaLlon


8eferences
(1) comScore 2011 reporL lL's a Soclal World": hLp://Lnyurl.com/7e7vbq8
Chlu, C., Psu, M. and Wang, L. (2006). undersLandlng knowledge sharlng ln vlrLual communlLles: An
lnLegraLlon of soclal caplLal and soclal cognlLlve Lheorles. ueclslon SupporL SysLems, 42 (2006), 1872-
1888.
Canley, u. and Lampe, C. (2009). 1he Lles LhaL blnd: Soclal neLwork prlnclples ln onllne communlLles.
ueclslon SupporL SysLems, 47 (2009), 266-274.
Sohn, u. and Lee 8. (2003). ulmenslons of lnLeracLlvlLy: ulfferenLlal effecLs of soclal and psychologlcal
facLors. !ournal of CompuLer-MedlaLed CommunlcaLlon, 10 (3), arLlcle 6. Avallable aL
hLp://[cmc.lndlana.edu/vol10/lssue3/sohn.hLml



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'
;/'+2"':,"1"/+'.0'+2"'0)+),"6'G"0*"(+$./1'./'%'<$##*"'1(2..*'*%:+.:'%/#'*"%,/$/3'/"+8.,='

uavld SPu1kln, hu
!ohn Carroll unlverslLy, uSA
dshuLkln[[cu.edu

1he Plghlands ls an economlcally and raclally dlverse school dlsLrlcL ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes.[1] ln 2008,
Lhe dlsLrlcL unvelled lLs loptop ooJ leotoloq loltlotlve. CreaLlng a 1:1 raLlo of compuLers for mlddle
school sLudenLs, Lhe lnlLlaLlve expresses Lhe dlsLrlcL's commlLmenL Lo "Lhe fuLure." ln Lhelr own
words, Lhls fuLure requlres Lhe preparaLlon of sLudenLs Lo parLlclpaLe as well educaLed clLlzens ln an
lncreaslngly lnLerdependenL and Lechnologlcally advanced global socleLy.
1hrough narraLlve lnqulry and acLor neLwork Lheory (An1), l analyze a Lheme of Llme and Lechnology
LhaL emerged as Lhe goal of Lhe lnlLlaLlve: use lapLops Lo Leach Lhe 21
sL
cenLury skllls LhaL sLudenLs
need Lo succeed ln Lhe fuLure. 1he prlmary assumpLlon ls Lhe appllcaLlon of Lechnology Lo
synchronlze Llme: Lo predlcL Lhe fuLure by conLrolllng Lhe presenL ln response Lo a pasL deemed less
Lhan successful (Slmpson, 1993). Powever, Lhe goal of Lhe lnlLlaLlve and lLs assumpLlon are
undermlned Lhrough Lhe muLual condlLlonlng of an ensemble of heLerogeneous elemenLs:
Lechnologles, leglslaLlon and school personnel (loucaulL, 1983).
narraLlve lnqulry ls a self-reflecLlve research meLhodology emphaslzlng llved experlence and local
conLexL (Clandlnln and Puber, 2002). 1he prlmary sLraLegy ls Lo learn Lhe sLorles of Lhe people (and
Lechnologles) lnvolved Lhrough parLlclpanL observaLlon. 1o do Lhls, l worked ln Lhe dlsLrlcL for a year.
And Lhrough Lhls process, l lnLegraLe lnLo my research, parLlclpanL knowledge abouL Lechnology,
educaLlon and Lhe hlsLorlcally speclflc conLexL of Lhe Plghlands loptop loltlotlve.
As a LechnologlsL Loo, l quesLlon how Lechnologles are lmpllcaLed or parLlclpaLe ln Lhe hlsLory and
pracLlces of everyday llfe. 1hese quesLlons and my narraLlve mode of lnqulry led me closer Lo An1
(8rown and Capdevlla, 1999, LaLour, 1991, 1993). lrom Lhls perspecLlve, l expllcaLe how cerLaln
Lechnologles, educaLlonal leglslaLlon, school personnel, and oLher elemenLs consLraln and condlLlon
Lhls lapLop lnlLlaLlve. ConLrary Lo assumpLlons LhaL relaLe Lechnologlcal change Lo progress and Lhe
fuLure, l demonsLraLe how anLecedenL ldeas are made durable ln Lhe form of Lechnologles or
leglslaLlon and conLlnue Lo lnform conLemporary pracLlces long afLer Lhe ldeas and Lhe people
assoclaLed wlLh Lhem have been superseded (LaLour, 1991).
lnlLlally, l lnLroduce An1 Lo frame Lhe Plghlands as an acLor neLwork and Lo challenge Lhe llnear
synchronlzaLlon of Llme ln Lhe dlscourse on Lechnology and schoollng (Slmpson, 1993). As l dlscuss
Lhe formaLlon of Lhls neLwork, l lnLroduce Lhe Lemporal pracLlce of soclal LranslaLlon Lo descrlbe how
elemenLs such as leglslaLlon and Lechnologles are enrolled ln Lhe neLwork (LaLour, 1991). WlLh lLs
lncluslon of Lhe Mac8ooks and drlll and pracLlce Lechnology, among oLhers, Lhe neLwork enrolls


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elemenLs emerglng from a mulLlpllclLy of Llmes. ln Lhls way, Lhe neLwork ls polyLemporal (LaLour,
1993).
lmmedlaLely afLer Lhe sLudenLs recelved Lhelr Mac8ooks, Lhe focus of Lhe lapLop lnlLlaLlve shlfLs Lo a
new Lemporal reglsLer, less concerned wlLh preparlng sLudenLs for a fuLure global economy. ln Lhls
new reglsLer Lhe focus ls on rlsk (van Loon, 2002). 1he emphasls of Lhe lnlLlaLlve also shlfLs from Lhe
Mac8ooks Lo Lhe dlsLrlcL's lnLerneL fllLer. used Lo block access Lo soclal medla, Lhe fllLer also blocks
Web 2.0 appllcaLlons feaLured ln Lhe dlsLrlcL's 1.1 loptop loltlotlve.
WlLh a cerLaln lrony, onllne drlll and pracLlce appllcaLlons are unscaLhed by Lhe dlsLrlcL's fllLer.
urllllng chlldren Lo masLer facLs for hlgh sLakes LesLs comblnes elemenLs from Lhe 2001 nCL8
leglslaLlon, Lo drlll and pracLlce sofLware from Lhe 1980's Lo Leachlng machlnes from Lhe 1920's. [2]
arLlally due Lo Lhe hlsLorlcal reslllence of Lhe drlll and pracLlce algorlLhm, lnscrlbed ln nCL8 and lnLo
Lhe lapLop lnlLlaLlve are assumpLlons abouL educaLlon conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe lnLegraLlon of drlll and
pracLlce Lechnology.
ln Lhe lasL secLlon, as l dlscuss sLudenLs' work on a dlglLal medla pro[ecL, l conclude LhaL Lhe lapLop
loltlotlve ls characLerlzed by a openness Lo Lhe fuLure and a domesLlcaLlon of Llme (Slmpson, 1993).
1hls amblvalence lncludes an lnvlLaLlon Lo Lhe sLudenLs Lo be made sub[ecL Lo Lhe lapLop lnlLlaLlve. AL
lssue for Lhe sLudenLs ls wheLher or Lo whaL exLenL Lhey accepL Lhe school's vlslon of Lhe fuLure. l
characLerlze Lhe lnvlLaLlon as a concepLuallzlng of Lhe fuLure ln Lerms of Lhe presenL. 1o Lhe exLenL
LhaL Lhe sLudenLs resenL Lhe Ledlum of drlll and pracLlce and use anonymous proxy servers Lo bypass
Lhe lnLerneL fllLer durlng class, perhaps Lhey are refuslng Lo be enrolled ln Lhe Plghland's acLor-
neLwork and, lnsLead, produclng Lhelr own presenL and fuLure?

8eferences
[1] names of people and locaLlons are pseudonyms.
[2] 1he 2001 reauLhorlzaLlon of Lhe uS LlemenLary and Secondary LducaLlon AcL ls commonly
referred Lo as no Chlld LefL 8ehlnd or nCL8.
8rown, S. and Capdevlla, 8. (1999) erperLuum moblle: subsLance, force and Lhe soclology of
LranslaLlon. ln: !ohn Law and !ohn Passard (eds.). Actot Netwotk 1beoty ooJ After. Cxford, Lngland :
8lackwell ubllshers. pp. 26-30.
Clandlnln, !. and Puber, !. (2002) narraLlve lnqulry: 1oward undersLandlng Llfe's ArLlsLry. cottlcolom
lopolty.32(2) 161-169.
loucaulL, M. (1983) 1be nlstoty of 5exoollty. new ?ork : vlnLage 8ooks.
LaLour, 8. (1991) 1echnology ls SocleLy Made uurable. ln: A 5ocloloqy of Moostets. ssoys oo lowet,
1ecbooloqy ooJ uomlootloo. !ohn Law (edlLor). new ?ork : 8ouLledge. pp. 103-131.
LaLour, 8. (1993) we nove Nevet 8eeo MoJeto. Cambrldge: Parvard unlverslLy ress.
Slmpson, L. (1993) 1ecbooloqy, 1lme ooJ tbe coovetsotloos of MoJetolty. London: 8ouLledge.


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van Loon, !. (2002) klsk ooJ 1ecbooloqlcol coltote. 1owotJs o 5ocloloqy of vltoleoce. new ?ork:
8ouLledge.

* * *

G.*"'.0'$/0.,<%+$./'+"(2/.*.3B'$/'2$32",'"#)(%+$./'1B1+"<'0,.<'%'=/.8*"#3"':",1:"(+$5"'

uuru Arun kuMA8
neLa[l Subhas lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, new uelhl, lndla
duruarunkumar[gmall.com

lyush AnWA8
neLa[l Subhas lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, new uelhl, lndla
plyushpl91[gmall.com

rem SACA8
neLa[l Subhas lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, new uelhl, lndla
prem91sagar[gmall.com

knowledge refers Lo Lhe lnformaLlon, skllls, and undersLandlng LhaL one galns Lhrough learnlng or
experlence. unlverslLy educaLlon plays an lmporLanL role ln promoLlng Lhe dlscovery,
communlcaLlon, and preservaLlon of knowledge. lL ls meanL Lo lnsplre crlLlcal Lhlnklng, personal
growLh, and a passlon for learnlng. Accordlng Lo 1he CrlLlcal 1hlnklng CommunlLy, process of
acqulrlng knowledge has Lwo componenLs, a seL of lnformaLlon and bellef generaLlng and processlng
skllls, and Lhe hablL, based on lnLellecLual commlLmenL, of uslng Lhose skllls Lo gulde behavlor. ln
recenL years, Lhe lnformaLlon 1echnology (l1) revoluLlon has Lransformed Lhe unlverslLy educaLlon
secLor and ls belng lncreaslngly seen as a Lool for enhanclng Lhe effecLlveness of learnlng and
acqulrlng knowledge. Cn-llne courses, dlsLance learnlng, avallablllLy of huge daLabases, search
englnes and Wlklpedla are some of Lhe new l1 based sources for learnlng. l1 has faclllLaLed fasL and
easy access, analysls, repllcaLlon and sLorage of lnformaLlon. ln Lhe presenL sLudy lL ls argued LhaL
Lhere ls an overemphasls on lnformaLlon medlaLed Lhrough Lhe use of dlglLal Lechnology ln Lhe
educaLlon sysLem. 1he Lerms lnformaLlon and knowledge are ofLen used synonymously, Lhe laLLer
belng more complex and dlfflculL Lo assess and quanLlfy. lncreaslng focus on lnformaLlon Lechnology
has led Lo an lncreaslng need Lo acqulre Lechnologlcal skllls also known as Lechnologlcal llLeracy.
Accordlng Lo Lhe percepLlon of young sLudenLs and Lhe l1 lndusLry ln general,S, Lhe prlmary role of
unlverslLy educaLlon ls Lo provlde Lechnlcal skllls Lo lncrease Lhelr employablllLy raLher Lhan acqulrlng
broad based knowledge ln Lhelr chosen areas of lnLeresL.
ln Lhls research paper an aLLempL ls made Lo crlLlcally examlne Lhe slgnlflcance of lnformaLlon and
Lechnologlcal llLeracy ln a professlonal englneerlng college educaLlon sysLem. Cur sLudy ls based on
exLenslve llLeraLure revlew and Lhe quallLaLlve analysls of daLa collecLed from unlverslLy sLudenLs
uslng lnLervlew meLhod.



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>2$::$/3'>(2..*'

CPLn !la
8esearch CenLer for Sclence and 1echnology hllosophy
norLheasLern unlverslLy, Chlna
neuchen[la[163.com

CPLn lan
8esearch CenLer for Sclence and 1echnology hllosophy
norLheasLern unlverslLy, Chlna

Lnglneerlng educaLlon ls an lmporLanL lssue ln englneerlng pracLlce, englneerlng pracLlce and
characLerlsLlcs can be seen Lhrough examlnlng Lhe hlsLory of early Chlnese englneerlng educaLlon.
1hls arLlcle Lake luzhou Shlpplng School for case sLudles, use a culLural anLhropology approach Lo
examlne Lhe overall sLaLus, baslc characLerlsLlcs and lmpacL evaluaLlon of englneerlng educaLlon
durlng Lhe WesLernlzaLlon MovemenL ln Chlna. 8elLeraLed Lhe ldea of englneerlng educaLlon should
be reLurned Lo englneerlng pracLlce", and Lry Lo explaln Lhe framework of Lhe developmenL of
englneerlng educaLlon ln Chlna.

key words: Lnglneerlng LducaLlon, Chlna, luzhou Shlpplng School


* * *

J[,$"/#M'5",1)1''J0,$"/#M'

!oseph C. l11
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
vlrglnla 1ech, uSA
[cplLL[vL.edu

Cn Lhe (sub[ecL Lo debaLe) assumpLlon LhaL LhoughL requlres language, where a language ls broadly
consLrued as a sysLem composed of a grammar and a vocabulary, l propose Lo examlne how changes
ln how ordlnary Lngllsh Lerms deployed ln Lhe worlds of soclal medla could be negaLlvely affecLlng
how we Lhlnk. As an lnlLlal example conslder Lhe use of Lhe word frlend". ln your emall you recelve a


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message lnformlng you LhaL a compleLe sLranger wanLs Lo 'frlend' you. Clven our ordlnary, pre-
lnLerneL undersLandlng of whaL a frlend ls, Lhls ls a mosL unusual requesL. Can you serlously conslder
answerlng yes" or no" Lo a compleLe sLranger who walks up Lo you ln Lhe grocery sLore and asks
you Lo be Lhelr frlend? 1he mosL probable reacLlon would be Lo ask Lhe lndlvldual who Lhey are and
why you should even conslder belng Lhelr frlend. 1o be a frlend ln Lhe non-soclal medla world enLalls
cerLaln responslblllLles and obllgaLlons. lor example, a real frlend wlll drop whaL Lhey are dolng Lo
come Lo your ald. no such obllgaLlon ls enLalled by belng a soclal medla frlend. 1he quesLlon Lhen
becomes how do we regard our real-Llme real-world frlends ln llghL of our vlrLual personal relaLlons?
AnoLher Lerm LhaL has affecLed how we Lhlnk ls google". lnsLead of looklng up a plece of
lnformaLlon, we now google lL. Cone ls Lhe world of reference books, encyclopedlae, llbrarles, eLc.
1he Cloud" ls anoLher phrase LhaL has changed how we Lhlnk abouL Lhlngs. no more compuLer
banks, flllng cablneLs, flash drlves - all our lnformaLlon ls ln Lhe cloud - yes, LhaL blg one on Lhe rlghL
up Lhere.
l am noL a LuddlLe - buL l do worry abouL Lhe effecL of our vlrLual language on how we Lhlnk ln real-
Llme. More speclflcally l worry abouL Lhe speed wlLh whlch Lhese changes occur and whaL Lhls rapldly
changlng way of communlcaLlng ls dolng Lo our ablllLy Lo Lhlnk and be creaLlve. Cne effecL of Lhls
really new speak (1) ls Lo llmlL opLlons, or more preclsely, Lo llmlL lnvenLlveness and creaLlvlLy. Cne of
beauLles and frusLraLlons of naLural languages ls Lhe amblgulLy of Lhelr vocabularles and Lhe varleLy
of ways Lhey permlL communlcaLlon and Lhlnklng. 1hls varleLy ls one source of lnnovaLlon. lf Lhe
meanlngs of words are llmlLed, Lhen Lhe number of connecLlons Lo oLher words ls reduced. Conslder
whaL happens Lo free assoclaLlon when Lhe number of poLenLlal lnferences ls resLrlcLed. As we sLrlp
away meanlngs from common words, we seem Lo be reduclng our capaclLy for Lhlnklng of new
comblnaLlons and new ways of dolng Lhlngs.
Language ls always changlng - l am noL concerned abouL change pet se. lL ls Lhe klnd of change LhaL
has me concerned. Cur new Lechnologles open up new opporLunlLles. l can lmaglne a bursL of
creaLlvlLy unllke anyLhlng Lhe world has seen ln Lhe comlng cenLury. 8uL Lhe paradox ls LhaL lf our
capaclLy Lo Lhlnk ls resLrlcLed by reduclng whaL our vocabulary can express ooJ lmply, Lhen LhaL very
opporLunlLy for creaLlvlLy could be wasLed.
(1) WlLh apologles Lo Ceorg Crwell







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1rack S
CLl1lCS, AL1L8nA1lvLS Anu
8LvCLu1lCnS
Chalr: Marcos 8arbosa de CLlvLl8A


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Anonymous, A/./B<$+B&'%/#'+2"'"+2$(1'.0',"1$1+%/("

Mlchael nACLn8C8C
lnLernaLlonal CenLre for LLhlcs ln Lhe Sclences and PumanlLles (lZLW)
unlverslLy 1ublngen, Cermany
mlchael.nagenborg[lzew.unl-Lueblngen.de

ln my paper l wlll noL Lry Lo defend Anonymous" on moral grounds, buL l wlll Lry Lo polnL ouL some
of Lhe moral quesLlons ralsed by Anonymous" ln varlous acLlons. Lspeclally, l wlll argue LhaL people
acLlng behlnd Lhe Cuy lawkes mask should noL be seen as belng lrresponslble even lf ln Lhe WesLern
LradlLlon of eLhlcs responslblllLy ls ofLen llnked wlLh belng vlslble as a person.
lollowlng Coleman and 8alph's work on Anonymous" (Coleman / 8alph 2011) l wlll focus on Lhe
Lenslons beLween Lhe varlous acLors provldlng and uslng Lhe collecLlve ldenLlLy of Anonymous" as
well as Lhe Lenslons wlLhln Llberallsm becomlng vlslble ln Lhe acLlons carrled ouL under Lhls collecLlve
ldenLlLy. 1he laLer polnL had been Lhe sub[ecL of Coleman's paper on Packer pracLlce: Moral genres
and Lhe culLural arLlculaLlon of llberallsm" (2008). Whlle Coleman does noL refer Lo her earller
wrlLlngs herself, l found Lhls paper Lo be helpful ln order Lo archlve a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe llnk
beLween Aoooymoos and Lhe hacklng culLure.
Whlle hackers do only form a small parL of Lhe people maklng use and upholdlng Lhe collecLlve
ldenLlLy of Anonymous", Anons" are qulL skllled ln maklng use of Lhe negaLlve sLereoLype of Lhe
hacker" and Lhe lnLerneL users" ln general. AnonymlLy" plays as cenLral role here, because lL ls
ofLen assumed - and argued ln compuLer eLhlcs - LhaL Lhe anonymous use of Lhe lnLerneL does
undermlne our moral characLer.
ln my paper l wlll Lherefore focus on Lhe eLhlcs of Lhe mask. 1he mask ls an lnLeresLlng devlce ln
reslsLlng survelllance, because Lhe mask does allow a person Lo be presenL and yeL makes lL harder Lo
ldenLlfy Lhe person. ln Lhls sense ls a powerful Lool for reLurnlng Lhe gaze whlle keeplng one owns
face ouL of slghL, hence, prevenLlng people noL only from ldenLlfylng Lhe person buL also from
readlng Lhelr faces. lL's lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe wearer of a mask does noL hlde, buL remalns
vlslble. AfLer all, a mask would be of llLLle use lf nobody ls waLchlng.
lollowlng Agamben's analysls of Lhe llnk beLween Lhe mask and Lhe concepL of personhood
(Agamben 2009), l wlll explore Lhe lmporLance of Lhe eLhlcal space" beLween Lhe persona" and Lhe
person. As Agamben and oLhers have argued modern Lechnologles of ldenLlflcaLlon LhreaLen Lo close
Lhls reflecLlve space. 1herefore, Anonymous' use of Lhe Cuy lawkes mask can be undersLood as an
aLLempL Lo open up Lhls eLhlcal space agaln.
llnally, Lhe quesLlon wlll be ralsed lf Anonymous" acLually make use of Lhls eLhlcal space. ln order Lo
address Lhls quesLlon l wlll Lurn Lo nozoml Payase's essay Anonymous ln Wonderland" (2011), who
descrlbes anonymlLy as a place of LranslLlon Lo a new face LhaL brlngs power back Lo lndlvlduals." l
would llke Lo conclude LhaL Lhe emphasls glven on LranslLlon" ln Lhls LexL does demonsLraLe LhaL aL
leasL some who ldenLlfy Lhemselves wlLh Anonymous" are well aware of Lhe danger of mlsLaklng Lhe
mask wlLh who Lhey are.


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8eferences
Agamben, Clorglo (2009): NoJlt. 8oma: noLLeLempo.
Coleman, 8lella / 8alph, Mlchael (2011): ls lt o ctlme? 1be ttoosqtesslve polltlcs of bockloq lo
Aoooymoos. Cnllne verfugbar unLer: hLLp://www.soclalLexL[ournal.org/blog/2011/09/ls-lL-a-crlme-
Lhe-Lransgresslve-pollLlcs-of-hacklng-ln-anonymous.php (Abgerufen am: 13.01.2012).
Coleman, L. Cabrlella / Colub, Alex (2008): nocket ptoctlce. Motol qeotes ooJ tbe coltotol
ottlcolotloo of llbetollsm. ln: AnLhropologlcal 1heory 8 (3), S. 233-277.
Payase, nozoml (2011): Anonymous ln Wonderland: 1he ldenLlLy of AnonymlLy. Cnllne verfugbar
unLer: hLLp://aworldbeyondborders.com/2011/03/13/anonymous-ln-wonderland-Lhe-ldenLlLy-of-
anonymlLy/
Levy, SLeven (2010): Packers. Peroes of Lhe CompuLer 8evoluLlon. SebasLopol: C'8ellly Medla.
nlssenbaum, Pelen (2004): Packers and Lhe conLesLed onLology of cyberspace. ln: new Medla and
SocleLy 6 (2), S. 193-217.


AcknowledgemenL
An earller drafL of Lhls paper has been presenLed aL Lhe 3rd annual conference of Lhe CCS1-AcLlon ,Llvlng ln Survelllance
SocleLles (8arcelona 2012).

* * *

W,$5%(B'%/#'#%+%':,.+"(+$./'$/'+2"'$/0.,<%+$./'1.($"+B6'L./1+$+)+$./%*'$11)"1'%/#':.*$+$(%*'1.*)+$./1'

1eresa Marla Ceraldes da Cunha LCLS, hu
CenLer for Law and Soclal 8esearch
unlversldad Mlchoacana de San nlcols de Pldalgo, Mexlco
Ldacunhalopes[gmall.com

Advances ln lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles are revoluLlonlzlng vlrLually every aspecL
of llfe and faclllLaLlng access Lo lnformaLlon ln an exponenLlal way. 1hls ls affecLlng governmenLs and
publlc admlnlsLraLlons, whlch are explorlng how Lo lnLeracL wlLh clLlzens ln order Lo provlde beLLer
admlnlsLraLlve servlces and faclllLaLe parLlclpaLlon, and also prlvaLe secLors and Lhe average
lndlvldual. Cn one hand, Lhls calls for publlc admlnlsLraLlons, lnLerneL provlders and buslness
managers, Lo reenglneer Lhelr processes so as Lo beneflL from lC1 whlle, on Lhe oLher, lL means Lhey
have Lo faclllLaLe clLlzen access Lo Lhelr personal lnformaLlon and be fully ln compllance wlLh
ConsLlLuLlonal rlghLs Lo rlvacy and Lo uaLa roLecLlon Laws, and, aL Lhe same Llme, Lo lnLroduce new
auLomaLed processes requesLed by a clLlzenry aware of Lhe poLenLlal lC1.
We are, Lherefore, faclng Lhe beglnnlng of a revoluLlon whlch wlll redeflne Lhe rule of law, broughL
abouL by elemenLs, so dlfferenL ln naLure, such as: a change ln sLaLe soverelgnLy concepLs, new


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lnLernaLlonal securlLy concerns and regular use of daLabases whlch allow masslve sLorage of
lnformaLlon or neLworks whlch allow fasL and secure communlcaLlons. 1hls revoluLlon ls
conLemplaLed ln many governmenLs l1 sLraLeglc plans, as ln Lhe case of Mexlco, buL has noL yeL been
fully reallzed ln any counLry. Many lssues are sLlll Lo be debaLed and solved, lncludlng Lhose relaLed
Lo exlsLlng regulaLlons (or Lhe lack of Lhose regulaLlons) for securlLy and daLa proLecLlon. 1here are
many dlfferenL challenges Lo be dealL wlLh.
1o begln wlLh, CovernmenLs and Lhe rlvaLe secLor should be able Lo explolL all Lhe poLenLlal of lC1,
redeflnlng and redeslgnlng all Lhelr lnLeracLlon processes wlLh Lhelr clLlzens and consumers accordlng
Lo Lhe avallable posslblllLles. ?eL, we propose, LhaL only a sysLemaLlc and far reachlng sLudy of all Lhe
lmpllcaLlons generaLed by Lhe use of lC1 ln publlc admlnlsLraLlons and ln prlvaLe organlzaLlons, can
provlde a coherenL vlew, boLh of Lhe range of e-governmenL processes and e-servlces parLlclpaLlon,
and of Lhelr poLenLlal, wlLhouL aLLacklng or degradlng Lhe consLlLuLlonal rlghLs of Lhe clLlzens
(lndlvlduals) lnvolved.
We Lhlnk LhaL Lhe esLabllshmenL of elecLronlc managemenL sysLems consLlLuLes a declslve elemenL ln
lncreaslng Lhe quallLy of Lhe relaLlons beLween publlc and prlvaLe admlnlsLraLlons and clLlzens or
users. Such sysLems ralse Lhe level of efflclency ln publlc servlces, lncrease Lhe degree of Lhe
lnLeracLlvlLy wlLh Lhe clLlzenry, ralse Lhe poLenLlal for democraLlc parLlclpaLlon and Lhe rule of law,
and, Lhey upgrade Lhe quallLy of servlces and llfe, as a ma[or facLor ln Lhe sLrucLurlng of modern
economy. Powever, elecLronlc managemenL sysLems lmply Lhe collecLlng, processlng and
Lransmlsslon of personal daLa. lor Lhls reason, lL ls absoluLely necessary Lo deLecL poLenLlal problems
relaLlng Lo uaLa roLecLlon on Lhe lnLerneL. 1herefore we musL assess Lhe rlsks lnvolved and sLudy
Lhe approprlaLe soluLlons, noL only wlLhln Lechnlcal parameLers buL wlLh legal lnsLrumenLs and Lhe
correspondenL [udlclary lmplemenLaLlon proLocols.
urawlng on Lhemes lmporLanL ln comparaLlve consLlLuLlonal law, we analyzed Lhe scholarshlp on Lhe
consLlLuLlonal law of rlvacy and Lhe normaLlve sysLems of proLecLlon daLa ln Lhe uL, orLugal and
Mexlco, whlch dlsLlngulsh beLween rlvacy undersLood as a person's conLrol over lnformaLlon and
rlvacy undersLood as a person's ablllLy Lo make auLonomous declslons.
lofotmotloool Aotooomy ls Lhe key word ln our work. ln facL, when people speak of a rlghL Lo rlvacy,
Lhey mosLly have ln mlnd lnformaLlonal rlvacy, a person's conLrol over oLhers' acqulslLlon and
dlsLrlbuLlon of lnformaLlon abouL hlmself. ln one hand, as Lo Lhe consLrucLlon of lndlvldual auLonomy
we clLe, for example, kotz v. uolteJ 5totes (1967), and oLher cases llke CtlswolJ v. coooectlcot
(1963), koe v. woJe (1973), whlch used Lhe language of rlvacy rlghLs Lo proLecL a much broader
lnLeresL ln auLonomous declslon-maklng, and ln Lhe oLher hand Lhe Luropean Corpus lurls, focuslng
ln Lhe Commlsslon ulrecLlves on Lhe proLecLlon of lndlvlduals wlLh regard Lo Lhe processlng of
personal daLa and on Lhe free movemenL of such daLa, or Lhe recenL Mexlcan ConsLlLuLlonal 8eforms.

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W$,%(B'$/'+2"'%3"'.0'$/0.,<%+$./6'D2"'(./+,$4)+$./1'.0'+2"'1.($%*'1($"/("1

8odrlgo SA1u8nlnC, hu SLudenL
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences (lCS)
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
rodrlgo.saLurnlno[gmall.com

8ecenL research on Lhe Soclal Sclences' fleld looked aL confllcLs beLween markeL-based and Lhe so-
called "plracy" approaches on dlglLal lnformaLlon. 1he quesLlon ls perLlnenL because Lhese sLudles
focus on con[ecLural meanlngs abouL Lhe lmpacLs of Lhese soclal pracLlces. 1hey call lnLo
aLLenLlon new modes of producLlon, clrculaLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon of goods and servlces. 1hese
hypoLheses, whlch are based on lnLeresL, raLlonallLy and uLlllLy, can be dlvlded lnLo, aL leasL, Lhree
perspecLlves: 1. 1hose LhaL undersLand LhaL plracy" as responslble Lo affecL economlc growLh, 2.
1hose LhaL quesLlon Lhe lmposslblllLy of commodlflcaLlon of lnformaLlon, and 3. 1hose LhaL [usLlfy Lhe
beneflLs of a free culLure of "lnformaLlonal goods" as an essenLlal facLor Lo empowerlng people and
Lo creaLlng a new buslness model.
uesplLe a LheoreLlcal and an emplrlcal dlvergence, Lhose sLudles accepL LhaL Lhe lnformaLlon has
become synonymous of power. 8uL, whaL ls Lhe reason for Lhe changlng of lLs sLaLus? Some
researchers, as 8reLon (1992), Pelms (1991) and MaLLelarL (1996), has argued LhaL Lhelr soclal
valuaLlon has flLLed lnLo an ldeologlcal pro[ecL carrled ouL ln a perlod afLer World War ll. 1he
dlscourse of Lhe flrsL cyberneLlcs has marked Lhls process. lL revoluLlonlzed Lhe eplsLemology of Lhe
lnformaLlon and conLrlbuLed Lo lLs dlglLallzaLlon. 1he purpose was Lo rebulld and Lo refocus Lhe role
of Sclence and 1echnology afLer unsuccessful experlences ln Lhe fleld of soclal emanclpaLlon. 1he
pro[ecL resulLed up. WlLh Lhe lnvenLlon of Lhe compuLer, Lhe enLlre maLerlal base of socleLy was
remodeled from lLs dlglLallzaLlon.
ln Lconomlcs Lheory Lhe lssue of lnformaLlon grown up from lLs framlng as an ob[ecL of labour. 8uL,
lnformaLlon ls an lmmaLerlal Lhlng. So, how Lo puL a value ln a sclenLlflc aprlorlsm whlch has no
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe classlcal concepL of commodlLy? 1hls flndlng was noL an lncenLlve Lo fuLure
lnvesLors, unless lL was sub[ecLed by laws of copyrlghL and paLenLs. neverLheless, as polnLed by
Arrow (1984), Lhe quesLlon would be doomed Lo consLanL consLralnLs and varlous rlsks, conslderlng
Lwo essenLlal aspecLs: Lhe lmposslblllLy of guaranLeelng properLy of someLhlng, emplrlcally,
lnLanglble, and an acqulslLlon of a monopoly LhaL conLradlcLs Lhe very prlnclple of excluslvlLy.
SLudles by Arrow and by oLhers who have dedlcaLed Lhemselves Lo Lhe quesLlon of Lhe lnLanglble
lnformaLlon and Lhe absLracL labour, as Corz (2003), Schlller (2000, 2007), and 8aLes (1998), dld noL
prevenL Lhe markeL Lo Lurn Lhelr LheoreLlcal lmposslblllLles ln Lechnlcal proflLs. Cne of Lhe ways Lo geL
money wlLh Lhls was Lo esLabllsh cosLs ln Lhe process of dlsLrlbuLlon conslderlng a dependence of a
maLerlal supporL Lo be shared.
1he LransformaLlon of Lhe varlous symbols of human language lnLo blnary codes helped Lhe markeL
Lo found a Lechnlcal basls Lo develop lLself. 1hls has reduced eplsLemologlcal barrlers and has
resLrucLured Lhe quesLlon of Lhe dead labour, esLabllshlng cruclal changes ln many flelds. CldesL


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occupaLlons were exLlncL and new were creaLed. new monopolles were born and anclenL,
sLrengLhened. 8uL, above all, Lhls process allowed consumers Lo parLlclpaLe lnLo Lhe game of sharlng
Lhanks Lo Lhe faclllLy of dlglLal lnformaLlon and Lhe Lechnology developmenL (8oyle (2008)).
1hls scenarlo obllges Soclal Sclences Lo reLhlnk some of Lhelr assumpLlons Laklng lnLo accounL a
broader conLexL. 1hus, a quesLlon LhaL emerges from Lhls dlscusslon ls how Lo creaLe a balance
among Lhe humanlsL dlscourse of auLonomy, Lhe self-saLlsfacLlon and freedom of speech and severlLy
of laws and regulaLlons based on Lhe concepL of lnLellecLual properLy?
ln order Lo ampllfy Lhls debaLe, l use Lhe soclologlcal concepLs of properLy rlghLs and Lhe
experlence of Lhe lraLe arLy (orLugal, 8razll, Cermany and Sweden). 1here ls no lnLenLlon Lo
esLabllsh a dlfference beLween legal and lllegal pracLlces abouL lnformaLlon sharlng, buL Lo
undersLand how Soclal Sclences have conLrlbuLed Lo Lhls debaLe.

8eferences
Arrow, kenneLh !. (1984). 1he Lconomlcs of lnformaLlon. vl.4. Cambrldge, MassachuseLLs: Parvard
unlverslLy ress
8aLes, 8en[amln !. (1988). lnformaLlon as an Lconomlc Cood: Sources of lndlvldual and Soclal
value". ln Mosco, vlncenL, Wasko, !aneL. 1he ollLlcal Lconomy of lnformaLlon. London: 1he
unlverslLy of Wlsconsln ress.
8reLon, hllllpe. (1991). L'uLople de la communlcaLlon. arls : La uecouverLe.
8oyle, !ames (2008). 1he ubllc uomaln. new Paven: ?ale unlverslLy ress.
Corz, Andre. (2003). L'lmmaLerlel. Connalssance, valeur eL caplLal. arls: LdlLlons Calllee.
Pelms, SLeve !oshua. (1991). 1he CyberneLlcs Croup, 1946-1933. ConsLrucLlng a Soclal Sclence for
osLwar Amerlca. Cambrldge, MassachuseLLs: 1he MlL ress.
MaLLelarL, Armand. (1996) 1he lnvenLlon of CommunlcaLlon. unlverslLy fo MlnnesoLa ress.
Schlller, uan (2007). Pow Lo 1hlnk AbouL lnformaLlon. unlverslLy of llllnols ress.
_____________(2000). ulglLal caplLallsm: neLworklng Lhe global markeL sysLem. MassachuseLLs,
London: 1he MlL ress.

* * *
'
c/*$/"':$,%(B'%/#'+2"':,.:%3%+$./'.0'()*+),%*'2",$+%3"'
'
MarLln 1L1u
unlverslLe du Cuebec a MonLreal, Canada
LeLu.marLln[courrler.uqam.ca


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lracy ls an lmporLanL dlmenslon of conLemporary lnformaLlon Lechnology and communlcaLlon (lC1).
CounLless lnLruslons, aLLacks and hl[acklngs are happenlng onllne from lndlvlduals, groups or
lnsLlLuLlons acLlvlLy (hacklng, phlshlng, vlrus lnfllLraLlon, eLc.). Powever, parallel Lo Lhese forms of
plracy orlenLed Lowards "challenge or deslre for soclal recognlLlon" (ansler and !ez, 2000: 99-100) or
crlmlnal lnLenL, a new form has emerged: culLural plracy. 8y Lhls label, we mean Lhe onllne sharlng of
dlglLal culLural flles dlrecLly from one compuLer Lo anoLher (el, eer-Lo-eer) or vla hosLlng on a
remoLe server (dlglLal sLorage).
1he exchanged or shared conLenLs are prlmarlly culLural producLs such as fllm, muslc album, a book,
a vldeo game, a 1v, eLc. 1hese exchanges are consldered "unauLhorlzed" because culLural plracy
lnvolves a copy (or download) of shared culLural producLs, whlch would conLravene legal aspecLs
relaLlng Lo Lhe use of culLural producLs, ln parLlcular Lhose concernlng Lhelr copy. lL ls Lhe mosL
popular form of plracy and, ln lLself, one of Lhe mosL popular acLlvlLles onllne, slnce culLural plracy
has reached ln recenL years a Lhlrd of Lhe global lnLerneL flows (Llu et ol, 2008).
Powever, culLural plracy ls seen as a culLural challenge posed by Lhe lC1 Lo Lhe ecosysLem of culLural
dlffuslon. ?eL beyond Lhe legal quesLlon of Lhe phenomenon (lLs legallLy or noL, Lhe posslblllLy of
shuLLlng lL down, eLc.), culLural plracy would hold ln lLself culLural 'vlrLues'. lndeed, plracy could
fosLer greaLer culLural dlverslLy Lhrough Lhe clrculaLlon of works LhaL oLherwlse would noL be presenL
on Lhe Web or be less accesslble. 1hls ls parLlcularly Lhe concluslon from a sLudy conducLed recenLly
ln Cuebec, conslsLlng on Lhe flrsL dlrecL observaLlon ln Canada of a eer-Lo-eer neLwork (1eLu,
2010). 1he sLudy shows LhaL Lhe exchanged conLenLs are ofLen older culLural and 'naLlonal' producLs.
1hese flndlngs are challenglng Lhe ldea of a Je focto sLandardlzaLlon of culLure clrculaLlng on Lhe Web
(LhaL ls Lo say, a 'malnsLream' culLure whlch ls especlally Amerlcan). ln Lhls sense, plracy would
perhaps raLher help reduce Lhe sLandardlzaLlon lnsLead of lncreaslng lL.
1hls presenLaLlon proposal ls orlenLed Lowards showlng Lhe maln resulLs of Lhe sLudy on plracy and
Lo ldenLlfy Lhe lmpllcaLlons of Lhls onllne culLural dlffuslon. We wlll show on Lhe one hand Lhe edlLlng
work done by 'plraLes' (Lhe conLenL of Lhe assembled culLural producLs ofLen unavallable oLherwlse
on Lhe markeL) and on Lhe oLher hand, Lhe procedures for acqulrlng Lhem by Lhe users. Some
measures Laken durlng Lhe sLudy wlll help predlcL fuLure Lrends, lncludlng Lhe lncreaslng parLlclpaLlon
of users over 40 years old ln plracy acLlvlLles onllne. llnally, reflecLlons on Lhe promoLlon of a
naLlonal herlLage ln Lhe dlglLal age wlll be proposed ln llghL of Lhe flndlngs from Lhe plracy behavlor.


8eferences
Llu, ?. eL ol. 2008. Modellng and quanLlfylng Lhe lmpacL of 2 flle sharlng Lrafflc on LradlLlonal
lnLerneL Lrafflc , ln roceedlngs - 22nd lnLernaLlonal Conference on Advanced lnformaLlon
neLworklng and AppllcaLlons (Cklnawa, !apan, 23-28 March 2008). WashlngLon: lLLL CompuLer
SocleLy ress, p. 1428-1433.


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anzler, l.-!. eL L. !ez 2000. lo ctlmloollt sot lotetoet, coll. Cue sals-[e?, arls, resses unlverslLalres
de lrance.
1eLu, M. 2010. 2 ln Cuebec: a flrsL sLaLlsLlcal analysls from dlrecL observaLlon, 5totlstlpoes eo
btef, no. 36, Cuebec, Cuebec lnsLlLuLe of sLaLlsLlcs, !anuary, 20 p.





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1rack 6
CCnSuM1lCn Anu MC8lLL
LllLS1?LLS
Chalr: 8afael MA8CuLS


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G$1"'.,'0%**'.0'+2"'2$+':%,%#"X'S00"(+1'.0'+"(2/.*.3$"1'.0'#$3$+%*'#$1+,$4)+$./'$/'+2"':.:'<)1$('<%,="+'

Manuel acheco CCLLPC
8esearch CenLre on Lconomlc and CrganlzaLlonal Soclology (SCCluS)
8esearch cenLre on 8eglonal and urban Lconomlcs (Cl8luS)
School of Lconomlcs and ManagemenL (lSLC), 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
coelho[lseg.uLl.pL

new Lechnologles of dlglLal dlsLrlbuLlon are changlng Lhe pop muslc markeL. ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe lasL
decade, Lhe edlLor of Wl8Lu magazlne, Chrls Anderson, puL Lhe quesLlon: WhaL caused a generaLlon
of Lhe pop-rock lndusLry besL consumers (fans ln Lhelr LwenLles) Lo abandon Lhe record sLores? 1he
ma[or record labels crled LhaL plracy was Lhe answer: napsLer and oLher onllne flle-sharlng neLworks
had glven a speclal place Lo an underground economy of sLolen muslc and had dlcLaLed Lhe physlcal
murder of Cu.
1haL was Lrue ln some sense: Lhere were supposed 10 mllllon users of share muslc flles. 8uL LhaL was
noL Lhe compleLe explanaLlon. As Chrls Anderson noLed, Lhe answer had Lo do Lo Lhe specLacular
developmenL of new Lechnologles of muslc dlsLrlbuLlon and Lhe consequenL effecLs. Oolloe
Jlsttlbotloo dldn'L [usL allow fans Lo sldesLep Lhe cash reglsLer. lL also offered a masslve and
unprecedenLed cholce of whaL Lhey could hear.
1radlLlonal LoglsLlc and 8eLall Lconomlcs sLaLe LhaL sLores only sLock Lhe llkely hlLs because shelf
space ls llmlLed and expenslve. 8uL, onllne reLallers (as l1unes) can sLock vlrLually everyLhlng. 1he
new dlsLrlbuLlon mechanlsms, from dlglLal downloadlng Lo peer-Lo-peer markeLs, can glve plalce Lo
an lmmense offer of nlche producLs LhaL ouLnumber Lhe LradlLlonal hlLs by several orders of
magnlLude. Cnllne, Lhe cosLs of producLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon fall. WlLhouL consLralnLs of physlcal shelf
space, Lhe de-maLerlallzaLlon of muslc ls creaLlng a long Lall of marglnal non-hlLs. 1he aggregaLe
demand of Lhese non-hlLs glves blrLh Lo lmporLanL and valorlzed nlches of pop-rock songs and
memorabllla. 1hls ls whaL Anderson calls Lhe Long 1all" of Lhe rock demand curve. 1he poLenLlal
aggregaLe slze of Lhe small markeLs ln Lhe pop-rock marglnal" areas may rlval, ln Lerms of LoLal sales
values, wlLh Lhe blg hlLs.
1hls seems Lo be conLrary Lo whaL was predlcLed ln Lconomlcs. 1he LradlLlon of loglsLlc emplrlcal
sLudles polnLed ouL Lhe so-called rule of 80/20". 1hls resulL means LhaL abouL 20 of Lhe
companles' producLs correspond Lo abouL 80 of Lhe sales. Clven a large enough avallablllLy of
cholce and a large populaLlon of cusLomers, Lhe selecLlon and buylng paLLern of Lhe populaLlon
resulLs ln a areLo dlsLrlbuLlon" favorlng Lhe upper 20 of Lhe lLems ("hlLs" or "head") agalnsL Lhe
oLher 80 ("long Lall, non-hlLs"). 1hls ls known as Lhe areLo prlnclple". Cf course, ln perfecL
conLradlcLlon wlLh Anderson's predlcLlon. 8uL, ln facL, Lhere are several emplrlcal sLudles LhaL
supporL Lhls predlcLlon.
Many economlsLs ln CulLural Lconomlcs became lnLrlgued wlLh Anderson's Lheory of nlches because
lL confronLed Lhe convenLlonal wlsdom LhaL Lhe vasL ma[orlLy of sales are earned by a small number
of arLlsLs. 8osen (1981) descrlbed Lhe so-called supersLar effecL" ln a cerLaln klnd of markeLs where


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Lhere ls a concenLraLlon of ouLpuL among a few lndlvlduals drlvlng Lo very large rewards aL Lhe Lop.
1he pop muslc markeL ls an example. 1haL ldea ls mosL conform Lo Lhe areLo prlnclple. And, ln facL,
Lhe llLeraLure lncludes several sLudles ln pop muslc and oLher culLural producLs and servlces markeLs
LhaL susLaln Lhe supersLar" effecL, even lf ln anoLher areas of performance. 1he so-called Lhe
wlnner Lakes lL all" effecL (rememberlng a well-known A88A song) perslsLs ln Lhe renewed lmpacL of
llve muslc ln Lhe ouLcomes of Lhe blg sLars. 1haL malnLalns Lhe relevance of hlghly exLravaganL
ouLcomes for Lhe prlvlleged group of real blg sLars. 1hls new lmporLance of llve muslc was spoLLed by
uavld 8owle.
Cur proposal ls Lo enLer Lhls debaLe, reporLlng, surveylng Lhe emplrlcal evldence of Lhose
fundamenLs and dlscusslng Lhe lmpacLs of Lhls process of markeL changlng on several lssues as:
- Lhe role of LalenL and arLlsLlc creaLlvlLy,
- space for creaLlvlLy and culLural dlverslLy,
- Lhe relaLlon LalenL/sLardom/ flnanclal resulLs
- CulLural ollcy

8eferences
Anderson, C. (2006), 1be looq 1oll. wby tbe lotote of 8osloess ls 5ellloq less of Mote, Pyperlon, new
?ork
Anderson, C. (2004), 1he rlse and fall of Lhe hlL", wlteJ, CcLober
8osen, S. (1981), 1he Lconomlcs of SupersLars", Ametlcoo cooomlc kevlew, vol.73, n 3, pp.843-
838

* * *
'
I"1+2"+$('(./1)<:+$./'.0'4..=1'

Leonardo nbrega da SlLvA
unlversldade lederal do 8lo de !anelro, 8razll
leonobrega.s[gmall.com

1hls work ls proposed Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe role of aesLheLlcs ln Lhe consumpLlon of books. We lnLend,
Lherefore, Lo undersLand LhaL soclal elemenLs drlvlng aesLheLlc appreclaLlon of Lhe book and
elemenLs LhaL are assoclaLed wlLh LhaL consumpLlon. 1he sLarLlng polnL of Lhe search ls LhaL Lhere ls
an aesLheLlc appreclaLlon of Lhe book.


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lL ls remarkable developmenLs ln Lhe publlshlng lndusLry ln recenL decades, wlLh Lhe prlvllege Lo
Jeslqo and an lncrease on Lhe quallLy of covers, lllusLraLlons, paper, sewlng, prlnL, eLc. We have Lo
remember also LhaL nowadays ls even easler Lo read ln LableLs, compuLers or moblles. AlLhough lL ls
lncreaslngly easy Lo flnd many LexLs ln elecLronlc formaL and read ls lncreaslngly aLLracLlve ln dlglLal
readers, Lhe prlnLed book should appeal Lo Lhose quallLles LhaL are unlque Lo you, such as paper,
prlnL quallLy eLc.., PlghllghLlng Lhe maLerlallLy of Lhe formaL.
WhaL can be noLed, Lherefore, ls an aesLheLlc appreclaLlon of Lhe book, coupled wlLh Lhe formaLlon
of a LasLe aesLheLlclzed llnked Lo consumpLlon pracLlces. 1here ls, Lherefore, a soclal seLLlng prone Lo
cosmeLlc enhancemenL of consumpLlon of books.
1o dlscuss Lhls Loplc, lL ls proposed Lo sLudy Lhe books of Lhe 8razlllan publlsher Cosac nalfy, known
by Lhe publlc for lLs beauLlful edlLlons, brlnglng Lhe publlsher blbllographlc daLa plus several revlews
ln newspapers and reporLs from readers.
8y adopLlng Lhe use of Lhe book as a prlvlleged ob[ecL of analysls, Lhls paper proposes Lo engage and
conLrlbuLe, flrsL, wlLh Lhe Soclology of ConsumpLlon (Campbell, 2001, leaLhersLone, 1993, 1997,
Paug, 1997, 1aschner, 1996, 8ocha, 2002). 1he focus of Lhls LheoreLlcal fleld occurs noL only ln Lhe
producLlon of consumer goods, buL malnly on ownershlp and symbollzaLlon of Lhese goods, whlch
opens a wlde range of dlscusslon LhaL allows us Lo undersLand Lhe process of aesLheLlclzaLlon of Lhe
book and lLs lnvolvemenL ln conLemporary loglc of consumpLlon.
lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe Lhe dlfflculLy ln concelvlng Lhe book as an ob[ecL of consumpLlon under markeL
laws. 1he book ls almosL always assoclaLed wlLh an lnLellecLual sLaLus, Lhe domaln knowledge soclally
valued, whlch make hard lLs classlflcaLlon as an ordlnary consumer good. laclng Lhe book from Lhe
perspecLlve of Lheorles of consumpLlon requlres a dlsLance and can Lhus conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe debaLe ln
Lhe fleld of sLudles. lL ls essenLlal for Lhe developmenL of Lhls paper Lhe conLrlbuLlons of 8ourdleu
(1983, 1996, 2011), boLh wlLh regard Lo Lhe dlsLlncLlve feaLures presenL ln consumpLlon, as Lhe
speclflclLy Lhlnk an economy of culLural goods.
When puLLlng Lhe book as Lhe cenLer of Lhe dlscusslon ls lnevlLable, also, analyze Lhe hlsLorlcal
speclflclLles of Lhls ob[ecL and Lhe soclal elemenLs LhaL are relaLed Lo lL. lor Lhls, lL ls necessary a
hlsLorlcal overvlew of Lhe book (LscarplL, 1976, llscher, 2006, 8urke, 2000, 8rlggs & 8urke, 2004) and
a broad undersLandlng of Lhelr physlcal characLerlsLlcs (CharLler, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2002, uarnLon ,
2010, Lco, 2010, Pendel, 2003), and, of course, a conLexLuallzaLlon of 8razlllan reallLy and Lhe
lmporLance of books and publlshers ln Lhe clrculaLlon of ldeas and formaLlon of an lnLellecLual fleld
(8raganca, 2010, 2002, Sora, 2010, Pallewell, 2003).
AlLhough noL Lhe focus of Lhls pro[ecL, Lhls reflecLlon on Lhe maLerlallLy of Lhe book ls even more
urgenL now LhaL Lhe dlscusslon abouL dlglLal books, warmed by Lhe recenL markeL launch of
numerous elecLronlc readers, Lakes enormous proporLlons. 8y Lapplng Lhls dlscusslon abouL dlglLal
books, we lnLend Lo engage wlLh Lhe fleld of sLudy relaLed Lo maLerlal ob[ecLs and Lhose agencles.
1herefore, Lhls pro[ecL proposes Lo conLrlbuLe speclflcally Lo Lhe Soclology of ConsumpLlon, wlLh Lhe
undersLandlng of books and readlng ln our socleLy and lLs maLerlallLy, elucldaLlng Lhe lssues


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assoclaLed wlLh Lhls pracLlce symbollzaLlon so, paLhways Lo a beLLer undersLandlng of relaLlonshlp
beLween consumpLlon and aesLheLlcs.
8eferences
8ourdleu, lerre. CosLo de Classe e LsLllo de vlda lo Soclologla / Crganlzador: 8enaLo CrLlz. So
aulo: Llca, 1983.
__________. A ulsLlno: crlLlca soclal do [ulgamenLo. orLo Alegre, 8S: Zouk, 2011.
_________. 8azoes rLlcas: sobre a Leorla da ao. 1raduo: Marlza Correa. Camplnas, S: aplrus,
1996.
8ragana, Anlbal, Abreu, Mrcla (organlzadores). lmpresso no 8rasll: uols seculos de llvros
brasllelros. So aulo: LdlLora unesp, 2010.
__________. uma lnLroduo a hlsLrla edlLorlal brasllelra", ln CulLura, 8evlsLa de PlsLrla e 1eorla
das ldelas, vol. xlv, ll serle, 2002, CenLro de PlsLrla da CulLura da unlversldade nova de Llsboa
(orLugal), p. 37-83.
_________. or que fol, mesmo, revoluclonrla a lnveno da Llpografla? C edlLor-lmpressor e a
consLruo do mundo moderno. ln: Anals do xxv Congresso 8rasllelro de Clnclas da Comunlcao,
edlLado em So aulo, pela lnLercom - Socledade 8rasllelra de LsLudos lnLerdlsclpllnares da
Comunlcao, 2002.
8urke, eLer. roblemas causados por CuLenberg: a exploso da lnformao nos prlmrdlos da
Luropa moderna. 1raduo de Almlro lseLa. ubllcado orlglnalmenLe na revlsLa LsLudos Avanados
(n. 44, v. 16, [anelro-abrll 2002) do lnsLlLuLo de LsLudos Avanados da unlversldade de So aulo.
ulsponlvel em hLLp://escrlLorlodollvro.com.br/. Acesso em 01/08/2011.
Campbell, Colln. 2001. O eolqmo Jo coosomlsmo moJetoo e O moJetoo beJoolsmo ootoomo e
lmoqlootlvo ln: A eLlca romnLlca e o moderno esplrlLo do consumlsmo. 8lo de !anelro: 8occo.
_________________. 2004. C Consumldor ArLeso: CulLura, ArLesanla e Consumo em uma Socledade
s-Moderna. ln: 8evlsLa AnLropollLlca. nlLerl, n 17, 2. SemesLre, 2004.
CharLler, 8oger. A lelLura: uma prLlca culLural (debaLe enLre lerre 8ourdleu e 8oger CharLler) em
rLlcas da LelLura. So aulo: LsLao Llberdade, 1996.
_______________. uo Cdlce ao monlLor: A Lra[eLrla do LscrlLo. LsLudos Avanados 8(21), 1994.
_______________. A avenLura do llvro: do lelLor ao navegador. So aulo: unLS, 1999.
_______________. Cs uesaflos da LscrlLa. So aulo: unLS, 2002.
uarnLon, 8oberL. A CuesLo dos Llvros. So aulo: Companhla das LeLras, 2010.
Lco, umberLo. CA88lL8L, !ean-Claude. no conLem com o flm do llvro. 8lo de !anelro: 8ecord, 2010.
LscarplL, 8oberL. A 8evoluo do Llvro. 8lo de !anelro: lCv, 1976.


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leaLhersLone, Mlke. A AuLonomlzao da Lsfera CulLural lo C uesmanche da CulLura. So aulo:
SLudlo nobel : SLSC, 1997.
________________. CulLura de consumo e s modernlsmo. So aulo: SLudlo nobel, 1993.
llscher, SLeven 8oger. A lqloo lmptesso e A cooscloclo uolvetsol ln PlsLrla da LelLura. So
aulo: unLS, 2006.
Paug, Wolfgang lrlLz. CrlLlca da LsLeLlca da Mercadorla. So aulo: lundao LdlLora da unesp, 1997.
Pallewell, Laurence. C Llvro no 8rasll: sua hlsLrla. So aulo: LdlLora da unlversldade de So aulo,
2003.
Pendel, 8lchard. C ueslgn do Llvro. So aulo: ALell LdlLorlal, 2003 (ArLes do Llvro, l).
Lyons, MarLyn. Llvro: uma hlsLrla vlva. So aulo: LdlLora Senac, 2011.
8ocha, Marla Lduarda da MoLa. C Consumo recrlo: obreza e CulLura de Consumo em So Mlguel
dos Mllagres. Coleo LsLudos sobre Alagoas, n
!
" 1. Macel: Ldufal, 2002.
Sor, CusLavo. 8raslllanas: !ose Clymplo e a Cnese do Mercado LdlLorlal 8rasllelro. So aulo:
LdlLorla da unlversldade de So aulo: Com-ArLe, 2010.
1aschner, Clsela. 8alzes da CulLura do Consumo. 8evlsLa uS - n. 1 (mar./mal.) So aulo, uS, 1996.
vlllas 8oas, Clucla. A vocao das Clnclas Soclals no 8rasll: um esLudo da sua produo em llvros
do acervo da 8lblloLeca naclonal. 8lo de !anelro: lundao 8lblloLeca naclonal, 2007.
Welll, Alaln. C ueslgn Crflco. 8lo de !anelro: Cb[eLlva, 2010.

* * *

>.($%*'<"#$%'%/#'+"(2/.*.3$"1'.0'$#"/+$+BU'E$0"1+,"%<$/3'%1'%'/"8'1.($.C()*+),%*':,%(+$("'

krzyszLof S1ACPu8A
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy, Soclology and !ournallsm
unlverslLy of Cdansk, oland
kasLachura[gmall.com

1he alm of Lhe paper ls Lo soclologlcally explore Lhe phenomenon of llfesLreamlng, deflned Lwofold:
(1) as sLream of Lechnologlcally medlaLed soclal acLlvlLy as well as (2) new soclo-culLural pracLlce LhaL
ls boLh a resulL and a consequence of ldenLlLy change ln Lhe laLe modern world. lor Lhe purpose of
Lhe paper, l conslder llfesLreamlng as a permanenL lnflux of whaL soclal acLors do, where Lhey are
and whaL Lhey Lhlnk abouL aL Lhe presenL momenL. 1he phenomenon of llfesLreamlng deserves
sclenLlflc aLLenLlon as lLs mulLldlmenslonal analysls mlghL conLrlbuLe boLh Lo Lhe evoluLlon of sLudles


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on soclal medla as well as, Laklng lL more generally, a beLLer undersLadlng of Lhe conLemporary soclal
world.
As a consequence of Lhe developmenL of varlous communlcaLlon plaLforms, soclal acLors obLalned
new capablllLles Lo generaLe sLaLemenLs abouL Lhemselves, Lelllng Lhe sLorles of Lhelr everyday llfe,
glvlng accounL of Lhelr emoLlonal sLaLes, slgnallzlng Lhe need for afflllaLlon and sharlng Lhelr
experlences and LhoughLs on a vasL varleLy of lssues. lL has been made posslble by Lhe agency of
compuLers, LableLs, smarLphones and oLher Lechnologlcal devlces. AparL from lacebook and 1wlLLer,
Lools LhaL are well accusLomed Lo generaLe sLreams of daLe abouL Self, Lhere exlsLs a whole range of
appllcaLlons and servlces enabllng soclal acLors Lhe posslblllLy Lo leave dlglLal Lraces onllne. Cf speclal
LheoreLlcal lmporLance ls Lhe facL LhaL lnLenslve use of aforemenLloned Lools conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe
progress of augmenLed reallLy as well as [olnlng onllne and offllne spaces ln one sphere of
experlences. As Lhe soclal world becomes more delocallzed lL ls vlLal Lo sLudy Lhe consequences of
Lhe new soclal slLuaLlons as well as Lhe varlous ways Lhey are belng deflned.
lollowlng Lhe works of Lrlck Schonfeld, Mlzuko lLo, 8lch Llng and danah boyd Lhe paper draws
aLLenLlon Lo Lhe ways of funcLlonlng of soclal acLors ln Lhe moblle world, Lhe speclflcs of Lechno-
human condlLlon ln Lhe dlglLal era. SLress ls puL on sLudylng Lhe means of generaLlng lnformaLlon
abouL oneself vla moblle medla, glvlng accounL of emoLlonal reacLlons, slgnallzlng Lhe need for
afflllaLlon and sharlng experlences. Analyzlng Lhese acLlvlLles ls essenLlal Lo properly recognlze Lhe
slgnlflcance of amblenL lnLlmacy ln hybrld spaces and by dolng so show Lhe llnks beLween
llfesLreamlng and Lhe developmenL of moblle culLure and augmenLed reallLy.
SLudylng varlous manlfesLaLlons of llfestteomloq l refer Lo medla affordances of moblle soclal
neLworks, here undersLood as Lhe capablllLles made posslble by Lhese plaLforms wlLhln Lhe frame of
bulldlng and malnLalng relaLlons wlLh oLhers. ln order Lo reallze Lhls goal lL ls necessary Lo perform an
ln-depLh analysls of Lhe Lechnologlcally-medlaLed connecLlon processes as well as Lhe poLenLlally
desoclallzlng Lendencles LhaL can be consldered slde effecL of lnsLanL, ongolng communlcaLlon. lL ls
worLh Laklng a closer look aL how cybersollLude becomes an effecL of Lhe expandlng nomadlc
lnLlmacy (Leopoldlna lorLunaLl).
MeLhodologlcally, Lhe paper ls devoLed Lo an eLhnographlc sLudy on Lhe popularlLy and varlous forms
of llfesLreamlng ln oland. 1he concluslons are drawn baslng on ln-depLh lnLervlews conducLed wlLh
people lnLenslvely uslng moblle Lechnologles and Lhelr dlarles - collecLlons of everyday acLlvlLy
relaLed Lo Lhe use of new medla.



* * *






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;LD1'%1'+2"',":,.#)(+$5"'+"(2/.*.3$"1'.0'+,%/1/%+$./%*'=$/12$:'$/'+2"'L.*#'F%,'%/#':.1+'L.*#'F%,'
",%''
Anna MA1?SkA
hu candldaLe ln Soclal AnLhropology
School of Soclal Sclences and PumanlLles
unlverslLy of 1ampere, llnland
anna.MaLyska[uLa.fl

1hls paper explores Lhe role of old and new lC1s ln Lhe maklng of LransnaLlonal famllles llvlng
beLween oland and llnland from Lhe Cold War perlod and Loday. lL draws upon LransnaLlonal
anLhropology and new klnshlp sLudles, parLlcularly lncludlng sLudles on Lhe new reproducLlve
Lechnologles of klnshlp. lL [uxLaposes Lhe low-Lech LransnaLlonal famllles of Lhe Cold War pasL wlLh
Lhe hlgh-Lech LransnaLlonal famllles of Lhe presenL. Such hlsLorlcal [uxLaposlLlon allows noLlclng Lhe
conLlnulLles and changes of Lhe lC1's role ln Lhe LransnaLlonal famlly maklng and draws aLLenLlon Lo
Lhe slgnlflcance of Lhe naLlon-sLaLes' LelecommunlcaLlons pollcy and lnnovaLlon ln enabllng
LransnaLlonal famlly members access Lo parLlcular Lechnologlcal Lools. 1he paper draws on my mulLl-
slLed eLhnography conducLed among ollsh people llvlng ln llnland and Lhelr kln ln oland ln 2006-
2009.
1he paper lnLerpreLs Lhe lC1's role ln Lhe LransnaLlonal famllles maklng akln Lo Lhe reproducLlve
Lechnologles ln maklng blologlcal klnshlp such as asslsLed concepLlon. 8oLh Lechnologles lndlcaLe Lhe
lncreased lncorporaLlon of Lechnology lnLo Lhe famlly llfe (raLher Lhan Lhe Lechnology's allenaLlng
force) as well as Lhe soclal embeddedness of Lechnology and lLs sLraLeglc approprlaLlon by people.
My eLhnography conflrms LhaL Lechnology does noL sLand ln lLself, Lherefore precedlng (and
lmpoctloq on) soclal relaLlonshlps, buL ls lnLlmaLely embedded ln Lhem.
ln LransnaLlonal famllles, lC1s provlde Lhe means for Lhe acLual and Langlble reproducLlon of
LransnaLlonal Lles and along wlLh Lhe advenL of new lC1s, Lhey are used as Lhe effecLlve exLenslon of
Lhe pracLlces from before LransnaLlonal separaLlon, LhaL ls Lhe lnnovaLlve Lechnologles are used Lo
pursue LradlLlonal" soclal goals and mlmlc local, embodled famlly llfe. l lnLerpreL Lhls process as Lhe
sLraLeglc naLurallzlng (see 1hompson for sLraLeglc naLurallzlng Lhrough Lhe n81) of LransnaLlonal
famlly llfe. Powever, Lhe essenLlal sLaLus of Lechnology for Lhe reproducLlon of LransnaLlonal famllles
(as well as lLs enLrenchmenL ln parLlcular naLlonal pollLlcal spaces) remlnds of Lhe laLLer's non-
LradlLlonal" characLer and Lhe conLlnuous lmporLance of physlcal, embodled meeLlngs. 1he use of
lC1s brlngs LaclL awareness LhaL LransnaLlonal famllles are noL llke culLurally proper" (ollsh) famllles
llvlng locally and LhaL naLlonal borders and dlsLance sLlll maLLer.
Slnce Lhe effecLlveness of Lhe sLraLeglc naLurallzlng depends on Lhe accesslblllLy Lo and Lhe
unresLralned use of parLlcular lC1s, Lhe LelecommunlcaLlons sLaLe pollcles acqulre helghLened
meanlng ln Lhe maklng of LransnaLlonal famllles. 1hroughouL Lhe Cold War, Lhe ollsh communlsL
sLaLe was a vlslble and lmposlng acLor lmpedlng process of naLurallzlng Lhe LransnaLlonal famlly llfe
Lhrough Lhe lC1s - Lhe role of Lhe sLaLe was Lo remlnd Lhe LransnaLlonal famlly members llvlng across
Lhe lron CurLaln LhaL Lhelr slLuaLlon ls a Lransgresslon of fundamenLal moral norms of famlly and


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naLlon and Lhus should be consldered as anyLhlng, buL normal. 1he ollsh caplLallsL sLaLe, alLhough
dlscouraglng emlgraLlon, encourages LransnaLlonal Lles. lLs llberal LelecommunlcaLlons pollcles,
sLarLlng from Lhe dlsmanLllng of Lhe medla-curLaln (1ar[anne, afLer SlLaram 1999) aL Lhe onseL of
LransformaLlon, are necessary for oland's economlc developmenL and faclllLaLe Lhe naLurallzlng and
normallzlng of Lhe LransnaLlonal famlly llfe. 1haL desplLe Lhe unlflcaLlon of Lhe Luropean economlc
markeLs, spaces unlLed by lC1s are sLlll slmulLaneously dlvlded by Lhe naLlonal borders ln Lerms of
separaLe LelecommunlcaLlons regulaLlons, prlclng and accesslblllLy, alds Lo Lhe sense of LransnaLlonal
famllles belng sLlll Lrans-naLlonal, noL merely local famllles.

8eferences:
1hompson, Ch. (2001) 5ttoteqlc oototollzloq. klosblp lo oo lofettlllty cllolc. ln S. lranklln & S.
Mcklnnon, eds. kelotlve voloes. tecooflqotloq klosblp stoJy . uurham & London : uuke unlverslLy
ress , pp. 173-202.
SlLaram, k. S., 1999. lnLroducLlon: lnLerculLural communlcaLlon for a hlgher humanlL Ablex ubllshlng
Cor. ln: k. S. SlLaram & M. P. rosser, eds. clvlc ulscootse fot tbe 1bltJ Mllleoolom. Moltlcoltotollsm,
coltotol ulvetslty ooJ Clobol commoolcotloo. SLamford, London: Ablex ubllshlng CorporaLlon, pp. 1-
14.

* * *

7./C%*$3/"#6'`.)/3':".:*"Z1'/%,,%+$5"1'.0',"d"(+$./'.0'1.($%*'/"+8.,=$/3'1$+"1''

8rbara 8arbosa nLvLS
lSCS, 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
barbara[bbneves.com

!oo MonLelro de MA1CS,
lSCS, 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal

Sara MA81lnS
lSCS, 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal

8lLa 8Ln1L
lSCS, 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal

Soclal neLworklng slLes (SnS), such as lacebook, have become pervaslve among young people ln
wesLern socleLles. Several sLudles have been documenLlng young people's use of SnS, whlle
explorlng ldenLlLy, frlendshlp, soclablllLy, soclal behavlor, parLlclpaLlon, prlvacy, consumpLlon, soclal
caplLal, self-esLeem and oLher measures of psychologlcal well-belng (Cf. lLo et ol., 2010, Llllson,
SLelnfleld, & Lampe, 2007, boyd & Llllson, 2007).


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Soclal neLworklng slLes offer a space for soclal connecLlvlLy and lnLerpersonal lnvolvemenL, whlch are
of cruclal lmporLance ln emerglng adulLhood (SLelnfleld, Llllson, & Lampe, 2008). ln addlLlon, soclal
neLworklng slLes seem Lo deflne a generaLlonal ldenLlLy" (lLo, 2010:2).
8uL, desplLe Lhls pervaslveness, we can sLlll flnd a mlnorlLy of young non-users. 1hese non-users are
ofLen noL glven volce ln research, slnce much aLLenLlon ls glven Lo Lhe ma[orlLy of users and Lhelr
pracLlces.
Cur sLudy ls based on 30 seml-sLrucLured lnLervlews applled Lo a convenlence sample of orLuguese
non-SnS users, beLween 18 and 26 years of age. 1he lnLervlews were conducLed from SepLember
2012 Lo !anuary 2013. We almed Lo explore dlfferenL narraLlves of lnLerneL adopLlon, re[ecLlon, and
usage. So, our goals were Lhreefold: flrsL, we wanLed Lo undersLand Lhelr moLlvaLlons for re[ecLlng
soclal neLworklng slLes. Second, we wanLed Lo lnvesLlgaLe lf Lhese young adulLs employ soclal
sLraLegles Lo deal wlLh LhaL cholce. 1hlrd, we explored narraLlves of ldenLlLy and soclal performance.
1he lnLervlewees dld noL use any soclal neLworklng slLe aL Lhe Llme of Lhe sLudy, buL some had used
lL before. 1he prellmlnary resulLs show LhaL Lhe maln moLlvaLlons Lo re[ecL soclal neLworklng slLes are
relaLed Lo prlvacy and addlcLlon concerns. 1hese addlcLlon concerns lncluded soclal and Llme
dlsplacemenL and lack of offllne soclal llfe. 1he lnLervlewees LhaL had used a soclal neLworklng slLe
before lefL lL due Lo lack of usage or excesslve usage. Powever, mosL suffered some peer pressure Lo
creaLe or re-acLlvaLe a proflle ln a soclal neLworklng slLe, malnly on lacebook. 8uL Lhey felL LhaL Lhe
galns of noL belng on a soclal neLworklng slLe, namely prlvacy and offllne soclal llfe, compensaLed for
Lhe feellngs of mlsslng ouL". 1hese feellngs of mlsslng ouL" were mosLly: noL knowlng of parLles and
oLher evenLs, noL engaglng ln onllne sharlng or dlscusslon wlLh frlends, noL belng aware of gosslp,
and noL belng able Lo follow someone's dally updaLes.
1o face Lhese feellngs of mlsslng ouL", Lhe ma[orlLy of lnLervlewees engaged ln speclflc soclal
sLraLegles or efforLs of soclablllLy, such as organlzlng and hosLlng soclal evenLs. 1hey would also make
exLenslve use of oLher medla, parLlcularly moblle phones or even emalls. 1hese resulLs seem Lo
supporL Lhe meJlo moltlplexlty bypotbesls (PayLhornLhwalLe 2003), whlch poslLs LhaL more sLrongly
Lled palrs make more use of Lhe avallable medla. eople use a varleLy of ways Lo connecL wlLh close
Lles, such as frlends, whereas soclal neLworklng slLes seem Lo be Lhe mosL used, lnexpenslve, and
convenlenL medlum Lo connecL wlLh weak Lles, such as acqualnLances (Cf. vlLak, Llllson, & SLelnfleld
2011, 8urke, krauL, & Marlow 2011).
1o [usLlfy Lhelr non-usage, some lnLervlewees shaped and managed a parLlcular petsooo or seL of
values, whlch can be lnvesLlgaLed ln llghL of Lhe lmpresslon managemenL" process developed by
Lrvlng Coffman. 1he lmpllcaLlons of Lhese resulLs are dlscussed hereln.

8eferences
8urke, Molra, 8oberL krauL, and Cameron Marlow 2011. 'Soclal CaplLal on lacebook: ulfferenLlaLlng
uses and users.' ltoceeJloqs of cnl, vancouver, Canada.


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Llllson, nlcole, Charles SLelnfleld and Cllff Lampe 2007. '1he beneflLs of lacebook "frlends:" Soclal
caplLal and college sLudenLs' use of onllne soclal neLwork slLes.' Iootool of compotet-MeJloteJ
commoolcotloo 12(4).
Llllson, nlcole, Cllff Lampe, Charles SLelnfleld and !esslca vlLak 2010. 'WlLh a llLLle help from my
lrlends: Soclal neLwork slLes and soclal caplLal.' p. 124-143 ln A oetwotkeJ self. lJeotlty, commoolty,
ooJ coltote oo soclol oetwotk sltes, edlLed by Zlzl apacharlssl. new ?ork: 8ouLledge.
boyd, d. & Llllson, n. 8. 2007. 'Soclal neLwork SlLes: ueflnlLlon, PlsLory, and Scholarshlp.'Iootool of
compotet-MeJloteJ commoolcotloo.
PayLhornLhwalLe, Carollne 2003. 'Soclal neLworks and lnLerneL ConnecLlvlLy LffecLs.' lofotmotloo,
commoolcotloo & 5oclety 8: 123-147.
lLo, Mlzuko eL al. 2010. nooqloq Oot, Messloq AtoooJ, ooJ Ceekloq Oot. klJs llvloq ooJ leotoloq
wltb New MeJlo. 8osLon: Ml1.
lLo, Mlzuko 2010. 'lnLroducLlon' ln lLo (eds.) nooqloq Oot, Messloq AtoooJ, ooJ Ceekloq Oot. klJs
llvloq ooJ leotoloq wltb New MeJlo. 8osLon: Ml1.
SLelnfleld, C., Llllson, n. & Lampe, C. 2008. 'Soclal caplLal, self-esLeem, and use of onllne soclal
neLwork slLes: A longlLudlnal analysls.' Iootool of ApplleJ uevelopmeotol lsycboloqy 29(6).
vlLak, !esslca, nlcole Llllson, and Charles SLelnfleld 2011. '1he Lles LhaL bond: 8e-examlnlng Lhe
relaLlonshlp beLween lacebook use and bondlng soclal caplLal. ln ltoceeJloqs of tbe 44tb Aooool
nowoll lotetootloool coofeteoce oo 5ystem 5cleoces (Cu-8CM). CompuLer SocleLy ress.

* * *
'
W",0.,<%+$5"' 4"%+1' %/#' +8""+16' ;/+",1"(+$./1' .0' #$1(.),1"' %/#' 1)4d"(+$5$+B' %+' *$5"' "*"(+,./$(' #%/("'
<)1$('"5"/+1'%/#'./*$/"'1:%("1

reclous vlda ?AMACuCPl, hu
Cedar CresL College, uSA
freshpresh[gmall.com

1he genre of elecLronlc dance muslc (LuM) encapsulaLes a developlng lnLernaLlonal movemenL of
lnLersecLlng boundarles lnvolvlng culLure, sexuallLy, and Lechnology. Cnllne and offllne spaces
provlde landscapes for Lhe narraLlves of LuM, a Lype of muslc performed ln dance clubs, raves, and
muslc fesLlval soclal seLLlngs, as well as Lhrough onllne muslc sLreamlng and soclal medla slLes where
u!s and acLlve LuM audlences parLlclpaLe, communlcaLe, and conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe ongolng developmenL
of lLs culLure and economy. 1hrough Lhe use of Lechnology, performaLlvlLy ls expressed Lhrough
audlo, vlsual, and conLexLual posLs, lmages, and phrases neLworked Lhrough soclal medla such as
1wlLLer, lnsLagram, ?ou1ube, 1urn1able.fm, and SoundCloud. 1hls sLudy looks aL Lhe performaLlvlLy
of on- and off-llne communlcaLlon assoclaLed wlLh Lhe dlscourse and sub[ecLlvlLy of u!s and audlence


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members as acLlve producers and acLors of Lhe LuM culLure. 1hrough eLhnographlc meLhods Lhls
sLudy focuses on Lhe reshaplng of elecLronlc dance muslc (LuM) from Lhe 1990s rave generaLlon Lo
Lhe 2013 LuM generaLlon where onllne and offllne spaces are locaLlons where dlscourse and
sub[ecLlvlLy are produced Lhrough lLs parLlclpanLs.

* * *
'
!.4$*"' =/.8*"#3"&' =%,<%' :.$/+1' %/#' #$3$+%*' :"",16' D2"' +%($+' ":$1+"<.*.3B' %/#' *$/3)$1+$('
,":,"1"/+%+$./'.0'!ccL1'''
'
Llsa C81MLSS
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
CeLLysburg College, uSA
lporLmes[geLLysburg.edu

ln fall 2012 Coursera, a year-old company founded by Lwo SLanford unlverslLy compuLer sclenLlsLs,
offered more Lhan 100 free masslve open onllne courses, or MCCCs. Coursera promlses free access
Lo a world class educaLlon LaughL by faculLy aL Lop unlverslLles and Lhe opporLunlLy Lo [oln a global
communlLy of Lhousands of sLudenLs. lLs pedagogy ls sald Lo allow sLudenLs Lo masLer concepLs
qulckly and effecLlvely, wlLh lnLeracLlvlLy and frequenL feedback lnLended Lo assure sLudenL
engagemenL and crowd-sourclng Lechnlques Lo ald ln rellable gradlng. Coursera posLs llnks on lLs
webslLe Lo research LhaL suggesLs onllne ouLcomes equal or surpass LradlLlonal course lnsLrucLlon
and allow fllpplng," where onllne conLenL replaces lecLures and LexLbooks ln real world unlverslLles
and allows greaLer experlmenLal, hands-on work ln real world classrooms.
LlngulsLlc and medla represenLaLlon of MCCCs such as Lhose offered by Coursera, edx and udaclLy
reflecL Lenslon and amblgulLy ln Lhelr bold promlse of democraLlzed educaLlon and global knowledge
sharlng. 1hls paper offers an approach Lo MCCCs LhaL explores Lhe LaclL eplsLemology of such
represenLaLlons and suggesLs a rlcher accounL of Lhe amblgulLles ln boLh Lhe noLlon of a course and
Lhe concepLlon of knowledge underlylng Lhe rheLorlc of MCCCs. lL does by explorlng Lhe unseLLled
llngulsLlc and vlsual represenLaLlons LhaL reflecL Lhe sLrange llfeworld of global x courses and lLs
desLablllzed rheLorlc of Lechnology and educaLlonal pracLlce.
AL presenL MCCCs make access Lo an lndlvldual course Lhelr maln prlorlLy, Lhough Lhls slngular focus
ls concealed by Lhe unlverslLy brand whlch suggesLs a larger educaLlonal mlsslon, as well as creaLes a
resldenLlal real world aura LhaL shapes percepLlon of Lhe vlrLual modallLy of x courses. 1hls Lenslon
beLween Lhe aLomlzed course and Lhe borrowed famlllarlLy of a real world unlverslLy shlelds from
vlew Lhe amblgulLy of Lhe vlrLual courseworld. aradox exlsLs ln Lhe very ldea of an x course, even
when dlsgulsed by cerLlflcaLes of compleLlon and Lhe flnallLy and accompllshmenL Lhey promlse.
1haL Lhe reallLy of a deLached course (no place, no credlL, crowd-sourced gradlng) ls masked by
appeallng lmages of unlverslLy campuses (or more accuraLely on Coursera, wlLh college age sLudenLs
slLLlng alone wlLh Lhelr compuLers agalnsL lndlsLlncL backgrounds) yeL aL Lhe same Llme branded as


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Lhe world's besL course, reflecLlng lnescapable Lenslons ln Lhe markeLlng of MCCCs. 1he x course ls
boLh a course yeL noL a course.
WlLh paradox ln Lhe sLrange dlscourse of MCCCs and Lhelr even sLranger onLology, MCCCs suggesL
as well knowledge colonlzaLlon by world class unlverslLles" and a de-emphasls on a coherenL
currlcular vlslon. Llke oLher Lechnology-enabled manlfesLaLlons of Lhe lnformaLlon revoluLlon -- Lhe
surglcal sLrlkes of predaLor drones, execuLed from afar, and Lhe saboLage and esplonage of cyber war
Lechnologles -- Lechnology enabled MCCCs confronL us wlLh hybrldlzed forms of vlrLual experlence ln
whlch Lhe course proflles a real world" professor as Lhe promlse of a llnk Lo place ln whlch Lhe
knowledge lL offers has meanlng.
8uL knowledge ln lLself wlLhouL a larger narraLlve of purpose lacks moral meanlng, and wlLh Lhe flrsL
world" lmprlmaLur glven Lo Lhe courses and Lhe hope and expecLaLlon LhaL sLudenL daLa wlll be a
LesL bed for educaLlonal experlmenLs," Lhe creaLlon of an unspoken posL-colonlal pro[ecL
uncomforLably shadows Lhe hope for democraLlzed access Lo educaLlon.
uemands for more meanlngful cerLlflcaLlon of successful compleLlon, secure ldenLlLy conflrmaLlon,
sLraLegles for mlnlmlzlng cheaLlng, and more hollsLlc concepLlons of Lhe meanlng of an x course
would make Lhe noble" promlse of MCCCs more reachable, and Lhe democraLlzlng of educaLlon"
more genulne. Such lnLervenLlon by dellberaLe pollLlcal engagemenL ls Lhe only way LhaL human
belngs can parLlclpaLe ln Lhe evoluLlon of knowledge pracLlces LhaL supporL raLher Lhan dlmlnlsh
human llfe. 8ecognlLlon of Lhe LaclL eplsLemology embodled ln Lhe presenL represenLaLlon of
MCCCs promlses a rlcher accounL of Lhe amblgulLles of MCCCs, Lhe unseLLled llngulsLlc and vlsual
represenLaLlons LhaL reflecL Lhe sLrange llfeworld of planeLary x courses and Lhe presslng need for
promlslng lnnovaLlon LhaL serves Lhe resLless global deslre for knowledge.

* * *

W2$*.1.:2B&'+"(2/.*.3B&'%/#'*$1+"/$/3'+.'<)1$('

uarryl C8LSSMAn
hllosophy ueparLmenL
MaasLrlchL unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
darryl.cressman[maasLrlchLunlverslLy.nl

1lmoLhy 1aylor (2001) beglns hls book 5ttooqe 5oooJs. Moslc, 1ecbooloqy & coltote wlLh a sLrlklng
clalm: 1he advenL of dlglLal Lechnology ln Lhe early 1980s marks Lhe beglnnlng of whaL may be Lhe
mosL fundamenLal change ln Lhe hlsLory of WesLern muslc slnce Lhe lnvenLlon of muslc noLaLlon ln
Lhe nlnLh cenLury" (p.3). 1hls ls qulLe Lhe clalm. 8uL, Lhere ls more here Lhan a bold prognosLlcaLlon.
1aylor pre-supposes a parLlcular relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe Lechnlcal and Lhe soclal, namely, LhaL Lhe
Lechnlcal ls Lhe sLarLlng polnL for Lhlnklng abouL Lhe soclal.


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As wrlLers become more aLLuned Lo Lhe maLerlallLy of muslcal culLure, Lhls parLlcular balanclng of Lhe
soclal and Lhe Lechnlcal has become a klnd of meLhodologlcal paradlgm-Lechnology becomes a
convenlenL sLarLlng polnL for Lhlnklng abouL muslcal culLure. 1hls ls noL an accusaLlon of
deLermlnlsm. lnfluenced by consLrucLlvlsL Lechnology sLudles, mosL sLudles of Lechnology and
muslcal culLure avold Lhe plLfalls of deLermlnlsm by demonsLraLlng Lhe soclal conLlngency of muslcal
Lechnology, usually by emphaslzlng how users shape and redeflne Lhe meanlng and funcLlon of
muslcal Lechnologles. An emphasls on user re-conflguraLlon may deflecL charges of deLermlnlsm, buL
lL does noL change Lhe facL LhaL sLudles of Lechnology and muslcal culLure use Lechnology as Lhe
sLarLlng polnL Lo explaln muslcal culLure.
Cne consequence of Lhls socloLechnlcal balance ls LhaL elemenLs of muslcal culLure become
concepLually lmpoverlshed. Cf Lhese elemenLs, llsLenlng Lo muslc suffers Lhe mosL. When we Lake
Lechnology as Lhe sLarLlng polnL for Lhlnklng abouL muslcal culLure, llsLenlng become concepLually
absLracLed from Lhe aesLheLlc complexlLles of muslcal culLure and lnLerpreLed as a Lechnlcal
phenomenon. An example of Lhls can be found ln sLudles of moblle llsLenlng. lrom Lhe LranslsLor
radlo Lo Lhe lod, Lhe sLarLlng polnL for Lhese sLudles ls Lhe ldea LhaL parLlcular Lechnologles precede
and shape llsLenlng, moblle Lechnologles lead Lo moblle llsLenlng, an aural experlence deflned by a
parLlcular Lechnology.
1he culLural hlsLory of llsLenlng Lo muslc ls, of course, lnLerLwlned wlLh Lechnology. lL ls dlfflculL Lo
Lhlnk of a llsLenlng experlence LhaL ls noL medlaLed by some sorL of arrangemenL of maLerlal ob[ecLs.
8uL, Lechnologles LhaL medlaLe llsLenlng Lo muslc are preceded and shaped by an ldeal of llsLenlng
LhaL ls parL of a larger muslcal culLure. 1he concerL hall ls noL Lhe sLarLlng polnL for aLLenLlve llsLenlng
any more Lhan lods mark Lhe beglnnlng of moblle llsLenlng. 1echnologles do noL slmply emerge
from Lhe alr and proceed Lo lnfluence muslcal culLure. 1he llsLenlng experlence belng medlaLed has
Lo flL wlLhln an exlsLlng muslcal culLure.
1hls perspecLlve Lowards Lechnology and muslcal culLure develops ouL of a hermeneuLlc approach Lo
Lechnology. ln Lhls presenLaLlon, l explore how a hermeneuLlc approach provldes a meLhodologlcal
alLernaLlve Lo emplrlcal/consLrucLlvlsL sLudles of Lechnology and muslcal culLure. Llke consLrucLlvlsL
Lheorles of Lechnology, hermeneuLlc Lheorles emphaslze Lhe soclal conLlngency of Lechnology.
Where hermeneuLlcs and consLrucLlvlsm dlffer are Lhe quesLlons LhaL soclal conLlngency lnsplres.
very generally, consLrucLlvlsL Lheorles Lrace how Lechnologles come lnLo exlsLence, carefully Lraclng
how soclal groups aLLempL Lo dlrecL Lhe funcLlon and meanlng of Lechnology. PermeneuLlc Lheorles
ask why lndlvlduals and soclal groups lnLerpreL Lechnologles as Lhey do by conLexLuallzlng Lhe
meanlngs aLLrlbuLed Lo Lechnology as hlsLorlcal phenomena. ln Lhe case of Lechnology and llsLenlng
Lo muslc, a hermeneuLlc approach would dlrecL us Lowards Lhe mode of llsLenlng belng maLerlallzed,
noL Lhe Lechnology LhaL makes llsLenlng a Lechnlcally medlaLed phenomenon.






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1rack 7
lnlC8MA1lCS, nAnC- Anu 8lC-
1LCPnCLCClCAL CCnvL8CLnCLS
Chalr: lbo vAn uL CLL and Marla lns AMA8C


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1ransformat|ve techno|og|es and the|r effect on the '1echnose|f'

Marc SAnL8
lnsLlLuLe for Sclence, SocleLy and ollcy
unlverslLy of CLLawa, Canada
msaner[uoLLawa.ca

8occl LulClnl
CommunlcaLlon ueparLmenL
unlverslLy of CLLawa, Canada
rlupplcl[uoLLawa.ca

ln Lhls Lalk we lnLroduce Lhe concepL of 'Lechnoself' LhaL denoLes Lhe changlng noLlon of human
ldenLlLy ln a socleLy resulLlng from Lhe adopLlon of new Lechnologles. '1echnoself' ls a recenL Lerm
used Lo denoLe Lhe evolvlng conflguraLlons of human-Lechnologlcal relaLlonshlps LhaL shape Lhe
human condlLlon and whaL lL means Lo be a human belng. '1echnoself' acLs as an umbrella Lerm for a
varleLy of recenL deflnlLlons cenLered around Lhe LreaLmenL of humans belngs wlLh a Lechnologlcal
naLure, lncludlng: cyborg, beman (blo-elecLrlc human), posLhuman, Lranshuman, Lechnohuman,
Lechnosaplen, dlglLal ldenLlLy, avaLars, and homoLechnlcus.
1he beneflL of analyzlng and dlscusslng Lhls concepL ls Lwo-fold. llrsL, lL focuses aLLenLlon on Lhe
effecLs of Lechnologlcal change on human naLure lLself. 1hls aLLenLlon ls well-warranLed ln a perlod
where Lhe drlve Lowards enhanclng human capablllLles (Lo Lhe polnL of moral enhancemenL) Lhrough
sclenLlflc and Lechnlcal means ls becomlng a Loplc of phllosophlcal dellberaLlon and ldeologlcal
lnLeresL. 1he growlng body of recenL academlc scholarshlp focuslng on Lhe lnfluence of Lechnologlcal
change on human naLure provldes useful LheoreLlcal groundlng for concepLuallzlng Lhe essence of
human belngs and whaL lL means Lo be human wlLhln an evolvlng Lechnologlcal socleLy. lor lnsLance,
ln Lhe area of dlglLal ldenLlLy consLrucLlon and vlrLual llfe, a dlverslLy of Loplcs (onllne ldenLlLy and
lnLellecLual dlsablllLy, avaLars and onllne ldenLlLy, lnLerneL addlcLlon, lmmlgranL ldenLlLy and dlglLal
dlaspora, ldenLlLy and soclal neLworklng, and dlglLal ldenLlLy consLrucLlon) have spurred debaLe
concernlng medlaLed ldenLlLy, lLs beneflLs, and lLs challenges.
Second, as we wlll show, Lhe concepL allows Leaslng ouL relevanL commonallLles and dlfferences
beLween LransformaLlve Lechnologles (such as lnformaLlon Lechnologles, roboLlcs and prosLheLlcs,
bloLechnologles, neuroLechnologles, and convergenL Lechnologles). Cne seL of LransformaLlve
Lechnologles Lo be compared from Lhe polnL of vlew of 'Lechnoself' are Lhose human enhancemenL
Lechnologles (PL1s) LhaL lmpacL Lhe human braln/mlnd (for example, mood enhancers, cognlLlve
enhancers, and neuro enhancemenL) wlLh Lhose LhaL lmpacL Lhe human body (plasLlc surgery,
prosLheLlcs, exoskeleLons, wearable compuLers). AnoLher lnslghLful comparlson ls Lhe conLrasLlng of
PL1s wlLh Lhe creaLlon of enLlre arLlflclal humans (such as answerlng sysLems based on arLlflclal
lnLelllgence, avaLars, humanolds or roboLs) and Lhelr lnLegraLlon lnLo socleLy for personal and soclal
use (love/sex dolls, nannyboLs, roboLlc Loys, personal care roboLs, roboLlc peLs, commerclal roboLs
and arLlflclal lnLelllgence sysLems). 1hese arLlflclal consLrucLlons provlde anoLher source of


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Lechnoself sLudy as Lhey provlde an exLreme case for Lhe developmenL of normaLlve vlews
concernlng ldeal human form and funcLlon and concepLlons of a 'self'. 1easlng ouL relevanL
commonallLles and dlfferences beLween LransformaLlve Lechnologles conLrlbuLes valuable lnslghL
lnLo Lhe concepL of selfhood, as well as percepLlons, values, and soclal norms abouL human
enhancemenL, lLs llmlLs, and posslble LhreaLs Lo human dlgnlLy.
lollowlng Lhe dlscusslon on Lhe concepL of Lechnoself and LransformaLlve Lechnologles, Lhe
presenLaLlon wlll focus on Lhe classlflcaLlon and organlzaLlon of key Lypes of LransformaLlve
Lechnologles ln Lerms of Lhelr effecL on Lhe Lechnoself. We wlll skeLch ouL a Laxonomy of
componenLs of 'Lechnoself' ln relaLlon Lo LransformaLlve Lechnologles. 1he concepL ls valuable as lL
addresses Lhe full array of such Lechnologles, lncludlng nanoLechnology, bloLechnology, lnformaLlon
and cognlLlve Lechnologles, and Lhelr convergence (n8lC). We wlll also show LhaL Lhe 'Lechnoself'
concepL ls useful ln hlghllghLlng Lhe value of phllosophlcal analyses of Lechnology.

* * *
'
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Marlanne 8CLnlnk
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
m.boenlnk[uLwenLe.nl

Slnce Lhe compleLlon of Lhe Puman Cenome ro[ecL, Lhe hope LhaL geneLlc markers would enable a
predlcLlve and prevenLlve medlclne, geared Lowards one's geneLlc consLlLuLlon, has gradually been
proven valn. 1he acLual resulLs harvesLed from geneLlc and genomlc research have been
dlsappolnLlng compared Lo Lhe promlses and expecLaLlons ralsed. 1hls has noL dlscouraged
blomedlcal researchers and pollcy makers, however, Lo keep pursulng Lhe ldeal of predlcLlve,
prevenLlve and, ln parLlcular, personallzed (-) medlclne. 1helr focus of aLLenLlon has shlfLed, and
now 'blomarkers' seem Lo have replaced 'genes' as Lhe hope for Lhe fuLure of -medlclne.
1hls rlse of lnLeresL ln 'blomarkers' lndlcaLes a concepLual shlfL ln blomedlclne LhaL ls phllosophlcally
lnLeresLlng for more Lhan one reason. 1he mosL commonly used deflnlLlon of a blomarker ls a
characLerlsLlc LhaL ls ob[ecLlvely measured and evaluaLed as an lndlcaLor of normal blologlcal
processes, paLhogenlc processes, or pharmacologlc responses Lo a LherapeuLlc lnLervenLlon" (1).
1hus, a blomarker ls a Lechnologlcally and sclenLlflcally consLlLuLed enLlLy, LhaL ls lnLerpreLed as a slgn
of real Llme bodlly processes. A blomarkers ls, Lhen, a LranslaLor, openlng up Lhe domaln of Lhe body
for dlscusslon (and lnLervenLlon). 1hls ls noL a new phenomenon ln medlclne: cholesLerol, blood
pressure or SA-levels are [usL some of Lhe blomarkers 'avanL la leLLre' LhaL have been around for


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qulLe some Llme. WhaL ls new, however, ls LhaL blomarkers are now soughL for malnly on Lhe
molecular level (8nA, proLelns), as well as Lhe sheer lncrease ln number of proposed blomarkers (2).
ln addlLlon, even Lhough Lhe phenomenon ln lLself may noL be new, boLh Lhe sLaLus of blomarkers
and Lhelr role as a LranslaLor are phllosophlcally opaque. llrsL: WhaL exacLly ls a blomarker? Pow can
lL be recognlzed? Pow does Lechnology consLlLuLe Lhls phenomenon and how does LhaL deLermlne
Lhe way lL opens up Lhe body for lnvesLlgaLlon and lnLervenLlon? And secondly: Pow do blomarkers
dlsLlngulsh beLween 'normal' and 'abnormal' blologlcal processes? Whlch concepL of
normallLy/abnormallLy ls presupposed? And whlch concepL of dlsease does lL relnforce? And, Laklng
Lhe answers Lo Lhe afore menLloned quesLlons lnLo accounL, how plauslble ls lL LhaL blomarkers wlll
help esLabllsh -medlclne and lf so, whaL would lL look llke?
ln Lhls presenLaLlon, l wlll flrsL offer a brlef overvlew of Lhe way Lhe search for blomarkers now
lnforms blomedlcal research and research pollcy. SubsequenLly, l wlll go lnLo Lhe onLologlcal and
eplsLemologlcal lssues ralsed by Lhe concepL 'blomarker', uslng (among oLhers) Lhe work of
Cangullhem (3) Lo reflecL on Lhe concepL of (ab-)normallLy lmplled ln mosL blomarker research. ln
concluslon, l wlll lndlcaLe how Lhe phllosophlcal quesLlons and doubLs ralsed by blomarkers may
lmpacL Lhe plauslblllLy of Lhe -vlslon of Lhe fuLure of medlclne.

8eferences
(1) 8lomarkers ueflnlLlon Worklng Croup (2001), 8lomarkers as SurrogaLe LndpolnLs: referred
deflLnlLlons and concepLual framework. cllo. lbotomcol. 1bet. 69 (3), 89-93.
(2) MeLzler, l. (2010), 8lomarkers and Lhelr consequences for Lhe blomedlcal professlon: a soclal
sclence perspecLlve. letsooollzeJ MeJlcloe 7(4), 407-420.
(3) Cangullhem, C. (1991), 1be ootmol ooJ tbe potboloqlcol. new ?ork: Zone 8ooks

* * *

A$,+)%*':%+$"/+'$/'4$./%/.'+"*"<"#$($/"6'S@:*.,$/3'/"8'"+2$(%*'0,./+$",1h'

nuno SoLero Alves da SlLvA, hu SLudenL
CenLre for CompuLlng and Soclal 8esponslblllLy
ue MonLforL unlverslLy, uk
nsas[lls.uluslda.pL

Conalo !orge Morals da CCS1A, hu SLudenL
unlversldade AuLnoma de Llsboa, orLugal
CenLre for CompuLlng and Soclal 8esponslblllLy, ue MonLforL unlverslLy, uk
goncalo[[goncalocosLa.com



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lnLroducLlon
1odays blomedlcal Lechnology recognlzes a convergence beLween varlous research flelds, l.e., n8lC
(nanoLechnology, 8loLechnology, lnformaLlon and CognlLlve Sclences) (8oco & 8alnbrldge, 2003). Cn
Lhe oLher hand, a poLenLlal deflnlLlon Lelemedlclne ls: rapld access Lo shared and remoLe medlcal
experLlse by means of LelecommunlcaLlons and lnformaLlon Lechnologles, no maLLer where Lhe
paLlenL or relevanL lnformaLlon ls locaLed" (SveLozar, 2008). 1hls paper explores Lhe eLhlcal
quandarles LhaL n8lC and Lelemedlclne overlaps promoLe, namely regardlng Lhe concepL of vlrLual
paLlenL. oLenLlal examples are prlvacy (due Lo cellular lmaglng and lLs vlrLuallzaLlon), securlLy (blg
daLa) or even securlLy (daLa confldenLlallLy).
1elemedlclne
ConcepL
1elemedlclne llLeraLure ls vasL and rlch, as well as ls ofLen consldered as e-healLh desplLe some
dlfferences. Whlle Lelemedlclne ls Lhe use of medlcal lnformaLlon exchanged from one slLe Lo
anoLher vla elecLronlc communlcaLlons Lo lmprove paLlenLs' healLh sLaLus" (Amerlcan 1elemedlclne
AssoclaLlon, n.d.), e-healLh conflgures healLhcare evaluaLlon, dlagnosls and paLlenLs LreaLmenL
Lhrough mulLlple Lechnologlcal plaLforms (e.g., physlcal and moblle neLworks) (McCafferLy, 2011),
l.e., Lelemedlclne developmenL.
Medlcal lmaglng
Medlcal lmaglng can be deflned as Lhe collecLlon of approaches (dlglLal and non-dlglLal) and
Lechnlques (magneLlc resonance, compuLed Lomographlc scans, sonographlc lmaglng, blonano
lnLelllgenL sysLems, eLc.) LhaL capLure, collecL and process medlcal lmages (Passanlen et ol., 2009).
Medlcal lmaglng fasL developmenL over Lhe lasL 23 years has cerLalnly produced dramaLlc changes
regardlng dlagnosls and Lherapy, namely Lhrough non-lnvaslve meLhods. ln facL, blonano lnLelllgenL
sysLems lmaglng capablllLles have a sophlsLlcaLlon never gllmpsed before (nel et ol., 2009) allowlng
Lo capLure lmages aL cellular and molecular level. Pence, Lhe array of quanLum medlcal lmaglng daLa
(anaLomlcal, physlologlcal, and paLhologlcal) wlll faclllLaLe human body 3u dlmenslonal
reconsLrucLlon, l.e., Lhe ablllLy Lo manlpulaLe a vlrLual paLlenL and explore vlrLual Lheraples (Schlag,
1999). noLe LhaL even Loday vlrLual reallLy medlcal envlronmenLs frame Lhe work of Lllls eL al. (1997)
(Lllls, 8egaulL & Wenzel, 1997): conLenL (ob[ecLs and acLors), geomeLry (meLrlcs and exLenL), and,
dynamlcs (rules of lnLeracLlon).
vlrLual paLlenL
ConcepL
vlrLual paLlenL ls a bundle of daLa LhaL lllusLraLes a paLlenL, whlch case ls dlvlded lnLo: medlcal/cllnlcal
hlsLory, physlcal (anaLomlcal, physlologlcal and paLhologlcal) examlnaLlon, dlfferenLlal dlagnosls,
lnvesLlgaLlons, worklng dlagnosls, managemenL, follow-up and case summary (1oro-1roconls et ol.,
2008). 1hese lnLeracLlve vlrLual envlronmenLs provlde an effecLlve healLhcare Lralnlng, because
scenarlo Lools lmprove declslon maklng (Lllaway & MasLers 2008).


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1radlLlonal eLhlcal challenges
8lonano Lechnologles promoLe a shlfL regardlng human body vlrLuallzaLlon, because researchers
move from a somaLlc Lo molecular perspecLlve (SLlngl, 2010). As a resulL, ls cruclal Lo reLhlnk body"
(concepL) ln order Lo preserve personhood and Lhe rlghL Lo auLonomy and prlvacy. 1he reasons for
Lhls argumenL are slmple:
1. aLlenLs should cholce abouL Lhe usage of blonano devlces, slnce quanLum medlcal records
(daLa and lmages) monlLor Lhe all body (8An). 1hls cholce embraces Lhe prlnclple of
auLonomy (Luropean Croup on LLhlcs, 2003),
2. 1he self-evldence of a physlcal body ls a parLlal perspecLlve, slnce Lhe vlrLual body ls a
lnformaLlonal consLrucLlon LhaL symbollzes lL (SLlngl, 2010).
8lonano
ConcepL
lollowlng 8oco & 8alnbrldge (2003), blonanoLechnology or n8lC (nanoLechnology, 8loLechnology,
lnformaLlon and CognlLlve Sclences) resumes a convergence beLween Lhese varlous research flelds,
however, lLs concepLual youLh acknowledges a hlgh level of amblgulLy. lor lnsLance, Coodsell, (2004,
pp. 8) argues LhaL blonanoLechnology ls a subseL of nanoLechnology: aLom-level englneerlng and
manufacLurlng uslng blologlcal precedenLs for guldance. lL ls also closely marrled Lo bloLechnology
buL adds Lhe ablllLy Lo deslgn and modlfy Lhe aLomlc-level deLalls of Lhe ob[ecLs creaLed". Cr, a
mulLldlsclpllnary knowledge LhaL overlaps blology and nanoLechnology (Abu-lara[, 2012).
Medlcal appllances
1he ma[or appllances of blonano medlcal devlces acknowledge dlagnosls and LreaLmenL procedures.
uesplLe lLs concepLual youLh Lhls research fleld enLalls a wlde array of Lechnologles, as for lnsLance:
drug dellvery, roboLlc surgery, memory and body enhancemenL, medlcal lmaglng, eLc.
1he bond wlLh Lelemedlclne
Slnce blonano devlces have Lhe ablllLy Lo collecL lnformaLlon Lhrough Lhelr sensors and LransmlL lL ln
order Lo produce body lmages Lhrough lo vlvo or lo vltto appllcaLlons (nel et ol., 2009) ls easy Lo
ascerLaln a connecLlon wlLh Lelemedlclne (medlcal lmaglng). 1hls medlcal lnformaLlon wlll be
compleLed wlLh 8ody Area neLwork (8An): a sysLem of auLonomous wlreless nodules LhaL span Lhe
user space lLself (varandan & Chen, 2012). Clven Lhe conLlnuous monlLorlng process healLhcare
professlonals wlll have Lhe ablllLy Lo compare physlologlcal daLa wlLh medlcal lmaglng dlglLal
reconsLrucLlon.
ulscusslon and concluslon
ln Lhls secLlon Lhe auLhors wlll explore Lhe overlaps beLween human body vlrLuallzaLlon and blonano
Lechnologles, as well as lLs challenglng eLhlcal fronLlers.




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8eferences
Abu-lara[, Z. C. (Ld.). (2012). nooJbook of teseotcb oo blomeJlcol eoqloeetloq eJocotloo ooJ
oJvooceJ bloeoqloeetloq leotoloq. lotetJlsclpllooty coocepts. Pershey, A: lCl Clobal.
Amerlcan 1elemedlclne AssoclaLlon. (n.d.) 1elemedlclne deflned. Ametlcoo 1elemeJlcloe Assoclotloo.
Cnllne ln hLLp://www.amerlcanLelemed.org/l4a/pages/lndex.cfm?pageld=3333 (accessed 07 !anuary
2013).
Lllaway, 8., & MasLers, k. (2008). AMLL Culde 32: L-learnlng ln medlcal educaLlon, arL 1: Learnlng,
Leachlng and assessmenL. MeJlcol 1eocbet, J0(3), 433-473.
Lllls, S. 8., 8egaulL, u. 8., & Wenzel, L M. (1997). vlrLual envlronmenLs as human-compuLer
lnLerfaces. ln M. Pelander, 1.k. Landauer & . rabhu (Lds.), nooJbook of nomoo-compotet
lotetoctloo (pp. 163-201). AmsLerdam: Llsevler Sclence.
Luropean Croup on LLhlcs (2003). 1be etblcol ospects of lc1 lmploots lo tbe bomoo boJy. Luropean
Croup on LLhlcs ln Sclence and new 1echnologles Lo Lhe Luropean Commlsslon. AmsLerdam:
Luropean Commlsslon.
Coodsell, u. S. (2004). 8loooootecbooloqy. lessoos ftom ootote. Poboken, n!: Wlley-Llss lnc.
Passanlen, A. L. et ol. (2009). kooqb sets ooJ oeot sets lo meJlcol lmoqloq. A tevlew. l
1toosoctloos oo lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy lo 8lomeJlcloe, 1J(6), 933-968.
McCafferLy, u. (2011). 1elemedlclne lessons from around Lhe globe. AMu Clobol 1elemedlclne.
Cnllne ln hLLp://www.amdLelemedlclne.com/Lelemedlclne-resources/Lelemedlclne-deflned.hLml
(accessed 20 !anuary 2013).
nel, A. L. et ol. (2009). undersLandlng blophyslcochemlcal lnLeracLlons aL Lhe nano-blo lnLerface.
Notote Motetlols, 8, 343-337.
8oco, M. C., & 8alnbrldge, W. S. (Lds.). (2003). coovetqloq tecbooloqles fot lmptovloq bomoo
petfotmooce. Noootecbooloqy, blotecbooloqy, lofotmotloo tecbooloqy ooJ coqoltlve scleoce.
uordrechL: kluwer Academlc ubllshers.
Schlag, . M. (1999). 1elemedlclne: 1he new musL for surgery. Atcblves of 5otqety, 1J4(11), 1216-
1221.
SLlngl, A. l. (2010). vlrLuallzaLlon and Lhe body ln sclence and socleLy. AlexooJet l. 5tloqls 8loq.
Cnllne ln hLLp://alexsLlngl.webs.com/Course20ln20vlrLuallzaLlon20and20Lhe208ody.doc
(accessed 22 !anuary 2013).
SveLozar, Z. (2008). 1elemedlclne: erspecLlves and expecLaLlons. komeolco, 16(3-4), 69-73.
1oro-1roconls, M. et ol. (2008). 1be lmpetlol vlttool potleot oppllcotloo. London: lmperlal College
London.
varandan, v. k., & Chen, L. (2012). Wearable nano-blo-sensor plaLform. new ?ork, n?: MomenLum
ress.


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* * *

!"+%C+"(2/.*.3$"16'L./0*)"/("1'4"+8""/'#$3$+%*'/"+8.,=$/3'%/#'"<",3$/3'+"(2/.*.3$"1'

ArLur MaLos ALvLS
ALlnLlca unlverslLy and CLCL, orLugal
amalves[uaLlanLlca.pL

LlLher as lnsLrumenLs or as drlvers, lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1) have acqulred
a conflguraLlve role as Lhe basls of Lhe global socloLechnlcal sysLem. ulglLal Lechnologles, and Lhelr
confluence wlLh physlcal and naLural sclences have creaLed a new ouLlook for knowledge producLlon,
soclal developmenL, and new ways of lnLerpreLlng Lhe human condlLlon.
1hls paper alms Lo dlscuss Lhe ways ln whlch Lhe currenL Lrends ln lC1-based socloLechnlcal sysLems
(mlnlaLurlsaLlon, dlspersal ln Lhe envlronmenL, lnLegraLlon and lnLerfaclng wlLh Lhe human body,
dlglLal neLwork convergence, Lo name only a few) are expandlng lnLo a re-creaLlon of Lhe physlcal
and culLural worlds. 8y underLaklng a crlLlcal analysls of dlscourses on emerglng Lechnologles,
Lhrough Lhe concepLuallsaLlons developed by Lhe Lechnology sLudles and phllosophy of Carl MlLcham
(1994, 1993), uon lhde (1990, 2009), and 1homas . Pughes (1989, 2003), l conLend LhaL Lhls
expanslon can be lnLerpreLed as a double-layered dynamlcs. lLs resulL ls an lnsLrumenLal dlglLal
remapplng, or LranslaLlon, of Lhe physlcal and Lhe symbollc envlronmenLs.
Lmerglng Lechnologles, ofLen referred Lo as Cn8 (geneLlcs, nanoLechnology and roboLlcs - 8lll !oy
2001) or n8lC (nano-blo-lnfo-cognlLlve - 8oco & 8alnbrldge 2002) Lechnologles and sclences, are a
seL of LechnosclenLlflc flelds undergolng sLrong developmenL, afLer several naLlonal and lnLernaLlonal
fundlng lnlLlaLlves dlrecLed aL sLraLeglc human enhancemenL (PL). 1he developmenL of Lhese
Lechnologles ls expecLed Lo lead Lo Lhe lnLroducLlon of new maLerlals, Lechnlques and synergles.
Some examples of Lhe lnLerfaclng of emerglng Lechnologles are recenL developmenLs ln blomeLrlcal
Lechnlques, blo-lnformaLlcs, nanomaLerlals, quanLum compuLlng, encrypLlon, blonlcs, all beneflLlng
from Lhe lncreased speed, mlnlaLurlzaLlon, processlng power, sLorage and cosL/beneflL raLlos of lC1.
SocloLechnlcal sysLems have Lechnologlcal, normaLlve and soclal elemenLs, llnked by feedback
mechanlsms ln muLually-affecLlng layered relaLlons (Pughes 1989), lncludlng Lechnologles, skllls,
Lools, as well as speclflc soclal arrangemenLs. lnformaLlon ls crlLlcal for Lhe managemenL of Lhese
sysLems, and lC1 play a key role ln Lhelr complex conLrol sLrucLures. ln facL, Lhe orlglnal developmenL
of lC1 cannoL be dlssoclaLed from Lhe problem of managlng Lhese sysLems (Lhemselves conslsLlng of
large subsysLems).
1here ls also a clear connecLlon beLween Lhe developmenL of lC1, Lhe lnformaLlonal reducLlonlsm of
n8lC, and Lhe lncreaslng complexlLy of conLemporary soclo-Lechnlcal sysLems. lor Carl MlLcham
(1993), Lhe LranslLlon Lo lC1 medlaLlon ln Lhe organlsaLlon of Lhe naLural and Lhe bullL world, as well


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as ln Lhe lnLerfaclng of sclenLlflc dlsclpllnes, marks Lhe meLa-Lechnologlcal characLer of Lhe currenL
soclo-Lechnlcal paradlgm. lL can be argued LhaL Lhe confluence beLween lC1 and Lhe naLural sclences
has esLabllshed a new paradlgm of socloLechnlcal sysLems. 1he meLaLechnologlcal characLer of dlglLal
Lechnologles surfaces ln n8lC vla lLs converslon of onLologlcally dlverse ob[ecLs lnLo baslc
lnformaLlonal paLLerns, lnauguraLlng a new sLage of Lechnosclence (PoLLols).
1hus, l propose Lo conslder a double dynamlcs of Lechnologlcal convergence Lo sLudy Lhls new
paradlgm of socloLechnlcal sysLems esLabllshed by lC1 as meLaLechnology. Cn Lhe one hand, a
macro-convergence ls slgnalled by a closer lnLerplay beLween n8lC (nano-blo-lnfo-cognlLlve)
Lechnology and sclence. Cn Lhe oLher hand, a mlcro-convergence speclflcally Lled Lo socloculLural
aspecLs of Lhe lmpacLs of lC1 ls expressed by Lhe generallzed clrculaLlon, manlpulaLlon, and
approprlaLlon of culLural arLefacLs. 1hese dynamlcs lmpacL socleLy as a whole, effecLlvely blndlng lL ln
a wlde socloLechnlcal sysLem.
1he flrsL convergence" ls Lhe maln ob[ecL of our analysls. lL ls an lnherenLly meLa-Lechnologlcal and
hlgh-level seL of phenomena, esLabllshed - or aL leasL furLhered - by Lhe creaLlon of dellberaLe
sLraLegles of coordlnaLlon of research relaLed Lo Lhe augmenLaLlon of human belngs - usually
presenLed ln posL-humanlsLlc Lones. 8eporLs funded by Lhe naLlonal Sclence loundaLlon (uSA) were
gulded by fuLurlsLlc vlslons of enhanced human performance" (8oco & 8alnbrldge, Lds., 2002,
2003), laylng ouL research programs and pro[ecLlons ln whaL became known as Lhe n8lC lnlLlaLlve".
ConsulLlng bodles of Lhe Lu (such as Lhe Luropean Commlsslon's Luropean Croup on LLhlcs ln
Sclence and new 1echnologles or Lhe Luropean arllamenL's Sclence and 1echnology CpLlons
AssessmenL 8ureau) also release perlodlcal reporLs abouL n8lC, namely regardlng PL Lechnologles
(Coenen eL al., 2009).
1he second" convergence, cenLred upon dlglLal communlcaLlon Lechnologles and Lhelr socloculLural
lmpacLs, has been developlng for aL leasL half a cenLury, as aLLesLed by Lhe works of Marshall
McLuhan, vannevar 8ush, !. C. 8 Llckllder or, more recenLly, by auLhors such as nlcholas negroponLe,
Poward 8helngold, Penry !enklns, or Axel 8runs.
8y adopLlng a crlLlcal analysls, Lhls research dlscusses Lhe genealogy, as well as Lhe maln dlfflculLles,
of Lhe lnLenslflcaLlon of Lhe above-menLloned meLaLechnologlcal paradlgm Lhrough n8lC. ln dolng so,
lL conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe dlscusslon of Lhe ldeologlcal and phllosophlcal assumpLlons of Lhe
posLhumanlsLlc eLhos of PL drlvlng emerglng Lechnologles, lncludlng lC1.

keywords: Lechnologles, meLaLechnology, socloLechnlcal sysLems, n8lC, convergence

* * *





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D2"'$/+"3,%+$./',"1"%,(2'.0'5%*)"'1"/1$+$5"'#"1$3/'$/'+2"'#"5"*.:<"/+'.0'/%/.<"#$($/"1'

ZPAC ?lnghuan, hu
ueparLmenL of Soclal Sclence
Shenyang harmaceuLlcal unlverslLy, Chlna
ylnghuanzhao[slna.com

1he LheoreLlcal base of value senslLlve deslgn (vSu) ls LhaL Lechnology lodes value. 1he llfe cycle of
nanomedlclnes lncludes research and developmenL (8&u), producLlon, dlsLrlbuLlon, use and
managemenL all of process. 8&u ls Lhe early sLage of Lhe developmenL of nanomedlclnes, and lL has a
characLerlsLlc of avanL-garde" loadlng full responslblllLles ln Lhe llfe cycle. 8ecause Lhe rlsks of
nanomedlclnes reveals a characLerlsLlc of cycle, Laklng responslblllLy of 8&u plays Lhe mosL
lmporLanL role Lo solve a slres of eLhlcal lssues and soclal lmpacLs of nanomedlclnes. 1hls arLlcle flrsL
proposed LhaL ln Lhe early sLage of Lhe llfe cycle of nanomedlclnes, lL ls Lhe mosL lmporLanL Lo be falr
Lo Lhe Lransfer of responslblllLy ln order Lo resolve eLhlcal lssues of nanomedlclnes, and Lo Lhe vlew
LhaL vSu ls an approprlaLe framework LhaL Lhe deslgners of nanomedlclnes parLlclpaLe Lo address
moral problems responslbly ln Lhe early sLage of 8&u of new nona-drugs. Cn Lhls above basls, Lhls
paper furLher Lakes Lhe example for nanomedlclnes of anLl-cancer and ozagrel-loaded
nanosLrucLured llpld carrlers (CZ-nLC), 1hromboxane synLhase lnhlblLors A
2
( 1xA2 ), Lo lnLegraLe Lhe
approach of vSu lnLo Lhe deslgn of new nanomedlclnes, and puL forward a baslc Lheory llnklng Lo
conLrol of responslblllLy for Lhe deslgners of nanomedlclnes.
keywords: value senslLlve deslgn, Lhe deslgners of nanomedlclnes , conLrol of responslblllLy,
nanomedlclnes

8eferences
[1]van den Poven M!, WeckerL !. lnformaLlon Lechnology and moral phllosophy[M]. Cambrldge
unlverslLy ress, 2008
[2]!ob 1lmmermans, ?lnghuan Zhao, !eroen van den Poven. LLhlcs And nanopharmacy: value
SenslLlve ueslgn of new urugs [!], nanoLLhlcs 2011, volume 3, number 3, 269-283
[3]Cummlngs ML. lnLegraLlng eLhlcs ln deslgn Lhrough Lhe value-senslLlve deslgn approach[!]. Scl Lng
LLhlcs, 2006, 12:701-713. dol:10.1007/s11948-006-0063-0
[4]Llang x lng [le, Zhao ?u llang, Cvercomlng ChemoLherapeuLlc 8eslsLance of 1umors by nove l
nanomedlc lne [!],Chlna 8aslc Sclence,2010318-23
[3]Zhang ?angde, Llu xlnsheng, Zhang Paowel. AppllcaLlon of nanomeLer blologlcal Lechnology ln Lhe
cllnlcal surgery [!],Lhe fourLeenLh endoscoplc medlcal academlc conference of Chlna,!une,2003.1-3.
[6]Zhao ?uLlang, CAl Zhlfang, nano-Loxlcology[M], 8el[lng: Sclence ress of Chlna,2010. 1-10


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[7]Chang xueLlng, Zu ?an1 & Zhao ?uLlang, Slze and sLrucLure effecLs ln Lhe nanoLoxlc response of
nanomaLerlals [!],Chlnese Sclence 8ulleLln,2011,vol 38(2): 108-118
[8]Wang ?u , WAnC uong-kal, Sun nlan,A revlew on pP-senslLlve nanocarrlers for drug dellvery [!],
Chlnese !ournal of harmaceuLlcs, 2009 vol 7272-76
[9]?ang Lel, Shl Zhao-hul, Clu Ll-peng, Ll Lln, Wang uong-kal, reparaLlon and ln vlLro evaluaLlon of
ozagrel-loaded nanosLrucLured llpld carrlers[!],Chlnese !ournal of new urugs 201221( 11):1301-
1303
[10]Puang ?lng[un, oLenLlal rlsks and CounLermeasures for Lhe developmenL of nanoLechnology[!],
lorum ln Sclence and Lechnology ln Chlna,20063)110-113
[11]Wang ?u, Wang uong-kal, Sun nlan, nano and mlcro Lechnologles for dellverlng macromolecular
LherapeuLlcs uslng poly(lacLlde-co-glycollde)[!],Chlnese !ournal of harmaceuLlcs, 2009 vol 73
203-211
[12]Zhao ?uLlang, Llang Shuxlan,"8lsk and raLlon": nano sclence and Lechnology for soclal demand[!],
Sclence and SocleLy,2012,vol 2(2):24-33,32
[13]uomlnlque McMahon, SLem cell LranslaLlon ln Chlna: CurrenL cllnlcal acLlvlLy and emerglng
lssues[8]8el[lng bloeLhlcs senlor semlnar, Chlnese Academy of Medlcal Sclences, unlon Medlcal
College, 8el[lng, uecember,13-17,2012
[14]lel uuoyl, 1he soclal conLrol of rlsk Lechnology[!].!ournal of 1slnghua unlverslLy (PlLCSCP?
Anu SCClAL SClLnCLS Lul1lCn),2003, vol. 20382-89
[13]Cao xlng, ueslgn eLhlcs research[u],unlverslLy Cf 1he SouLh,2011,141
[16]hlllp klLcher, hllosophy lnslde CuL [!],MeLaphllosophy,2011 vol 42(3):248-260, 233

* * *
'
G"1:./1$4$*$+$"1'$/',"3)*%+$/3'/%/.C(.1<"+$(1'

neelke uCC8n
ueparLmenL of 1echnology, ollcy and ManagemenL, SecLlon of hllosophy
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
n.doorn[LudelfL.nl

lbo vAn uL CLL
ueparLmenL of 1echnology, ollcy and ManagemenL, SecLlon of hllosophy
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
l.r.vandepoel[.LudelfL.nl
1he cosmeLlcs lndusLry has wldely adopLed nano-maLerlals as a means of lmprovlng Lhe properLles of
Lhelr producLs. Some cosmeLlc producLs whlch clalm Lo lncorporaLe englneered nano-maLerlals have


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already enLered Lhe markeL, for example, anLl-agelng creams, make up, halr care producLs, cleansers
and molsLurlzer. 1hese producLs are LhoughL Lo conLaln a varleLy of englneered nano-maLerlals
ranglng from meLal oxldes, fullerenes, quanLum doLs, llposomes and nano-spheres. 1he use of
englneered nano-maLerlals ln cosmeLlcs offers a range of beneflLs, lncludlng enhanclng formulaLlon
properLles and accepLablllLy, havlng a dlrecL effecL on skln and halr (e.g., ln molsLurlzlng or anLl-aglng
formulaLlons, make-up and halr condlLloners), or proLecLlng Lhe skln (e.g., uv fllLers ln sunscreens).
Powever, Lhere ls lncreaslng debaLe abouL poLenLlal healLh rlsks posed by some englneered
nanoparLlcles found ln an array of cosmeLlcs producLs. 1he dlrecL appllcaLlon of cosmeLlc and
personal care producLs onLo Lhe human body, along wlLh Lhe lack of sclenLlflc cerLalnLy concernlng
Lhe poLenLlal LoxlclLy, faLe and effecL of many englneered nano-maLerlals has led Lo lncreaslng
concern over Lhe poLenLlal healLh effecLs of some nano-cosmeLlcs. lmporLanLly, Lhls ls desplLe Lhe
facL LhaL Lhese producLs are sub[ecL Lo regulaLory conLrols wlLhln every [urlsdlcLlon ln whlch Lhey are
sold.
Whlle nano-maLerlals and appllcaLlons are belng developed aL a very rapld pace, a fundamenLal
undersLandlng of poLenLlal human healLh and envlronmenLal rlsks resulLlng from exposure
LhroughouL Lhe llfecycle of Lhese maLerlals has lagged behlnd. ln addlLlon, Lhere ls concern abouL
exlsLlng rlsk assessmenL meLhodologles wlLh regard Lo Lhelr approprlaLeness for assesslng Lhe
poLenLlal rlsks assoclaLed wlLh englneered and advenLlLlous producLs of nanoLechnologles. Clven
Lhese slgnlflcanL knowledge gaps, lL ls noL unreasonable Lo suggesL LhaL Lhere ls a rlsk LhaL poLenLlally
unsafe cosmeLlcs producLs conLalnlng nano-maLerlals mlghL be placed onLo Lhe markeL.
ln november 2009, Lu member sLaLes agreed Lo group some 33 dlrecLlves relaLlng Lo cosmeLlcs lnLo
a slngle regulaLlon on cosmeLlcs producLs LhaL ls almed, amongsL oLher facLors, aL sLrengLhenlng
cerLaln elemenLs of Lhe regulaLory framework for cosmeLlcs, so as Lo ensure a hlgh level of
proLecLlon of human healLh and lncreased Lransparency. 1he new Lu CosmeLlcs roducL 8egulaLlon,
Lu 8egulaLlon (LC) no. 1223/2009 was adopLed on november 30, 2009. MosL of Lhe provlslons of
Lhls new regulaLlon wlll be appllcable as from !uly 2013 and wlll replace Lhe CosmeLlcs ulrecLlve
(76/768/LLC) LhereafLer.
1he new 8egulaLlon has emerged as a resulL of concern abouL Lhe adequacy of currenL rules for Lhe
regulaLlon of nanoLechnology and producLs conLalnlng nanoLechnology. 1he new CosmeLlcs
regulaLlon lncludes lmporLanL changes regardlng Lhe regulaLlon of nano-maLerlals ln cosmeLlcs
producLs, and alms Lo sLrengLhen and cenLrallze regulaLory overslghL of cosmeLlcs ln Lurope.
Moreover, Lhe regulaLlon seeks Lo creaLe greaLer legal cerLalnLy concernlng Lhe coverage of nano-
maLerlals, by expllclLly menLlonlng Lhem ln Lhe drafL LexL. 1he regulaLlon does noL change Lhe
fundamenLal aspecLs of Lhe reglme, such as puLLlng full responslblllLy for ensurlng Lhe safeLy of Lhe
cosmeLlc producL on Lhe manufacLurer/lmporLer, however, Lhe regulaLlon appears Lo sLrengLhen Lhe
reglme by clarlfylng and sLrengLhenlng Lhe producL safeLy assessmenL lnformaLlon and assessmenL
componenLs.
ln Lhls paper, we would llke Lo presenL a case sLudy concernlng Lhe preparaLlon of Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe new CosmeLlcs 8egulaLlon. 1he maln focus ls Lhe quesLlon how
responslblllLles are Laken up ln pracLlce and wheLher regulaLory gaps can be ldenLlfled. 1he sLudy


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conslsLed of Lwo parLs: (1) a serles of lnLervlews wlLh relevanL sLakeholders (encompasslng lndusLry,
governmenL and clvll socleLy represenLaLlves), and (2) an lnLeracLlve workshop. ln Lhls paper, we wlll
reporL back on Lhe workshop.
A flrsL LenLaLlve readlng of Lhe lnLervlew resulLs suggesLed LhaL mosL lnLervlewees, Lhough
someLlmes lmpllclLly, conslder Lhe labellng mechanlsm as shlfLlng (some) responslblllLy Lowards Lhe
consumers. AL Lhe same Llme, some lnLervlewees consldered lL unfalr Lo place Lhls responslblllLy wlLh
Lhe consumer. Lspeclally ln Lerms of knowledge, lL ls consldered quesLlonable wheLher Lhe user can
really lnLerpreL Lhese labels and make an lnformed cholce. 1he workshop Lherefore focused on Lhe
quesLlon under whaL condlLlons users could make a genulnely lnformed cholce and Lo see who ls
responslble for fulfllllng Lhese condlLlons (lf anyone).

* * *

K;i'HIDI'$/'+,%/1*%+$./%*'(%/(",',"1"%,(26'5$1$./1'%/#'$<:*$(%+$./1'0.,';LD'$/0,%1+,)(+),"1

lmme L1L8SLn
8esearch CenLre for 8loLechnology, SocleLy and Lhe LnvlronmenL
unlverslLy of Pamburg, Cermany
lmme.peLersen[unl-hamburg.de

8eglne kCLLLk
8esearch CenLre for 8loLechnology, SocleLy and Lhe LnvlronmenL
unlverslLy of Pamburg, Cermany
kollek[unl-hamburg.de

1ranslaLlonal cancer research Loday focuses on Lhe role of geneLlc markers or gene expresslon
paLLerns ln Lhe formaLlon and LreaLmenL of cancer. Such sLudles seek Lo elucldaLe geneLlc
deLermlnanLs of cancer, Lo esLabllsh correlaLlons beLween genoLype, cancer phenoLype and cllnlcal
ouLcome, or Lo ldenLlfy subgroups of paLlenLs who respond dlfferenLly Lo a LherapeuLlc reglme.
SLudylng Lhe role of such lndlvldual dlfferences may lmprove undersLandlng of cancer and paLlenL
care by chooslng lndlvlduallzed Lherapy or by selecLlng opLlmal doses based on lndlvldual dlfferences
ln drug meLabollsm or oLher facLors lnvolved ln drug response.
ln Lhe course of such cllnlcal research dlrecLed Lo develop lndlvlduallzed LreaLmenLs lL ls necessary Lo
keep noL only Lhe paLlenL's medlcal and personal daLa buL also Lo sLore molecular geneLlc daLa,
blochemlcal daLa, and lmaglng daLa generaLed from dlfferenL levels of Lhe body. lurLhermore, a large
number of paLlenLs needs Lo be dlagnosed ln order Lo flnd ouL small buL slgnlflcanL effecLs of slngle
genes or oLher facLors LhaL have an lmpacL on dlsease developmenL, drug dlscovery and successful
LreaLmenL. CurrenL research acLlvlLles Lherefore produce a pleLhora of daLa on genomes,
LranscrlpLomes and proLeomes of dlfferenL paLlenL populaLlons.


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1he large and heLerogeneous daLa seLs hamper meLhods and sysLems for daLa lnLegraLlon, daLa
usage and daLa analysls. As a resulL, efflclenL collaboraLlons are blocked by daLa sharlng problems
and very few cross-slLe sLudles and cllnlcal Lrlals are performed. ConsequenLly, new meLhodologlcal
and concepLual approaches from hlgh-performance compuLlng and lnformaLlcs are used. lnformaLlon
and CommunlcaLlon 1echnology (lC1) lnfrasLrucLures are developed Lo lnLegraLe large daLa seLs from
dlsparaLe daLa sources and Lo comblne such lnLegraLed, mulLl-dlmenslonal daLa collecLed from
dlfferenL blologlcal processes ln Lhe body and from dlfferenL paLlenLs.
8ased on Lhe emplrlcal analysls of such a Lechnologlcal envlronmenL ln cancer research hLLp://euacgL.
org), lL wlll be argued LhaL lC1 lnfrasLrucLures noL only dellver compuLaLlonal Lools Lo resolve Lhe
problems of lnLegraLlon and access of daLa. uslng sofLware for daLa mlnlng, knowledge dlscovery
workflows or dlsease slmulaLlon Lransform Lhe handllng and Lhe slgnlflcance of daLa ln varlous ways.
ln parLlcular sLandardlzaLlon processes are seem Lo be lndlspensable ln Lhe developmenL and usage
of lC1 lnfrasLrucLures, because Lhe ulLlmaLe ob[ecLlve of Lhe Lechnlcal envlronmenL ls Lo lnLegraLe
and harmonlze daLa and worklng processes. AL Lhe same Llme, lL wlll be shown LhaL harmonlzed and
lnLegraLed daLa seLs need a dlsLlncL daLa proLecLlon framework, as Lhe senslLlvlLy of lnLerconnecLed
daLa belng aLLrlbuLable Lo lndlvldual paLlenLs lncreases.
1hls paper alms Lo lnvesLlgaLe and lnLerrogaLe Lhe underlylng facLors and mechanlsms LhaL lnlLlaLe
and supporL Lhe llnkage of l1 Lechnology and LranslaLlonal research. 1aklng a soclologlcal perspecLlve,
lL wlll be argued LhaL lC1 lnfrasLrucLures lnLroduce a new framework for daLa analysls and Lherefore
cause new forms of research processes and new Lypes of ouLcomes. More broadly, lL asks whaL Lhe
precondlLlons, lmpllcaLlons and lnnovaLlve poLenLlals of Lhe sclenLlflc concepLs and pracLlces of daLa
processlng ln LranslaLlonal cancer research are and wheLher Lhls assemblage ls a paLh breaklng
framework for a new research agenda.

* * *
'
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PCu Palyan
8esearch CenLer of S&1 LLhlc and ManagemenL
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
seablrdofsummer[gmall.com

LuAn Chun[uan

School of ubllc AdmlnlsLraLlon & Law
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna

Pu Zhlgang
8esearch CenLer of S&1 LLhlc and ManagemenL
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna


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ZPAnC !lng
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
[lngzhang.fy[gmall.com

ZAC nannan
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna

Lul Zhongmel
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna

1he convergence of n8lC ls becomlng Lhe key Lechnologlcal convergence. We propose a quanLlLaLlve
and vlsuallzed approach Lo mapplng and measurlng Lhe Lrend ln convergence of n8lC. 1he sLudy ls
based on blbllographlc daLa reLrleved from 1homson-lSl Web of Sclence. 1he daLa reLrleval of n8lC
convergence operaLes accordlng Lo Lhe 3 searchlng sLraLegles.
We propose a quanLlLaLlve and vlsuallzed approach Lo mapplng and measurlng Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary
feaLures of Lhe convergence of n8lC. Mapplng knowledge domalns, lncludlng neLwork analysls and
co-occurrence analysls, are adopLed as maln meLhods Lo measure and mapplng Lhe convergence
feaLures.
1he research quesLlon addressed ln Lhls sLudy ls Lo whaL exLenLs are lnLerdlsclpllnary characLerlsLlcs
observed ln Lhe n8lC converglng domaln and how have Lhese changed over Llme? ln addlLlon, are
Lhere any dlfferences beLween Lhe four klnd of Lrlangle-convergence (n8C, n8l, nlC, and 8lC)?
1he resulLs suggesL LhaL n8lC as a whole are dlsclpllnary dlverse and coherenL. 8y examlnlng Lhe
dlsclpllnary varleLy and neLwork coherence of each convergence, we flnd LhaL n8lC convergence has
Lhe hlghesL coherence and hlgh varleLy, especlally ln Lhe 21sL cenLury, whlch lndlcaLes LhaL n8lC as a
whole are dlsclpllnary dlverse and coherenL and seem Lo be convergenL very well, whlle Lhe four
Lrlangle convergences have noL been fully convergenL yeL wlLh low neLwork coherence. n8l and 8lC
have hlgh sub[ecL varleLy buL Lhe neLwork coherence ls noL hlgh, ln oLher words, alLhough Lhe sub[ecL
varleLy of n8l and 8lC convergence ls hlgh buL Lhe lnLegraLlon cannoL be observed clearly ln Lhese
Lwo convergences. lor nlC convergence, boLh of Lhe coherence and sub[ecL varleLy are Lhe lowesL so
Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary feaLure ls noL obvlous and Lhe sub[ecL lnLegraLlon ls [usL beglnnlng Lo form.
1he sLudy ls based on blbllographlc daLa reLrleved from 1homson-lSl Web of Sclence. 1he daLa
reLrleval of n8lC convergence operaLes accordlng Lo Lhe 3 searchlng sLraLegles (1ab. 1). ubllcaLlon
Lype=arLlcles (excludlng proceedlng papers, leLLers, revlews, noLes, eLc.), 1lme span=all years. 1he
daLa was reLrleved on May26, 2013.






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1ab|e 1.Search|ng strategy of N8IC convergence
1ype of
convergences
Search|ng strateg|es Art|c|es 1|me span
n8lC
Ls="converg* Lechno*" or Ls="converg* sclen*" or Ls=
n8lCor Ls= 8lo* lnfo* Cogn* nano*or Ls= 8lo* lnfo* neuro*
nano
214 1983-2013
nano- blo-cogn
(n8C)
Ls= (nano* 8lo* "cognlLl*") or Ls= (nano* 8lo* "neuro*") 2101 1990-2013
nano- blo-lnfo
(n8l)
Ls= (nano* 8lo* "lnformaLlon sclen*") or Ls= (nano* 8lo* "lnformaLlon
Lechno*") or Ls= (nano* 8lo* lnformaLlc*) or Ls= (nano* 8lo*
"lnformaLlon & communlcaLlon*") or Ls= nanoblolnformaLlc* or Ls=
blonanolnformaLlc*
123 1999-2013
nano-lnfo-cogn
(nlC)
Ls= (nano* cognlLl* "lnformaLlon sclen*") or Ls= (nano* cognlLl*
"lnformaLlon Lechno*") or Ls= (nano* cognlLl* lnformaLlc*) or Ls=
(nano* cognlLl* "lnformaLlon & communlcaLlon*") or Ls= (nano*
neuro* "lnformaLlon sclen*") or Ls= (nano* neuro* "lnformaLlon
Lechno*") or Ls= (nano* neuro* lnformaLlc*) or Ls= (nano* neuro*
"lnformaLlon & communlcaLlon*")
30 2002-2013
8lo-lnfo-cogn
(8lC)
Ls= (cognlLl* 8lo* "lnformaLlon sclen*") or Ls= (cognlLl* 8lo*
"lnformaLlon Lechno*") or Ls= (cognlLl* 8lo* lnformaLlc*) or Ls=
(cognlLl* 8lo* "lnformaLlon & communlcaLlon*") or Ls= (neuro* 8lo*
"lnformaLlon sclen*") or Ls= (neuro* 8lo* "lnformaLlon Lechno*") or Ls=
(neuro* 8lo* lnformaLlc*) or Ls= (neuro* 8lo* "lnformaLlon &
communlcaLlon*")
186 1991-2013

8ased on mapplng knowledge domalns, neLwork analysls and co-occurrence analysls, we propose a
quanLlLaLlve and vlsuallzed approach Lo mapplng and measurlng Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary feaLure of n8lC
convergence. We lnvesLlgaLed Lo whaL exLenLs lnLerdlsclpllnary characLerlsLlcs are observed ln Lhe
n8lC converglng domaln and Lhe evoluLlon Lrend over Llme. ln addlLlon, we compared Lhe
dlfferences beLween Lhe four klnd of Lrlangle-convergence (n8C, n8l, nlC, and 8lC).
8y examlnlng Lhe dlsclpllnary varleLy and neLwork coherence of each convergence, we flnd LhaL n8lC
convergence has hlgh varleLy and Lhe hlghesL coherence, especlally ln Lhe 21sL cenLury, whlch
lndlcaLes LhaL n8lC lnLegraLlon ls becomlng more maLure and lLs lnLerdlsclpllnary feaLure can be
observed clearly. n8C convergence has Lhe hlghesL sub[ecL varleLy buL low neLwork coherence. n8l
and 8lC have hlgh sub[ecL varleLy buL Lhe neLwork coherence ls noL hlgh, ln oLher words, alLhough
Lhe sub[ecL varleLy of n8l and 8lC convergence ls hlgh buL Lhe lnLegraLlon cannoL be observed clearly
ln Lhese Lwo convergences. lor nlC convergence, boLh of Lhe coherence and sub[ecL varleLy are Lhe
lowesL so Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary feaLure ls noL obvlous and Lhe sub[ecL lnLegraLlon ls [usL beglnnlng Lo
form. 1he resulLs suggesL LhaL n8lC as a whole are dlsclpllnary dlverse and coherenL and seem Lo be
convergenL very well, whlle Lhe four Lrlangle-convergences have noL been fully convergenL yeL wlLh
low neLwork coherence (Meyer eL al., 2009) .
ln our fuLure sLudles, we wlll Lry Lo grasp Lhe sLaLe of Lhe arL of n8lC Lechnologlcal convergence ln
Lerms of Lhe n8lC relaLed paLenLs. We wlll also compare Lhe feaLure of Lhe Lwo-sub[ecL convergences
(n8, nl, nC, 8l, 8C, and Cl). All of Lhese resulLs are Lrylng Lo help Lhe researchers and Lhe S&1
declslon-makers Lo forecasL, conLrol, and promoLe Lhe n8lC convergence ln Lhe fuLure.


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AcknowledgmenLs
1hls research was supporLed by Lhe Ma[or ro[ecL of Lhe Chlnese naLlonal Soclal Sclence lund (CranL
no. 12&Zu117 and Lhe pro[ecL of uu1 (uu1118W311).

8eferences
1 1ylecoLe A, 1echnlcal change and Lhe world economy: Convergence and dlvergence ln Lechnology
sLraLegles, 8 & u ManagemenL, 28(1)(1998) 37-38.
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12 Spohrer !C, LngelbarL uC, Converglng Lechnologles for enhanclng human - Sclence and buslness
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13 8oco MC, 8alnbrldge WS, Converglng Lechnologles for lmprovlng human performance:
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13 Puang Z, Chen PC, LonglLudlnal paLenL analysls for nanoscale sclence and englneerlng: CounLry,
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16 Puang Z, Chen PC, Ll x, ConnecLlng nSl fundlng Lo paLenL lnnovaLlon ln nanoLechnology (2001-
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17 Pu un, Chen PC, Puang Z, LonglLudlnal sLudy on paLenL clLaLlons Lo academlc research arLlcles ln
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18 orLer AL, ?ouLle !, Shaplra , 8eflnlng search Lerms for nanoLechnology, !ournal of nanoparLlcle
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19 MogouLov A, kahane 8, uaLa search sLraLegy for sclence and Lechnology emergence: A scalable
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26 8andles S, 1hrone-PolsL P, nanoeLhlcs: 1he LLhlcal and Soclal lmpllcaLlons of nanoLechnology, 8
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27 Schummer !, CulLural dlverslLy ln nanoLechnology eLhlcs, lnLerdlsclpllnary Sclence 8evlews, 31(3)(
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30 Mlyazakl k, lslam n, nanoLechnology sysLems of lnnovaLlon - An analysls of lndusLry and
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14(3)(2009)93-107.
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8lghLs,14(2)(2009)164-163.
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rom verslon of Lhe sclence-clLaLlon-lndex, SclenLomeLrlcs, 31(1)(1994) 39-84.
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mapplng sclence, SclenLomeLrlcs, 8(3-6)(1983)321-340.
40 1l[ssen 8!W, vanleeuwen 1n, on generallzlng sclenLomeLrlc [ournal mapplng beyond lsls [ournal
and clLaLlon daLabases, SclenLomeLrlcs, 33(1)(1993)93-116.
41 Chen CM, aul 8!, C'keefe 8, llLLlng Lhe [lgsaw of clLaLlon: lnformaLlon vlsuallzaLlon ln domaln
analysls, !ournal of Lhe Amerlcan SocleLy for lnformaLlon Sclence and 1echnology, 32(4)( 2001) 313-
330.
42 McCaln kW, verner !M, Plslop CW eL al, 1he use of blbllomeLrlc and knowledge LllclLaLlon
Lechnlques Lo map a knowledge domaln: SofLware Lnglneerlng ln Lhe 1990s, SclenLomeLrlcs,
63(1)(2003)131-144.
43 Leydesdorff L, Mapplng lnLerdlsclpllnarlLy aL Lhe lnLerfaces beLween Lhe sclence clLaLlon lndex
and Lhe soclal sclence clLaLlon lndex, SclenLomeLrlcs, 71(3)(2007)391-403.
44 Zou l, Wu Mx, Wu kL, CuLcomes assoclaLed wlLh ophLhalmology, opLomeLry and vlsual sclence
llLeraLure ln Lhe Sclence ClLaLlon lndex from malnland Chlna durlng 2000-2007, SclenLomeLrlcs,
81(3)(2009) 671-682.


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43 van uen 8esselaar , Pelmerlks C, Mapplng research Loplcs uslng word-reference co-
occurrences: A meLhod and an exploraLory case sLudy, SclenLomeLrlcs, 68(3)(2006)377-393.
46 Zhang !, Wolfram u, Wang L eL al., vlsuallzaLlon of healLh-sub[ecL analysls based on query Lerm
co-occurrences, !ournal of Lhe Amerlcan SocleLy for lnformaLlon Sclence and 1echnology,
39(12)(2008)1933-1947.
47 Chen CM, ClLeSpace ll: ueLecLlng and vlsuallzlng emerglng Lrends and LranslenL paLLerns ln
sclenLlflc llLeraLure, !ournal of Lhe Amerlcan SocleLy for lnformaLlon Sclence and 1echnology,
37(3)(2006) 339-377.
48 Chen CM, Song l?, ?uan x! eL al., 1he LhemaLlc and clLaLlon landscape of uaLa and knowledge
Lnglneerlng (1983-2007), uaLa & knowledge Lnglneerlng, 67(2)(2008)234-239.
49 Chen CM, kul[ls !, 1he rlslng landscape: A vlsual exploraLlon of supersLrlng revoluLlons ln physlcs,
!ournal of Lhe Amerlcan SocleLy for lnformaLlon Sclence and 1echnology, 34(3)(2003)433-446.
30 Chen CM, ClLeSpace, (2010), hLLp://clusLer.cls.drexel.edu/~cchen/clLespace/ (9 March 2012).
31 Cnyancha C8, CrowLh and producLlvlLy and sclenLlflc lmpacL of sources of Plv/AluS research
lnformaLlon, wlLh a focus on easLern and souLhern Afrlca, A[ar-Afrlcan !ournal of Alds 8esearch,
7(1)(2008) 33-70.
32 lnLo AL, 8arquln 8A8, Conzalez !AM eL al., Analysls of Lhe Soclal neLwork ln Serlal ubllcaLlons:
represenLaLlon ln Lhe !ournal of uocumenLaLlon, lnvesLlgaclon 8lblloLecologlca, 23(48)(2009)13-32.
33 Ceum, ?., klm, C., Lee, S., & klm, M.-S. (2012). 1echnologlcal Convergence of l1 and 81: Lvldence
from aLenL Analysls. L18l !ournal, 34(3), 439-449. dol:10.4218/eLrl[.12.1711.0010

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L.<:%/$./'%/$<%*1'%1'+"(2/.*.3$"1'$/'4$.<"#$(%*',"1"%,(2'

Ashley SPLW
Sclence and 1echnology ln SocleLy
vlrglnla 1ech, uSA
shew[vL.edu

kelLh !CPnSCn, hu SLudenL
Sclence and 1echnology ln SocleLy
vlrglnla 1ech, uSA
kelLh[8[vL.edu

1he LesLlng of experlmenLal medlcal LreaLmenLs on companlon anlmals (peLs) ls noL a new
phenomenon, buL Lhe use of Lhls Lype of anlmal LesLlng ralses lmporLanL quesLlons abouL anlmal
eLhlcs and medlcal pracLlce. CurrenLly, researchers use companlon anlmals for LesLlng LreaLmenLs ln a
varleLy of areas, lncludlng Lhe use of sLem cell ln[ecLlons ln horses Lo supposedly LreaL moblllLy lssues,
LreaLmenLs for kldney dlsease on caLs wlLh exlsLlng kldney dlsease, and cardlovascular LreaLmenLs on
uobermans wlLh exlsLlng congenlLal cardlovascular lssues. Whlle Lhese experlmenLal LreaLmenLs may
lmprove Lhe healLh of Lhe anlmals belng LesLed, evldence for Lhelr efflcacy ls ofLen unclear. WlLh new
sLem cell and oLher regeneraLlve LreaLmenLs on Lhe horlzon, Lhe use of companlon anlmal LesLlng
(LreaLlng peLs wlLh exlsLlng dlseases) may provlde a sLrong model Lo LesL LreaLmenLs ln a less
sLandardlzed populaLlons.
ln Lhls paper, we operaLe under Lhe assumpLlon LhaL anlmals used for LesLlng are a Lype of
Lechnology (when you conslder Lhe sLandardlzaLlon of research mlce and oLher anlmals bred for
LesLlng and conslder Lhe pracLlcal ramlflcaLlons and eLhlcal challenges of LesLlng on companlon
anlmals (who lack Lhe 'sLandardlzaLlon' and conslsLency of anlmals bred for research). noL all anlmals
share equal relaLlonshlps wlLh human belngs, and companlon anlmal Lrlals brlngs lnLo llghL Lhe
Lechnologlcal and eLhlcal challenges of new blomedlcal research. 8lghL now, regulaLlve bodles are
unclear abouL Lhe place of peLs ln anlmal research.
Whlle anlmal research ofLen employs an lnsLrumenLal approach Lo anlmals, Lhe use of peLs ln LesLlng
- someLlmes consldered Lo geL around some of Lhe eLhlcal challenges of Lhe use of anlmals ln
research - brlngs up quesLlons of applled and Lechnologlcal eLhlcs LhaL lnvolve Lhe use of oLher
persons and responslblllLles of Lool" owners and users. ln Lhls way, Lhe sLudy of companlon anlmal
LesLlng serves as an avenue Lo uncover and arLlculaLe concerns abouL Lechnologles, users, and Lhe
cosLs of progress. ln oLher words, how should we conslder our Lechnologles when Lhe Lechnologles
are our frlends or companlons? WhaL ls a healLhy relaLlonshlp beLween humans and anlmals? Are
some anlmals regarded dlfferenLly Lhan oLhers, and should Lhey be? 1o pursue Lhese quesLlons, we
look aL Lhe way companlon anlmal sLudles are currenLly conducLed (lncludlng proLocols and


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recrulLmenL), Lhe way anlmal models are Lyplcally deployed, lssues of sLandardlzaLlon, Lhe unclear
regulaLlons of companlon anlmal use, and Lhe way owners Lhlnk abouL Lhelr peLs. We conclude by
reflecLlng on Lhe ways ln whlch anlmals are ofLen regarded llke Lechnologles are.

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lederlca 8uSSC
CenLer Leo AposLel
vrl[e unlverslLelL 8russel, 8elglum
ferusso[vub.ac.be
f.russo[kenL.ac.uk

Lpldemlology sLudles Lhe varlaLlons ln Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of dlseases and of rlsk facLors ln populaLlons.
1radlLlonally, epldemlology does LhaL by 'mapplng' blologlcal and/or soclal characLerlsLlcs of
lndlvlduals Lo sympLoms and manlfesLaLlons of dlseases. Molecular epldemlology shares Lhe same
goals, buL has dlfferenL Lools for measuremenL, daLa collecLlon, and daLa analysls. Molecular
epldemlology, ln facL, alms Lo esLabllsh Lhls mapplng beLween exposure and dlsease aL Lhe molecular
level.
An lmporLanL quesLlon concerns, for lnsLance, Lhe lmpacL of envlronmenLal exposure for varlous
dlseases, lncludlng dlfferenL cancers and allergles. lronLler research nowadays uses -omlc
Lechnologles Lo measure changes aL Lhe molecular level, sophlsLlcaLed sensors ln smarLphones Lo
measure levels of polluLlon ln Lhe alr or ln Lhe waLer, and complex sLaLlsLlcs sofLwares Lo analyse Lhe
masslve amounL of daLa collecLed Lhls way. See for lnsLance Lhe compleLed l7 pro[ecL
'LnvlroCenoMarkers' and Lwo new l7 pro[ecLs 'LxCsCMlCS' and 'Pellx'.
All Lhls Lechnology ls used ln order Lo lmprove our undersLandlng of a number of dlsease
mechanlsms, and Lhus Lo conLrlbuLlng Lo blomedlcal sclences ln a fundamenLal way.
1he use of Lechnology ln molecular epldemlology revlves Lhe quesLlon of Lhe lnLeracLlons beLween
sclence and Lechnology. ln facL, blomarkers research ls essenLlally Lechnology-drlven, raLher Lhan
Lheory-drlven. 8lomarkers research breaks Lhe fronLlers of LradlLlonal epldemlology by pushlng Lhe
level of measuremenL aL Lhe molecular level, lnsLead of [usL uslng surveys and quesLlonnalres Lo geL
some 'coarse-gralned' measuremenL of exposure and dlsease. And lL ls worLh noLlng LhaL Lhere ls no
oLher way of dolng such measuremenLs aL Lhe molecular level Lhan uslng Lhe above-menLloned
Lechnologles.
ConsequenLly, Lhe quesLlon arlses: Would blomarkers research be posslble wlLhouL Lechnology?
WhaL does Lechnology conLrlbuLe Lo molecular epldemlology?
1he paper addresses Lwo lssues ln parLlcular. llrsL, l dlscuss Lhe exLenL Lo whlch Lechnology
conLrlbuLes Lo blomedlcal sclence (raLher Lhan Lhe oLher way round). 1he relaLlons beLween sclence


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and Lechnology have been dlscussed, aL leasL ln Lhe second half of lasL cenLury, ln Lerms of a
demarcaLlon problem (Agassl 1980, 1982), or ln Lerms of how much Lechnology relles on sclence
(Arageorgls & 8alLas 1989), or ln Lerms of whaL reallsL poslLlon sLems from Lhe use of Lechnologlcal
lnsLrumenLs such as mlcroscopes (Packlng 1983, lhde 1991). lrom Lhls lasL debaLe, l wlll especlally
borrow Lhe Lhesls abouL Lhe embodlmenL of sclence ln Lechnology.
Powever, l wlll noL pursue a llne of argumenL for lnsLrumenLal reallsm, buL abouL Lhe role of Lhe
Lechno-sclenLlsL ln presenL-day research. SclenLlsLs creaLe knowledge (8usso 2012, llorldl 2011), and
Lhe knowledge Lhey creaLe ln much of Loday's research wouldn'L be posslble wlLhouL Lechnology. So
lL ls Lhe poleLlc-enabllng power of Lechnology LhaL l wanL Lo lnvesLlgaLe.
Second, and also relaLed Lo Lhe prevlous polnL, l dlscuss whaL klnd of eplsLemlc access Lo dlsease
mechanlsms Lhese Lechnologles enable us. ln facL, whaL -omlc Lechnologles, sensors on
smarLphones, or sLaLlsLlcs sofLwares dellver Lo us ls rough daLa, numbers, LhaL Lhe Lechno-sclenLlsL
has Lo lnLerpreL ln order Lo 'reconsLrucL' Lhe evoluLlon of dlsease from exposure Lo early sympLoms,
Lo Lhe manlfesLaLlon of dlsease.
Pow dlfferenL, or how slmllar, ls Lhls slLuaLlon from Lhe use of mlcroscopes and of Lelescopes? Cne
aspecL of Lhe debaLe on Lhe use of such lnsLrumenLs ls LhaL Lhey supposedly creaLe a conLlnuum
beLween our naked eye vlslon and vlslon Lhrough lnsLrumenLs. Such a poslLlon has been also
challenged (see for lnsLance consLrucLlve emplrlclsm defended by van lraassen 1980). Powever, Lhe
case of blomarkers research seems Lo be dlfferenL ln LhaL Lhere clearly ls no conLlnulLy creaLed. WhaL
Lhese Lechnologles allow us Lo do ls Lo deLecL 'slgnals', or paLLerns of change lnslde Lhe body as a
response Lo sLlmull from ouLslde (Lhe envlronmenLal exposure) buL also from Lhe lnslde (Lhe lnLernal
blochemlcal reacLlon Lrlggered by envlronmenLal exposure).
ln sum, cuLLlng edge research ln molecular epldemlology serves as an lnslghLful case Lo sLudy agaln
Lhe relaLlons beLween sclence and Lechnology. 1he dlscusslon wlll show Lwo new elemenLs, namely
Lhe poleLlc-enabllng aspecL of Lechnology, and slgnal-deLecLlng ln order Lo reconsLrucL dlsease
mechanlsms.

8eferences
Agassl !. (1980). 8eLween sclence and Lechnology. hllosophy of Sclence, 47(1), 82-89.
Agassl !. (1982). Pow Lechnology alds and lmpedes Lhe growLh of sclence. SA: roceedlngs of Lhe
8lennlal MeeLlng of Lhe hllosophy of Sclence AssoclaLlon, vol 1982, 383-397 .
Arageorgls A. and 8alLas A. (1989). uemarcaLlng 1echnology from Sclence: roblems and roblem
Solvlng ln 1echnology. !ournal for Ceneral hllosophy of Sclence, 20(2), 212-229.
llorldl L. (2011) A defence of consLrucLlonlsm: phllosophy as concepLual englneerlng.
MeLaphllosophy, 42(3), 281-304
Packlng l. (1983) 8epresenLlng and lnLervenlng: lnLroducLory Loplcs ln Lhe phllosophy of naLural
sclence. Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.


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lhde u. (1991) lnsLrumenLal reallsm. 1he lnLerface beLween phllosophy of sclence and phllosophy of
Lechnology. lndlana unlverslLy ress.
8usso l. (2012). 1he homo poleLlcus and Lhe brldge beLween physls and Lechne. ln P. uemlr (eds),
Luclano llorldl's hllosophy of 1echnology. CrlLlcal 8eflecLlons. Sprlnger.
van lraassen 8. (1980) 1he sclenLlflc lmage. Cxford unlverslLy ress.

* * *
'
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Wha-Chul SCn, hu
Pandong Clobal unlverslLy, SouLh korea
phLech[handong.edu
phLechson[gmall.com

SLeve !obs once famously qulpped LhaL people do noL know whaL Lhey wanL unLll someone shows lL
Lo Lhem, Coogle's lnformal slogan ls quoLed Lo be don'L be evll." 1hese sLaLemenLs reflecL Lhe
sLrlklng lnfluence of new Lechnologles, reveallng Lhose who are ln charge of Lechnologles can
deLermlne whaL Lo provlde Lo Lhe publlc, and wheLher Lo be evll or noL for Lhemselves. AfLer all, Lhey
mlghL know us even more Lhan ourselves.
1he era of blg-daLe has [usL begun. 1he volume of daLa on Lhe lnLerneL ls expecLed Lo exceed Lhe
braln capaclLy of everyone on Lhe enLlre planeL by 2023(uavls 2012). uaLa of dlfferenL naLure and
sources are belng sLored, sorLed, calculaLed, analyzed, and Lransformed lnLo lnformaLlon LhaL can be
used meanlngfully ln varlous ways. lnLerneL powerhouses such as lacebook and Coogle aLLempL Lo
supply personallzed lnformaLlon based on users' elecLronlc records. SLraLegles for commerclal
markeLlng and elecLoral campalgns are changlng. 1he World Lconomlc lorum's Clobal Agenda
Councll announced blg-daLa Lechnology as one of Lhe Lop-10 emerglng Lechnology for 2012.
hllosophlcal, eLhlcal, and pollLlcal lmpllcaLlon of blg-daLa Lechnology ls more profound Lhan Lhose
who are exclLed abouL lLs economlc value Lhlnk. 1he very formaLlon of lndlvldual ldenLlLy ls aL sLake,
leL alone Lhe lssue of prlvacy and ownershlp of daLa. A handful of lC1 experLs and corporaLlons can
sysLemaLlcally shape and manlpulaLe our [udgmenLs and ldenLlLles, as Lhey volunLeer Lo acL "for" us
ln chooslng whaL we llke. 1hls also poses a new challenge concernlng Lhe lssue of democracy ln
Lechnologlcal socleLy. 1he Coogle's supposed mercy slgnals LhaL eLhlcs of lnformaLlon Lechnology ls
noL Lo be llmlLed Lo users buL Lo be lmposed on corporaLlons.
1hese lssues are noL compleLely lgnored. Cne remarkable scene around Lhls new lnnovaLlon ls LhaL
Lhe mosL acLlve players ln Lhe fleld readlly pay aLLenLlon Lo non-Lechnlcal aspecLs of Lhe Lechnology.
As blg-daLa Lechnology and lLs markeL grow rapldly, Lhey seem Lo hurry Lo creaLe relevanL legal
sLandards and procedures as well as publlc consenL by pracLlclng eLhlcal conslderaLlons.


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unforLunaLely, Lhls efforL ls conducLed ouLslde of exlLlng dlscourses ln phllosophy of Lechnology.
tblcs of 8lq-Joto (uavls 2012) ls an lnLeresLlng example. Whlle Lhe auLhors polnL ouL several lssues
and emphaslze Lhe need of eLhlcal reflecLlon, Lhey do noL refer Lo any research ln phllosophy of
Lechnology or S1S. 1hey sLlck Lo Lhe ldea LhaL blg-daLa Lechnology ls llke all oLher Lechnology,
eLhlcally neuLral" and LhaL eLhlcs ls a hlghly personal Loplc." Whlle noL provldlng any speclflc
prescrlpLlon, Lhey argue LhaL we need Lo allgn values wlLh acLlons Lo balance Lhe rlsks wlLh Lhe
beneflLs of blg-daLa lnnovaLlon."
hllosophy of Lechnology needs Lo respond Lo Lhls klnd of raLher slmple and superflclal suggesLlons.
1he flndlngs and lnslghLs of phllosophy of Lechnology durlng lasL few decades should be adopLed Lo
lnvesLlgaLe varlous aspecLs of blg-daLa Lechnology, as lL ls aLLempLed ln Lhls paper.
llrsL, Lhe slgnlflcance of blg-daLa Lechnology wlll be examlned. uslng Luclano llorldl's concepL of
enveloplng," lL wlll be argued LhaL Lhls Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon ralses a quallLaLlvely dlfferenL
challenge from oLher Lechnologles. WlLhouL physlcal manlpulaLlon, blg-daLa Lechnology can brlng
abouL huge lmpacL llke nuclear bomb or blo-Lechnology.
Second, Lhe aforemenLloned tblcs of 8lq-Joto wlll be examlned and crlLlclzed. !acques Lllul,
Marshall McLuhan and nell osLman wlll be referred Lo, ln order Lo conLradlcL Lhe lnsLrumenLallsL
vlew on blg-daLa Lechnology. noL only Lhe conLenL of Lhose argumenLs, buL also Lhe Lechno-logy (ln
Lllul's sense) adopLed by Lhe book wlll be analyzed.
1hlrd, Lhe concreLe danger of blg-daLa Lechnology ln Lerms of democracy wlll be presenLed based on
Lll arlser's 1be llltet 8obble. arlser explalns how cusLomlzed markeLlng based on blg-daLa
Lechnology can lnfluence and manlpulaLe our declslons, whlch could glve a new LwlsL on Lhe
democraLlzlng Lechnology lssue.
llnally, a crlLlcal and nuanced llsL of eLhlcal conslderaLlon for blg-daLa Lechnology wlll be suggesLed.
1he efforL for a falr and neuLral debaLe on non-neuLral Lechnology ln lLself ls an evldence of human
auLonomy. We should know why we llke whaL we llke.

8eferences
uavls, kord (2012). tblcs of 8lq-Joto. 8oloocloq klsk ooJ looovotloo. C'8ellly.
Lllul, !acques ([1934]1964). 1be 1ecbooloqlcol 5oclety. Lrans. by !. Wllklnson, new ?ork: vlnLage.
-------([1962]1963). ltopoqooJo. 1be lotmotloo of Meo's AttltoJes. Lrans. by konrad kellen & !ean
Lerner, new ?ork: vlnLage.
McLuhan, Marshall ([1964]2002). uoJetstooJloq MeJlo. 1be xteosloos of Moo. London: 8ouLledge.
arlser, Lll (2011). 1be llltet 8obble. wbot tbe lotetoet ls nlJloq ftom oo. enguln ubllsher.
osLman, nell (1992). 1ecboopoly. 1be 5otteoJet of coltote to 1ecbooloqy. new ?ork: vlnLage.
and a loL more lnformaLlon on Lhe Web. . . .


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[,.<'+2"'/%+),%*C+"(2/.*.3$(%*'+2".,B'$/'/%/.+"(2/.1($"/("'+.'+2"'1B1+"<1'#"1$3/'$/'/%/.'1B1+"<1'
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vlLaly CC8CkPCv
8esearch CenLer for hllosophy of 1echnology and Lnglneerlng LLhlcs
lnsLlLuLe for hllosophy 8usslan Academy of Sclences, 8ussla
vlLaly.gorokhov[mall.ru

1he lmplemenLaLlon of nanoLheory ls carrled ouL by Lhe lLeraLlon meLhod. llrsL, a speclal englneerlng
problem ls formulaLed. 1hen lL ls represenLed ln Lhe form of a sLrucLural dlagram of Lhe nanosysLem.
1o calculaLe and Lo model Lhls process maLhemaLlcally, a funcLlonal dlagram ls drawn up.
ConsequenLly, Lhe englneerlng problem ls reformulaLed lnLo a sclenLlflc one, and Lhen lnLo a
maLhemaLlcal problem solved by Lhe deducLlve meLhod. 1hls paLh from Lhe boLLom Lo Lhe Lop
represenLs Lhe analysls of models. 1he opposlLe dlrecLlon - Lhe synLhesls of models - makes lL
posslble Lo synLheslze Lhe ldeal model of a new nanosysLem from ldeallzed sLrucLural elemenLs
accordlng Lo Lhe approprlaLe rules of deducLlve LransformaLlon, Lo calculaLe baslc parameLers of Lhe
nanosysLem and Lo slmulaLe lLs funcLlon. ln nanoLechnosclence, Lhe explanaLlon and prognosLlcaLlon
of Lhe course of naLural processes (as ln naLural sclence) ls [usL as lmporLanL as Lhe mulLlpllcaLlon of
sLrucLural nanosysLem models (as ln englneerlng sclence). LlecLron beam llLhography ls aL Lhe same
Llme an experlmenLal sysLem of lnvesLlgaLlon, and ls used ln nanofabrlcaLlon as a so-called
nanowrlLer". So nanoLechnology ls, aL Lhe same Llme, a fleld of sclenLlflc knowledge and a sphere of
englneerlng acLlvlLy - ln oLher words, nano1echnoSclence, slmllar Lo SysLems Lnglneerlng as Lhe
analysls and deslgn of complex mlcro- and nanosysLems. ln nanoLechnosclence, consLrucLs from
varlous sclenLlflc Lheorles - classlcal and quanLum physlcs, classlcal and quanLum chemlsLry,
sLrucLural blology, eLc. - are used, whereas, ln nanosysLems, dlfferenL physlcal, chemlcal and
blologlcal processes Lake place. nanoLechnology ls consldered Loday as Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe
nanoLechnologlcal revoluLlon and Lhe fuLure Lechnologlcal means forL Lhe survlval of Lhe manklnd.
nanoLechnology creaLes new posslblllLles for Lhe modlflcaLlon of Lhe molecular and aLomlc
sLrucLures, lmplanLaLlon ln Lhe human organlsm of Lhe new mlcro- and nanoequlpmenL Lo enhance
and Lo exLend of Lhe human percepLlon and sense organs. nanoLechnology creaLes noL only new
Lechnologles and arLlflclal sysLems ln nano scale buL also new blologlcal and hybrld organlsms. 1he
ob[ecLs of Lhe nano manufacLurlng are also even molecules. ln Lhe nanoLechnology ls very dlfflculL Lo
separaLe sclenLlflc research noL only from Lhe Lechnologlcal developmenL and deslgn buL also from
nanomanufacLurlng. 8uL Lhese expecLaLlons are darkened from reasonable assumpLlons of Lhe
unforeseen assumpLlons negaLlve consequences and rlsks from Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhese new
Lechnologles. 1he flne nanoparLlcles, for lnsLance, LhaL ls dlfflculL Lo deLecL, can peneLraLe for
example ln lungs or even Lhrough cell membrane and Lhe modern sclence has no answer whaL Lhey


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brlng us. lL goes wlLhouL saylng LhaL Lhe flool qools of tecbooloqy ls to setve moo. 8uL an amendmenL
should be lnLroduced summlng up Lhe negaLlve experlence of Lhe 20Lh cenLury: Lhe servlce of
manklnd referred Lo musL noL have harmful effecLs on Lhe envlronmenL. 1he slLuaLlon has
dramaLlcally changed and Lhe changed slLuaLlon requlres new eLhlcs - nanoeLhlcs.

* * *
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8ul vlelra C8uZ
unlverslLy of Mlnho, orLugal
rmvcruz[gmall.com

nanoLechnology, as a mulLldlsclpllnary knowledge fleld wlLh varlous lnLer-lndusLrlal appllcaLlons, ls a
parL of Lhe newesL seL of Lechnologlcal converglng paradlgms. 1haL lnvolves also bloLechnology,
aLomlc sclences, lnformaLlon Lechnologles, roboLlcs, geneLlcs and cognlLlve sclences, Lhus poslng a
new (and old) seL of quesLlons regardlng a mulLlLude of Lhemes, namely on eLhlcs, rlsks, law and on
Lhe soclal aspecLs whlch derlve from lL, buL also creaLe and fomenL lL, creaLlng new promlses, hopes
and expecLaLlons.
nanoLechnology ls presenLed as a new form of Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon capable of revoluLlonlzlng
Lhe world we llve ln. AlLhough many lnnovaLlons have already been applled ln Lhls emerglng fleld of
sclence and Lechnology, nanoLechnology does noL solely llve of lLs producLlve aspecLs, as well from
Lhe vlslons and myLhs pro[ecLed on lL and by lL. 1hese vlslons, pro[ecLlons, expecLaLlons and myLhs
happened well before lLs creaLlon as Lechnology boLh ln sclence domalns and sclence flcLlon.
1hls apparenL complexlLy ln nanoLechnology producLlon and lLs Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon has led Lo
Lhe creaLlon and recuperaLlon of numerous narraLlves (even recurrlng Lo old Creek and 8oman myLhs
and also medleval legends) wheLher focuslng on uLoplan or dysLoplan fuLures, buL also on Lhe
poLenLlal LhaL Lhls Lechnology may have on everyday llve ln varlous secLors of appllcaLlon (SA) such as
energy, healLh, mlllLary and agrlculLural producLlon ln Lhe near fuLure. Cne of Lhe ob[ecLlves of Lhls
presenLaLlon ls Lo undersLand how Lhese myLhs consLrucLlon applled Lo nanoLechnology may affecL
lLs developmenL.
1he currenL works on nanoLechnology developmenL and soclal aspecLs focus, globally, on Lhree maln
aspecLs: l) nanoLechnology as a developmenL process - lLs hlsLorlcal evoluLlon, ll) Lechnologlcal
dlffuslon/dlssemlnaLlon - how lL spreads across beLween dlfferenL lndusLrles and markeLs, lll)
Lechnologlcal dlrecLlon - Lhe ldeologlcal (pollLlcal, soclo-economlc...) and culLural lssues LhaL creaLe
and are also a resulL derlved from Lechnologlcal change. 1hls paper explores Lhe comblnaLlon
beLween all Lhese Lhree Lypes of ob[ecLlve frameworks. Pence, lL wlll be glven a greaLer
preponderance Lo Lhe aspecLs relaLed Lo Lechnologlcal dlrecLlon havlng as guldellnes/frameworks
some of Lhe ma[or earller debaLes on nanoLechnology developmenL, especlally Lhe ones beLween


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urexler and Smalley (and Lhelr followers), whlch opposed urexler's molecular assembllng" and grey
goo scenarlos" agalnsL Smalley's lncremenLal vlew on nanoLechnology developmenL.
1here are a ma[or seL of sLudles, ln parLlcular Lhose who focus on Lhe soclal sLudles of sclence,
sclence communlcaLlon and publlc undersLandlng of sclence LhaL have show greaL lnLeresL ln how
audlences percelve nanoLechnology. Powever Lhey have shown llLLle lnLeresL ln whlch vlslons of
nanoLechnology audlences have been recelvlng, and ln whlch form. nanoLechnology as a culLural
ob[ecL does noL have a llnear form of evoluLlon, Lo whlch culLural, economlc and soclal developmenLs
helped esLabllshlng. Clven Lhe maln debaLes and Lheorles on nanoLechnology's developmenL we seek
Lo percelve how dlverse means of culLural Lransmlsslon, namely Lrough sclence-flcLlon llLeraLure,
movles, Lv shows (serles) and vldeogames are porLraylng and framlng lL, and also whlch vlslons,
myLhs and pro[ecLlons are represenLed.
1hls arLlcle ls based meLhodologlcally boLh on quanLlLaLlve and quallLaLlve seLs of daLa, Lo focus on
Lhe dlrecLlon LhaL nanoLechnology ls Laklng, buL lL also alms Lhe exploraLlon of exlsLlng non-sclenLlflc
documenLs (wrlLLen and unwrlLLen) such as llLerary flcLlon, Lelevlslon shows, movles and vldeo
games, obLalned from commerclal and non-comerclal daLabases, LhaL have conLrlbuLed and
presenLly conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe creaLlon of nanoLechnology's soclal lmaglnary.

* * *

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Cellne l8CCPC1
Cn8S, unlverslLy of Lorralne, lrance
cellne.frochoL[unlv-lorralne.fr

Loulse Culn-S1LlnL8
Cn8S, unlverslLy of Lorralne, lrance
loulse.odln-sLelner6[eLu.unlv-lorralne.fr

!ean-Claude Anu8L
Cn8S, unlverslLy of Lorralne, lrance
!ean-claude.andre[unlv-lorralne.fr

1he rlsk socleLy" (ln Lhe 8eck sense) ls a conLroversy socleLy and sclence has a loL Lo do wlLh Lhls,
even lf sclenLlsLs of rlsks have shown LhaL Lhe ldeal of ob[ecLlvlLy ls unaLLalnable. ln facL, as obvlously
proved by crlsls, dlssensus seems Lo be rule! Sclence" allows Lhe ever fasLer developmenL of
orlenLed Lechnlcal progress. 1o achleve Lhls, researchers llke Lhose responslble for work schedullng,
rely on bases of efflclenL reducLlonlsm. Meanwhlle, complex lnLerdependences are llkely Lo be aL Lhe
orlgln of emerglng rlsks noL percelved by socleLy, and by Lhose aL Lhelr orlgln. ln order Lo modlfy Lhe
researcher's efflclency culLure a prlnclple of Soclally 8esponslble 8esearch (S88) has been


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proposed. 1he ob[ecL of Lhe presenLaLlon ls Lo show LhaL lL ls urgenL for sclenLlsLs Lo be concerned
abouL Lhe fuLure of Lhe arLlfacLs Lhey allow Lo be creaLed.
Accordlng Lo Lhe number of lnnovaLlons close Lo Lhe markeL, lL ls dlfflculL Lo cover and masLer all Lhe
range of Lhe rlsks for Lhe populaLlons and Lhe envlronmenL. lndeed, Lhe Lechnologlcal progress
develops proposal wlLhouL any robusL rlsks assessmenL coverage. 1he S88 approach, connecLed wlLh
a poslLlve aLLlLude of exploraLlon of Lhe precauLlonary prlnclple can be used for Lhe proLecLlon of
clLlzen and for Lhe envlronmenL. lor complex eLhlcal slLuaLlons, lncluded ln Lhe S88 approach,
researchers have Lo enlarge Lhelr culLure and Lhelr vlslon ln order Lo develop lnLerdlsclpllnary llnks
before Lo dlscuss wlLh Lhe socleLy.
nanoLechnology, a mulLldlsclpllnary sclenLlflc fleld undergolng exploslve developmenL, whlch refers
Lo Lhe deslgn, characLerlzaLlon, producLlon and appllcaLlon of sLrucLures, devlces and sysLems LhaL
have novel properLles, by conLrolllng shape and slze, ls sub[ecL Lo many conLroverslal debaLes. 1he
deslgn and Lhe assembly of sub mlcroscoplc devlces are also Lhe ob[ecL of concern as Lo Lhe safeLy of
Lhelr use, and noL only ln Lhe general publlc.
hoLodynamlc Lherapy (u1) ls an emerglng research fleld for Lhe developmenL of nano-scale
LherapeuLlcs. hoLodynamlc Lherapy lnvolves Lhe use of llghL, phoLo-senslLlzers (S) and oxygen.
8eacLlve Cxygen Specles (8CS) and slngleL oxygen (
1
C
2
), whlch ls commonly accepLed Lo be Lhe maln
cyLoLoxlc specles, are formed and lead Lo Lhe desLrucLlon of cancer cells by boLh apopLosls and
necrosls. Such molecular sysLems can be assoclaLed wlLh nano-parLlcles, whlch may revoluLlonlze Lhe
LreaLmenL of cancers. 1hese selecLlve nano-smarL-bombs" deslgned Lo hlL a speclflc LargeL wlLh a
chemlcal play load, wlLh a reduced collaLeral damage ln Lhe process. Anyone who has experlenced
Lhe horrlflc" slde effecLs of chemoLherapy can undersLand Lhe vasL poLenLlal of such meLhods.
AL Lhe same Llme Lhe numerous debaLes ln Lu (and also ln lrance) on posslble rlsks lnduced by
nanoLechnologles ln general ls a brake for Lhe promoLlon of Lhls emerglng meLhod. ln Lhls respecL, a
collecLlve SWC1 analysls assoclaLed wlLh S88 meLhodology lead Lo paLenLlng of new sysLem by Laklng
lnLo conslderaLlon poLenLlal rlsks for users, medlcal sLaff and Lhe envlronmenL.
AL Lhe same Llme, we have send Lhrough lnLerneL a quesLlonnalre Lo clLlzen and Lo unlverslLy people.
1he answers are, of course, as already publlshed, funcLlon of Lhe knowledge of Lhe Loplc by people.
neverLheless, lndependenLly of large naLlonal conLroversles of Lhe nanoLechnologles domaln leadlng
Lo some re[ecLlon proposals, lL appears LhaL, ln Lhe case of nano-drugs, LhaL Lhe slLuaLlon seems Lo be
more open. 1he large ma[orlLy of answers lead Lo an agreemenL Lo pursue researches ln Lhe fleld of
such drugs applled for cancers LreaLmenLs. 8uL, aL Lhe same Llme, accordlng Lo Lhe quesLlonnalre, Lhe
demand of a non-exposure (or as low as reasonably achlevable or ALA8A exposure) for Lhe medlcal
sLaff or for clLlzen (Lhrough envlronmenLal posslble problems) lead Lo speclflc research for a safe
process.
ln Lhls respecL, Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary assoclaLlon beLween chemlsLs (ln charge of Lhe synLhesls of new
nano-drugs), phoLo-physlclsLs, englneers (safe processes), medlcal research has Lo be enlarged Lo
Puman and Soclal sclences for a posslble Puman progress, developed ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe SocleLy
(or a parL of).


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1he ob[ecL of Lhe presenLaLlon wlll assoclaLe a very shorL presenLaLlon of Lhe u1, Lhe percepLlon of
Lhe place of nanoLechnologles for Lhe lrench SocleLy, and Lhe ways developed Lo decrease Lhe gaps
beLween research and lnnovaLlon ln hard sclences" and Lhe clLlzen.

* * *
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:)*1"1'$/'SLi'1$3/%*1'
L.M 8CnuCn
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lldls16[gmall.com

C.L 8ueda
LlecLrocardlography Croup
lndusLrlal unlverslLy of SanLander-8ucaramanga, Colombla

L.x 8auLlsLa
8esearch Croup ln 8lomedlcal Lnglneerlng
lndusLrlal unlverslLy of SanLander-8ucaramanga, Colombla

C.L Cordoba
8esearch Croup ln 8lomedlcal Lnglneerlng
lndusLrlal unlverslLy of SanLander-8ucaramanga, Colombla

1he mulLlfaceLed naLure of Lhe dlsease, comblned wlLh a wlde varleLy of resulLs and complex
relaLlonshlps wlLh oLher dlseases, have made Lhe dlagnosls of cardlovascular dlsease a hlghly
complex Lask and lmporLanL, even for experlenced cardlologlsLs [1]. 1he large number of pulses LhaL
are generaLed ln a 24 hour PolLer LesL ls approxlmaLely 100.800/day , whlch ls why one of Lhe
moLlvaLlons for carrylng ouL Lhls work ls Lo faclllLaLe Lhe readlng of Lhls revlew Lo experLs ln
cardlology. 1he algorlLhm and meLhod used ln Lhls work were ralsed ln order Lo decrease Lhe Llme of
processlng and analysls of LCC slgnals uslng unsupervlsed clusLerlng Lechnlques. Pere also shows Lhe
procedure Lo be carrled ouL from Lhe acqulslLlon of Lhe LCC slgnal so LhaL LreaLmenL was glven uslng
Lhe waveleL Lransform ls a maLhemaLlcal funcLlon or daLa LhaL may represenL funcLlons and have
been wldely used over Lhe years recenL many areas [2]. uslng Lhls meLhod, lL ls easler Lo characLerlze
and analyze Lhe LCC slgnals as lL opLlmlzes Lhe processlng Llme. 1he auLomaLed processlng LhaL glves
Lhe slgnal, lL ls exLremely lmporLanL for us Lo provlde a slgnal wlLh adequaLe quallLy lnformaLlon
because Lhe dlagnosls of some dlseases depends on lL. lor Lhe developmenL of Lhls work was Lo
deslgn a Lool whlch allows sorLlng of Lhe pulses of Lhe elecLrocardlographlc slgnals uslng a mlnlng
Lechnlque called clusLerlng daLa sLream, Lhls Lechnlque has a conLlnuous reglon of space conLalnlng a
relaLlvely hlgh denslLy of polnLs, and whlch ln Lurn ls separaLed from oLher reglons by reglons of hlgh
denslLy of polnLs whose denslLy ls relaLlvely low. 1he algorlLhm was lmplemenLed for classlfylng ls
called k-means meLhod whlch ls a clusLer analysls LhaL alms parLlLlon of n observaLlons lnLo k


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clusLers, whereln each clusLer belongs Lo observaLlon wlLh Lhe nearesL half [3 ]. 1he maln ob[ecLlve of
Lhls algorlLhm ls Lo reLurn Lhe user a serles of polnLs LhaL somehow represenL Lhe oLher sLarLlng
polnLs for Lhelr prlvlleged poslLlon wlLh respecL Lo Lhe LoLal, ln our case Lhese polnLs are lnLerpreLed
as Lhe classlflcaLlon of Lhe pulses ln normal or requlre 8evlew. 1he resulLs obLalned wlLh Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of Lhls algorlLhm have ylelded good resulLs. 1he alm of Lhls paper ls Lo provlde
physlclans and cardlologlsLs a Lool LhaL faclllLaLes Lhe Lask of analyzlng and dlagnoslng cardlac
dlseases. 1esLlng and lmplemenLlng lmprovemenLs were made under Lhe supervlslon of a speclallsL
ln cardlology. 1he resulLs shown ln Lhls paper are parL of Lhe process LhaL Look place Lo Lhe
accompanlmenL of Lhe experL for lmprovemenLs.
keywords: LCC, ClusLerlng, PolLer, WaveleL 1ransform, uaLa Mlnlng llow
8eferences
[1] . Mlco, nuevos desarrollos y apllcaclones basados en meLodos esLocsLlcos para el
agrupamlenLo no supervlsado de laLldos en senales elecLrocardlogrflcas", Lscola ollLecnlca
Superlor d'Alcol uecembre de 2003, pp. 23.
[2] A. Mendoza, L. Archlla, !.A. Ardlla, CaracLerlzacln del lnLervalo C1 en una senal
elecLrocardlogrflca usando la Lransformada de waveleL", unlversldad lndusLrlal de SanLander 2001.
[3]Mollna !.M, Carcla !. 1ecnlcas de anllsls de daLos, apllcaclones prcLlcas uLlllzando MlcrosofL,
Lxcel y Weka. unlversldad Carlos lll, Madrld 2004.

* * *
D2"':.1+C3"/.<"'",%'%/#'+2"'W.,+)3)"1"'4"+'./'4$.+"(2/.*.3B'
8lLa Comes CC88LlA
lCS, unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
rlLa.correla[lcs.ul.pL

1he Puman Cenome ro[ecL was a Lurnlng polnL ln Lhe fleld of bloLechnology ln Lhe uSA. 1hls
lnLernaLlonal pro[ecL almed Lo creaLe a map conLalnlng all Lhe genes of human cells. 1he
ldenLlflcaLlon of several genes had Lhe poLenLlal Lo uncover Lhe role played by each one, and Lhls
lnformaLlon could be subsequenLly used ln Lhe developmenL of gene Lheraples or Lransgenesls. 8ased
on hlgh speed auLomaLlsms and Lhe analysls of large amounLs of daLa, research ln bloLechnology has
enLered a new era.
AlLhough genome sequenclng has noL reflecLed a clear lncrease ln Lhe undersLandlng of blologlcal
mechanlsms, lL led Lo Lhe emergence of new lndusLrlal acLlvlLles, new equlpmenL, Lechnlques and
meLhods. lL also led Lo Lhe recognlLlon of Lhe complemenLarlLy of varlous domalns. ln Lhls Lhlrd


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generaLlon of bloLechnology, Lhe skllls and knowledge of sclenLlsLs are [usL anoLher axls of Lhe
process, along wlLh sofLware englneerlng, compuLaLlonal capaclLy and deslgn of equlpmenLs.
8loLechnology presenLs lLself as a source of new opporLunlLles, especlally ln Lhe economlc realm. 1he
ldea LhaL Lhls area may consLlLuLe Lhe basls for Lhe developmenL of new lndusLrles, or Lhe
re[uvenaLlon of Lhe maLure ones, and LhaL can help companles Lo overcome Lhe crlsls or Lo
sLrengLhen lLs markeL poslLlon, had a profound effecL on pollcy declslons. lor Lhls reason, many
counLrles have been promoLlng sLraLegles for lLs developmenL.
8egardlng Lu acLlon, bloLechnology has been one of Lhe few areas expllclLly menLloned and closely
monlLored by Lhe Luropean Commlsslon. 8ased on Lhe convlcLlon LhaL Lhe fleld of llfe sclences and
bloLechnology, as well as lnformaLlon Lechnology, ls a new fleld of Lhe knowledge-based economy
and, as such, a new opporLunlLy for socleLy and economy, Lhe Luropean Commlsslon has puL forward
a speclflc sLraLegy for Lhls domaln, provldlng a road map Lo be followed by lLs member-SLaLes. 1hls
presenLaLlon alms Lo address how a Luropean counLry llke orLugal has followed Lhls Lrend.




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1rack 8
MA1L8lALl1? Anu lMMA1L8lAL ln
1PL ulCl1AL L8A
Chalr: edro MLnuCnA


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[$*<'%/#':*%/"+%,B'0""*$/3'$/'+2"'#$3$+%*'",%6'E%,1'5./'D,$",Z1'!"*%/(2.*$%'

nlcole M. ML8CLA
ueparLmenL of LlLerary ArLs & SLudles
8hode lsland School of ueslgn, uSA
nmerola[rlsd.edu

1hls paper, llke Lhose of my colleagues, examlnes how Lechnology and maLerlallLy co-consLlLuLe our
experlences of self and envlronmenL. ln parLlcular, l explore how fllmlc Lechnology can conLrlbuLe Lo
human engagemenL wlLh conLemporary socloecologlcal crlses. As phllosopher Lugene 1hacker
argues, we llve ln a momenL characLerlzed by lnsLablllLy and dlsasLer, beseL by emerglng pandemlcs,
LecLonlc shlfLs, sLrange weaLher, oll-drenched seascapes, and Lhe furLlve, always-loomlng LhreaL of
exLlncLlon" (uost, 1). 1hese myrlad dlsasLers, 1hacker suggesLs, make Lhe planeL boLh unfamlllar and
unLhlnkable." ln oLher words, our frames of reference regardlng human-planeL relaLlonshlps are no
longer adequaLe Lo our socloecologlcal clrcumsLances. Clven Lhese sLrange clrcumsLances, we need
Lechnologles LhaL can help us make planeLary dlsasLers leglble and help us experlence Lhe planeL ln
reglsLers LhaL lnclude, buL also exceed, Lhe personal.
Cne form of planeLary feellng commensuraLe wlLh our sLrange Llmes ls envlronmenLal melancholy, a
form of affecLlve encounLer ln whlch we acknowledge nonhuman belngs, naLural envlronmenLs, and
ecologlcal processes as approprlaLe ob[ecLs for genulne grlef" (MorLlmer-Sandllands, Melancholy,"
333). 1he concepL of envlronmenLal melancholy draws on Lhe dlsLlncLlon Slgmund lreud makes
beLween Lwo dlfferenL, Lhough relaLed, forms of grlef: mournlng and melancholla. AlLhough Lhe
former ends when one can flnally Lransfer affecLlon Lo a new llbldlnal ob[ecL, Lhe laLLer ls unendlng
(Mournlng"). SLrucLurally, Lhen, melancholla ls a form of belng sLuck. Whlle lreud acknowledges
LhaL a llbldlnal ob[ecL may be anlmaLe or lnanlmaLe, only recenLly have envlronmenLal humanlsLs
begun problng Lhe conLours of envlronmenLal melancholy (LeMenager, Merola, MorLlmer-
Sandllands, MorLon). AgalnsL narraLlves of envlronmenLallsm LhaL suggesL we mlghL be able Lo flx
whaL we have sullled, envlronmenLal melancholy lnvolves seelng loss and change as sLrucLural
condlLlons Lo whlch we are bound and ln whlch we are compllclL. WlLhln Lhe rubrlc of envlronmenLal
melancholy l dlsLlngulsh Lwo subseLs: socloecologlcal melancholy and planeLary melancholy. 1he
former foregrounds grlevlng for Lhe blosphere and lLs processes and ls Lhus llnked Lo concepLuallzlng
Lhe planeL as domesLlc space, home. 1he laLLer, on Lhe oLher hand does away wlLh Lhe noLlon of
home and lnsLead foregrounds a more Lhlng-orlenLed perspecLlve, slLuaLlng Lhe planeL as a geo-
chemlcal ob[ecL, and prlvlleglng grlevlng for Lhe planeL as a cosmologlcal body.
lollowlng Lhe Lheorles of embodled specLaLorshlp seL ouL ln clnema sLudles (Marks, Shavlro,
Sobchack) and Lhe concepLuallzaLlons of Lhlng-power ln phllosophy (8enneLL) and sclence sLudles
(LaLour), l undersLand fllm as a Lechnology LhaL affecLs Lhe body and Lhe sub[ecLlvlLy of Lhe vlewer.
1haL ls, a fllm ls a Lhlng audlo-vlsually Laken ln and meLabollzed by a vlewer, whose bodlly surfaces
and lnLerlors are deslgned Lhrough lLs engagemenL wlLh Lhe Lhlng. Cr, as Laura u. Marks puLs lL, fllm
ls someLhlng we vlewers brush up agalnsL llke anoLher body" (5klo, xll), someLhlng LhaL Lransforms
Lhe vlewer's cognlLlve and aesLheLlc senslblllLles and geLs under one's skln. lurLhermore, Marks


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proposes LhaL our experlence of clnema ls mlmeLlc, or an experlence of bodlly slmllarlLy Lo Lhe
audlovlsual lmages we Lake ln. Clnema ls noL merely a LransmlLLer of slgns, lL bears wlLness Lo an
ob[ecL and Lransfers Lhe presence of Lhe ob[ecL Lo vlewers" (xvll). ln Lhls paper l draw on scholarshlp
ln Lhe envlronmenLal humanlLles, clnema sLudles, maLerlal femlnlsms, phllosophy, and sclence
sLudles Lo argue LhaL Lars von 1rler's fllm Meloocbollo (2011) ls an exemplary Lechnology for
Lransferrlng planeLary feellng from screen Lo vlewer.
ln Meloocbollo von 1rler nesLs Lhe melodramas of one famlly wlLhln an apocalypLlc cosmlc drama,
Lhe annlhllaLlon of LarLh by a hereLofore unknown blue planeL, Melancholla, Lo offer vlewers an
lmaglnaLlve encounLer wlLh someLhlng we can experlence-human depresslon and anxleLy abouL Lhe
planeL-and wlLh someLhlng we cannoL-Lhe LoLal desLrucLlon of Lhe planeL and all llfe on lL.
Wrapped wlLhln Lhese dramas von 1rler crlLlques a seL of human-planeL frameworks common Lo
wesLern lndusLrlallzed socleLy: anLhropocenLrlsm, blocenLrlsm, caplLallsm, overconsumpLlon,
romanLlclsm, and senLlmenLallLy. ln place of Lhese frameworks, l argue, von 1rler poslLs a
nonproducLlve hyper-naLural form of embodled aLLachmenL Lo Lhe planeL-a form of planeLary
melancholy. 1o make my argumenL l concenLraLe on Lhe followlng elemenLs of von 1rler's fllm: Lhe
Lenslon beLween Lhe hyper-8omanLlc audlo-vlsual deslgn of Lhe fllm and lLs relenLlessly anLl-romanLlc
argumenLs, Lhe maLerlallLy of Lhe embodled responses of !usLlne (klrsLen uunsL) and Clalre (CharloLLe
Calnsbourg) Lo Lhe approach of Melancholla, Lhe way Lhe clrculaLlon of affecL beLween screen and
vlewer produces whaL Marks calls an experlence of bodlly slmllarlLy Lo Lhe audlovlsual lmages we
Lake ln," and Lhe poLenLlal pollLlcal effecLs of envlronmenLal melancholles llke Lhose engendered by
Meloocbollo.

8eferences
8enneLL, !ane. vlbtoot Mottet. A lolltlcol coloqy of 1bloqs (uurham: uuke unlverslLy ress, 2010).
lreud, Slgmund. Mournlng and Melancholla" ln 1be 5tooJotJ Jltloo of tbe complete lsycboloqlcol
wotks of 5lqmooJ lteoJ, ed. and Lrans. !ames SLrachey, 24 vols. (London: PogarLh ress, 1937), 14:
243-238.
LaLour, 8runo. looJotos nope. ssoys oo tbe keollty of 5cleoce 5toJles (Cambrldge: Parvard
unlverslLy ress, 1999).
_____. we nove Nevet 8eeo MoJeto (Cambrldge: Parvard unlverslLy ress, 1993).
LeMenager, SLephanle. eLro-Melancholla: 1he 8 8lowouL and Lhe ArLs of Crlef" Ool lotle 19.2
(2011): 23-36.
Marks, Laura u. 1be 5klo of tbe lllm. lotetcoltotol cloemo, mboJlmeot, ooJ tbe 5eoses (uurham:
uuke unlverslLy ress, 2000).
_____. 1oocb. 5eosooos 1beoty ooJ Moltlseosoty MeJlo (Mlnneapolls: unlverslLy of MlnnesoLa
ress, 2002).
Meloocbollo (dlr. Lars von 1rler, 2011).


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Merola, nlcole M. cosmopolls: uon ueLlllo's Melancholy ollLlcal Lcology," Ametlcoo lltetotote
84.4 (2012): 827-833.
MorLlmer-Sandllands, CaLrlona. Melancholy naLures, Cueer Lcologles" ln Ooeet coloqles. 5ex,
Notote, lolltlcs, ueslte, ed. CaLrlona MorLlmer-Sandllands and 8ruce Lrlckson (8loomlngLon: lndlana
unlverslLy ress, 2010), 331-338.
MorLon, 1lmoLhy. Lcology wlLhouL Lhe resenL," OxfotJ lltetoty kevlew 34.2 (2012): 229-238.
_____. 1he uark Lcology of Llegy" ln 1be OxfotJ nooJbook of leqy, ed. karen Welsman (Cxford:
Cxford unlverslLy ress, 2010), 231-271.
Shavlro, SLeven. 1be cloemotlc 8oJy (Mlnneapolls: unlverslLy of MlnnesoLa ress, 1993).
Sobchack, vlvlan. 1be AJJtess of tbe ye. A lbeoomeooloqy of lllm xpetleoce (rlnceLon:
rlnceLon unlverslLy ress, 1991).
1hacker, Lugene. lo tbe uost of 1bls llooet. nottot of lbllosopby, vol. 1 (Alresford: Zero 8ooks,
2011).

* * *
7"8'<"#$%'%/#'+2"',%/+10.,<%+$./1'.0'1.($%*'%/#'<%+",$%*',"%#$/3'()*+),"''

Anne-MeLLe AL88LCP1SLunu
Aalborg unlverslLy, uenmark
ama[hum.aau.dk

1he lncreaslng use of soclal medla along wlLh Lhe rapldly developlng dlglLlzaLlon of Lhe book medlum
has led Lo a range of new clrcumsLances for wrlLlng, publlshlng and readlng books, resulLlng ln
LransformaLlons ln readlng culLure and pracLlces. 1he purpose of Lhls paper ls Lo explore Lhese
changes Lhrough an lnvesLlgaLlon lnLo Lhe role played by lC1s and new medla ln book readlng culLure,
from a perspecLlve on readlng as a soclal and maLerlal pracLlce.
1he soclal aspecL of readlng ls emphaslzed when readers ln soclal onllne seLLlngs descrlbe, Lrack,
evaluaLe and dlscuss Lhelr readlng experlences on soclal webslLes and neLworks such as 1wlLLer,
Coodreads, and CalleyCaL. Across such slLes, auLhors and readers lnLeracL ln new and lmmedlaLe
ways, negoLlaLlng noLlons of quallLy, auLhorlLy and ownershlp. 8oLh confllcLs and alllances can resulL
from Lhese negoLlaLlons. lor lnsLance, on Coodreads, a global neLwork slLe for readers and book
revlews, slLuaLlons ofLen arlse whereln asplrlng new auLhors are harshly crlLlclzed by Lhelr readers, or
conversely, whereln readers are beraLed by auLhors recelvlng bad revlews. Cn Lhe oLher hand, some
wrlLers are exposlng Lhe wrlLlng process by e.g. lnvolvlng readers ln Lhe creaLlon of a novel (llood,
2012). 1hese soclal Lechnologles Lhus lmpllcaLe pracLlces whlch Lransform LradlLlonal communlcaLlon
slLuaLlons and power relaLlons ln Lhe neLwork of wrlLers, publlshers, readers, and revlewers.


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1hey way consumers exLend, dlsLrlbuLe, and reflecL on culLural producLs on Lhe lnLerneL, and how
Lhese pracLlces are lnvolved ln new consLrucLlons of communlLy ln onllne seLLlngs has been a
slgnlflcanL occupaLlon of much lnLerneL research (e.g. !enklns 2006, 8aym 2010, 8urgess 2007). 1hls
paper bullds on such research by focuslng on Lhe producLlve pracLlce of readers parLlclpaLlng ln Lhese
onllne communlLles and neLworks, whlle also flndlng relevanL aul 8lcoeur's concepL of mlmesls as
an acLlve consLrucLlon and hls approach Lo undersLandlng how Lhe worlds of flcLlon and reallLy are
Lled LogeLher by reconsLrucLlng Lhe enLlre arc of operaLlons by whlch pracLlcal experlence provldes
lLself wlLh works, auLhors and readers" (8lcoeur, 1984, p. 33). 1hls enLalls a perspecLlve on book
readlng, ofLen percelved as someLhlng lnLlmaLe and lndlvldual, as a caLalysL for soclal and culLural
meanlng, made parLlcularly vlslble as readlng culLure becomes embedded ln lC1s.
Slmllarly, along wlLh Lhese communlcaLlve shlfLs, Lhe lncreaslng use of elecLronlc readlng devlces play
a key role ln Lhe acceleraLlon of a culLure ln whlch Lhe audlence engages wlLh culLural works ln new
ways. 1he book has an easy maLerlallLy" (Marshall, 2010, p. 17), also lmplylng LhaL Lhe LradlLlonal
book ob[ecL ls lmbued wlLh lnherlLed convenLlons of readlng and dlsplaylng Lhe book as parL of one's
personal belonglngs, buL wlLh Lhe elecLronlc book, Lhe maLerlallLy of readlng becomes more
amblguous and malleable. As Lhe book as Lechnology ls belng radlcally reconsLrucLed Lhese years, lL
affecLs Lhe convenLlons and physlcal experlence of readlng, buL lL also has a slgnlflcanL lmpacL on Lhe
soclal processes surroundlng lL. ln Lhe paper, Lhe new clrcumsLances of Lhls enLanglemenL of Lhe
soclal and maLerlal aspecLs of readlng are explored and analyzed.

8eferences
8aym, nancy k. 2010. letsoool coooectloos lo tbe ulqltol Aqe. ollLy.
8urgess, !ean LllzabeLh. 2007. vetoocolot cteotlvlty ooJ New MeJlo. Cueensland unlverslLy of
1echnology, 8rlsbane.
llood, Allson. 2012. WaLch a novel 8elng WrlLLen 'Llve'." 1be CootJloo, SepLember 12.
hLLp://www.guardlan.co.uk/books/booksblog/2012/sep/12/novel-wrlLLen-llve.
!enklns, Penry. 2006. coovetqeoce coltote. wbete OlJ ooJ New MeJlo colllJe. n?u ress.
Lynch, Cllfford. 2001. 1he 8aLLle Lo ueflne Lhe luLure of Lhe 8ook ln Lhe ulglLal World." lltst MooJoy
6 (6) (!une).
Marshall, CaLherlne C. 2010. keoJloq ooJ wtltloq tbe lecttoolc 8ook. Morgan & Claypool ubllshers.
8lcoeur, aul. 1984. 1lme ooJ Nottotlve, vol. 1. unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.

* * *
'
'
'


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I',2"+.,$(%*':,.("11'4"+8""/'%'<%+",$%*'%/#'%'/./C<%+",$%*'1"<$.+$(1'.0'.4d"(+1'

edro xavler MLnuCnA
lnsLlLuLo Superlor de Comunlcao Lmpresarlal, orLugal
pedrofxm[gmall.com

Conslderlng a navlgaLlon devlce (CS), Lhls work lnLends Lo arLlculaLe boLh Lhe semloLlcs of
consumpLlon developed by !ean 8audrlllard (1969), and Lhe maLerlal semloLlcs of acLor-neLwork
Lheory, parLlcularly Lhe one lnLroduced by 8runo LaLour (1992). 1he sLarLlng hypoLhesls ls LhaL lL ls
posslble Lo esLabllsh a relaLlon beLween Lhe Lwo domalns ln a complemenLary manner LhaL permlLs a
beLLer crlLlque of Lhls klnd of moblllLy devlces (LllloLL and urry, 2010).
8esldes Lhe symbollc dlfferenLlaLlon acLlng upon Lhese arLefacLs Lhrough adverLlslng, brandlng, and
esLheLlcal deslgn, Lhere ls on lL an lncrease of posslblllLles of acLlon as an ouLpuL of Lhe mulLlpllcaLlon
of funcLlonallLles, llke navlgaLlon sysLems ln moblle phones, LhaL calls for a maLerlal semloLlc analysls.
WlLh Lhls approach becomes avallable Lhe conslderaLlon of a maLerlal dlmenslon LhaL 8audrlllard
forgeLs. 8uL, by arLlculaLlng Lhe laLLer more LradlLlonal semloLlcs wlLh Lhe maLerlal one, lL ls posslble
Lo lnLroduce a crlLlque Lone Loo ofLen noL presenL ln LaLour's work.
WlLh Lhls alm, lL ls carrled a sLudy of Lhe symbollc and maLerlal aspecLs of navlgaLlon devlces. As a
resulL, lL ls found LhaL, ln Lhls Lype of ob[ecL, Lhere ls a [uncLlon beLween Lhe symbollc and Lhe
funcLlonal realms - Lhe laLLer as a maLerlal posslblllLy. AL Lhls llghL, Lhe research also quesLlons Lhe
LruLh" of Lhe affordances (Clbson, 1979) produced ln Lhe conLemporary lndusLrlal sysLems -
soluLlons" wlLh a well known lnfluence on moblle llves creaLlon.
ln Lhls conLexL, markeLlng has a maln role. lLs deparLmenLs have more lnfluence Lhan ever ln
lnvesLlgaLlon and developmenL, acLlng upon Lhe creaLlon of new arLlfacLs and on englneer's work
(keaveney, 2008). 1hls creaLlve dynamlcs lnLersecLs symbollc elemenLs wlLh funcLlonal and maLerlal
ones, Lurnlng more unclear Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween boLh. 8heLorlc as a concepL and pracLlce ls hlghly
heurlsLlc ln order Lo undersLand a process LhaL ls made of persuaslon (of Lhe consumer),
argumenLaLlon (Lo consume), and problemaLlzaLlon (of everyday ways of llvlng). 1hls approach ls
frulLful Lo arLlculaLe a one way perspecLlve of domlnaLlon - llke Lhe one represenLed by
8audrlllard's - and LaLour's vlslon, LhaL Lends Lo be more aLLenLlve Lo Lhe denslLy and complexlLy of
Lhe mlcro relaLlons of Lhe real. 8heLorlc as a concepL and pracLlce ls made, aL Lhe same Llme, of a
mono movemenL of relaLlons of persuaslon and of a dlaloglcal movemenL of relaLlons, as
argumenLaLlon, LhaL shows ln lLs emergence a neL of maLerlal and non-maLerlal connecLlons.
ln facL, rheLorlc as a concepL and pracLlce permlLs a comblnaLlon noL [usL of Lhese Lwo LheoreLlcal
perspecLlves, buL also of boLh LradlLlonal and maLerlal semloLlcs. lL ls on Lhe layers of rheLorlcal
assoclaLlons LhaL speech, lmage and maLerlal dlsposlLlons lnLersecL each oLher. 1hey may form a
Lechnologlcal sysLem, llke CS, and navlgaLlon devlces, ln close assoclaLlons wlLh human bodles and
performances. ln Lhls slLuaLlon lL ls posslble Lo flnd mlcro dlsposlLlons of domlnaLlon LhaL are noL
conflned Lo macro-sLrucLured vlews.


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8audrlllard, !. 1969. l 5lstemo Je los Objetos. Mexlco: Slglo xxl.
LllloLL, A. e !. urry. 2010. Moblle llves. Cxford. 8ouLledge.
Clbson, !. !. 1979. 1be coloqlcol Apptoocb to letceptloo. Londres: PoughLon Mlfflln.
keaveney, S. M. 2008. 1he blame game: an aLLrlbuLlon Lheory approach Lo markeLer-englneer
confllcL ln hlgh-Lechnology companles. loJosttlol Motketloq Moooqemeot 37, 633-663.
LaLour, 8. 1992. Where are Lhe mlsslng masses? 1he Soclology of a few mundane arLefacLs. ln
5boploq 1ecbooloqy/8ollJloq 5oclety, 5toJles lo 5oclotecbolcol cbooqe, org. W. 8l[ker e !. Law. Mass:
1he Ml1 ress: 223-239.

* * *

[)1"#6'I)+$1<&'$W%#1&'%/#'+2"'.4d"(+$0$(%+$./'.0'(./1($.)1/"11'

Colbey Lmmerson 8Llu
ueparLmenL of 8uslness ManagemenL
oole College of ManagemenL, uSA
colbey_reld[ncsu.edu

1hls paper, llke Lhose of my colleagues, seeks Lo compllcaLe Lhe assoclaLlons of Lhe dlglLal world
promlnenL aL Lhe ouLseL of Lhe lnLerneL era ln Lhe early 1990s wlLh Lhe overLhrow of maLLer" by Lhe
powers of mlnd" (uyson et. ol, 1994). Such asserLlons assumed LhaL dlglLal sub[ecLlvlLy was
becomlng dlslocaLed from Lhe body and oLher anchorlng maLerlallLles, lnducLlng Lhe self lnLo a world
of lmaglnaLlve play and performaLlve posslblllLy ascendanL over Lhe bruLe force of Lhlngs" (lblJ).
SLable ldenLlLy, lL was forecasL, would become wlLh maLerlal flxlLy a vesLlge of bygone eras.
1he decllne of maLerlallLy seemed Lo aLLend Lhe noLlon LhaL Lechnology would progresslvely enacL
Lhe human fanLasy of belng a mlnd wlLhouL a body, ln Lhe sLyle of Madellne L'Lngle's lL," Lhe
dlsembodled braln flrsL lmaglned ln 1939 and recenLly recycled ln Pope Larson's acclalmed 2012
adapLaLlon of A wtlokle lo 1lme lnLo a comlc form. AlLernaLely, lf noL dlsposed wlLh enLlrely, Lhe
body has been lmaglned perfecLed or LranscendenL Lhrough medlcal Lechnologles, lncludlng
chemlcal, surglcal, and eugenlc lnLervenLlons lnLo lllness and dlsablllLy ln Lhe sLyle of Lhe ures ln
!ullanne 8aggoLL's 2012 novel of LhaL name. CounLer Lo Lhese forms of fasclnaLlon wlLh
phenomenology masLered by Lechnology, my paper examlnes Lhe emergence of a new maLerlallLy
wlLhln dlglLal culLure, whlch l conLend has produced deeply medlaLed experlences of LhoughL and
affecL LhaL are dependenL upon maLLer and ln some cases unlquely generaLed by human
ob[ecLlflcaLlon.
My argumenL bullds on Lhe foundaLlonal Consumer 8ehavlor concepL of Lhe "exLended self" (8elk
1988). Consumer 8ehavlor ls a branch of behavloral psychology sLudled by academlc markeLers and
deslgned Lo focus on Lhe forms of consclousness and experlence parLlcular Lo consumpLlon. 1he


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concepL of Lhe exLended self asserLs LhaL humans concelve of Lhemselves and develop Lhelr lnLerlors
Lhrough maLerlal ob[ecLs classlfled as Lhelr possesslons, such LhaL Lhlngs express porLlons of Lhe
human menLal and emoLlonal landscape oLherwlse lnexpresslble and Lhereby exLend and offload
porLlons of Lhe human self lnLo Lhe maLerlal world.
Speclflcally, l examlne Lhe developmenL of an exLended self Lhrough cerLaln dlglLal devlces, ob[ecLs
wlLhln consumer culLure LhaL vlvldly lllusLraLe Lhe shlfL of our assoclaLlons of Lechnology and lLs
aLLendanL human forms from Lhe vlrLual and Loward Lhe maLerlal world. lncreaslngly, dlglLal
Lechnology assumes Lhe lnLerface of a human body wlLh a devlce: a LableL C, lapLop, earbuds, an
M3 player, smarLphone, CS, docklng sLaLlons, eLc. 1he lncreaslng promlnence of human-
Lechnology hybrldlzaLlons Lhrough Lhe ouLsourclng of sensory and percepLlve phenomena ln
everyday, so-called normal" llfe mlrrors recenL flcLlonal and non-flcLlonal llLerary deplcLlons of Lhe
overwhelmlng promlnence of such fuslons among conLemporary dlsabled humans.
1he phenomenon corresponds Lo Lhe noLlon of horlzonLal ldenLlLy" developed by Andrew Solomon
ln lot ltom tbe 1tee (Scrlbner 2012), an analysls of ldenLlLles llke Lransgenderlsm, dwarflsm, or
severe dlsablllLy LhaL crop up suddenly Lhrough lllness or Lhe vlclsslLudes of reproducLlon and
allenaLe lndlvlduals from Lhelr famllles by supplylng Lhem wlLh a dlvergenL (and Lhus non-verLlcal)
ldenLlLy, and LhaL ln many cases would noL exlsL wlLhouL Lhe lnLervenLlon of Lechnologles llke
hormone supplemenLaLlons, surglcal lnLervenLlons, and Lhe ouLsourclng of blologlcal processes Lo
machlnes. 8aggoLL's lote glves flcLlonal represenLaLlon Lo a world ln whlch deformed humans called
WreLches," a counLer-class Lo Lhe whole and healLhy class of ures," are lnexLrlcably fused Lo
ob[ecLs, non-human anlmals, and oLher people: doll parLs, blrd wlngs, shaLLered glass, a car englne, a
famlly member, Lhe earLh. ln each case, exLended" or horlzonLal" selves llLerally maLerlallze
Lhrough and depend upon Lechnologles for expresslon.
l am parLlcularly lnLeresLed ln Lhe form of exLended mlnd developed Lhrough Lhe use of lads by
auLlsLlc chlldren who were prevlously (belleved Lo be) compleLely wlLhouL language, soclallLy, or even
consclousness. 1he phenomenon has been documenLed by Lesley SLahl on "60 MlnuLes," whose !uly
13, 2012 program on Apps for AuLlsm: CommunlcaLlng on Lhe lad" reporLs on Lhe phenomenon of
auLlsLlc paLlenLs' deep lnLeracLlon wlLh Lhe machlnes, whlch ln some cases faclllLaLed expresslons of
consclousness and soclablllLy ln paLlenLs prevlously presumed noL Lo possess Lhe capaclLy for elLher.
l conLend LhaL such flcLlonal and non-flcLlonal sources poslL auLlsm as humanlzed machlne
consclousness ln whlch auLlsm provldes a model for experlmenLal noLlons of seelng and feellng llke a
machlne, and lndeed, hlghllghLs Lhe essenLlal mechanlcal quallLy of human percepLlon: humans are
learnlng Lo Lallor Lhelr creaLlvlLy, affecL, and conLemplaLlve acLlvlLles Lo mechanlcal augmenLaLlon as
Lhey observe lmpllclL Lechnologlcal afflnlLles already nascenL ln cerLaln forms of human
consclousness. lndeed, ln conLrasL Lo lnLulLlve assumpLlons LhaL lL ls raLlonal or sclenLlflc Lhlnklng LhaL
ls mosL conduclve Lo mechanlcs, and as ls suggesLed by Lhe capaclLy of many auLlsLlc lndlvlduals for
exLraordlnary arLlsLlc ablllLy and Lhelr demonsLraLed Lendency Lo connecL wlLh Lechnologlcal devlces
more adepLly Lhan human belngs, percelvlng arL may parLlcularly beneflL from mechanlcal
senslblllLles.


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My presenLaLlon wlll Lhus explaln how an asLonlshlng convergence of 2012 LexLs llke Larson,
Solomon, SLahl, and 8urgess's respecLlvely explore Lhe ldea LhaL 1) auLlsm can provlde a rubrlc
Lhrough whlch Lo undersLand machlne vlslon as a human organ and process, and more generally, 2)
how deslgn lnnovaLlon can LransporL dlsablllLy from Lhe (blologlcal) marglns Lo Lhe cenLer of sLyllsLlc
and Lechnlcal creaLlon and consumpLlon. AddlLlonally, 3) Lhe use of Lhe "exLended self" concepL
lncorporaLes an lnLerdlsclpllnary perspecLlve for Lhlnklng abouL how possesslons and consumpLlon
processes operaLe ouLslde Lhe markeLplace-or, as Lhe case may be, use Lhe markeLplace Lo
reposlLlon soclally marglnal consumer segmenLs and behavlors aL Lhe cenLer of economlc exchange.

* * *

S@:*.,$/3'<%+",$%*$+B'$/'#$3$+%*'()*+),"6'/.+"1'0,.<'+2"'J1<%,+'($+BM'0$"*#'

uebora LAnZLnl
lnLerdlsclpllnary lnLerneL lnsLlLuLe, uCC, Spaln
dlanzenl[uoc.edu

Lllsenda A8uvCL
lnLerdlsclpllnary lnLerneL lnsLlLuLe, uCC, Spaln
eardevol[uoc.edu

ln Lhe lasL decades, soclal and culLural sLudles on dlglLal Lechnologles and medla have lefL behlnd Lhe
maLerlallLy of soclal reallLy as unlvocal manlfesLaLlon, glven place Lo concepLs such vlrLual reallLy,
cyberspace or onllne lnLeracLlons" for deflnlng and explaln Lhe lnLanglble sLages LhaL seems Lo
characLerlze dlglLal soclal llfe. Pere, Lhe dlglLal was concelved as opposlLe Lo maLerlallLy. LaLer on,
developmenLs ln Lhe lnLerneL, moblle and medla Lechnologles have puL forward new ways of
lnLermlngle vlrLual" and physlcal" worlds, speaklng abouL enhanced reallLy or locaLlve medla
and glvlng rlse Lo new LheoreLlcal concepLs such as MedlaSpace, ulglSpace, eLc. and explalnlng Lhese
phenomena ln Lerms of hybrldlzaLlon. 1hus, Lhe need Lo re-concepLuallzaLlon of Lhe classlc noLlons of
space, place and "Llme ls Loday a cenLral lssue ln soclal sLudles of Lechnology, buL Lhe quesLlon
behlnd Lhls ls whaL ls deflnlng maLerlallLy ln Lhe dlglLal era?
Cur alm ls Lo reLhlnk Lhe very concepL of maLerlallLy as an analyLlcal Lool for soclal research drawlng
on emerglng emplrlcal sLudles on sofLware deslgn and our ongolng eLhnographlc research on Lhe
lnLerneL of 1hlngs" and SmarL ClLles" Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons. Cn one hand, "lnLerneL of 1hlngs"
(lo1) ls a concepL used by Lechnology deslgners Lo refer Lo lnLerneL embedded ob[ecLs able Lo relaLe
Lo each oLher, connecLlng lnLerneL, people and arLefacLs as smarL Lhlngs". Cn Lhe oLher hand,
"SmarL ClLles" refers Lo Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lechnology wlLh everyday llfe and Lhe clLy Lhrough Lhe
code and ublqulLous compuLlng (Lhe Lechnology behlnd Lhe lnLerneL of 1hlngs), and Lhe advenL of a
new Lype of spaLlal and culLural organlzaLlon of Lhe clLles called smarL growLh/senLlenL clLles (Crang
and Craham, 2007, Campbell, 2012). Code ls underlylng all Lhese Lechnlcal process. SofLware and lLs


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deep lnLerweavlng wlLh conLemporary culLure, Lhe loglcs and maLerlallLles of algorlLhms, codes and
daLa seep lnLo and bulld everyday llfe.
ln Lhls emerglng medla ecology (luller, 2007) Lhe acLors, seLLlngs and pracLlces cannoL be separaLed
ln a pure form (LaLour, 2003) because, as lngold sald, all Lhese Lerms are enLangled ln a neLwork LhaL
could be deflned more as a mesh (lngold, 2010). So, how do we undersLand whaL maLerlal ls and
whaL ls noL? And more speclflcally, ln a world of Lhlngs, blLs, people, code, lnLerwoven processes,
whaL ls dlglLal maLerlallLy?
Leonardl noLes abouL maLerlallLy and maLerlallzaLlon, LhaL whlle a Lerm ls referrlng speclflcally Lo Lhe
physlcal condlLlon of Lhlngs, Lhe oLher refers Lo Lhe ablllLy Lo reallze an ldea (or a concepLlon of how
Lhlngs should be) an ob[ecL or a Lechnologlcal arLlfacL (Leonardl, 2010). CLher auLhors argue LhaL Lhe
boundarles beLween Lhe physlcal and concepLual are noL flxed, buL raLher consLanLly negoLlaLed ln
pracLlce (LaLour, 2003, 8owkes and SLar, 2000, Suchman, 2012). 8ecenL works comlng from flelds
such as sofLware sLudles, sclence and Lechnology sLudles, arL sLudles, anLhropology, soclology of
Lechnology propose sLudylng Lhe dlglLal ob[ecLs and Lhe dlglLlzaLlon of Lhlngs as an acLor ln Lhe
conLemporary consLrucLlon of maLerlallLy and agency ln everyday llfe (klLchln and uodge, 2011).
lollowlng Lhe acLors ln an aLLempL of a soclology of assoclaLlons (LaLour, 2003), we propose Lo LhaL
focuslng on every day pracLlces of sofLware deslgners and smarL clLy" developers would allow us Lo
learn new lnslghLs abouL whaL ls maLerlallLy and how lL ls experlenced and performed ln dlglLal
culLure.

8eferences
8owker, C. SLar Lelgh, S. (2000) 5ottloq 1bloqs Oot. closslflcotloo ooJ lts coosepoeoces, Cambrldge:
1he Ml1 ress
Crang, M. and Craham, S. (2007) 5eotleot cltles. Ambleot lotelllqeoce ooJ tbe polltlcs of otboo
spoce. lnformaLlon, CommunlcaLlon & SocleLy. 2007,10:789 - 817.
Cambell, 1. (2012) 8eyooJ 5mott cltles. now cltles Netwotk, leoto ooJ looovote, new ?ork:
8ouLledge
luller, M. (2007) MeJlo coloqles, Cambrldge: 1he Ml1 ress
lngold, 1. (2010). 8rlnglng 1hlngs Lo Llfe: CreaLlve LnLanglemenLs ln a World of MaLerlals. Worklng
aper #13 keolltles. LS8C CenLer. ManchesLer.
klLchln, 8. and uodge,M. (2011) coJe/5poce, softwote ooJ evetyJoy llfe, Cambrldge, Lhe Ml1 press.
Leonardl, . (2010) ulqltol Motetlollty? now Attlfocts wltbtoot mottet, mottet. llrsL Monday, volume
13, number 6 - 7 !une 2010
LaLour, 8. (2003) keossemblloq tbe 5oclol. Ao lottoJoctloo to Actot-Netwotk-1beoty, OxfotJ: Cxford
unlverslLy ress.


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Suchman, L. (2012) cooflqototloo. lo loveotlve MetboJs. 1be boppeoloq of tbe soclol-48-60. Lury y
Wakeford (Lds.). London: 8ouLledge.

* * *
D2"'3%+2",$/3':.8",'.0':,"C#$3$+%*';LD16'[%<$*$%,'*"++",1'%1'0.(%*'+2$/31'

AnLhony !ohn Charles 8CSS
PumanlLles Advanced 1echnology and lnformaLlon lnsLlLuLe
unlverslLy of Clasgow, uk
a[cross01[gmall.com

CuLllne:
ln whaL ways does dlglLal lmmaLerlallLy shape conLemporary llves and relaLlonshlps? 1hls paper
answers Lhls quesLlon Lhrough a case-sLudy conLrasL wlLh our maLerlal pasL, ln whlch Lhe pre-emlnenL
lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnology (lC1) was paper, Lo argue Lhe place of famlllar leLLer-
wrlLlng as an example of whaL AlberL 8orgmann Lerms a focal pracLlce." AfLer crlLlcally ouLllnlng
8orgmann's phllosophy, Lhe paper focuses upon 8omanLlc-era leLLers Lo argue LhaL ln conLrasL Lo Lhe
commodlous ease and avallablllLy of modern, devlce-led communlcaLlons Lechnologles (lncludlng
moblle phones, soclal neLworklng slLes, emall and so on), famlllar leLLers were focal Lhlngs because
Lhey requlred more efforL, sklll, aLLenLlon, paLlence, care, and soclal cooperaLlon. As such, famlllar
leLLer-wrlLlng helped shape, orlenL and grace pasL llves ln a way modern communlcaLlons devlces
ofLen do noL.
AbsLracL:
1he world has never been smaller and (we are Lold) we have never been more 'swlLched-on,' Lo Lhe
world or each oLher. lrom Lhe Lelegraph Lo Lhe Lelephone, radlo Lo Lelevlslon, successlve
Lechnologlcal developmenLs have lessened Lhe llmlLs on communlcaLlon: Llme, geography, and cosL.
1he lnLerneL ls Lhe laLesL Lechnology ln Lhls llne of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles
(lC1s), and perhaps Lhe mosL powerful. ln our 'connecLed age,' we are blessed wlLh a profundlLy of
onllne Lools whlch offer lncreaslngly efforLless opporLunlLles Lo creaLe, malnLaln and remodel soclal
Lles (lncludlng locebook, 1wlttet, emall, 5kype, moblle phones and so on). ?eL for AlberL 8orgmann
(1984, 1992, 1999), Lhere ls an lrony aL Lhe hearL of such Lechnologles: Lhough Lhey promlsed Lo
enrlch our llves by dlsburdenlng us of Loll and mlsery, Lhey acLually lmpoverlsh us by dlmlnlshlng our
engagemenL wlLh reallLy, as Lechnologlcal devlces replace more LradlLlonal, skllful ways of deallng
wlLh Lhe world whlch necesslLaLed rlcher conLexLual lnvolvemenLs wlLh boLh Lhlngs and each oLher.
lor 8orgmann, Lhls momenLous 'swlLchlng on' ls, ln a curlous way, a greaL 'swlLchlng off.' WlLh
efflclency and usablllLy as deflnlng prlnclples, modern devlces dlvorce us from meanlngful worldly
engagemenL by hldlng Lhe mechanlcs of Lhelr operaLlon behlnd successlve layers of servlce lnLerfaces
and requlrlng less and less from us ln Lhe way of paLlence, sklll or efforL. 8orgmann Lhlnks Lhls
modern Lechnologlcal devlce paradlgm" sLands ln sLark conLrasL Lo Lhe world of pre-modern focal


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Lhlngs and pracLlces," ob[ecLs or acLlons whlch requlre commlLmenL, aLLenLlon and lnvolvemenL, and
command a presence ln our llves. 1hls paper bullds upon 8orgmann's celebraLed analysls Lo
lnvesLlgaLe Lhe shaplng role of maLerlal lC1s ln Lhe llves and relaLlonshlps of pre-dlglLal
correspondenLs.
AfLer brlefly ouLllng 8orgmann's Lheory of focal Lhlngs and pracLlces, Lhe paper applles Lhls Lheory Lo
conslder Lhe exLenslve early nlneLeenLh-cenLury commerce of famlllar leLLers as an example of a
focal pracLlce, dlscusslng Lhe feaLures LhaL mark lL ouL as such: Lhe sklll, aLLenLlon, efforL and paLlence
lL demanded, and Lhe sense of LogeLherness and communlLy lL fosLered. lL draws chlefly on Lhe
experlences of !essy Parden (1784-1833) and uoroLhy WordsworLh (1771-1833), boLh of whom llved
ln Lngland's Lake ulsLrlcL ln Lhe flrsL half of Lhe nlneLeenLh-cenLury, examlnlng Lhe conLexLual
lnvolvemenLs and efforLful worldly engagemenL LhaL leLLers demanded of leLLer-wrlLers, and
conLrasLlng Lhls wlLh our modern-day experlence of lncreaslngly ublqulLous, cheap and easy-Lo-use
communlcaLlon sysLems.
Speclflc phenomena Lo be addressed lnclude Lhe way ln whlch LypescrlpL dlmlnlshes handwrlLlng's
more 'personal Louch,' Lhe soclal relaLlonshlps forged and relnforced by Lhe need Lo LransporL Lhese
preclous messages and Lhe paper Lhey were bound Lo, Lhe phenomenology of walLlng and lLs role ln
shaplng experlence, and Lhe ways ln whlch Lhe dlglLal fragmenLaLlon of our messages lnvokes whaL
8orgmann calls Lhe leLLer's sLaLus as a llfe's monumenL" (8orgmann 1992: 103). 1he paper
ulLlmaLely concludes LhaL Lhe exchange of famlllar leLLers was an efforLful, bodlly acLlvlLy, whlch
requlred sklll, senslblllLy, and knowledge of LradlLlon ln Lhelr auLhorshlp, demandlng respecL and
relevance of Lhe wrlLer, called for paLlence, vlgour and aLLenLlon ln Lhe walL for words buL rewarded
lL by maklng Lhelr arrlval an evenL, necesslLaLed rlch and meanlngful communlLy lnvolvemenLs ln
Lhelr Lransmlsslon, commanded a presence whlch orlenLed Lhe rhyLhm of people's llves, and acLed as
a maLerlal focus for Lhe gaLherlng of people ln meanlngful communlon Lhrough Lhe course of Lhelr
wrlLlng, readlng, and clrculaLlon. Made of far sLerner sLuff, boLh llLerally and flguraLlvely, famlllar
leLLers had a gaLherlng power, Lhey commanded a presence ln people's llves boLh by Lhe facL of Lhelr
monopoly on Lalk aL dlsLance and Lhelr maLerlal demands for greaLer efforL, sklll, aLLenLlon and
paLlence from correspondenLs.

8eferences
8orgmann, AlberL (1984), 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe cbotoctet of cootempototy llfe. A lbllosopblcol
opolty (Chlcago, lL: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress).
--- (1992), ctossloq tbe lostmoJeto ulvlJe (Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress).
--- (1999), nolJloq oo to keollty. 1be Notote of lofotmotloo ot tbe 1oto of tbe ceototy (Chlcago, lL:
unlverslLy of Chlcago ress).

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D2".,B' .0' E%8' %/#' >+%+"' .0' S@(":+$./6' %' ,"1"%,(2' ./' $<%3"1' .0' +.,+),"' %/#' 1),5"$**%/("' $/'
(./+"<:.,%,B'0$*<U''

Marcus uL MA1CS, hu SLudenL
8lrkbeck College
unlverslLy of London, uk
marcus.clne[gmall.com

1hls Lhesls dlscusses Lhe problemaLlc relaLlon beLween Law and SLaLe of LxcepLlon from Lhe analysls
of LorLure and survelllance lmages ln conLemporary fllms. 1he sLudy alms Lo undersLand how Lhls
movlng lmages reveals connecLlons beLween 1heory of Law and a 1heory of Lhe SLaLe of LxcepLlon,
Lo undersLand how Lhe SLaLe of LxcepLlon operaLes ln a democraLlc socleLy, and Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe
crlLlque of blopollLlcs, as Lhe paradlgm of a concepLlon of Law LhaL consLlLuLes lLself, paradoxlcally, as
a double of lLs own negaLlon. 1he analyLlcal framework focuses on Lhe Lechnlques of LorLure and
survelllance as represenLed ln Lhe lmages of LllLe Squad" (2007) and uark knlghL" (2008) and lLs
allegorlcal pollLlcal conLexLs - Lhe rlvaLe War and Lhe War on 1error. ulscusslng Lhe sLaLe of
Lmergency and necesslLy as argumenLs for [usLlflcaLlon and leglLlmacy for Lhe SLaLe of LxcepLlon"
on a 1echnlcal SocleLy", Lhe LheoreLlcal background ls based on Lhe woks of Clorglo Agamben and
!acques Lllul. lL ls also based on meLhodologlcal developmenLs of Law and fllm sLudles Lo undersLand
Lhe role of lmages of [usLlce" on lnLerpreLaLlon, bulldlng and deconsLrucLlon of legal and pollLlcal
concepLs. lL conslders Lhe hypoLhesls LhaL popular fllms" consLlLuLes and reveals an apparaLus: a
neLwork of power where lL ls posslble Lo see Lhe modus operandl of Lhe SLaLe of LxcepLlon and
undersLand how lL funcLlons ln democraLlc conLexLs. lL also conslders Lhe hypoLhesls LhaL Lhe
characLers of heroes and vlllalns ln Lhese movles are personlflcaLlons of Lhe SLaLe of LxcepLlon, ln Lhe
sense LhaL Carl SchmlLL undersLands lL - lmpersonaLlons of Lhe soverelgn power -, whlch becomes
vlslble only Lhrough archeLypes. 1he sLudy lndlcaLes LhaL ln conLemporary democracles, Lhe SLaLe of
LxcepLlon paradoxlcally becomes Lhe [usLlflcaLlon for many uses of Lechnlques of conLrol LhaL are,
supposedly, lncompaLlble wlLh Lhe 8ule of Law and democraLlc reglmes. llnally, lL lndlcaLes LhaL
lmages of LorLure and survelllance polnLs ouL Lo anoLher lmage whlch ls, probably, Lhe lmage of
foundaLlon of WesL SocleLy: Lhe asslon of ChrlsL. ln Lhe empLy space consLlLuLed by Lhe paradox
relaLlon beLween Law and SLaLe of LxcepLlon, resLs an lmage of ln[usLlce, excepLlon and lawlessness.


* * *

>"*5"1&'<%++",&'%/#'+"(2/.*.3B'$/'+2"'#$3$+%*'",%'

uennls M. WLlSS
Lngllsh and PumanlLles ueparLmenL
?ork College of ennsylvanla, uSA
dwelss[ycp.edu


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1hls paper seeks Lo conLexLuallze and crlLlcally engage ln recenL work on how maLerlallLy and
Lechnology medlaLe and shape our sense of self. ln parLlcular, l focus on !ane 8enneLL's and eLer-
aul verbeek's efforLs Lo reLhlnk Lhe self Lhrough Lhe lenses of vlbranL maLLer and Lechnologlcal
medlaLlon, respecLlvely. ln order Lo crlLlcally engage wlLh Lhese efforLs, l begln by slLuaLlng Lhem ln
Lhe already long and compllcaLed hlsLory of Lhe dlglLal era, whlch can be characLerlzed by a sLruggle
over maLerlallLy, Lechnology, and Lhe self.
ln Lhe early days of Lhe lnLerneL, Lhere was much Lalk abouL movlng from Lhe offllne world Lo Lhe
onllne world. Llfe, we were Lold, would become lncreaslngly vlrLual and Lhe world of Lhlngs wouldn'L
maLLer much. ln Lhelr 1994 preamble Lo Cyberspace and Lhe Amerlcan uream: A Magna CarLa for
Lhe knowledge Age," cyberllberLarlans LsLher uyson, Ceorge Cllder, and Ceorge keyworLh nlcely
arLlculaLed Lhls early lnLerneL dream: 1he cenLral evenL of Lhe 20Lh cenLury ls Lhe overLhrow of
maLLer. ln Lechnology, economlcs, and Lhe pollLlcs of naLlons, wealLh-ln Lhe form of physlcal
resources-has been loslng value and slgnlflcance. 1he powers of mlnd are everywhere ascendanL
over Lhe bruLe force of Lhlngs." uemasslflcaLlon would evenLually exLend Lo a slgnlflcanL
LransformaLlon of Lhe self, ofLen puL ln Lhe conLexL of a paradlgm-shlfL from Lhe modernlsL, cenLered,
self Lo a posLmodernlsL, decenLered, self. Sherry 1urkle, for lnsLance, ln llfe oo tbe 5cteeo, argued
LhaL our conLacL wlLh compuLers and vlrLual ldenLlLles was leadlng Lo a new lmage of Lhe self ln Lerms
of mulLlpllclLy, heLerogenelLy, flexlblllLy, and fragmenLaLlon. Allucquere 8osanne SLone agreed. ln her
1be wot of ueslte ooJ 1ecbooloqy ot tbe close of tbe Mecboolcol Aqe, SLone argued LhaL we were
wlLnesslng a radlcal rewrlLlng of our concepLlon of Lhe self. ln Lhe age of Lhe compuLer, our bellef
LhaL Lo each body Lhere corresponds a slngle self or ldenLlLy ls undermlned. Clder, sLabler sLrucLures
of ldenLlLy are glvlng way Lo a new form of mulLlple ldenLlLy. Slmllar clalms were made by Mark
osLer ln hls analysls of whaL he Lerms Lhe mode of lnformaLlon," by LllzabeLh 8eld ln her
dlscusslons of Muus and l8C, and by Amy 8ruckman ln her analysls of Muus as an ldenLlLy workshop.
1hese clalms engendered sLrong reacLlons. ln wot of tbe wotlJs, for lnsLance, Mark Slouka argued
LhaL cyberspace and Lhe klnds of role-playlng posslble on neLworked compuLers made lL posslble Lo
engage ln a klnd of ldenLlLy play noL prevlously posslble. Cnce Lhe boundarles were Laken away from
Lhe physlcal world and we were able Lo roam freely Lhrough Lhe vlrLual one, Lhere would be no
consLralnLs on our developlng egos and we would be led Lo a slLuaLlon ln whlch our avaLars Lake on
more and more subsLance. Sven 8lrkerLs, Loo, ln 1be Coteobetq leqles, suggesLs LhaL our on-llne
asslgnaLlons would evenLually lead Lo a depLh-less and soul-less LransformaLlon ln Lhe self. More
recenLly, AlberL 8orgmann, ln a speclal lssue of Al ooJ 5oclety addresslng belng human ln Lhe era of
ublqulLous Lechnology, argued LhaL Lhe lnLerneL has become a fleld of dragon LeeLh for a person's
ldenLlLy." 8orgmann argues LhaL Lhe glamorous fog of Lhe lnLerneL" leads Lo fragmenLed persons
and LhaL we musL befog our llves" by reengaglng wlLh Lhe moral appeal of real Lhlngs. Lven Sherry
1urkle has had second LhoughLs, characLerlzlng her mosL recenL book Alooe 1oqetbet as a book of
repenLance ln whlch she hlghllghLs our vulnerablllLles Lo Lechnology and Lechnologlcally-medlaLed
vlrLual relaLlonshlps.
lL ls ln Lhe conLexL of Lhls debaLe over self, maLerlallLy, and Lechnology LhaL l Lurn Lo 8enneLL's
vlbtoot Mottet and verbeek's Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy. l argue LhaL 8enneLL and verbeek begln Lo


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polnL Lo a way ouL of Lhls confllcL beLween llberLarlan proponenLs of a demaLerlallzed and
hyperLechnologlzed selfhood and conservaLlve crlLlcs of Lechnology who argue for auLhenLlc selves
engaged ln a maLerlal llfe sequesLered from Lechnology. 1here are obvlous parallels ln 8enneLL's
approach Lo vlbranL maLLer and verbeek's accounL of Lechnologlcal medlaLlon, especlally ln Lhelr
pollLlcal and eLhlcal Lasks of reLhlnklng maLerlallLy and Lechnology. 8uL Lhere has been llLLle work
connecLlng Lhese Lwo Lheorles. 1hls ls unforLunaLe, as Lhey complemenL each oLher whlle belng
weaker and lnsufflclenL separaLely. Approachlng Lhem Lhrough Lhe lens of Lechnologlcal sub[ecLlvlLy
brlngs ouL Lhelr respecLlve sLrengLhs whlle polnLlng Lo a resoluLlon of Lhe debaLe over Lechnology,
maLerlallLy, and Lhe self.


8eferences
8enneLL, !ane. 2010. vlbtoot Mottet. Chapel Plll: uuke u.
8lrkerLs, Sven. 1994. 1be Coteobetq leqles. new ?ork: lawceLL Columblne.
8orgmann, AlberL. 2011. So who am l really? ersonal ldenLlLy ln Lhe age of Lhe lnLerneL." Al ooJ
5oclety. 28 (1):13-20.
8ruckman, Amy. 1992. ldenLlLy Workshop: LmergenL Soclal and sychologlcal henomena ln 1exL-
8ased vlrLual 8eallLy." LlecLronlc manuscrlpL avallable aL
hLLp://www.cc.gaLech.edu/~asb/papers/old-papers.hLml#lW
uyson, LsLher, eL. al. 1994. Cyberspace and Lhe Amerlcan uream." 1he rogress and lreedom
loundaLlon. LlecLronlc manuscrlpL avallable aL: hLLp://www.pff.org/lssues-
pubs/fuLurelnslghLs/fl1.2magnacarLa.hLml
osLer, Mark. 1990. 1be MoJe of lofotmotloo. loststtoctotollsm ooJ 5oclol cootext. Chlcago: 1he u
of Chlcago .
---. 1993a. 1be 5ecooJ MeJlo Aqe. Cambrldge: ollLy ress.
---. 1993b. osLmodern vlrLuallLles." ln cybetspoce, cybetboJles, cybetpook. Mlke leaLhersLone and
8oger 8urrows, Lds. London: Sage ubllcaLlons.
8eld, LllzabeLh. 1994. ldenLlLy and Lhe Cyborg 8ody." LlecLronlc manuscrlpL avallable
hLLp://smg.medla.mlL.edu/llbrary/reld1994.hLml
Slouka, Mark. 1993. wot of tbe wotlJs. cybetspoce ooJ tbe nlqb-1ecb Assoolt oo keollty. new ?ork:
8aslc 8ooks.
SLone, Allucquere 8osanne. 1993. 1be wot of ueslte ooJ 1ecbooloqy ot tbe close of tbe Mecboolcol
Aqe. Cambrldge: 1he Ml1 .
1urkle, Sherry. 1993. llfe oo tbe 5cteeo. lJeotlty lo tbe Aqe of tbe lotetoet. new ?ork: Slmon and
SchusLer.


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---. 2011. Alooe 1oqetbet. new ?ork: 8aslc 8ooks.
verbeek, eLer-aul. 2003. wbot 1bloqs uo. unlverslLy ark, A: 1he ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy
ress.
---. 2011. Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy. Chlcago: u of Chlcago .






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1rack 9
lnlC8MA1lCn Anu ALS1PL1lCS
Chalr: MarLa lnho ALvLS


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I"1+2"+$('$11)"1'%/#'(.<:)+",16'D2"/'%/#'+.#%B'

Marlo vL8ulCCPlC
School of Lnglneerlng
unlverslLy of 8ergamo, lLaly
marlo.verdlcchlo[unlbg.lL

1hls work sLems from Lhe arLlcle "LmergenL AesLheLlcs" by Mlhal nadln, who analyzes plLfalls and
poLenLlals of explolLlng compuLers Lo make arL (nadln 1989).
1he arLlcle belongs Lo a pre-lnLerneL era: lL was publlshed before Lhe compleLlon of Lhe flrsL
backbone for commerclal lnLerneL access ln Lhe uS (Wheeler and C'kelly 1999). 24 years laLer, many
of Lhe lnslghLs provlded are sLlll very lnLeresLlng, and l deem lL worLh Lo reconslder Lhem ln Lhe llghL
of Lhe currenL lnformaLlon 1echnology.
1he analysls of wheLher such lnslghLs sLlll hold Loday has a Lwo-fold ob[ecLlve:
1. whaL seems Lo have gone Lhrough some ad[usLmenLs may be polnLlng aL some changes
llnked Lo Lhe evoluLlon of Lhe devlces and Lhe pracLlces ln l1, and may provlde some lndlcaLlons on
Lhe relaLlon beLween Lechnology and aesLheLlc lssues, wlLh Lhe posslblllLy LhaL Lhe Lrends ln
Lechnologlcal developmenL observed ln Lhe lndusLry mlghL glve us some lnslghL lnLo Lhe fuLure of
aesLheLlcs ln compuLer arL,
2. on Lhe conLrary, condlLlons LhaL appear noL Lo have changed may be sheddlng some llghL on
Llmeless aesLheLlc lssues LhaL are lndependenL from Lechnologlcal advancemenLs because Lhey are
lnLrlnslcally connecLed Lo whaL has noL changed ln l1 ln Lhese years, LhaL ls, Lhe prlnclples of
compuLaLlon (a dlscusslon on Lhe laLesL experlmenLs ln quanLum compuLlng are ouL of Lhe scope of
Lhls work), or Lo some baslc arLlsLlc prlnclple LhaL ls lndependenL from wheLher compuLers are
employed or noL.
LeL me lllusLraLe one slgnlflcanL example for each case.
Cne lssue ralsed ln Lhe paper LhaL l feel comforLable Lo re[ecL Loday ls LhaL, glven Lhe consLralnLs
lmposed by any sofLware Lo a compuLer arLlsL, whaLever resulL she obLalns, Lhe real arLlsL ls Lhe
programmer who creaLed Lhe sofLware, whereas Lhe former ends up playlng Lhe much more llmlLed
role of a user. As an example, Parold Cohen's AA8Cn sofLware ls menLloned (Cohen eL al. 1983), and
nadln goes on Lo say LhaL Cohen has already lefL hls slgnaLure on every arLwork creaLed by means of
AA8Cn. WheLher Lhese consLralnLs were wanLed by Cohen, or wheLher Lhey were glven by Lhe
llmlLaLlons of Lhe Lechnology ln Lhose days, Loday a varleLy of programmlng Lools are avallable, such
as rocesslng (8eas and lry 2007), LhaL provldes Lhe arLlsL wlLh Lhe maxlmum freedom of acLlon: she
ls empowered wlLh Lhe posslblllLy Lo declde Lhe color of every plxel on Lhe "canvas" on her screen, so
LhaL any arLwork creaLed wlLh Lhls sofLware can be fully consldered as her work. lL ls Lrue LhaL Lhere
ls a sLrong dependence on Lhe programmlng language, buL lL can be arguably equaLed wlLh a
LradlLlonal arLlsL's dependence on Lhe laws of physlcs regulaLlng Lhe behavlor of her brushes and her
color palnLs on Lhe canvas. Cne mlghL argue LhaL Lhere ls even more empowermenL for Lhe arLlsL ln
Lhe conLrolled envlronmenL of a compuLer program.


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An lssue LhaL sLlll holds afLer Lhese years, durlng whlch Lhe lnLerneL reached bllllons of people and
soclal neLworks provlded a new way for Lhem Lo communlcaLe and express Lhelr ldenLlLy, ls Lhe soclal
and lnLeracLlve slde of arL: nadln sees ln Lhe neLworklng power of compuLer Lechnology a greaL
poLenLlal Lo "make prlvaLe arL parL of Lhe communlLy ceremony" and Lo "allow lnLeracLlve changes".
1he flrsL parL of nadln's vlslon has come Lrue: dlrecL frulLlon vs. screen-medlaLed observaLlon lssues
aslde, soclal neLworks (e.g. 1umblr, vlmeo) have lndeed become a wldespread lnfrasLrucLure Lhrough
whlch arLlsLs dlsplay Lhelr works. SLlll, Lhe second parL has noL been accompllshed: alLhough
lnLeracLlon ls ofLen sald Lo play a fundamenLal, even deflnlng role ln compuLer arL (Mclver Lopes
2010), lnLeracLlve compuLer-based arLworks sLlll play a very llmlLed role ln Lhe arL world. 1o my
knowledge no arLwork publlshed on Lhe lnLerneL has ever been lefL open by lLs creaLor Lo Lhe
audlence Lo creaLe a conLlnuously evolvlng collaboraLlve plece, and even lf lnLeracLlon-based
lnsLallaLlons have become common ln exhlblLlons (Snlbbe 1998), Lhey always come wlLh consLralnLs
LhaL llmlL Lhe lnLeracLlon Lo an exploraLlon of a predeflned ouLpuL space as concelved by Lhe arLlsL. A
posslble explanaLlon ls LhaL Lhe arLlsL's cholces (a resulL of her background) make arL an endeavor Loo
personal Lo be shared wlLh an audlence, lf noL as an observer.
1o summarlze, Lhe exLraordlnary evoluLlon of compuLer Lechnology seems Lo puL several aesLheLlc
lssues Lo Lhe LesL, buL Lhere seem Lo be facLors noL lnfluenced by Lhe employed lnsLrumenLs.
Cbservlng whaL changes and whaL sLays Lhe same may brlng furLher sLlmulaLlng dlscusslons ln
aesLheLlcs.

8eferences
Cohen, P. and Cohen, 8. and nll, . (1983). 1be lltst Attlflclol lotelllqeoce colotloq 8ook, Addlson-
Wesley.
Mclver Lopes, u. (2010). A lbllosopby of compotet Att, 8ouLledge.
nadln, M. (1989). "LmergenL AesLheLlcs: AesLheLlc lssues ln CompuLer ArLs", leoootJo, 5opplemeotol
lssoe vol. 2, compotet Att lo cootext. 5lCCkAln '89 Att 5bow cotoloq, Ml1 ress, pp.43-48.
8eas, C. and lry, 8. (2007). ltocessloq. A ltoqtommloq nooJbook fot vlsool ueslqoets ooJ Attlsts,
Ml1 ress.
Snlbbe, S. (1998). 8oooJoty looctloos.
hLLp://www.snlbbe.com/pro[ecLs/lnLeracLlve/boundaryfuncLlons
Wheeler, u. C. and C'kelly M. L. (1999). "neLwork 1opology and ClLy AccesslblllLy of Lhe Commerclal
lnLerneL", 1be ltofessloool Ceoqtopbet, 31(3), 1aylor & lrancls, pp.327-339.


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H"1$3/$/3'%/')/(.<0.,+%4*"':",1:"(+$5"6'./'%5%+%,1'$/'$/#":"/#"/+'5$#".'3%<"1'%/#':2$*.1.:2B'

MarLa MaLylda kAnlA, hu
Wroclaw, oland
marLamaLyldakanla[gmall.com

1hls paper explores Lhe lssue of player-orlenLed lndependenL game deslgn Lhrough aesLheLlc Lheory.
lL argues LhaL a cerLaln pro[ecL of Lhe avaLar dellvers Lhe player an lnsplrlng and uncomforLable
perspecLlve. Moreover, Lhrough Lhe avaLar's eyes, problems of percepLlon and human
communlcaLlon ablllLles can be experlenced ln a sLlmulaLlng fashlon.
Pave you ever LhoughL where ls Lhe polnL of vlew of Lhe player ln vldeo game? Cbvlously, you can
dlsLlngulsh flrsL- and Lhlrd-person perspecLlve. 8uL ofLen lL ls noL enough. LnLerlng lnLo a vlrLual world
you look Lhe gameplay Lhrough Lhe mosL preclsely deslgned glasses. ?ou experlence an lmpacL Lhe
game has on you. And you have no cholce. layer characLer deLermlnes your perspecLlve, buL you
glve Lhe avaLar lLs depLh - [usL llke a chlld who aLLrlbuLes a soul Lo lLs Loy.
roblems of Lhe avaLar and of lmaglnaLlve undersLandlng of Lhe world are connecLed ln CasLon
8achelard's phllosophy of lmaglnaLlon and hls coqlto of Lhe dreamer. ln Lhls coqlto Lhe lmaglnlng
sub[ecL and lLs ob[ecL are reclprocally connecLed: l lmaglne, Lherefore l am, and Lhe Lhlng whlch
accompanles me also ls. 1hls ls a speclal ob[ecL whlch can esLabllsh a mlcrocosm of lmaglnaLlon. 1he
ob[ecL can become a hearL of Lhe lmage", a source of meanlng dlfferlng from a absLracL noLlon. lor
lnsLance, lf my lmaglnaLlon focuses on Lhe parLlcular red dress, l wlll plck slmllar ones ouL from Lhe
crowd, Lhey wlll aLLracL my aLLenLlon on dlsplay ln wlndows and on book covers. My percepLlon wlll
be condlLloned by Lhe ob[ecL, whlch deslgned my perspecLlve. 1he world wlll acqulre new meanlng as
belng a LransmlLLer of red dresses.
l assume LhaL game worlds become slgnlflcanL ln acLs of half-sub[ecLlve and half-ob[ecLlve creaLlon of
meanlng. CfLen Lhe player can choose from couple of characLers aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe game. 1hls
cholce deLermlnes her experlence of Lhe gameplay and of vlrLual world. l would llke Lo dlscuss Lhe
lssue of ln-game perspecLlvlsm" ln phllosophlcal conLexL.
LeL me puL aslde Lhe problem of relaLlonshlp beLween player and avaLar aL Lhls polnL and focus on
Lhe process of avaLar deslgn and on Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween deslgner and avaLar. 1he pro[ecL of Lhe
avaLar ls much more complex Lhan Lhe slmple lnLeracLlon beLween avaLar and Lhe player.
Pow ls lL posslble LhaL Lhe player afLer couple of hours of playlng ls so famlllar wlLh her avaLar?
llrsLly, Lo make lL posslble, Lhe game deslgner has Lo know Lhe avaLar. 1he gamer lnLeracLs wlLh
characLerlzaLlon, whlle deslgner creaLes a characLer, whlch ls a mulLlfaceLed pro[ecL of polnL of vlew.
l would llke Lo dlscuss whlch aspecLs of avaLar have Lo be deslgned Lo provlde Lhe gamer wlLh
conslsLenL and lnLeresLlng perspecLlve.
l presume LhaL lL ls lmposslble Lo geL Lo know Lhe characLer from cuLscenes or descrlpLlons ln Lhls
parLlcular way. WhaL Lhe deslgner wanLs Lo show has Lo be lncorporaLed lnLo Lhe avaLar.


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ldenLlflcaLlon wlLh Lhe avaLar causes Lhe world of Lhe game Lo be as lL ls, Lherefore Lhe characLer of
Lhe avaLar ls so lmporLanL.
ueslgner creaLes an uncomforLable perspecLlve Lo achleve some goals beyond pure enLerLalnmenL.
So as Lo creaLe Lhe ln-game polnL of vlew more consclously. layers are accusLomed Lo comforLable,
opLlmlsed avaLars, vlrLual heroes" or celebrlLles" ln commerclal games. l am noL saylng LhaL
deslgnlng an uncomforLable perspecLlve ls harder Lhan Lhe comforLable one. CpposlLely, l suppose lL
ls easler. 8uL l belleve LhaL seeklng Lhe form of lnconvenlence deslred by Lhe deslgner, whlch enables
Lhe player Lo experlence Lhe assumed polnL of vlew, can be more dlfflculL Lhan Lhe prevlous one.
l argue, LhaL Lhere ls a place for deslgned dlsrupLlon of conLrol of Lhe avaLar, lL's dlsobedlence Lo Lhe
player. 1he unexpecLed lnconvenlence experlenced by Lhe gamer ls a very effecLlve Lool for
creaLlvlLy developlng, self-awareness and cooperaLlve skllls.
1o sum up, ln Lhls presenLed paper l would llke Lo argue LhaL deslgn of avaLars (uncomforLable,
dependenL, dlsabled eLc.), glves an opporLunlLy Lo formulaLe problems, Lo conducL research and Lo
clrculaLe ldeas (phllosophlcal and aesLheLlcal) ln Lhls fleld.

* * *

Aesthet|ography: 1he next m||estone |n the conf|uence of med|a

!ayesh S. lLLAl
LAMA, ArLs eL MeLlers arls1ech, Angers, lrance
[ayesh.plllal[ensam.eu

Slmon 8lCPl8
LAMA, ArLs eL MeLlers arls1ech, Angers, lrance

Colln SCPMlu1
LAMA, ArLs eL MeLlers arls1ech, Angers, lrance
Le Mans unlverslLy, Le Mans, lrance
!
ArL and Lechnology always evolved slmulLaneously, ofLen lnsplrlng and compllmenLlng each oLher.
1hls can be observed aL every polnL ln Lhe hlsLory of medla, for lnsLance, Lhe evoluLlon of 'Clnema'.
When Lhe 'moLlon plcLure' was born, lL was a sensaLlon as lL gave Lhe prevalenL medla of
phoLography a new dlmenslon - Llme. 1he exhllaraLlon was of recordlng lmages ln a sequence LhaL
made us able Lo presenL a parL of an evenL ln Llme, unllke sLlll phoLography or palnLlngs. AlLhough
lnlLlal black and whlLe movles were sllenL, Lhey were usually accompanled wlLh llve muslcal
performances LhaL gave an addlLlonal sense of amblence. 1he clnema Lhen became Lhe 'Lalkles', wlLh
Lhe developmenL of elecLronlc sound recordlng Lechnologles LhaL furLher slmpllfled Lhe addlLlon of a
new percepLual dlmenslon - sound, maklng sllenL movles obsoleLe. Cradually colour movles Look
over and clnema has been evolvlng slnce, boLh ln Lerms of arLlsLlc sLyles and Lechnologlcal
lmprovemenLs. lnLroducLlon Lo sLereo recordlng and pro[ecLlon Lechnologles helped glve clnema


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(popularly known as 3u movles) Lhe spaLlal dlmenslon of depLh percepLlon. ln Lhe recenL pasL, Lhe
vlsual resoluLlon Look a leap, wlLh Lhe developmenL of recordlng formaLs llke lMAx and excepLlonally
hlgh deflnlLlon cameras. ulglLal recordlng and pro[ecLlon sysLems have revoluLlonlzed clnema
experlence ln Lhe lasL few decades. So, Lowards whaL, are Lhe represenLaLlonal medla headlng?
1he ulLlmaLe represenLaLlonal sysLem would allow Lhe observer Lo lnLeracL 'naLurally' wlLh ob[ecLs
and oLher lndlvlduals wlLhln a slmulaLed envlronmenL or 'world,' an experlence lndlsLlngulshable
from 'normal reallLy.' AlLhough such a represenLaLlonal sysLem mlghL concelvably use dlrecL braln
sLlmulaLlon ln Lhe fuLure, lL wlll more llkely use dlglLally conLrolled dlsplays LhaL sLlmulaLe Lhe human
sensory organs, Lhe naLural condulLs Lo Lhe braln." [Loomls eL al., 1999]
lf we examlne, we can noLlce LhaL Lhe advancemenLs ln vlrLual reallLy and lnLeracLlve gamlng
Lechnologles also occurred ln parallel Lo LhaL of clnema, and Lhey ofLen crossed paLhs aL dlfferenL
polnLs. LxperlmenLal sysLems llke mulLl-pro[ecLor Clnerama (LhaL helped ln wldescreen pro[ecLlons),
MorLon Pelllg's Sensorama (one of Lhe earllesL aLLempLs aL lmmerslve mulLl- sensory Lechnology and
an excellenL example of Lhe merglng of movle experlence wlLh vlrLual reallLy), sLereo and holographlc
pro[ecLlon Lechnologles and head mounLed dlsplays (LhaL Lrack Lhe user's head movemenLs ln order
Lo updaLe Lhe vlewlng perspecLlve ln real-Llme) are few such examples. Whlle experlmenLal non-
llnear and lnLeracLlve movles and vldeos are belng lnsplred by vldeo games, addlLlonal sensory
lmmerslon ln movles ls belng aLLempLed wlLh Lhe help of mulLlsensory Lechnologles.
1hese medla Lechnologles LhaL help us share experlences have been Laklng dlfferenL buL ofLen
lnLersecLlng evoluLlonary paLhs. lL ls clear Lo us LhaL presenLly Lhey are headlng Lowards anoLher
ma[or crossover along Lhelr paLhs, alLhough wlLh dlsLlncL concerns of Lhelr own. 1he arL orlenLed
flelds llke clnema consLanLly adopLs Lhe hlgher dlmenslons provlded by Lechnology, rapldly adapLlng
Lo Lhe developmenLs, whlle vlrLual reallLy and gamlng Lechnologles are always looklng for aesLheLlc
and arLlsLlc soluLlons Lo enhance our experlence of presence ln Lhe evoked reallLy. AlLhough Loday
Lhls may seem farfeLched, we suggesL LhaL Lhe ulLlmaLe alm of medla ls Lhe hypoLheLlcal scenarlo of a
'slmulaLed reallLy', where one may noL dlsLlngulsh Lhe experlence from LhaL of Lhe real world.
Powever aL Lhls polnL of Llme, a deflnlLe ob[ecLlve for Lhese domalns ls Lo evoke a convlnclng llluslon
of experlence of reallLy, uslng sLronger lmmerslon Lechnologles LhaL could recreaLe or reproduce Lhe
maxlmum number of percepLual sensaLlons posslble. 1hls meeLlng polnL of clnema, vlrLual reallLy and
assoclaLed Lechnologles ln Lhe near fuLure, ls whaL we would llke Lo refer Lo as 'Aestbetloqtopby' -
Lhe arL and sclence of capLurlng (or creaLlng) and reproduclng an absoluLe percepLual experlence. lL ls
Lhe medla Lechnology LhaL would help us capLure Lhe enLlre essence of a percepLual experlence from
Lhe real world, modlfy lL, or even arLlflclally synLheslze lL Lo be reproduced and experlenced
subsequenLly or ln real-Llme. 1he meLhod of experlence, especlally evoklng powerful percepLual
llluslons wlll be perfecLed by vlrLual reallLy relaLed Lechnologles whlle Lhe approach Lowards evoklng
lnLense psychologlcal llluslons wlll be lmproved by clnema and connecLed arLlsLlc medla. As we
progress Lowards such a scenarlo ln Lhe passlonaLe pursulL of an ulLlmaLe medla, llke many oLher
Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons, AesLheLlography also may lead Lo serlous eLhlcal concerns ln Lhe fuLure,
wlLh regard Lo experlence sharlng.


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keywotJs. vlrLual 8eallLy, new Medla, Lxperlence Sharlng, lnformaLlon and aesLheLlcs, 1echnologlcal
convergences

* * *

W.1+C2)<%/'5$1$./16'I5%+%,'%/#'+2"',"C$<%3$/$/3'.0'/%+),"'

klrk 8LSML8
Conzaga unlverslLy, uSA
besmer[gonzaga.edu

ln now we 8ecome lostbomoo, n. kaLherlne Payles deflnes 'vlrLuallLy' ln Lhe followlng way:
vlrLuallLy ls Lhe culLural percepLlon LhaL maLerlal ob[ecLs are lnLerpeneLraLed by lnformaLlon
paLLerns" (13-14). ln Lhls vlew, maLLer/splrlL ls supplanLed by maLLer/lnformaLlon. 8eglnnlng from
Lhe clalm LhaL Lhls deflnlLlon of 'vlrLuallLy' descrlbes Lhe domlnanL culLural undersLandlng of Lhe
currenL 'lnformaLlon Age,' l wlll examlne Lhe way ln whlch vlrLual Lechnologles challenge Lhe modern
humanlsL undersLandlng of Lhe self and call for a re-concepLuallzlng of naLure. 1he lmaglned
posslblllLles of vlrLual reallLy - a seamless merglng of human and machlne, dlsembodled
consclousness, dlsLrlbuLed cognlLlon, and remoLe presence - glve rlse Lo Lwo clnemaLlc vlslons of a
posslble fuLure for humanlLy: one dysLoplan and Lhe oLher uLoplan.
1he dysLoplan vlslon ls presenLed ln Lhe 1999 fllm, 1be Mottlx. ln Lhls fllm, human consclousness -
Lhe seaL of ldenLlLy, agency, wllllng and value for modern humanlsm - Lurns ouL Lo be a mere
eplphenomenal effecL emerglng from a closed lnformaLlon sysLem ln whlch humans are enrolled.
LxLernal naLure has been desLroyed, and naLure, ln Lhe form of Lhe human body, has been reduced
Lo an energy source for Lhe funcLlonlng of Lhe conLrolllng machlnery. ln Lhls dysLopla, Lhe 'human,'
undersLood ln modern Lerms as an auLonomous, raLlonal, self-ldenLlcal, self-dlrecLed agenL ln Lhe
world ls radlcally dlsrupLed.
1he 2009 fllm, Avotot, on Lhe oLher hand, presenLs a uLoplan vlslon of Lhe fuLure prospecL for
humanlLy. lL does so noL by re-esLabllshlng Lhe domlnance of Lhe modern humanlsL self buL by
temeJlotloq Lhe mosL allenaLlng aspecLs presenLed by vlrLual Lechnologles. 1o accompllsh Lhls, lL re-
lnLerpreLs naLure along Lhe llnes of Lhe domlnanL culLural undersLandlng - 'vlrLuallLy' as descrlbed
above. andoran naLure, we are Lold ln a plvoLal scene, ls a global neLwork, and Lhe na'vl can access
lL.[by] upload[lng] and download[lng] daLa." CompuLers and Lhe human mlnd are ofLen undersLood
ln analogous Lerms - as neLworked, lnformaLlon processors. Avotot Lakes Lhls one sLep furLher,
exLendlng lL Lo naLure generally. Mlnds, compuLers, and now (andoran) naLure are all undersLood
as manlfesLlng Lhe same sLrucLure - open, dynamlc lnformaLlon neLworks.
1he modern vlew of naLure - as lnerL, raw maLerlal LhaL derlves lLs value from belng Laken up as
means servlng human ends, represenLed ln Avotot by corporaLe and mlllLary lnLeresLs - ls
symbollcally defeaLed. WhaL remalns ls a naLure LhaL has been re-lnvesLed wlLh agency and lnherenL
value. ln oLher words, naLure has been 're-enchanLed' - noL along Lhe llnes of pre-modern anlmlsL


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'splrlLs,' however, buL ln Lerms of posL-modern noLlons of lnformaLlon. CenLral Lo Lhls 're-
enchanLmenL' of naLure ls LhaL Lhe 'posL-humans' (na'vl) do noL seek Lo domlnaLe and explolL naLure,
buL raLher, recognlzlng lLs lnherenL value, Lhey seek Lo Lake up Lhelr proper place wlLhln lL, leadlng
ulLlmaLely Lo a deep harmony wlLh self, oLher, and naLure.
1he na'vl, Lhus, represenL a vlslon of Lhe posL-human ln whlch Lhe modern humanlsL vlew of Lhe
'human' has been rearLlculaLed. 1he na'vl share our mosL admlrable LralLs - love, compasslon,
fldellLy, lnLelllgence, eLc., buL Lhey are bettet Lhan humans ln mulLlple ways. 1he posL-human 'self'
looks, however, very dlfferenL from Lhe modern self, mosL cenLrally: ldenLlLy, agency, wllllng, and
value are noL anchored ln Lhe seaL of consclous sub[ecLlvlLy buL are dlsLrlbuLed Lhrough a neLwork
LhaL has been naLurallzed. Also, a form of embodlmenL amenable Lo vlrLual Lechnologles ls
esLabllshed, for Lhe posslblllLy of vlrLual experlence ls lncorporaLed dlrecLly lnLo Lhe na'vl body (Lhe
neural queue). ConsequenLly, Lhey are able Lo achleve Lhe self-Lranscendence LhaL vlrLual
Lechnologles promlse wlLhouL allenaLlng machlnery. ln sum, Lhe uLoplan vlslon of Avotot Lells us LhaL
a full flourlshlng of vlrLuallLy ln a posL-human fuLure promlses noL only human Lranscendence Lo a
beLLer fuLure of harmony beLween self, oLher, and naLure, buL also a reLurn Lo an ldeal pasL, lL ls a
klnd of reLurn Lo Lhe Carden.
8oLh of Lhese fllms were wlldly popular and can be Laken as waLershed momenLs ln Lhe culLural
expresslon of 'vlrLuallLy.' lf Lhe dysLoplan vlslon of Lhe Mottlx ls an expresslon of laLenL anxleLles of
'vlrLuallLy,' Lhen Lhe uLoplan vlslon of Avotot ls an expresslon of unsaLlsfled deslres and hopes for
'vlrLuallLy,' Lhe deslre for non-Lechnologlcal self-Lranscendence and Lhe hope for a naLural world
lnvesLed wlLh meanlng and value. l wlll conclude by argulng LhaL Lhls uLoplan vlslon also reveals a
cenLral shorLcomlng aL Lhe hearL of 'vlrLuallLy' as our domlnanL culLural undersLandlng, namely LhaL
human embodlmenL ls LreaLed as a cootloqeot momeot ln a larger unfoldlng of lnformaLlon and
neLwork dlsLrlbuLlons, buL Lhls devalues an essenLlal elemenL of our belng.




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1rack 10
8LlLLC1lvL 8AC1lCL Anu 1PL
L1PlCS Cl 1PL CCMLLx,
SCClC1LCPnlCAL S?S1LMS
Chalr:uarryl lA88L8 and aLrlcla ulas da SlLvA


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D"(2/$(%*'"@:",+$1"'$/'"<",3$/3':,.0"11$./1'%/#'+2"'*$<$+%+$./1'.0'"+2$(1'

AlbrechL l8l1ZSCPL
Capgemlnl Cermany
albrechL.frlLzsche[campgemlnl.com

karl-Lrlk Svelby, a leadlng scholar ln Lhe area of lnLellecLual caplLal, has recenLly puL forward a
Lechnologlcal lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe currenL economlc crlsls (Svelby 2012). Accordlng Lo Svelby, Lhe
crlsls ls Lhe resulL of a compeLence deflclency. 1he lnnovaLlon process ln Lhe flnanclal lndusLry has
Laken place Loo fasL: new moneLary lnsLrumenLs such as asseL-backed securlLles, collaLeral loan
obllgaLlons and credlL defaulL swaps have been lnLroduced durlng a relaLlvely shorL perlod of Llme.
1he people who work wlLh Lhese lnsLrumenLs have noL yeL learned how Lo handle Lhem. 1hey have
noL galned enough lnslghL ln Lhe consequences of Lhelr acLlons.
1hls llne of LhoughL sLlrs up famlllar feellngs. Lnglneerlng eLhlclsLs have been concerned wlLh slmllar
problems for a long Llme, parLlcularly afLer Lhe dlsasLers of Lhe laLe LwenLleLh cenLury ln Lhe nuclear
lndusLry and space avlaLlon (e.g. errow 1984). lL lles aL hand Lo reacL Lo Lhe problems descrlbed by
Svelby slmllarly as ln englneerlng. lor example, a code of eLhlcs could be esLabllshed or Lhe
educaLlon of Lhe experLs could be lmproved (cf. uavls 2002, 8ucclarelll 2008).
1hese measures may be approprlaLe Lo cope wlLh Lhe currenL Lurbulences aL Lhe flnanclal markeLs.
Svelby, however, dlscusses Lhe new moneLary lnsLrumenLs only as an example for Lhe general
problem of lnnovaLlon precedlng experlence. 1he maln Lhesls of my paper ls LhaL Lhls problem has Lo
be LreaLed on a larger scale Lhan professlonal eLhlcs.
8y seLLlng boundarles for professlonal behavlor, educaLlonal currlcula, quallLy sLandards, Lool seLs
conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe deflnlLlon of professlons. uolng so, Lhey have an excludlng effecL. CuLslde of Lhe
respecLlve professlons, Lhey only become effecLlve lnasmuch as Lhey lead Lo a sLlpulaLlon of
LradlLlons. 1radlLlons can be enforced, for example, by legal resLrlcLlons on cerLaln pracLlces. Where
Lhls happens, change ls slowed down and Lhe rlsk of preclplLous developmenLs wlLh all Lhelr
consequences ls acLually reduced (cf. Publg 2007). Medlcal professlons lllusLraLe such a scenarlo
raLher well, alLhough recenL developmenLs polnL Lowards a near change ln Lhe fuLure.
Lnglneerlng professlons, on Lhe oLher hand, show how LradlLlons are overcome under sLrong soclal
and economlc pressure. 1he conLlnuous demand for englneerlng speclallsLs leads Lo an lncreaslng
recrulLmenL of experLs from nelghborlng dlsclpllnes and Lhe creaLlon of new dlsclpllnes whlch cannoL
look back aL LradlLlons aL all. AssoclaLlons of englneers LhaL used Lo represenL Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe
professlonally worklng ln Lhe fleld can nowadays only clalm Lo speak for a fracLlon of Lhem. ln
parLlcular, Lhey have slgnlflcanL problems Lo connecL Lo Lhe young.
CurrenL Lheorles suggesL LhaL knowledge develops ln splrals beLween expllclL and lmpllclL conLenLs
and beLween lndlvldual and soclal carrlers (cf. nonaka, 1akeuchl 1993). Slnce Lhey focus on
lndlvlduals ln cerLaln soclal groups and expllclL represenLaLlons of knowledge, professlonal eLhlcs
cannoL glve an adequaLe accounL of Lhls whole process. WlLh an lncreaslng speclallzaLlon of Lechnlcal
arLlfacLs Lo small flelds of appllcaLlon, many dlfferenL groups of people flnd Lhemselves aL Lhe sLarL of


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a process LhaL mlghL lead Lo Lhe generaLlon of a new professlon, based on speclflc Lechnlcal
operaLlons - buL Lhey are noL coverable by professlonal eLhlcs yeL.
So far, flnanclal analysLs and managers have hardly been recognlzed as a speclflc professlon and even
less as one LhaL requlred a Lechnlcally orlenLed code of eLhlcs wlLh respecL Lo Lhe moneLary
lnsLrumenLs Lhey develop or use. ln order Lo sLay ahead of such developmenLs, lL ls necessary Lo flnd
a dlfferenL access polnL Lhan Lhe noLlon of a professlon. 1hls access polnL has Lo be avallable before
professlons appear, for example when Lhe approprlaLlon of knowledge for pracLlcal purposes Lakes
place. 8esearch on lnLellecLual caplLal can provlde lmporLanL lnslghLs lnLo Lhls process.

8eferences
8ucclarelll, L. L. (2008) LLhlcs and englneerlng educaLlon. Luropean !ournal of Lnglneerlng LducaLlon,
33(2), 141- 149.
uavls, M. (2002) rofesslon, Code, and LLhlcs. AshgaLe: AldershoL, 2002.
Publg, Ch. (2007). ule kunsL des Moegllchen - Crundllnlen elner dlalekLlschen hllosophle der
1echnlk, 8and 2: LLhlk der 1echnlk als provlsorlsche Moral, 8lelefeld: 1ranscrlpL.
nonaka, l., 1akeuchl, P. (1993) 1he knowledge creaLlng company: how !apanese companles creaLe
Lhe dynamlcs of lnnovaLlon. new ?ork: Cxford unlverslLy ress
errow, C. (1984) normal AccldenLs: Llvlng WlLh Plgh 8lsk 1echnologles. (8evlsed edlLlon, 1999).
rlnceLon, n!: rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.
Svelby, k-L. (2012) lnnovaLlon and Lhe Clobal llnanclal Crlsls - SysLemlc Consequences of
lncompeLence. ln Svelby, k.-L. , Crlpenberg, . and SegercranLz, 8. (eds): Challenglng Lhe lnnovaLlon
aradlgm. new ?ork: 8ouLledge, 113-142.

* * *
'
!.5$/3'4"B./#'+2"',)*"16'D.8%,#'%':2$*.1.:2B'.0'+2"'<.,%*'%3"/(B'.0'<%(2$/"1'

Amy Mlchelle uL8AL1S
kansas ClLy unlverslLy of Medlclne and 8losclences, uSA
adebaeLs[kcumb.edu

leot ooJ bystetlo ote olwoys loteot lo combot, ofteo teol, ooJ tbey
ptess os towotJ feotfol meosotes ooJ ctlmlool bebovlot. Aotooomoos
oqeots oeeJ oot soffet slmllotly.
8onald Arkln, Covetoloq letbol 8ebovlot lo Aotooomoos kobots (1)
1hls presenLaLlon wlll explore a model Lhrough whlch Lo conslder Lhe poLenLlal for machlnes Lo
become moral agenLs. l wlll argue LhaL Lhe key characLerlsLlcs of physlcal embodlmenL, adapLlve
learnlng, empaLhy ln acLlon, and a Leleology Loward Lhe good are Lhe prlmary necessary componenLs


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for a machlne Lo become a moral agenL. ln Lhls conLexL, oLher posslble opLlons wlll be re[ecLed as
necessary for moral agency, lncludlng slmpllsLlc noLlons of lnLelllgence and rule-followlng, compleLe
freedom, a sense of Cod, and an lmmaLerlal soul.
ln recenL years, Lhe new fleld of machlne eLhlcs has begun Lo explore englneerlng and relaLed
Lechnlcal challenges ln relaLlon Lo eLhlcal Lheory and pracLlce. 1he ldea of machlne eLhlcs beglns wlLh
deslgnlng machlnes LhaL behave ln ways LhaL are conslsLenL wlLh eLhlcal values, and can be evaluaLed
on eLhlcal grounds whaL phllosopher !ames Moor descrlbes as eLhlcal lmpacL agenLs" and lmpllclL
eLhlcal agenLs" (2). More sophlsLlcaLed and challenglng ls Lhe developmenL of machlnes as expllclL
eLhlcal agenLs" or full eLhlcal agenLs," whlch can Lackle eLhlcal problems as such and declde on
courses of acLlon based on Lhelr eLhlcal lmpacL. 1hls presenLaLlon wlll explore whaL may be needed
for a machlne Lo become a full eLhlcal agenL, reflecLlng Lhe complexlLy of moral reasonlng and acLlon
of adulL humans, albelL wlll dlfferenL sLrengLhs and weaknesses as agenLs.
An acLlon, acLor, agenL, or declslon ls moral" ln characLer lnsofar as lL conLalns a non-accldenLal
orlenLaLlon Loward Lhe good. An agenL or acLlon may Lhen be moral or lmmoral (Lhe laLLer ln Lhe
evenL of a fallure of Lhe good), buL noL amoral, ln noL belng orlenLed Loward Lhe good aL all. 1haL ls Lo
say, lL ls lnLended Lo be good (or noL good) and does noL slmply happen Lo be good whlle Lrylng Lo be
someLhlng else. 1hls does, Lo a large exLenL, leave open Lhe speclflc conLenL of Lhe good," Lhough lL
ldenLlfles morallLy as havlng Lo do wlLh boLh lnLenLlon and acLlon. An agenL," ln Lhls conLexL, ls an
enLlLy LhaL ls Lhe locus of declslon-maklng and acLlon. 1he agenL can come ln a varleLy of forms and
funcLlons, buL for my purposes here l wanL Lo focus on Lhe agency of dlscreLe enLlLles, raLher Lhan
lnsLlLuLlons or more vaguely dlsLrlbuLed processes. Whlle agency can sLlll be remoLe, lL musL have a
recognlzable locus from whlch declslon and acLlon arlse, wheLher a processlng cenLer or a braln, LhaL
Lhen corresponds Lo acLlons ln Lhe real world.
WhaL Lhen, mlghL be necessary for a declslon-maklng and acLlng enLlLy Lo non-accldenLally pursue
Lhe good ln a glven slLuaLlon? l belleve LhaL four baslc componenLs collecLlvely make up Lhe baslc
requlremenLs for moral agency: embodlmenL, learnlng, empaLhy, and Leleology. 1hls llsL can be
compared wlLh oLher conLemporary undersLandlngs of arLlflclal moral agency, and lL shares much ln
common wlLh some of Lhem, parLlcularly Luclano llorldl and !.W. Sanders' Lrlad of lnLeracLlvlLy,
auLonomy, and adapLablllLy, buL lL arlses from a somewhaL dlfferenL perspecLlve, namely, one
lnformed by femlnlsL work on moral reasonlng, embodlmenL, and relaLlonallLy.(3)

8eferences
(1)8onald Arkln, Covetoloq letbol 8ebovlot lo Aotooomoos kobots (8oca 8aLon, lL: C8C ress, 2009),
30. Arkln here clLes Mlchael Walzer's work ln Iost ooJ uojost wots (1977).
(2)!ames Moor, lour klnds of LLhlcal 8oboLs," lbllosopby Now, ls. 72, March/Aprll 2009.
(3)Luclano llorldl and !.W. Sanders, Cn Lhe morallLy of arLlflclal agenLs," MloJs ooJ Mocbloes 14.2,
2004, 197-222.



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* * *

H$3$+%*'(,"%+$5$+B'$1'%'(.<:*"@'1B1+"<X'

1aLlana MAZALl
1urln's olyLechnlc, lLaly
LaLlana.mazall[gmall.com
LaLlana.mazall[pollLo.lL

1he paper presenLs Lhe flrsL resulLs of an ongolng emplrlcal research (conducLed along Lhe
Lagrange" applled research pro[ecLs of Lhe londazlone C81 and Lhe lSl loundaLlon), whlch uses
quallLaLlve meLhods and ls focused on dlglLal creaLlvlLy.
1he research sLarLs wlLh a sLudy of Lhe speclflc feaLures of dlglLal creaLlvlLy, reallzed wlLhln Lhe
LheoreLlcal frame of complex sysLems. 1he sLarLlng hypoLhesls ls LhaL dlglLal creaLlvlLy, especlally
when lL becomes a buslness or an enLerprlse sysLem (creaLlve economy), evolves and operaLes as a
CAS - complex adapLlve sysLem.
1o analyze dlglLal creaLlvlLy, Lhe presenL sLudy concenLraLes on Lwo dlmenslons and research LargeLs:
Lhe dlsLrlcLs of dlglLal creaLlvlLy (places/spaces/flows LhaL embody lL and show lLs complexlLy), and
Lhe sub[ecLs-acLors of dlglLal creaLlvlLy (dlglLal creaLors and dlglLal creaLlvlLy professlonals).
lrom a LheoreLlcal polnL of vlew, Lhe creaLlve economy dlsLrlcLs and Lhe new professlons llnked Lo
dlglLal creaLlvlLy emphaslze Lhe crlsls of Lhe LradlLlonal concepL of modernlLy derlved from lordlsm,
Lhey seem Lo embody Lhe neo-modern Lheory based on Lhe conLlnuous efforL Lo balance explolLaLlon
(masslve and efflclenL use of whaLever ls glven and known) and exploraLlon (as a synonym of
experlmenLaLlon, research, flexlblllLy, muLaLlon, dlscovery, lnnovaLlon, rlsk). ulglLal creaLlvlLy glves
maxlmal expresslon Lo Lhls duallLy, and lLs creaLlve dlsLrlcLs are a very good example of an economlc
sysLem LhaL has glven up Lhe excluslve use of explolLaLlon Lo open lLself Lo new models based on
complexlLy.
laces and flows, local maLerlallLy and global neLwork communlLles, lmploslon and exploslon,
locallzaLlon and delocallzaLlon, Lhe do-lL-yourself and self-enLrepreneurshlp culLure or Lhe culLure of
sharlng and parLlclpaLlng, decenLrallzed forms of exploraLlve learnlng or muLual adapLaLlon: all Lhese
are examples of Lhe modes and dynamlcs LhaL characLerlze Lhe complex world of dlglLal creaLlve
culLure, a culLure LhaL many conslder nowadays a posslble way ouL of Lhe currenL crlsls.
Cur pro[ecL conslsLs ln Lwo sLudles: a desk research on Lhe lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlonal models of
dlglLal creaLlvlLy (from Lhe LasL London 1ech ClLy Lo Lhe lnnovaLlon hubs of Lhe ledmonL 8eglon)
and, ln parallel Lo lL, a fleld research (based on ln-depLh lnLervlews and focus groups) over a sample
group of young professlonals of dlglLal creaLlvlLy, selecLed among Lhe wlnners of Lhe lLallan naLlonal
conLesL known as laber" (www.fabermeeLlng.lL).
1he paper wlll presenL Lhe flrsL research resulLs derlved from Lhe followlng alms and ob[ecLlves:


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-1o sLudy Lhe blographles" ln acLlon of dlglLal creaLlvlLy professlonals, Lhe speclflc feaLures
of analysls are: soclal and culLural proflles, operaLlon conLexL of Lhe dlglLal creaLors, meLhods
of operaLlon (pecullarlLles of Lhe process of dlglLal maklng), Lhe concepL of professlon and
enLrepreneurlal culLure ln Lhe dlglLal world, percepLlon of Lhe currenL crlsls and approaches
Lo overcome lL.
-1o compare Lhe dlfferenL lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlonal models of dlglLal creaLlvlLy (from Lhe
mosL sLrucLured Lo Lhe mosL ecosysLemlc) and Lo produce a geolocallzed concepLual map of
Lhem.

key words: dlglLal creaLlvlLy, dlglLal culLure, complex sysLem

8eferences
8enklrane 8. (2007), La Leorla della complesslLa, 8ollaLl 8orlnghlerl.
8eardon C. eL Malmborg L. (eds.) (2010), ulglLal CreaLlvlLy A 8eader, Llsse: SweLs & ZelLllnger.
lllchy . (1993), L'lnnovaLlon Lechnlque, La uecouverLe.
llorlda 8. (2002), 1he 8lse of Lhe CreaLlve Class. And Pow lL's 1ransformlng Work, Lelsure and
Lveryday Llfe, 8aslc 8ooks.
Pesmondhalgh u. (2008), Le lndusLrle culLurall, Lgea.

* * *

D"(2/."+2$(%*'$/N)$,B'0.,'%/'"5.*5$/3'#$3$+%*'1.($"+B'

8occl LulClnl
CommunlcaLlon ueparLmenL
unlverslLy of CLLawa, Canada
rlupplcl[uoLLawa.ca

Marc SAnL8
lnsLlLuLe for Sclence, SocleLy and ollcy
unlverslLy of CLLawa, Canada
msaner[uoLLawa.ca

1echnoeLhlcs ls an lnLerdlsclpllnary research domaln LhaL focuses on eLhlcal (and soclal) aspecLs of
socleLy and Lhe human condlLlon lnLerwoven wlLhln an lncreaslngly Lechnologlcally medlaLed world.
8apld advancemenLs ln lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1's) have provlded a number
of new opporLunlLles and challenges whlch lmpacL Lhe quallLy of human llfe and socleLy. AL Lhe same
Llme, Lhls has glven rlse Lo a number of eLhlcal dllemmas and conLroversles Lo whlch LechnoeLhlcal


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lnqulry has focused lLs aLLenLlon ln recenL years. 1he alm of Lhls presenLaLlon ls Lo skeLch ouL key
areas of LechnoeLhlcs research where Lhere ls an eLhlcal lmpacL of conLroverslal dlglLal Lechnologles
on Lhe human condlLlon and socleLy. 1hls ls accompllshed ln Lhree sLeps. llrsL, a background
overvlew of LechnoeLhlcs ls provlded Lo leverage undersLandlng abouL lL as an emerglng research
domaln. Second, a well enLrenched meLhod of LechnoeLhlcal lnqulry ls skeLched ouL Lo provlde key
lnformaLlon abouL lLs socloLechnlcal sysLems orlenLaLlon. 1hlrd, key cases are drawn from recenL
research Lo hlghllghL key areas of research ln LechnoeLhlcs connecLed Lo Lhe lmpacL of dlglLal
Lechnologles on Lhe human condlLlon and socleLy. 1hese Lhree sLeps are dlscussed below.
llrsL, one of Lhe mosL challenglng problems of Lhe 21
sL
cenLury revolves around Lhe complex naLure
of conLemporary socleLy and lLs lnLerLwlnemenL wlLh Lechnology. arL of Lhe challenge can be
aLLrlbuLed Lo a LranslLlon from LradlLlonal ways of llfe and socleLy Lo an lncreaslngly lmporLanL
rellance on Lechnology wlLhln human acLlvlLy. MlLcham (1994) sLaLes, naLure ls less and less
lmmedlaLely presenL Lo human experlence, and more and more medlaLed by a complex manlfold of
geomeLrlcal enclosures, arLlflclal maLerlals, large-scale sLrucLures, processlng sysLems, consumer
producLs, and elecLronlc communlcaLlons medla" (128). 1hls dramaLlc shlfL ln socleLal values abouL
Lhe role of Lechnology ls parLlcularly challenglng Lo address ln Lhe area of dlglLal Lechnology
advancemenL. 1hls ls parLly due Lo lLs rapld developmenL and lnLegraLlon and wldespread appllcaLlon
ln everyday llfe and socleLy. ln addlLlon, new dlglLal Lechnologles can become accepLed and
lnLegraLed ln socleLy so qulckly LhaL Lhey become lnvlslble Lo lndlvlduals and dlsappear lnLo Lhe
background of everyday llfe (egs., cell phones, lnLerneL). 1o compound Lhe challenge ls Lhe facL LhaL
Lhese dlglLal Lechnologles can have a powerful medlaLlng role ln human acLlvlLy and socleLal
relaLlons, some of Lhem poslLlve and oLhers negaLlve. 8ecause of Lhe poLenLlal of dlglLal Lechnology
Lo exerL poslLlve and negaLlve effecLs on human llfe and socleLy, comblned wlLh lLs eluslve naLure,
Lhere ls an lncreased awareness of Lhe presslng need Lo focus on Lhe successes and fallures Lo help
gulde eLhlcal conducL and llmlL negaLlve consequence connecLed Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of dlglLal
Lechnology ln llfe and socleLy. ln response, Lhe emerglng research domaln known as 1echnoeLhlcs,
focuses on eLhlcal challenges and dllemmas assoclaLed wlLh conLroverslal new (and ofLen dlsrupLlve)
Lechnologles belng developed and lnLegraLed wlLhln key areas of human llfe and socleLy.
1echnoeLhlcs ls an lnLerdlsclpllnary research domaln concerned wlLh all eLhlcal aspecLs of Lechnology
wlLhln a socleLy shaped by Lechnology. lL deals wlLh human processes and pracLlces connecLed Lo
Lechnology whlch are becomlng embedded wlLhln soclal, pollLlcal, and moral spheres of llfe. 1he
presenLaLlon wlll dlscuss Lhe raLlonale underlylng Lhe need for emplrlcal research wlLh an eLhlcal
focus on human-Lechnologlcal relaLlons wlLhln Lhe conLexL of advanclng lnformaLlon and
communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1's).
Second, LechnoeLhlcal lnqulry ls one leadlng approach wlLhln Lhe research domaln of 1echnoeLhlcs
whlch draws on a sysLems Lheory orlenLaLlon. lL ls a sysLems approach Lo Lhe sLudy of Lechnology as a
soclal sysLem wlLh a focus on boLh Lechnlcal and non-Lechnlcal (eLhlcal, soclal) aspecLs. lLs maln goal
ls Lo seek ouL all relevanL knowledge Lo help gulde eLhlcal declslon-maklng regardlng any
Lechnologlcal phenomena under lnvesLlgaLlon (Lupplclnl, 2009). 1he presenLaLlon wlll skeLch ouL Lhe


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maln prlnclples and procedures whlch gulde LechnoeLhlcal lnqulry as a pracLlcal research meLhod for
explorlng eLhlcal aspecLs of socloLechnlcal sysLems.
1hlrd, core research scholarshlp ln 1echnoeLhlcs ls publlshed wlLhln Lhe lnLernaLlonal !ournal of
1echnoeLhlcs (l!1). ln Lhe presenLaLlon, currenL work deallng wlLh Lhe eLhlcal lmpacL of conLroverslal
dlglLal Lechnologles on Lhe human condlLlon and socleLy wlll be drawn from l!1 (and oLher selecLed
research publlcaLlons) Lo lllusLraLe key areas of currenL research connecLed Lo Lhe eLhlcal lmpacL of
dlglLal Lechnologles on Lhe human condlLlon and socleLy.
Cverall, Lhls presenLaLlon offers valuable lnslghL lnLo Lhe sLaLe of knowledge regardlng key eLhlcal
challenges and opporLunlLles connecLed Lo Lhe lnLerweavemenL of Lechnology wlLh human ldenLlLy
and socleLy aL a Llme where conLemporary llfe and socleLy ls lncreaslngly deflned by a synergy of
lC1's, human acLlvlLy, and socleLal relaLlons.

keywords: 1echnoeLhlcs, lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles, ulglLal SocleLy,
socloLechnlcal sysLems,

8eferences
Lupplclnl, 8occl. (2009). 1echnoeLhlcal lnqulry: lrom Lechnologlcal sysLems Lo socleLy. Clobal Medla
!ournal -- Canadlan LdlLlon, 2(1). 3-21.
MlLcham, C. (1994). 1hlnklng Lhrough Lechnology. unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.

* * *

I'+%@./.<B'.0'(.3/$+$5"'%,+$0%(+1'

8lchard PLL8SMlnk
ueparLmenL of CognlLlve Sclence
Macquarle unlverslLy, AusLralla
rlchard.heersmlnk[gmall.com

1he goal of Lhls paper ls Lo develop a sysLemaLlc and deLalled Laxonomy of cognlLlve arLlfacLs. 1hese
are arLlfacLs LhaL are deployed Lo perform cognlLlve Lasks such as maps, calculaLors, compasses,
dlagrams, LexLbooks, compuLers, eLc. Cn Lhe basls of Lhelr lnformaLlonal properLles, l develop a seL of
caLegorles ln whlch cognlLlve arLlfacLs wlLh slmllar properLles can be grouped. Such a Laxonomy does
noL yeL exlsL and would be of greaL help, noL only because lL glves us a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe
varleLy and properLles of Lhose arLlfacLs, buL also because lL allows us Lo beLLer undersLand Lhe
cognlLlve lnLeracLlons and lnLegraLlon beLween embodled agenLs and cognlLlve arLlfacLs.
1he funcLlonal role of arLlfacLs ln performlng cognlLlve Lasks has been wldely dlscussed ln Lhe
phllosophlcal and cognlLlve sclence llLeraLures under Lhe genus of slLuaLed cognlLlon and lLs specles


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of embedded, exLended, and dlsLrlbuLed cognlLlon (PuLchlns 1993, SuLLon 2006, 2010, Clark 2008).
Powever, onLologlcal lssues concernlng Lhe parLlcular lnformaLlonal properLles and caLegorles of
cognlLlve arLlfacLs have been largely neglecLed by Lhose auLhors. And whlle oLher auLhors worklng ln
phllosophy of Lechnology have addressed onLologlcal lssues regardlng arLlfacLs, Lhey focus on
Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs ln general and have llLLle, lf anyLhlng, parLlcular Lo say abouL cognlLlve arLlfacLs
(resLon 1998, 2013, Poukes & vermaas 2010, kroes 2012). So Lhere ls a gap ln Lhe llLeraLure whlch
Lhls paper addresses by concepLuallzlng funcLlonal and lnformaLlonal properLles of cognlLlve arLlfacLs.
8y dolng so, Lhls paper brlngs lnLo conLacL concepLs and Lheorles ln (phllosophy of) cognlLlve sclence
and phllosophy of Lechnology and sLrengLhens Lhe raLher Lhln Lles beLween Lhose flelds. 1he
Laxonomy proposed ln Lhls paper Lhus bullds lnLradlsclpllnary and lnLerdlsclpllnary brldges.
1he paper beglns wlLh ldenLlfylng Lhe LargeL domaln by deflnlng Lhe caLegory of cognlLlve arLlfacLs as
a funcLlonal klnd (cf. kornbllLh 1980, kroes 2012). More speclflcally, Lhe funcLlonal klnd lncludes
cognlLlve arLlfacLs wlLh boLh proper (l.e. selecLed) and sysLem (l.e. lmprovlsed) funcLlons (resLon
2013). roper cognlLlve arLlfacLs have a hlsLory of culLural selecLlon, whereas sysLem cognlLlve
arLlfacLs are lmprovlsed uses of lnlLlally non-cognlLlve arLlfacLs. nexL, by comblnlng elemenLs from
Laxonomlc ranklng ln blology (Mayr 1993) and arLlfacL caLegorlzaLlon ln archaeology (Adams &
Adams 1991), a Laxonomy of cognlLlve arLlfacLs ls developed.
ln developlng Lhls Laxonomy, an arLlfacL-cenLered approach ls Laken, l.e., l Lake as my polnL of
deparLure Lhe speclflc lnformaLlonal properLles of cognlLlve arLlfacLs and Lhen Laxonomlze Lhem on
Lhe basls of Lhose properLles, noL on Lhe properLles or goals of Lhe agenLs LhaL deslgn, make, or use
Lhem. CurrenL caLegorlzaLlons focus on represenLaLlonal arLlfacLs and Lhus neglecL non-
represenLaLlonal or ecologlcal arLlfacLs. 1hey also Lend Lo focus on proper cognlLlve arLlfacLs and
ofLen (Lhough noL always) overlook sysLem cognlLlve arLlfacLs. 1hese caLegorlzaLlons Lherefore have a
slgnlflcanLly smaller LargeL domaln and Lhus have less explanaLory power. Moreover, currenL
caLegorlzaLlons are anLhropocenLrlc, l.e., Lhey sLarL wlLh human cognlLlon and Lhen work Lhelr way
Lowards Lhe (proper) represenLaLlonal arLlfacLs LhaL agenLs deploy Lo ald Lhelr cognlLlon (norman
1993, SLerelny 2004, 8rey 2003). My arLlfacL-cenLered approach ls a valuable alLernaLlve Lo
anLhropocenLrlc approaches, as lL resulLs ln a much rlcher and deLalled Laxonomy.
ln Lhe Laxonomy, four levels or Laxa are dlsLlngulshed, Lhose of famlly (l.e. funcLlonal klnd), genus,
specles, and Loken. 1he famlly lncludes all cognlLlve arLlfacLs (l.e. proper, sysLem, represenLaLlonal,
and ecologlcal) wlLhouL furLher speclfylng funcLlonal or lnformaLlonal properLles. Cn Lhe second level
ln Lhe Laxonomy, l dlsLlngulsh beLween Lwo genera: represenLaLlonal and ecologlcal cognlLlve
arLlfacLs. Cn Lhe Lhlrd level, Lhese Lwo genera are furLher dlvlded lnLo specles. ln case of
represenLaLlonal arLlfacLs, Lhose specles are: lconlc, lndexlcal, and symbollc (cf. lerce 1933a, 1933b).
ln case of ecologlcal arLlfacLs, Lhose specles are: spaLlal and sLrucLural (klrsh 1993). Cn Lhe fourLh
level, l ldenLlfy Loken cognlLlve arLlfacLs. 1he caLegorles ln Lhe Laxonomy are noL muLually excluslve,
buL one parLlcular lnformaLlonal properLy ls usually predomlnanL.
1he proposed Laxonomy ls an lmporLanL flrsL sLep Lowards a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe range and
varleLy of cognlLlve arLlfacLs and ls a helpful polnL of deparLure, boLh for concepLuallzlng how


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dlfferenL arLlfacLs augmenL or lmpalr cognlLlve performance as well as how Lhey Lransform our
cognlLlve sysLem and pracLlces.

8eferences
Adams, W.?. & Adams, L.W. (1991). Atcboeoloqlcol 1ypoloqy ooJ ltoctlcol keollty. A ulolectlcol
Apptoocb to Attlfoct closslflcotloo ooJ 5ottloq. Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
8rey, . (2003). 1he LplsLemology and CnLology of Puman-CompuLer lnLeracLlon. MloJs ooJ
Mocbloes 13(3-4): 383-398.
Clark, A. (2008). 5opetslzloq tbe mloJ. mboJlmeot, Actloo, ooJ coqoltlve xteosloo. Cxford
unlverslLy ress.
Poukes, W. & vermaas, . (2010). 1ecbolcol looctloos. Oo tbe use ooJ ueslqo of Attefocts. Sprlnger.
PuLchlns, L. (1993a). coqoltloo lo tbe wllJ. Ml1 ress.
Mayr, L. (1993). SysLems of Crderlng uaLa. lbllosopby ooJ 8loloqy 10: 419-434.
norman, u. (1993). 1bloqs tbot Moke os 5mott. uefeoJloq nomoo Atttlbotes lo tbe Aqe of tbe
Mocbloe. 8aslc 8ooks.
klrsh, u. (1993). 1he lnLelllgenL use of Space. Attlflclol lotelllqeoce 72: 1-32.
kornbllLh, P. (1980). 8eferrlng Lo ArLlfacLs. 1be lbllosopblcol kevlew 89(1): 109-114.
kroes, . (2012). 1ecbolcol Attefocts. cteotloos of MloJ ooJ Mottet. A lbllosopby of oqloeetloq
ueslqo. Sprlnger.
lerce, C.S. 1933a. 1be collecteJ lopets of cbotles 5. lletce vol 2. Parvard unlverslLy ress.
lerce, C.S. 1933b. 1be collecteJ lopets of cbotles 5. lletce vol J. Parvard unlverslLy ress.
resLon, 8. (1998). Why ls a Wlng Llke a Spoon? A lurallsL 1heory of luncLlon. 1be Iootool of
lbllosopby 93(3): 213-234.
resLon, 8. (2013). A lbllosopby of Motetlol coltote. 8ouLledge.
SLerelny, k. (2004). LxLernallsm, LplsLemlc ArLefacLs and 1he LxLended Mlnd. ln 8. SchanLz (ed.), 1be
xtetoollst cbolleoqe. New 5toJles oo coqoltloo ooJ loteotlooollty (pp. 239-234). ue CruyLer.
SuLLon, !. (2006). ulsLrlbuLed CognlLlon: uomalns and ulmenslons. ltoqmotlcs ooJ coqoltloo, 14(2):
233-247.
SuLLon, !. (2010). Lxograms and lnLerdlsclpllnarlLy: PlsLory, Lhe LxLended Mlnd and Lhe Clvlllzlng
rocess. ln 8. Menary (ed.), 1be xteoJeJ MloJ (pp. 189-223). Ml1 ress.




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1rack 11
PlLCSCP? Cl LnClnLL8lnC Anu
uLSlCn
Chalr: Sara velez LS1LvC


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!.#"*16'D2"'<"#$)<'.0'+"(2/$(%*'"5.*)+$./'

Mlchael kuPn, M.Sc.
Munlch CenLer for 1echnology ln SocleLy
1echnlcal unlverslLy Munlch, Cermany
mlchael.kuhn[Lum.de

varlous auLhors have descrlbed Lhe Lechnlcal developmenL process ln evoluLlonary Lerms [usher
1988, vlncenLl 1990, ArLhur 2009]. 8uL Lhey remaln sllenL on whaL lL ls LhaL evolves Lhere, l.e. whaL
Lhe medlum of LhaL evoluLlon ls. l argue LhaL Lechnlcal developmenL ls mosLly based on models. 1hls
Lhesls lmplles LhaL by looklng solely aL reallzed arLlfacLs, Lhese seemlngly lrreduclble complexlLles",
progress ln Lechnology cannoL be explalned. 1he mlsslng llnks" ln Lechnologlcal progress are found
ln Lhe hand skeLches, scale models, CAu models and numerlcal calculaLlon models LhaL accompany
Lhe developmenL process.
rogress ln Lechnology ls noL only Lrlggered by whaL ls learned from flnal arLlfacLs (Lhelr success,
fallure or parLlal fallure as emphaslzed e. g. by eLroskl [1983]). ArLlfacLs are ouLgrown ln number by
Lhe models used ln Lhelr developmenL process. So, Lhere ls much more opporLunlLy Lo learn from
Lhese models Lhan from Lhelr flnal reallzaLlon. no more Lhan an evoluLlon of arLlfacLs ls Lhe Lechnlcal
learnlng process an evoluLlon of ldeas. 1echnlcal ldeas Lhemselves are developed ln lnLeracLlon wlLh
Lhelr models (and lessons learned from flnal arLlfacLs). 1hls ls an lLeraLlve process: llrsL Lhere ls a
vague ldea. 1hls ldea ls modeled. 1he model allows communlcaLlng Lhe ldea and also crlLlcally
quesLlonlng lL. lrom crlLlcal dlscusslon Lhe ldea becomes sharper, some deflclencles may be
dlscovered. 1herefore, Lhe model ls changed and dlscussed agaln and so forLh. 1he flnal arLlfacL
(ofLen flrsL a proLoLype) ls bullL when Lhe lnlLlal ldea ls sufflclenLly reflned so LhaL lL fulfllls Lhe deslred
crlLerla.
1he lnLerpreLaLlon of Lechnlcal progress as a model-Lrlggered learnlng process has some lnLeresLlng
consequences. 1he funcLlon of Lhe mlnd's eye" [lerguson 1978 and 1994], a raLher dublous organ, ls
Lransferred Lo Lhe comprehenslble domaln of models. When Lhe focus ls shlfLed Lhls way, lerguson's
works show ample evldence for my Lhesls. 1he deplcLed hand drawlngs and mechanlcal models are
Lhen concelved noL only as posLerlor vlsuallzaLlons of concepLs LhaL were already developed ln Lhe
deslgners mlnd buL are an lnLegral parL of Lhe Lechnlcal problem solvlng process lLself. lurLher, Lhe
ofL-menLloned role of creaLlvlLy ln englneerlng deslgn can be reconsLrucLed as a process of model
bulldlng and crlLlcal dlscusslon of models. 1hls allows a connecLlon Lo Lhe pragmaLlc accounL of
creaLlvlLy as shown for Lhe case of archlLecLural deslgn by sLmann [2003]. 1he lllusLraLed use of
models also has consequences for Lhe model dlscusslon ln Lhe phllosophy of sclence. usually models
are deflned as ln some way slmpllfled represenLaLlons of a glven LargeL sysLem [lrlgg and ParLmann
2012]. ln Lhe developmenL process of arLlfacLs nelLher Lhe LargeL sysLem ls aL hand nor ls Lhe model a
slmpllflcaLlon of lL. 1he LargeL sysLem ls noL glven slnce lL ls abouL Lo be developed. lL evolves ln
parallel wlLh lLs models. 1he model ls noL slmpllfled buL enrlched because Lhe Lechnlcal developlng
process ls a process of concreLlzaLlon and speclflcaLlon sLarLlng from lnlLlally vague ldeas. Lach new
model ls a bold con[ecLure golng beyond lLs predecessors. PlsLorlcally Lhe use of compuLer models


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(such as CAu) ls quallLaLlvely noLhlng new. 1helr precursors are hand skeLches, Lechnlcal drawlngs
and mlnlaLure models. An lnLeresLlng quesLlon would be how Lhe Lechnlcal developmenL process
changes wlLh dlfferenL klnds of models ln use.

8eferences
W. 8raln ArLhur: 1he naLure of 1echnology, lree ress, new ?ork 2009
Lugene S. lerguson: 1he Mlnd's Lye: nonverbal 1houghL ln 1echnology, Leonardo, vol. 11, no. 2,
Sprlng 1978, pp. 131-139
Lugene S. lerguson: Lnglneerlng and Lhe Mlnd's Lye, Ml1 ress, Cambrldge 1994
8oman lrlgg and SLephan ParLmann: Models ln Sclence, 1he SLanford Lncyclopedla of hllosophy,
lall 2012 LdlLlon, enLry avallable onllne: hLLp://plaLo.sLanford.edu/enLrles/models-sclence/
Lelf L. sLman: A ragmaLlsL 1heory of ueslgn, hu 1hesls, 8oyal lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, SLockholm
2003
Penry eLroskl: 1o Lnglneer ls Puman, vlnLage 8ooks, new ?ork 1983
AbboLL . usher: A PlsLory of Mechanlcal lnvenLlons, uover ubllcaLlons, new ?ork 1988
WalLer C. vlncenLl: WhaL Lnglneers know and Pow 1hey know lL, !ohn Popklns unlverslLy ress,
8alLlmore and London 1990

* * *
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'

1AnC xlaofeng
8ensselaer olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe, 1roy, uSA
Langx3[rpl.edu

LfforLs Lo lnLegraLe professlonal educaLlon of young englneers wlLh sub[ecLs and pedagoglcal
approaches LradlLlonally aLLrlbuLed Lo llberal arLs educaLlon have galned more promlnence as a serles
of challenges from global and domesLlc envlronmenL confronL Amerlcan englneerlng educaLlon (nAL,
2003). lor example, 8ucclarelll has proposed a llberal arLs degree of englneerlng based on a fuslon"
of englneerlng and llberal arLs ln order Lo broaden Lhe undergraduaLe educaLlon of, noL [usL Lhe
sLudenL lncllned and/or commlLLed Lo englneerlng buL any lndlvldual who recognlzes Lhe essenLlal
role sclence and Lechnology play ln our llves" (8ucclarelll, 2011). 1ruly effecLlve lnLegraLlon of
englneerlng and llberal educaLlon enLalls a renewal of Lhe currenLly domlnanL concepLlons of
englneerlng knowledge, for englneerlng as a professlon ls consldered Lo be characLerlzed by an
esoLerlc body of knowledge (vlncenLl, 1990). AL presenL, Lhe domlnanL concepLlons of englneerlng
knowledge-heavlly based on Lhe model of applled sclence"-are deemed lnadequaLe and
ouLdaLed by educaLors who seek Lo promoLe englneerlng as a llberal arL ln a Lechnologlcal age. lor
example, a number of scholars ln humanlLles, soclal sclences, and englneerlng have called lnLo


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quesLlon Lhe Lechnlcal/soclal duallsm" perslsLenL ln domlnanL concepLlons of englneerlng
knowledge (Cech and Waldzunas, 2011, laulkner, 2000, Packer, 1989). 1o accompllsh Lhe lnLegraLlon
of englneerlng and llberal arLs aL Lhe eplsLemologlcal level, we need LheoreLlcal frameworks LhaL are
able Lo ellclL alLernaLlve concepLlons of englneerlng knowledge ln order Lo broaden Lhe vlslon of
englneers, expand Lhelr lnLellecLual horlzon, and brldge Lhe gap beLween Lhe Lechnlcal and soclal
aspecLs of englneerlng enLerprlse.
1hls presenLaLlon conLrlbuLes Lo Lhls lnqulry by reexamlnlng englneerlng knowledge Lhrough Lhe lens
of Pabermas's concepL of knowledge-consLlLuLlve lnLeresLs. ln koowleJqe ooJ nomoo lotetests,
Pabermas crlLlclzes Lhe poslLlvlsL phllosophy of sclence for severlng cognlLlve lnqulrles from Lhelr
human drlves, or human lnLeresLs (Pabermas, 1987). 1o recLlfy Lhls false severance, Pabermas
ldenLlfles Lhree knowledge-consLlLuLlve lnLeresLs (by knowledge-consLlLuLlve" Pabermas means Lhe
sLrucLures of Lhese lnLeresLs seL Lhe a prlorl frames of reference for baslc processes of humans'
cognlLlve lnqulrles). llrsL, Lechnlcal cognlLlve lnLeresL focuses on esLabllshlng and expandlng humans'
conLrol of Lhe envlronmenL Lhrough lnsLrumenLal acLlons, Lechnlcal lnLeresL consLlLuLes Lhe loglcal-
meLhodologlcal rules for emplrlcal-analyLlcal sclences. Second, pracLlcal cognlLlve lnLeresL alms aL
consLrucLlng muLual undersLandlng vla lnLersub[ecLlvlLy, and pracLlcal lnLeresL deflnes Lhe processes
of lnqulres ln hlsLorlcal-hermeneuLlc sclences. 1hlrd, emanclpaLory cognlLlve lnLeresL reveals Lo
lndlvlduals Lhe domlnanL power sLrucLure LhaL medlaLes Lhelr poslLlons ln socleLy, Pabermas Lhlnks
emanclpaLory lnLeresL ls embodled by crlLlcally-orlenLed sclences, such as phllosophy, crlLlcal soclal
Lheory, and psychoanalysls (Pabermas, 1987).
ln Lhls presenLaLlon, l suggesL an alLernaLlve concepLlon of englneerlng knowledge based on
englneers' cognlLlve lnLeresLs. knowledge ln Lhe Lerraln of applled sclence meeLs englneers' Lechnlcal
lnLeresL of manlpulaLlng maLerlal envlronmenL, learnlng ln communlcaLlon and Lhe pollLlcal,
economlc, and legal conLexLs of englneerlng meeL Lhelr pracLlcal lnLeresL, and reflecLlons on Lhe
pollLlcal amblLlon, soclal sLaLus, and economlc lnLeresL of Lhe englneerlng professlon and
comprehenslve assessmenLs of Lhe soclal consequences of englneerlng asslsL englneers Lo meeL Lhelr
emanclpaLory lnLeresL. uslng emplrlcal case sLudles of a dual-degree program ln englneerlng, soclal
sclences, and deslgn from a Lechnlcal unlverslLy and an englneerlng program ln a women's llberal arLs
college, l explaln how Lhe renewed concepLlon of englneerlng knowledge ls more compaLlble wlLh
Lhe goals and pracLlce of lnLegraLlng englneerlng and llberal educaLlon.

8eferences
8ucclarelll, L. (2011). 8achelor of ArLs ln Lnglneerlng. A manuscrlpL.
Cech, L. A., and Waldzunas, 1. !. (2011). navlgaLlng Lhe heLeronormaLlvlLy of englneerlng: Lhe
experlences of lesblan, gay, and blsexual sLudenLs. oqloeetloq 5toJles. vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
laulkner, W. (2000). uuallsm, Plerarchles and Cender ln Lnglneerlng. 5oclol 5toJles of 5cleoce. vol.
30, no. 3, pp. 739-792.
Pabermas, !. (1987). koowleJqe ooJ nomoo lotetests. 8eacon ress.


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Packer, S. (1989). lleosote, powet, ooJ tecbooloqy. some toles of qeoJet, eoqloeetloq, ooJ tbe
coopetotlve wotkploce. unwln Pyman.
naLlonal Academy of Lnglneerlng. (2003). Jocotloq tbe oqloeet of 2020. AJoptloq oqloeetloq
Jocotloo to tbe New ceototy. WashlngLon, u.C.: 1he naLlonal Academles ress.
vlncenLl, W. C. (1990). wbot oqloeets koow ooJ now tbey koow lt. Aoolytlcol 5toJles ftom
Aetooootlcol nlstoty. 1he !ohns Popklns unlverslLy ress

* * *

A$*_<'[*)11",'%/#'+2"'#"1$3/'(./#$+$./

Sara velez LS1LvC
laculLy of ArLs and LeLLers
unlverslLy of 8elra lnLerlor, orLugal
sve[ubl.pL


1hls LexL alms Lo brlng Lo dlscusslon Lhe LhoughL of vllem llusser on deslgn as a proposal Lo quesLlon
and analyse Lhe lmporLance and responslblllLy of deslgn ln Lhe foundaLlon of conLemporary SocleLy
(les) based on communlcaLlon medla and, Lhus, reflecL on lLs lmpllcaLlons.
llusser (1920-1991) ls an lmporLanL Lhlnker of Czech orlgln who lefL essays wrlLLen ln varlous
languages, especlally 8razlllan orLuguese (where he llved for over 30 years) and Cerman. ln recenL
years LranslaLlons of hls wrlLlngs have mulLlplled, as well as hls compleLe works are belng relssued ln
8razll. Powever, research on llusser's work focuses malnly on hls sLudles of language and
communlcaLlon. ln facL, Lhe auLhor has galned greaLer recognlLlon as a medla phllosopher, hls LexLs
on deslgn have noL been analysed wlLh Lhe perslsLence and depLh Lhey deserve regardlng Lhe unlque
way he onLologlcally dlscusses Lhe lmpacLs of deslgn. uesplLe some of hls wrlLlngs on deslgn sLarLlng
Lo be well known, parLlcularly among deslgners, a close analysls of Lhelr lmporLance ls yeL Lo be
addressed. llusser ls frequenLly quoLed ln arLlcles abouL deslgn, buL almosL always ln a Llmely
manner Lo sLrengLhen one or anoLher concepL.
Pls essay "AbouL Lhe Word ueslgn" ls Lhe mosL referenced. ueslgn ls maLched by Lhe auLhor Lo any
oLher arLlflclal process of human consLrucLlon of Lhe world, such as Lechnlcs or communlcaLlon. 1hls
lmplles lLs recognlLlon as a phenomenon lnLrlnslc Lo a posL-lndusLrlal socleLy as a culLural aLLlLude on
Lhe world. A crosscuLLlng concern wlLh Lhe medlaLlon operaLed by deslgn, whlch connecLs wlLh a
sense of eLhlcs on all human producLlon, appears ln Lhe LhoughL LhaL lncludes Lhe deslgn as an ob[ecL
of LhoughL ln phllosophy, soclal Lheory and culLural sLudles slnce Lhe laLe 1960. 8uL vllem llusser
puLs deslgn ln Lerms of bulldlng Lhls socleLy as a condlLlon of lLs exlsLence. Pls common vlslon of
deslgn, communlcaLlon and Lechnlcal ob[ecLs as culLural medlaLors of our acLlon ln Lhe world, as well


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as LesLlmonles of Lhe same worldvlew LhaL reflecL a human condlLlon, make Lhls a unlque auLhor and
argumenL Lo dlscuss Lhe problem suggesLed ln Lhls paper.
lor llusser Lhe reason for deslgn Lo become Lhe basls of our enLlre culLure ls also Lhe basls of Lhe
appearance of deslgn acLlvlLy, Lhe convergence beLween arL and Lechnlque. Such symblosls beLween
Lhe hardware of Lechnlcs and Lhe aesLheLlc appeal provlded by Lhe surroundlng sofL arL feaLure,
provlde perfecLlon close Lo naLure ln Lhe way we relaLe Lo deslgn. 1he demaLerlallzaLlon of
lnformaLlon Lechnology lnLerfaces, ls close Lo Lhls almosL pure deslgn, however lnflnlLely more
complex. llusser also wonders abouL Lhe responslblllLy for Lhe effecLs of Lhese deslgns, and abouL
how such complexlLy calls lnLo quesLlon Lhe very concepL of llablllLy Lo Lhe exLenL LhaL lL ls losL ln LhaL
complexlLy.
1herefore, Lhls paper wlll malnly develop Lhe Lwo lssues llsLed ln Lhe above paragraph as proposlLlons
Lo Lhlnk abouL Lhe lmpllcaLlons of deslgn ln Lechnologlcal communlcaLlon processes and, Lhus, ln Lhe
way we see and experlence Lhe world.

* * *
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+..*1'

Sara LLC?
ueparLmenL of ArchlLecLure and urbanlsm
lSC1L and AuL11l
unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
sara.eloy[lscLe.pL

leLer vL8MAAS
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.e.vermaas[LudelfL.nl

1he alm of Lhe proposed paper ls Lo focus Lhe role of recenL Lechnology, namely compuLer alded
generaLlve deslgn, ln Lhe process of archlLecLural deslgn. lrom Lhe ouLseL, Lhe research lnvesLlgaLed
Lhe posslblllLy of uslng some sorL of experL sysLems, also known as knowledge-base sysLems, Lo solve
deslgn problems.
new developmenLs ln deslgn processes alded by compuLers use generaLlve sysLems Lo deslgn more
efflclenL, cusLomlzed and adapLable deslgn soluLlons for glven conLexLs. ln experL sysLems,
knowledge, represenLed wlLhln a parLlcular area of appllcaLlon, plays a declslve role ln Lhe ablllLy Lo
solve problems.
When an experL sysLem and a deslgner experL are exposed Lo Lhe same daLa, Lhe performance of Lhe
former should be slmllar Lo LhaL of Lhe laLLer. CeneraLlve deslgn sysLem alms aL embodylng deslgn
knowledge ln procedures expressable ln compuLaLlonal algorlLhms or compuLer programs. 1he


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compuLerlzed auLomaLlon of archlLecLural deslgn generaLlon may reach soluLlons fasLer uslng a more
efflclenL and accuraLe process, slnce Lhe compuLer can manage masslve amounLs of daLa.
ln a prevlous research a generaLlve deslgn sysLem based on shape grammars was developed Lo
enable Lhe generaLlon of houslng soluLlons for a glven conLexL (omlLLed for bllnd revlew). Shape
grammars are olqotltbmlc systems fot cteotloq ooJ ooJetstooJloq Jeslqos Jltectly tbtooqb
compototloos wltb sbopes, totbet tboo loJltectly tbtooqb compototloos wltb text ot symbols." (knlghL
2000) A shape grammar ls a seL of rules LhaL apply sLep-by-sLep Lo shapes Lo generaLe a language of
deslgns. Shape grammars are generaLlve because Lhey can be used Lo creaLe new deslgns ln Lhe
language and descrlpLlve because Lhey provlde for ways of explalnlng Lhe formal sLrucLure of Lhe
deslgns LhaL are generaLed.
1he developed sysLem generaLes house layouLs whlch are legal" because Lhey are ln Lhe deslgn
language and adequaLe" because Lhey saLlsfy Lhe o ptlotl seL of deslgn requlremenLs. (uuarLe 2001)
1hls means LhaL Lhe generaLlve sysLem covers posslble deslgns LhaL real archlLecLs would arrlve aL
wlLhouL Lhe sysLem.
AlLhough vasL, Lhe knowledge lLself of an experL sysLem ls llmlLed Lo Lhe daLa enLered lnLo Lhe
knowledge daLabase. Accordlng Lo Schon (1992), compuLers or algorlLhms rules see ln a llLeral way
and deslgners see ln a [udgmenLal way. 1he amounL of varlables requlred Lo lncorporaLe Lhe
subsLance and Lhe knowledge of an archlLecL ln any glven case of deslgn ls, as lL seems, uncounLable.
1he posslblllLy of lncorporaLlng Lhe [udgmenLal way" ln compuLers ls under sLudy. MaLLers such as
space funcLlonallLy, load bearlng sLrucLure, aesLheLlc, flre safeLy, energy efflclency, are [usL a small
parL of Lhe varlables LhaL archlLecLs have Lo deal wlLh ln a deslgn problem. Slnce Lhese crlLerlons are
necessary Lo Lhe deslgn process, Lhelr use allows [udglng Lhe accuracy and efflclency of Lhe
generaLlve deslgn sysLem.
ln Lhe menLloned deslgn grammar Lhe deflnlLlon of condlLlons LhaL are parL of Lhe shape rules was
done Lo LranslaLe ln a wlder way Lhe archlLecL's goals. 1he ma[or challenge was Lo ldenLlfy Lhe
archlLecL's deslgn goals and Lo capLure lL lnLo compuLaLlonal crlLerla.
ln Lhls conLexL we could ask lf Lhese sysLems really reproduce archlLecLural deslgns or lf Lhey
evenLually do lL beLLer Lhan real archlLecLs slnce humans have llmlLed knowledge unllke compuLers.
And slmulLaneously, we could ask where and when ls Lhe use of Lhls Lool of deslgn proflL Lo Lhe goals
of one archlLecLural pro[ecL?
AlLhough deslgn processes can be execuLed on an lndlvldual case basls for each parLlcular
cllenL/problem, deflnlng processes and rules Lo supporL Lhe deslgn allows a more effecLlve answer,
clarlfles declslon-maklng and speeds up Lhe deslgn process.
ln Lhe case e.g. of a mass houslng deslgn Lhe use of a generaLlve sysLem would be cosL-effecLlve and
lL would generaLe adequaLe cusLomlzed soluLlons. ln Lhls case Lhe deslgn sysLem would be a soclal
and commerclally successful Lool for deslgnlng houses ln a more qulck and cheap way, even Lhough lL
would noL generaLe Lhe layouLs LhaL an lndlvldual more "arLlsLlc" archlLecL would do.


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1o assess Lhe poLenLlals of uslng a generaLlve sysLem, as a shape grammar, Lo enable Lhe deslgn of
Lhe mosL accuraLe soluLlon for a glven problem, we propose Lo puL deslgners lnLo Lhe mode of
dolng" as Schon suggesLs (1992: 131). revlous experlmenLs (omlLLed for bllnd revlew) proved LhaL
deslgners know more Lhan Lhey can say, [and] Lend Lo glve lnaccuraLe descrlpLlons of whaL Lhey
know" (Schon 1992: 131). Cbservlng deslgners ln acLlon may glve some clues on how Lhey access
Lhelr knowledge ln acLlon.

8eferences
uavls, Poward (2008): lorm and rocess ln Lhe 1ransformaLlon of Lhe ArchlLecL's 8ole ln SocleLy. ln
vermaas, ., kroes, ., LlghL, A., Moore, S.A. (edlLors). hllosophy and ueslgn. lrom Lnglneerlng Lo
ArchlLecLure. Sprlnger. pp.273-283.
uuarLe, !ose lnLo (2001): CusLomlzlng Mass Pouslng: A ulscurslve Crammar for Slzas Malaguelra
houses. 1hesls submlLLed Lo Lhe ueparLmenL of ArchlLecLure ln arLlal lulflllmenL of Lhe
8equlremenLs for Lhe uegree of uocLor of hllosophy ln ueslgn and CompuLaLlon. MassachuseLLs
lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, Cambrldge, L.u.A.
knlghL, 1erry (2000): Shape Crammars ln educaLlon and pracLlce: hlsLory and prospecLs. [onllne].
MassachuseLLs: Ml1, 14 SepLember 2000. Avallable aL WWW: <u8L
hLLp://web.mlL.edu/LknlghL/www/l!uC/> (accessed on 2009-03-21).
lreeman-Pargls, !ames (2003): 8ule-8ased SysLems and ldenLlflcaLlon 1rees. [onllne]: Al depoL.
Avallable aL WWW <u8L: hLLp://al-depoL.com/1uLorlal/8ule8ased.hLml> (accessed on 2009-03-16)
kroes, ., LlghL, A., Moore, S.A., vermaas, . (2008). ueslgn ln Lnglneerlng and ArchlLecLure: 1owards
an lnLegraLed hllosophlcal undersLandlng. ln vermaas, ., kroes, ., LlghL, A., Moore, S.A. (edlLors).
hllosophy and ueslgn. lrom Lnglnerlng Lo ArchlLecLure. Sprlnger. pp.1-17.
Schon, uonald (1992) ueslgnlng as 8eflecLlve ConversaLlon wlLh Lhe MaLerlals of a ueslgn SlLuaLlon"
ln 8esearch ln Lnglneerlng ueslgn, vol. 3, pp 131-147

* * *
H"1$3/$/3'%1'%/'":$1+"<$(':,%@$16'D2"'"@%<:*"'.0'%,(2$+"(+),"'

Sablne AMMCn
unlverslLy of 8asel, SwlLzerland
s.ammon[unlbas.ch

ln my conLrlbuLlon l am golng Lo dlscuss Lhe Lhesls LhaL deslgnlng should be regarded as an eplsLemlc
praxls as lL employs eplsLemlc Lools, Lechnlques and sLraLegles. ln developlng my argumenL l wlll
draw on llLeraLure from Sclence and 1echnology SLudles (S1S) where an lncreaslng number of sLudles
lnvesLlgaLlng pracLlces of deslgnlng ln archlLecLural offlces (e.g. ?aneva 2003, 2009) can be found. ln


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order Lo be able Lo show Lhe speclflc eplsLemlc characLerlsLlcs of deslgnlng, l wlll conLrasL my Lhesls
of deslgnlng as an eplsLemlc pracLlce wlLh Lhe ofLen heard clalm, especlally from wlLhln Lhe fleld of
archlLecLure, LhaL deslgnlng should be regarded as a klnd of experlmenLlng. lL can raLher be shown
LhaL deslgnlng ls an lndependenL eplsLemlc praxls whlle conslderlng lnsLrumenLs and Lools employed,
Lechnlques of consLrucLlng, decldlng and developlng as well as sLraLegles lnvolved ln order Lo work
on a good soluLlon.
unllke experlmenLlng, deslgnlng ls noL a Lrlal wlLh an open end whlch ls LesLed for Lhe flrsL Llme when
lL comes Lo consLrucLlon work and uLlllsaLlon. ln order Lo be able Lo employ Lhe deslgn as an
lnsLrucLlon for converslon lL has Lo offer an effecLlve and concluslve soluLlon: elLher ln regard of Lhe
observance of Lhe space allocaLlon plan, Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of demands concernlng clrculaLlon, Lhe
compllance wlLh sLrucLural and consLrucLlonal sLandards, wlLh laws and regulaLlons, Lhe
conslderaLlon of an economlc framework or of aesLheLlc clalms, and so on. AlLhough plannlng errors
can never be excluded, usually, ouL of a deslgn process resulLs Lhe successful consLrucLlon and
successful brlnglng lnLo servlce. 8uL how ls Lhls achleved as a 'reallLy' check beforehand ls noL glven?
unllke Lo whaL a scepLlc mlghL suspecL, Lhls slLuaLlon does noL lead Lo arblLrarlness, whlch allows any
posslble or even lmposslble deslgn. 1herefore, a successful deslgn process seems Lo granL Lhe
rlghLness of Lhe deslgned arLefacL (for a general accounL of rlghLness see Coodman and Llgln 1988).
Powever, a Lhorough analysls of Lhe concreLe praxls of deslgnlng can reveal whereby Lhls asLonlshlng
capaclLy of Lhe deslgn process ls achleved - and Lhls ls whaL l wanL Lo show ln parLs ln my
conLrlbuLlon. As lL ls Lhe process of deslgnlng, whlch ouLllnes Lhe fuLure arLefacL, lL musL be here
where mechanlsm and procedure can be found LhaL enable Lo separaLe successful deslgn from
deslgn whlch ls false or meanlngless and LhaL ensure a deslgn whlch ls worklng. 8y looklng aL acLual
pracLlces, several Lechnlques and Lools come lnLo focus. 1hey seem Lo have a vlLal lmpacL on Lhe
process of creaLlng and on galnlng assured lnslghL abouL whaL ls deslgned. 1hey help Lo probe, Lo
scruLlnlze and Lo LesL, Lhey enable Lo check wheLher Lhe deslgn ls worklng, Lo show lnLerrelaLlons as
well as Lo explore and Lo evaluaLe effecLs. 8y Lhls, lL ls granLed LhaL Lhe deslgned arLefacL 'flLs', LhaL lL
ls 'worklng', LhaL lL ls conslsLenL wlLh esLabllshed and well anchored knowledge sLocks, LhaL lL meeLs
speclfled demands. 1hese procedures seem Lo be ln charge of ,engenderlng rlghLness' ln successful
processes of deslgnlng. ln an exemplary way, some Lechnlques LogeLher wlLh Lhelr speclflc Lools and
Lhelr connecLed sLraLegles wlll be analysed more Lhoroughly and wlll be lnvesLlgaLed ln respecL of
Lhelr eplsLemlc lmpacL.

8eferences
nelson Coodman and CaLherlne Z. Llgln, 8econcepLlons ln phllosophy and oLher arLs and sclences,
lndlanapolls 1988.
Albena ?aneva, Scallng up and down: LxLracLlon Lrlals ln archlLecLural deslgn, ln: Soclal SLudles of
Sclence 33/6, 2003, p. 867-894.
Albena ?aneva, 1he maklng of a bulldlng. A pragmaLlsL approach Lo archlLecLure, 8ern 2009.


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* * *

D2$/=$/3'+2,.)32'K,%R$*$%/'"/3$/"",$/3'(%:%4$*$+B'

8oberLo 8A81PCLC
roducLlon Lnglneerlng rogram, Coppe/ul8!
unlversldade lederal do 8lo de !anelro, 8razll

uomlclo roena !nlC8, u. Sc.
roducLlon Lnglneerlng rogram, Coppe/ul8!
unlversldade lederal do 8lo de !anelro, 8razll

Ldlson 8enaLo SlLvA, M. Sc., uocLoral SLudenL
roducLlon Lnglneerlng rogram, Coppe/ul8!
unlversldade lederal do 8lo de !anelro, 8razll
edlson[ufr[.br

lsaac Aslmov wroLe ln rofesslon" (1937) of a socleLy ln whlch Lralnlng was lnsLanLaneous by
Laplng", ln whlch a machlne lnculcaLed all Lhe skllls requlred for a professlonal llfe. 1he sLory follows
one of Lhose very few who are noL amenable Lo Lhe programmlng, and are kepL aL socleLy's expense
aL a house for Lhe menLally feeble. As lL Lurns ouL, however, one's Laplng can be lnsufflclenL: one of
Lhe proLagonlsL's frlends loses hls [ob because hls program ls noL sufflclenLly effecLlve for a new
machlne. 8uL lf all are Laped, lL ls Lhose who are unprogrammable alone who are free and can creaLe
new machlnes or new ldeas. 8uL Lhey cannoL be Lold so, Lhey musL sLrlve and dlscover lL on Lhelr
own, hence Lhelr asslgnmenL Lo Lhe house of Lhe feeble mlnded - as challenge and provocaLlon. lL
has been sald LhaL sclence flcLlon ls never abouL Lhe posslblllLles of far fuLures, lL ls always abouL Lhe
urgencles of our shared presenL.
1o phllosophlze abouL englneerlng ls Lo phllosophlze abouL modernlLy. hllosophlzlng came abouL ln
Creece as an audaclLy: lL lnsLlLuLed Lhe presenL as Lhe seaL of crlLlclsm. 1he conducL of llfe ln socleLy
no longer depended on Lhe bllnd adherence Lo hablLs, uses and cusLoms or on Lhe auLhorlLy of
LradlLlon alone. 1hls paper dwells on one urgency of our shared presenL: lL addresses a new
dlchoLomy ln power relaLlons, no longer cenLered on Lhe ownershlp or lack of ownershlp of Lhe
means of producLlon, buL on Lhe capablllLy or lack of capablllLy of programmlng, as deflned by vllem
llusser. llusser alerLs LhaL wlLhouL Lhe exerclse of crlLlclsm, we are doomed Lo Lhe enlarged
reproducLlon of Lhe apparaLus of llfe programmlng - Laplng" for Lhe whole of soclal exlsLence, noL
only for Lhe skllls of a crafL.
nowadays, englneerlng and lLs progeny (processes, producLs, servlces) are one of Lhe paramounL
sources of hablLs. 1he exerclse of crlLlclsm of such auLomaLlsm ls one of Lhe mosL presslng Lasks for
conLemporary phllosophlzlng. llusser proposes LhaL Lhe prlme Lask before humanlLy ls Lhe crlLlclsm
of Lhe ensulng Lechno-lmaglnaLlon, whlch requlres boLh guldance and auLonomy ln sense maklng.
Cur crlLlcal Lhlnklng endures a LranslLlon, and ln a world of onllne communlcaLlon, crlLlclsm musL go
beyond Lhe mere apology of lnLeracLlvlLy. lnLeracLlvlLy musL be quallfled: quallfled so as Lo afflrm


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such an lnLeracLlveness LhaL furLhers meanlngful, auLhenLlc dlalog, consclously aware of subsLanLlal
oLherness, and noL only Lhe dlffuslon of glven dlscurslve paLLerns or conLenLs.
Conslder Lhls: lf we look aL Lhe Lra[ecLory of 8razlllan englneerlng, we can easlly ldenLlfy an odd
dlsparlLy ln lLs achlevemenLs. 1here are flelds ln whlch 8razll ranks among Lhe flrsL such as offshore
oll and gas, aeronauLlcs and agrolndusLry. 1here are oLhers ln whlch local producLlon ls buL conflned
Lo Lhe repllcaLlon of forelgn-deslgned producLs such as auLomoblles, lndusLrlal machlnery and
elecLro-elecLronlcs. We descrlbe Lhese cases and offer a slmple explanaLlon for such dlsparlLy,
derlved from a consclous awareness of Lhe pecullar clrcumsLances of 8razlllan englneerlng.
Such awareness requlres recalllng how lnLervenLlonlsL, reallLy changlng, hands-on, proacLlve
englneerlng ls. And appreclaLe how allen and unwelcome such a posLure was Lo Lhe 19Lh CenLury
slaver 8razlllan socleLy, far more lnLeresLed ln Lalklng abouL Lhlngs, Lhlnklng abouL Lhlngs and Lelllng
someone else Lo go and do lL. 1here were lnsLances of englneerlng ln 8razll, brlnglng soluLlons from
elsewhere and, on occaslon, adapLlng Lhem Lo 8razlllan condlLlons. 8uL Lhere was no 8razlllan
englneerlng, able Lo Lhlnk wlLh lLs own head and do wlLh lLs own hands, noL only ln Lhe pursulL of
Lechnologlcal, buL also of eplsLemologlcal auLonomy, sLruggllng Lo be able Lo formulaLe problems as
much as comlng up wlLh soluLlons.
1hls ralses Lwo connecLed lssues. 1he flrsL one has Lo do wlLh educaLlon: how Lo lmparL Lhe skllls and
promoLe Lhe 8lldung for Lechnologlcal and eplsLemologlcal auLonomy, whlch musL be orlenLed by Lhe
goal of enabllng fuLure englneers Lo acL as llusserlan programmers. 1he second has Lo do wlLh
lnsLlLuLlonal seLLlngs. lL ls noL enough Lo have such englneers, Lhere musL be also an lnsLlLuLlonal
lnnovaLlon LhaL lnvlLes and promoLes Lhelr slLuaLed dlalog wlLh and lnLervenLlon ln 8razlllan reallLy.
Cnly when boLh condlLlons are saLlsfled 8razlllan englneerlng can, does, and ls expecLed Lo serve
naLlonal prlorlLles. 8razlllan englneerlng achlevemenLs correspond Lo Lhose secLors ln whlch boLh
condlLlons were fulfllled - capable englneers and Lhe bulldlng of adequaLe lnsLlLuLlonal seLLlngs, ln
boLh of whlch Lhe naLlonal sLaLe worked wlLh, buL dld noL rely on, Lhe free play of markeL forces.

8eferences
Aslmov, lsaac. 1939. nlne 1omorrows: 1ales of Lhe near luLure. llrsL edlLlon. lawceLL.
llusser, vllem. 2000. 1owards a hllosophy of hoLography. 0 ed. 8eakLlon 8ooks.
---. 2004. WrlLlngs. 1sL ed. unlv Cf MlnnesoLa ress.
---. 2011. lnLo Lhe unlverse of 1echnlcal lmages. 1ranslaLed by nancy Ann 8oLh. unlv Cf
MlnnesoLa ress.
Sarason, Seymour 8ernard. 1989. 1he CreaLlon of SeLLlngs and Lhe luLure SocleLles. 8ev Sub.
8rookllne 8ooks.

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'
F2.'$1'%'1)$+%4*B':,":%,"#'<.#"*')1",X'

lsaac 8LCC8u
laculLy of lnformaLlon, Semaphore Lab
unlverslLy of 1oronLo, Canada
lsaac.record[uLoronLo.ca
www.lsaacrecord.com

SclenLlsLs now use models ln nearly every aspecL of sclenLlflc pracLlce. ln recenL decades,
phllosophers of sclence have devoLed lncreaslng aLLenLlon Lo models, and ln parLlcular Lo Lhe
quesLlon of whaL makes a good model. ComparaLlvely llLLle aLLenLlon has been pald Lo whaL makes a
good model user. AlLhough Lhere remalns some dlsagreemenL abouL whaL makes a good model, l
Lake lL LhaL mosL accounLs are compaLlble wlLh aL leasL Lhe followlng clalm: A good model ls easler Lo
manlpulaLe Lhan lLs LargeL and lL affords users useful lnferences abouL lLs LargeL. lf lL was noL easler
Lo manlpulaLe" Lhan Lhe LargeL, aL leasL ln cerLaln respecLs, we would [usL manlpulaLe Lhe LargeL
dlrecLly. And lf Lhe model dld noL afford useful lnferences, we would noL be uslng lL, no maLLer how
easy lL was Lo use. 8uL even good models afford some useless or mlsleadlng lnferences. Pow do users
know whlch lnferences Lo make and whlch ones Lo lgnore? 1he beglnnlngs of an answer are evldenL
ln phrases llke sulLably prepared user," whlch appear wlLh some frequency ln Lhe models llLeraLure.
1he Lask ln Lhls paper ls Lo say who can be a sulLably prepared user, and under whaL condlLlons. My
proposal ls Lhls: A sulLably prepared user ls one for whom Lhe valld and relevanL affordances of a
model are readlly percepLlble, and for whom lnvalld or lrrelevanL affordances are elLher hldden or
easlly ldenLlfled as lmproper. Affordances are Lhe posslblllLles for acLlon LhaL a glven lndlvldual ls
compeLenL Lo acL on. Models afford posslblllLles for users Lo manlpulaLe Lhem ln order Lo generaLe
lnferences. A sulLably prepared user ls one who readlly ldenLlfles valld and relevanL posslblllLles for
maklng lnferences and re[ecLs Lhe lrrelevanL or lnvalld lnferences. 8oughly, Lhen, a sulLably prepared
user makes Lhe rlghL lnferences and avolds Lhe wrong lnferences.
l wlll conslder four facLors LhaL conLrlbuLe Lo a user's preparaLlon: naLlve human capaclLles,
soclallzaLlon, experlence, and formal Lralnlng. Any of Lhese four facLors can work for or agalnsL
correcL use of a parLlcular model. lor example, some models are purporLed Lo have a naLural"
lnLerpreLaLlon maklng use of naLlve human capaclLles and soclallzaLlon. Such a model succeeds
lnsofar as Lhls naLural" lnLerpreLaLlon ls sallenL for lndlvldual users. ln oLher cases, users undergo
Lralnlng lnLended Lo overcome naLural lnLerpreLaLlons ln favor of one preferred by Lhe model
deslgner. ln addlLlon, Lhe more general formal Lralnlng sclenLlsLs undergo Lyplcally lncludes meLhods
Lo help Lhem raLlonallze Lhelr experlence wlLh a model. lor example, ln mosL flelds, proper model
use lnvolves characLerlzlng models ln Lerms of valld reglmes and measurlng Lhe quallLy of resulLs
wlLhln Lhose reglmes. l argue LhaL Lhls dlverslLy of modellng acLlvlLy can be undersLood wlLh
reference Lo Lhe model deslgn process, and LhaL model deslgn produces noL only Lhe model buL also
a seL of pracLlces of LrusL" surroundlng Lhe use of Lhe model. racLlces of LrusL ald users ln seLLlng
Lhe model up correcLly, lnLerpreLlng Lhe resulLs, and characLerlzlng Lhelr quallLy.



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* * *
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8oberL MACkL?
lndependenL Scholar
8adford, vlrglnla, uSA
roberLhoushmackey[gmall.com

1he purpose of Lhls paper - or, Lo be phllosophlcally preclse, my purpose ln wrlLlng Lhls paper - ls
Lo defend whaL l wlll call Lhe hlsLorlcal accounL of Lhe funcLlons of arLlfacLs and Lo crlLlque Lhe Lheory
LhaL arLlfacLs have some klnd of a dual naLure: a physlcal/chemlcal sLrucLure and funcLlons deplcLed
and undersLood as lnLenLlonal properLles.
ArLlfacLs have aL leasL Lwo klnds of funcLlons: proper funcLlons and accldenLal funcLlons. 8y all
accounLs, lf an arLlfacL ls used Lo do Lhe Lasks for whlch lL was creaLed, Lhen lL performs lLs proper
funcLlon. All oLher uses of an arLlfacL are lLs accldenLal funcLlons. 1he phenomenologlcal experlences
behlnd Lhls dlsLlncLlon represenL Lhe dlfference ln klnd beLween how we percelve, say, a screwdrlver
ls funcLlonlng when used Lo screw and unscrew screws and how lL ls funcLlonlng when used
occaslonally Lo open a can of palnL or Lo hold open a wlndow or Lo harm someone as a weapon.
1he hlsLorlcal accounL elaboraLes on Lhls undersLandlng by elucldaLlng and ampllfylng Lhe mulLlple
purposes behlnd Lhe creaLlon of arLlfacLs: of Lhe deslgners, of Lhe producers, and of Lhose who may
have allowed, encouraged, and/or opposed Lhelr deslgn, manufacLure, or use. Pumans creaLe and
use arLlfacLs for a wlde varleLy of purposes buL none of Lhose purposes are Lransferred, lmplemenLed,
embodled, or relfled lnLo arLlfacLs ln Lhe gulse or form of funcLlons, proper or accldenLal. lndeed,
essenLlal Lo Lhls hlsLorlcal accounL ls Lhe bellef LhaL any sLaLemenL Lo Lhe effecL LhaL an arLlfacL has a
purpose can be phllosophlcally deconsLrucLed lnLo sLaLemenLs abouL Lhe purposes of Lhe ma[or
players lnvolved wlLh Lhe arLlfacL.
lf Lhe meLaphyslcs of Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology maLLers, Lhen Lhe onLology of arLlfacLs ls
slgnlflcanL. uo Lhey have funcLlons undersLood as purposes or noL? And lf Lhey do, how do Lhese
purposes dlffer from Lhe purposes of Lhe humans who are Lhe makers or users? 1o ascrlbe purposes
Lo arLlfacLs ls Lo assume Lhe burden for characLerlzlng such purposes. 1hls ls a burden whlch, lL ls my
argumenL, has noL yeL been meL by Lhose defendlng vlews of funcLlons ln arLlfacLs.
lnsLead, l argue for an hlsLorlcally and emplrlcally deLermlned process ln whlch Lhe Lasks, purposes
and reasons for whlch arLlfacLs are creaLed - Lhelr sLandard or proper funcLlons - are as much a
parL of Lhe arLlfacL's hlsLory as are Lhelr shapes, conflguraLlons, or slzes. All are emplrlcally verlflable
properLles and Lhe meLhods developed for deLermlnlng Lhose relevanL properLles and purposes are
Lhe meLhods of hlsLory.
Cnce Lhe hlsLorlcal descrlpLlon of an arLlfacL ls compleLe, Lhere are no resldual purposes onLologlcally
lefL over LhaL belong Lo Lhe arLlfacLs. 1he ldea LhaL funcLlon ls necessary for undersLandlng arLlfacLs ls


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onLologlcally superfluous. lf Lhe meLaphyslcs of Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology maLLers Lhen Lhe
onLology of arLlfacLs ls slgnlflcanL.
1he hlsLorlcal accounL ls presenLed as conslsLenL wlLh sLorles abouL Lhe orlgln and developmenL of
arLlfacLs found ln 1ecbooloqy ooJ coltote and ln Lhe sLandard hlsLorles of Lechnology. lL can be
conLrasLed wlLh oLher Lheorles such as Lhe lnLenLlonallsL accounLs of 8uLh Mllllkan and of leLer
vermaas and Wybo Poukes and of Lhe reproducLlonlsL accounL of 8eLh resLon.

* * *
'
G.4)1+'+..*16'9.8'+.'%11"11'"5.*)+$./%,B'<.#"*1'.0'+"(2/.*.3$(%*'(2%/3"

Wybo PCukLS
ueparLmenL lndusLrlal Lnglneerlng & lnnovaLlon Sclences
Llndhoven unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
w.n.houkes[Lue.nl

ln Lhls paper, l propose a way of assesslng evoluLlonary approaches Lo Lechnology, whlch Lakes
serlously Lhelr currenL focus on modelllng. As lllusLraLlon of Lhls crlLlcal approach, l ralse one obsLacle
for saLlsfacLory evoluLlonary models of Lechnologlcal change. 1hls paper brlngs LogeLher
conslderaLlons from Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology, as Lhey bear on models ln Lhe soclal sclences
(speclflcally: anLhropology/archaeology and economlcs).
1he lasL Lwo decades have seen lncreaslngly lnfluenLlal efforLs, boLh wlLhln varlous soclal sclences
and ln more lnLerdlsclpllnary conLexLs, Lo approach 'culLural evoluLlon' Lhrough Lhe consLrucLlon of
maLhemaLlcal and agenL-based models. 1hese models are supporLed elLher by analogles beLween
naLural and culLural lLems, e.g., ln Lerms of Lhelr modularlLy or 'compeLlLlon' for scarce resources, or
by argumenLs LhaL Lhe baslc evoluLlonary 'algorlLhm' apply llLerally Lo culLural lLems, even lf culLural
and blologlcal change are drlven by dlfferenL mlcro-mechanlsms (e.g., Mesoudl, WhlLen, and Laland
2004, Mesoudl 2011). 8oLh maneuvers lmmunlze Lhe models consLrucLed, Lo a large exLenL, from Lhe
usual crlLlclsms LhaL noLlons such as 'selecLlon' and 'varlaLlon' cannoL have Lhe same meanlng when
applled Lo llvlng and arLlflclal lLems.
1echnologlcal change has noL escaped Lhese efforLs aL evoluLlonary modelllng. Models have, for
lnsLance, been bullL Lo accounL for Lhe effecLs of populaLlon slze on Lhe accumulaLlon of culLural
complexlLy, wlLh speclal aLLenLlon for Lechnologlcal LoolklLs (Penrlch 2004, owell, Shennan, and
1homas 2009), for analyslng dlfferenLlaLlon paLLerns ln sLeam Lechnology (k. lrenken and nuvolarl
2004), and for examlnlng Lhe relaLlon beLween compeLlLlon and overall Lechnologlcal dlverslLy
(SavloLLl and Manl 1993). 1hese models borrow some of Lhe baslc lngredlenLs and Lechnlques of
modelllng ln populaLlon geneLlcs and oLher branches of evoluLlonary blology, wlLhouL commlLmenL
Lo llLeral appllcaLlons of Lhe baslc (neo-) uarwlnlan concepLs.


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ln Lhls paper, l propose a way Lo crlLlcally assess Lhese models. l do noL alm Lo ralse aprlorlsLlc,
concepLual ob[ecLlons Lo Lhe evoluLlonary modelllng of Lechnology. 8aLher, l polnL ouL compllcaLlons
LhaL affecL assessmenLs of Lhe tobostoess of evoluLlonary models - speclflcally: Lhelr sLrucLural and
represenLaLlonal robusLness (Welsberg 2006, Welsberg and 8elsman 2008, Poukes and vaesen
2012). 1hls conLlnues and generallzes a llne of lnqulry ln whlch Penrlch's (2004) and owell eL al's
(2009) models of culLural complexlLy are assessed wlLh respecL Lo Lhelr sLrucLural robusLness (vaesen
2012).
As an lllusLraLlon, l conslder one feaLure of Lechnologlcal change: Lhe sheer slze of Lhe 'pool' of
exlsLlng Lechnologles on whlch one may draw ln boLh lncremenLal and radlcal deslgn. 1hese lnclude
Lechnologles LhaL plauslbly form a llneage, such as several 'generaLlons' of car deslgns produced by
Lhe same flrm, buL also Lechnologles ouLslde Lhls llneage (dlfferenL car deslgns produced by anoLher
flrm), and even remoLe ancesLors - boLh wlLhln and ouLslde llneages (e.g., maLerlals or fuel-savlng
Lechnlques Laken from Lhe alrplane lndusLry). Some concepLual crlLlclsms have already focussed on
Lhe dlfferenL meanlngs of 'reLenLlon' and 'Lransmlsslon' when applled Lo geneLlc repllcaLlon and
soclal learnlng. 1hese crlLlclsms have evoked counLerargumenLs LhaL appeal Lo hybrldlzaLlon ln mlcro-
organlsms and Lhe LranslLlon from prokaryoLes Lo eukaryoLes, and have led some Lo expllclLly lnclude
Lhe posslblllLy of recomblnaLlon ln Lhelr models (e.g., LnqulsL, Chlrlanda, and Lrlksson 2011, lrenken,
lzqulerdo, and Zepplnl 2012). Powever, Lhe 'pool-slze' phenomenon dlscussed here creaLes deeper
problems. ConcepLually, lL affecLs Lhe noLlon of 'generaLlon' or 'llneage'. ln Lerms of modelllng, lL
requlres a fundamenLal ad[usLmenL ln modelllng Lechnlque - analyLlc models, for lnsLance, cannoL be
sLralghLforwardly based on Lhe recurslon equaLlons of populaLlon geneLlcs and evoluLlonary game
Lheory, such as Lhe repllcaLor dynamlc. More lmporLanLly, Lhe phenomenon requlres a
demonsLraLlon of robusLness of any evoluLlonary model of Lechnologlcal change under changes ln
pool slze: lmpllcaLlons derlved from models LhaL ex anLe exclude Lhls feaLure cannoL be relled on, and
Lhe models Lhemselves should only be Laken as explanaLory wlLh subsLanLlal quallflcaLlons.
WheLher or noL any evoluLlonary models are robusL wlLh respecL Lo Lhls feaLure of Lechnologlcal
change remalns Lo be seen, of course, yeL assessmenL of models requlres speclflcaLlon of approprlaLe
robusLness checks - whlch ls noL [usL a consLrucLlve way Lo assess evoluLlonary approaches Lo
Lechnology, buL also one Lo whlch phllosophers of sclence and Lechnology can acLlvely conLrlbuLe.

8eferences
LnqulsL, M., S. Chlrlanda, and k. Lrlksson. 2011. Modelllng Lhe LvoluLlon and ulverslLy of CumulaLlve
CulLure." lbllosopblcol 1toosoctloos of tbe koyol 5oclety 8. 8loloqlcol 5cleoces 366 (1363): 412-423.
lrenken, k., and A. nuvolarl. 2004. 1he Larly uevelopmenL of Lhe SLeam Lnglne: An LvoluLlonary
lnLerpreLaLlon uslng ComplexlLy 1heory." loJosttlol ooJ cotpotote cbooqe 13 (2): 419-430.
lrenken, koen, Luls 8. lzqulerdo, and aolo Zepplnl. 2012. 8ranchlng lnnovaLlon, 8ecomblnanL
lnnovaLlon, and Lndogenous 1echnologlcal 1ranslLlons." ovltoomeotol looovotloo ooJ 5ocletol
1toosltloos 4 (SepLember): 23-33. dol:10.1016/[.elsL.2012.06.001.


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Penrlch, !. 2004. uemography and CulLural LvoluLlon: Pow AdapLlve CulLural rocesses Can roduce
MaladapLlve Losses: 1he 1asmanlan Case." Ametlcoo Aotlpolty 69 (2): 197-214.
Poukes, W., and k. vaesen. 2012. 8obusL! Pandle wlLh Care." lbllosopby of 5cleoce 79 (3): 343-364.
Mesoudl, A. 2011. coltotol volotloo. now uotwloloo 1beoty coo xplolo nomoo coltote ooJ
5yotbeslze tbe 5oclol 5cleoces. Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
Mesoudl, A., A. WhlLen, and k. n. Laland. 2004. erspecLlve: ls Puman CulLural LvoluLlon uarwlnlan?
Lvldence 8evlewed from Lhe erspecLlve of 1he Crlgln of Specles." volotloo 38 (1): 1-11.
owell, A., S. Shennan, and M. C. 1homas. 2009. LaLe lelsLocene uemography and Lhe Appearance
of Modern Puman 8ehavlor." 5cleoce 324 (3932): 1298-1301.
SavloLLl, . ., and C. S. Manl. 1993. CompeLlLlon, varleLy and 1echnologlcal LvoluLlon: a 8epllcaLor
uynamlcs Model." Iootool of volotloooty cooomlcs 3 (4): 369-392.
vaesen, k. 2012. CumulaLlve CulLural LvoluLlon and uemography." llo5 Ooe 7 (7): e40989.
Welsberg, M. 2006. 8obusLness Analysls." lbllosopby of 5cleoce 73 (3): 730-742.
Welsberg, M., and k. 8elsman. 2008. 1he 8obusL volLerra rlnclple." lbllosopby of 5cleoce 73 (1):
106-131.

* * *
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Pans 18CM, hu SLudenL
8adboud unlverslLy nl[megen, 1he neLherlands
hans-Lromp[heLneL.nl
1he phllosophlcal quesLlon Whlch are Lhe baslc cognlLlve capablllLles LhaL made humans able Lo
creaLe new arLlfacLs, from hand axes Lo lncreaslngly complex funcLlonal sysLems" has Lo be
addressed ln Lhe lnLersecLlon of phllosophy of Lechnology and phllosophy of cognlLlon and acLlon.
LLlologlcal and evoluLlonary Lheorles of arLlfacL developmenLs are noL uncommon. 1hese Lheorles
Lake as a sLarLlng polnL LhaL most ottlfocts ote JeslqoeJ oo tbe bosls of exlstloq ottlfocts. ln
phllosophy of Lechnology Lhls sLarLlng polnL ls qulLe commonly accepLed.(among many oLhers:
(!onas 1979), (8asalla 1988), (resLon 2009),(Poukes and vermaas 2010)). 1hls makes deslgnlng an
acLlvlLy of LransformaLlons and comblnaLlons. 8efore Lhe process of deslgn LransformaLlons can be
addressed Lhe phllosophlcal concepL of Lhe arLlfacL as Lhe lnpuL of Lhese deslgn processes needs Lo
be esLabllshed.
ConLrlbuLlons Lo a concepLual deflnlLlon of arLlfacLs Lo serve as a base for furLher analysls, can be
found ln varlous phllosophlcal dlsclpllnes, ranglng from classlcal emplrlcal, Lyplcal analyLlcal Lo (posL-)
phenomenologlcal. 8esulLs from Lhese phllosophlcal acLlvlLles have Lo be evaluaLed Lo deflne a
concepLual lnpuL for Lhe analyses of arLlfacL deslgn from a phllosophy of cognlLlon perspecLlve.


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ln Lhls conLrlbuLlon l bulld on exlsLlng concepLs as deflned recenLly ln phllosophy of Lechnology such
as Lhe dual concepL of arLlfacLs Lheory wlLh fooctloo os o btlJqe coocept betweeo tbe pbyslcol ooJ
sttoctotol cbotoctetlstlcs of tbe ottlfoct (kroes and Mel[ers 2006). 1hls dual concepL has been
followed by Lhe lnLenLlonal-Causal role-LvoluLlonary (lCL) Lheory wlLh Lhe lnLenLlonal acLlon orlenLed
'use plan' concepL as lnLroduced by Wybo Poukes and leLer vermaas (Poukes and vermaas 2010).
8oLh Lhese Lheorles proved Lo be useful ln varlous acLlvlLles ln phllosophy of Lechnology. Powever,
boLh Lhe funcLlon and Lhe lnLenLlonal approach are malnly orlenLed Lo an exLernal, respecLlvely an
users perspecLlve and fall shorL as a base for a cognlLlon orlenLed analysls of deslgn acLlvlLles and
processes.
l argue LhaL an enrlchmenL of Lhese concepLs wlLh elemenLs from Lhe phenomenology, posL-
phenomenology connecL Lo Lhe phllosophy of cognlLlon wlLh baslc elemenLs such as acLlon Lheory,
embodled cognlLlon and LaclL knowledge. 1hese elemenLs play a role ln Lhe undersLandlng boLh of
Lhe users perspecLlve and of Lhe deslgn processes. Several vlews asslgn a way of bebovlot Lo arLlfacLs,
componenLs and maLerlals (uenneLL 1987)(verbeek 2000)(Wood 2009). ln parLlcular Lhe noLlon of
behavlor as used ln posL-phenomenology and ln 'acLlvlLy Lheory of Lechnology' can conLrlbuLe Lo a
concepLual base LhaL connecLs Lo cognlLlve processes. 1hese elemenLs llnk wlLh Lhe noLlons such as
embedded cognlLlon ln a phllosophy of cognlLlon approach. ln addlLlon Lo Lhe concepLual elemenLs
LhaL can be ldenLlfled Lo play a role ln Lhe deslgn of new arLlfacLs Lhe knowledge and undersLandlng
of Lhe acLual maLerlal arLlfacLs as Lhe maln lnpuL of deslgn processes. 1he resulLs conLrlbuLe Lo an
lmproved concepL of funcLlonal arLlfacLs LhaL can be used ln a schemaLlc model of Lhe lnpuL of deslgn
acLlvlLles as Lhe base for more deLalled analysls of Lhe cognlLlve acLlvlLles durlng deslgn processes.

8eferences
8asalla, Ceorge. 1988. 1be volotloo of 1ecbooloqy. Cambrldge PlsLory of Sclence. Cambrldge
[Lngland], new ?ork: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
uenneLL, uanlel C. 1987. 1be loteotloool 5tooce. Ml1 press, Cambrldge MA.
Poukes, Wybo, and leLer L. vermaas. 2010. 1ecbolcol looctloos, oo tbe use ooJ ueslqo of Attlfocts.
Sprlnger, uordrechL.
!onas, Pans. 1979. 1owards a hllosophy of 1echnology." ln lbllosopby of 1ecbooloqy. tbe
1ecbooloqlcol cooJltloo. oo Aotboloqy, 191-204.
kroes, eLer, and AnLonle Mel[ers. 2006. 1he uual naLure of 1echnlcal ArLefacLs." 5toJles lo nlstoty
ooJ lbllosopby of 5cleoce 37: 1-4.
resLon, 8eLh. 2009. hllosophlcal 1heorles of ArLlfacL luncLlon." ln 1be nooJbook of 1be
lbllosopby of 1ecbooloqy ooJ oqloeetloq 5cleoces. Llsevler, AmsLerdam.
verbeek, eLer-aul. 2000. wbot 1bloqs uo. ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverlLy ress, (2003).
Wood, Wllllam P. 2009. CompuLaLlonal 8epresenLaLlons of luncLlon ln Lnglneerlng ueslgn." ln
lbllosopby of 1ecbooloqy ooJ oqloeetloq 5cleoces. Llsevler, AmsLerdam.


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* * *
L%/'<.,%*$+B'4"'<%+",$%*$R"#X'

WAnC Clan
ueparLmenL of hllosophy,
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
wangqlanduL[gmall.com

ZPAnC Wel
ueparLmenL of hllosophy,
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
zhangwel2010[mall.dluL.edu.cn

1he ldea of maLerlallzaLlon of morallLy", derlved from 8runo LaLour, developed by Pans AchLerhuls
and sysLemlzed by eLer-aul verbeek, ls now aLLracLlng lncreaslng aLLenLlon ln Lhe fleld of
phllosophy of Lechnology, because lL bears greaL LheoreLlcal and pracLlcal meanlngs. ln Lerms of
LheoreLlcal aspecL, lL provldes a maLerlal answer" Lo Lhe LradlLlonal eLhlcal quesLlon how Lo acL" for
Lhe dlsclpllnes of eLhlcs, for phllosophy of Lechnology, lL Lransforms Lhe exLernallsL sLudy approach Lo
Lhe lnLernallsL sLudy approach. ln Lerms of pracLlcal aspecL, besldes Lhe LradlLlonal ways of moral
educaLlon and legal punlshmenL, lL provldes a maLerlal way on dlsclpllnlng human belng's acLlons.
lurLhermore, lL expands Lhe vlew of lndusLrlal deslgn, addlng Lhe new dlmenslon of morallLy lnLo
deslgn acLlvlLy. value SenslLlve ueslgn and ersuaslve 1echnology, for lnsLance, have already been
pracLlclng Lhls deslgn ldea.
AlLhough Lhe orlglnal lnLenLlon of maLerlallzaLlon of morallLy", whlch ls Lo help humans Lo acL
morally Lhrough Lechnologlcal deslgn, ls vlrLuous, Lhe leglLlmacy of Lhls meLhod lLself ls sLlll ln
quesLlon. 1he ob[ecLlons can be generally classlfled lnLo Lwo caLegorles. Cne ls LhaL lL challenges
human belng's free wlll. lf human's cholces are declded by Lechnology, does Lhls mean LhaL human's
free wlll ls deprlved? Should humans be responslble for Lhe bad resulLs ln some speclal slLuaLlons? lf
humans are sLlll responslble for Lhem, how much responslblllLy should Lhey Lake? LasL buL noL leasL,
lf humans rely on Lhe helps and lndlcaLlons of arLlfacLs all Lhe Llme, wlll Lhls lead Lo human's moral
dependency and lazlness and degeneraLe Lhe moral senslblllLy?
1he oLher ls LhaL lL may lead Lo Lechnocracy. LssenLlally speaklng, maLerlallzaLlon of morallLy changes
Lhe eLhlcal problems lnLo Lhe Lechnologlcal problems, LhaL ls, dlsclpllnlng human's behavlor by
Lechnlcal meLhods. 1hls means deslgners play Lhe role of managlng and regulaLlng human's
behavlors. lf deslgners poLenLlally obLaln Lhe power of regulaLlng Lhe socleLy, Lhls makes lL posslble
LhaL some deslgners may abuse Lhls power Lo seek lmproper lnLeresLs for a cerLaln communlLy.
Mose's low brldge lllusLraLed by Wlnner ls Lhe mosL well known example for Lhls slLuaLlon. 1hen, Lhe
relevanL quesLlons arlse: how can Lhe deslgners do Lhls? Who glve Lhem Lhe rlghL Lo do Lhls? Pow
should Lhe socleLy supervlse Lhelr power? Wlll Lhls resulL ln a new LoLallLarlanlsm? Pow can Lhe
lnLeresLs of Lhe publlc, especlally Lhe vulnerable groups, be expressed ln Lhe deslgn process?


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1hese querles and worrles are reasonable, also necessary for Lhe developmenL of Lhls ldea. laclng
Lhese Lwo challenges, new sLraLegles musL be flgured ouL. lor Lhe flrsL challenge, llberLarlan
paLernallsm", whlch ls proposed by 8lchard 1haler and Cass SunsLeln ln NoJqe, may be a good
prlnclple for maLerlallzaLlon of morallLy. llberLarlan" lndlcaLes LhaL people should be free Lo do
whaL Lhey llke", paLernallsLlc" means Lo Lry Lo lnfluence people's behavlor ln order Lo make Lhelr
llves longer, healLhler, and beLLer". uslng Lhe Lerm llberLarlan Lo modlfy Lhe word paLernallsLlc
emphaslzes LhaL a person makes Lhe besL cholce ln Lhe freedom conLexL. lor Lhe second challenge,
democraLlc consulLaLlon mechanlsm and Lechnology assessmenL mechanlsm should be lnLroduced
lnLo Lhe deslgn process Lo supervlse deslgners. 1hrough Lhese measures, Lhe rlsk of Lechnocracy may
be avolded.

8eferences
8.!. logg, letsooslve 1ecbooloqy. usloq compotets to cbooqe wbot we 1blok ooJ uo, Morgan
kaufmann. 2002.
8runo LaLour, Where Are Lhe Mlsslng Masses? 1he Soclology of a lew Mundane ArLlfacLs." ln
5boploq 1ecbooloqy/8ollJloq 5oclety, Cambrldge: Ml1 ress, 1992, pp.223-238.
8aLya lrledman, eLc. value SenslLlve ueslgn: 1heory and MeLhods. uW CSL 1echnlcal 8eporL 2002-
12-01.
uan LockLon, eLc. 1he ueslgn wlLh lnLenL MeLhod: a deslgn Lool for lnfluenclng user behavlour. ln
ApplleJ tqooomlcs 2010, 41(3):382-392.
eLer-aul verbeek, Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy. uoJetstooJloq ooJ ueslqoloq tbe Motollty of 1bloqs,
Chlcago and London: 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress, 2011.
eLer-aul verbeek, wbot 1bloqs uo. lbllosopblcol keflectloos oo 1ecbooloqy, Aqeocy, ooJ ueslqo,
unlverslLy ark: 1he ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy ress, 2003.
8lchard P. 1haler, and Cass 8. SunsLeln, NoJqe. lmptovloq ueclsloos oboot neoltb, weoltb, ooJ
nopploess, new Paven & London: ?ale unlverslLy ress, 2008.
Wlnner, L. uo ArLlfacLs have ollLlcs? lrom 1be wbole ooJ tbe teoctot. o seotcb fot llmlts lo oo oqe of
blqb tecbooloqy. Chlcago, unlverslLy of Chlcago ress, 1986, pp.19-39.

* * *
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leLer vL8MAAS
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.e.vermaas[LudelfL.nl



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1he alm of Lhls paper ls Lo confronL phllosophlcal analyses of Lhe Lerm funcLlon wlLh Lhe englneerlng
usages of funcLlons. ln phllosophy of Lechnology Lhls Lerm ls Laken as a slngle concepL wlLh a slngle
meanlng, yeL ln englneerlng lL ls one whlch has mulLlple meanlngs. A phllosophlcal analysls may alm
aL dlsamblguaLlng Lhe dlfferenL englneerlng meanlngs and aL argulng for adopLlng a slngle preferred
meanlng, yeL ln englneerlng Lhe mulLlple meanlngs are wlLh reason used slde by slde. ln deslgn, for
lnsLance, lL ls beneflclal Lo adapL Lhe meanlng of Lhe Lerm Lo Lhe deslgn Lask aL hand. Pence, so wlll
be argued ln Lhls paper: for englneers Lhe Lerm funcLlon has a flexlble and Lask-dependenL meanlng,
and for phllosophy of Lechnology Lhe challenge ls Lo undersLand Lhls dellberaLe amblgulLy.
1he Lerm funcLlon as used ln englneerlng has been analysed ln phllosophy of Lechnology for over a
decade. 1he sources for Lhls work have been Lwofold. llrsL, work on funcLlons ln phllosophy of
blology and ln phllosophy of mlnd gave a concepLually rlgours basls for analyslng funcLlons ln
englneerlng, ln parL because Lhls work advances parLlcular proposals Lo deflne englneerlng funcLlons.
Second, englneerlng LexLs and speclflcally Lhose ln deslgn meLhodology provlded lnpuL by laylng
down how Lhe Lerm ls used by englneers Lhemselves. 1hese Lwo sources drew Lhe analysls of
englneerlng funcLlons ln dlfferenL dlrecLlons. AuLhors orlglnaLlng from phllosophy Lyplcally advance a
slngle and cross-dlsclpllnary concepL of funcLlon (Cummlns 1973, Mllllkan 1984, 1993, uenneLL 1977,
1987, 1990). Pence, Lhls work suggesLs LhaL also phllosophers or Lechnology should come up wlLh a
slngle concepL of funcLlon for englneerlng, should flnd argumenLs for Lhe LenablllLy of one proposal
agalnsL rlval ones, and should deLermlne lf Lhese proposals lay down a general concepL of funcLlon
appllcable Lo ln parLlcular blology (resLon 1998, krohs 2009, Poukes and vermaas 2010, kroes
2012). Lnglneerlng LexLs however glve evldence LhaL englneers aLLach dlfferenL meanlngs Lo Lhe Lerm
funcLlon, and LhaL Lhere ls no general efforL ln englneerlng Lo arrlve aL a slngle shared concepL.
Analyses of Lhese LexLs suggesL LhaL phllosophers should charL Lhe mulLlple concepLs of funcLlon LhaL
are used ln englneerlng and conslder Lhe ramlflcaLlons of Lhls amblgulLy (vermaas eL al. 2013).
8rlnglng Lhe Lwo dlrecLlons of Lhe analysls of englneerlng funcLlons LogeLher, Lhe quesLlon emerges
how Lhey are Lo be relaLed. 1aklng Lhe phllosophlcal analyses of funcLlon as concepLual analysls or
raLlonal reconsLrucLlon of Lhe meanlng englneers aLLach Lo Lhe Lerm ls unLenable, slnce Lhese
englneerlng meanlngs are clearly dlfferenL by ranglng from lnLended physlcal behavlour" of
arLefacLs (e.g., ahl and 8elLz 1996) Lo lnLended sLaLes of affalrs ln Lhe world" Lhe use of arLefacLs
should resulL ln (e.g., Cero 1990). Moreover, deslgn meLhodologlsLs may expllclLly recommend
separaLlng Lhese Lwo meanlngs and employ Lhem boLh ln deslgn reasonlng, lmplylng LhaL Lhey are
noL Lo be Laken as one and Lhe same (e.g., ChakrabarLl 1998). Lnglneers, lL wlll be argued, use Lhese
dlfferenL meanlngs of funcLlon dependlng on Lhe phase or Lask Lhey Lake up ln deslgn. ln earller
phases of deslgn when Lhls Lask ls concepLual, lL ls beneflclal Lo use Lhe laLLer lnLended sLaLe of
affalrs ln Lhe world" meanlng for explorlng whaL Lhe use of an arLefacL has Lo resulL ln wlLhouL belng
flxed by a speclflc sLrucLural make-up of Lhe arLefacL. ?eL, laLer ln deslgn, when Lhls sLrucLure of Lhe
arLefacL has Lo be deLalled, lL becomes beneflclal Lo use Lhe former lnLended physlcal behavlour"
meanlng. Pence, even dlsamblguaLlng Lhe dlfferenL englneerlng meanlngs and argulng for adopLlng
only one preferred meanlng wlll noL do as a phllosophlcal analysls, ln englneerlng Lhe Lerm funcLlon
has a flexlble and Lask-dependenL meanlng, lmplylng LhaL Lhe dlfferenL meanlngs should be avallable


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slde by slde. lf phllosophy of Lechnology ls Lo capLure Lhls Lask dependenL meanlng, lLs currenL
proposals Lo deflne Lhe Lerm funcLlon ln englneerlng are aL besL proposals of [usL one meanlng of a
Lerm LhaL ls dellberaLely kepL amblguous.

8eferences
ChakrabarLl, A. (1998). SupporLlng Lwo vlews of funcLlon ln mechanlcal deslgns. ln ltoceeJloqs 15tb
Notloool coofeteoce oo Attlflclol lotelllqeoce, AAAl98, !uly 26-30, 1998, Madlson, Wl: uSA. Cummlns,
8. (1973). luncLlonal analysls. Iootool of lbllosopby, 72, 741-763.
uenneLL, u. C. (1978). 8tolostotms. lbllosopblcol essoys oo mloJ ooJ psycboloqy. MonLgomery, v1:
8radford 8ooks.
uenneLL, u. C. (1987). 1be loteotloool stooce. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress.
uenneLL, u. C. (1990). 1he lnLerpreLaLlon of LexLs, people and oLher arLefacLs. lbllosopby ooJ
lbeoomeooloqlcol keseotcb, 505, 177-194.
Cero, !. S. (1990). ueslgn proLoLypes: A knowledge represenLaLlon schema for deslgn. Al Moqozloe,
11(4), 26-36.
Poukes, W., & vermaas, . L. (2010). 1ecbolcol fooctloos. Oo tbe ose ooJ Jeslqo of ottefocts.
uordrechL: Sprlnger.
kroes, . A. (2012). 1ecbolcol ottefocts. cteotloos of mloJ ooJ mottet - o pbllosopby of eoqloeetloq
Jeslqo. uordrechL: Sprlnger.
krohs, u. (2009). luncLlons as based on a concepL of general deslgn. 5yotbese, 166, 69-89.
Mllllkan, 8. C. (1984). looqooqe, tbooqbt, ooJ otbet bloloqlcol coteqotles. New foooJotloos fot
teollsm. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress.
Mllllkan, 8. C. (1993). wblte poeeo psycboloqy ooJ otbet essoys fot Allce. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress.
ahl, C., & 8elLz, W. (1996) oqloeetloq Jeslqo. A systemotlc opptoocb. 8erlln: Sprlnger.
resLon, 8. (1998). Why ls a wlng llke a spoon? A plurallsL Lheory of funcLlons. Iootool of lbllosopby,
95, 213-234.
vermaas, . L., u. van Lck & . kroes (2013). 1he ConcepLual Lluslveness of Lnglneerlng luncLlons: A
hllosophlcal Analysls, lbllosopby ooJ 1ecbooloqy, onllne flrsL.

* * *

!"+2.#.*.3B'.0'5%*)"'1"/1$+$5"'#"1$3/6'+2"':,.4*"<'.0'.:",%+$./%*$R$/3'5%*)"1'

lbo vAn uL CLL
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
l.r.vandepoel[LudelfL.nl




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eLer k8CLS
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.a.kroes[LudelfL.nl

1he deslgn and developmenL of Lechnlcal arLefacLs and sysLems ls [usL one sLep ln a complex process
of Lrylng Lo creaLe value (valuable Lechnlcal goods and servlces). AparL from deslgn and developmenL
oLher sLeps lncluded ln Lhls value creaLlon process are producLlon, sales, afLer-sales and use. 1he
dlfferenL sLakeholders lnvolved ln Lhls process may have dlfferenL vlews on Lhe klnd of value LhaL ls
belng creaLed. ueslgn englneers may hlghllghL Lhe Lechnlcal value by sLresslng Lechnlcal lnnovaLlons
ln and paLenLs on Lhe producL, whereas producLlon managers may look aL Lhe value creaLed prlmarlly
ln Lerms of corporaLe proflLs and sales managers ln Lerms of markeL poslLlon. 1he end users may
appreclaLe Lhe value of Lhe goods and servlces ln Lerms of saLlsfylng Lhelr needs and reachlng Lhelr
goals, Lhese needs and goals may be very dlverse brlnglng lnLo play dlfferenL klnds of values. So
varlous klnds of value play a role ln Lhe deslgn and producLlon of Lechnlcal goods and servlces and
alLhough Lhey may be assoclaLed wlLh dlfferenL phases and sLakeholders ln Lhe producL creaLlon
process, Lhere ls a sLrong Lendency Lo Lake more or all of Lhem lnLo accounL ln Lhe deslgn phase.
AdvocaLes of value SenslLlve ueslgn and of Soclally 8esponslble lnnovaLlon argue LhaL deslgn
englneers should go one sLep furLher, namely LhaL Lhey should also Lake lnLo accounL soclol and
motol values ln deslgnlng Lechnology. Clearly, Lhe creaLlon, producLlon and use of Lechnlcal goods
and servlces may affecL publlc or soclal values llke Lhe healLh and safeLy of producLlon workers or
users or Lhe prlvacy of clLlzens, and Lherefore Lhey argue LhaL also Lhese values should be Laken lnLo
accounL ln Lhe deslgn phase. 1hls ralses Lhe maln lssue Lo be addressed ln our paper, namely Lhe
lssue wheLher lL ls posslble Lo Lake such values lnLo accounL and lf so - Lhe posslblllLy of value
SenslLlve ueslgn hlnges on a poslLlve answer - how Lhls may be achleved. Pow ls lL posslble Lo Lake
lnLo accounL soclal and moral values, such as susLalnablllLy or prlvacy, ln deslgn pracLlce? 1hls ralses a
meLhodologlcal problem. Accordlng Lo deslgn meLhodology funcLlonal requlremenLs and all oLher
consLralnLs LhaL an ob[ecL Lo be deslgned has Lo saLlsfy, have Lo be operaLlonallzed lnLo a llsL of
deslgn speclflcaLlons. Slnce any proposed deslgn ls golng Lo be evaluaLed agalnsL Lhls llsL of
speclflcaLlons, speclflcaLlons have Lo be formulaLed as unamblguously as posslble, preferably ln
Lerms of crlLerla wlLh correspondlng measuremenL procedures. So, any consLralnL lmposed on Lhe
ob[ecL of deslgn by soclal and moral values somehow has Lo be operaLlonallzed ln (measurable)
speclflcaLlons.
We wlll analyse Lo whaL exLenL Lhe speclflcaLlon of concepLs of moral and soclal values may be
compared Lo Lhe operaLlonallzaLlon of concepLs ln sclence. !usL as a general deflnlLlon of, for
lnsLance, prlvacy does noL Lell whaL speclflc consLralnLs a parLlcular ob[ecL of deslgn has Lo saLlsfy ln
deslgn pracLlce, deflnlLlons of concepLs llke LemperaLure or mass are noL sufflclenL Lo puL Lhese
concepLs Lo use ln physlcs. lor LhaL lL ls necessary Lo operaLlonallze Lhese concepLs ln Lerms of
measuremenL procedures. We wlll explore wheLher concepLs such as valldlLy, accuracy and rellablllLy
developed wlLh regard Lo operaLlonallzaLlon procedures ln sclence may be Lransposed Lo Lhe
speclflcaLlon of moral and soclal values ln englneerlng deslgn. Cne of Lhe maln ouLcomes of our
analysls wlll be LhaL Lhere ls a sLrong slmllarlLy beLween operaLlonallzlng physlcal quanLlLles and


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moral values ln Lhe sense LhaL absLracL noLlons of Lhem flrsL have Lo be made more concreLe by
lnLerpreLlng Lhem ln a speclflc seLLlng or conLexL: physlcal quanLlLles ln Lerms of a speclflc klnd of
physlcal sysLem and moral values ln Lerms of aLLrlbuLes of a speclflc deslgn. Cnce LhaL has been done
Lhe lnLerpreLed physlcal quanLlLles and Lhe morally relevanL aLLrlbuLes may be operaLlonallzed. ln
boLh cases Lhe operaLlonallzaLlon process proceeds ln Lwo dlsLlncL sLeps. Powever, we wlll also polnL
ouL a cruclal dlfference beLween operaLlonallzlng physlcal concepLs and concepLs of moral values:
usually, physlcal concepLs are Laken Lo refer Lo onLologlcally ob[ecLlve feaLures of Lhe world whereas
concepLs of moral values are Laken Lo refer Lo onLologlcally sub[ecLlve feaLures. We wlll argue LhaL
Lhls dlfference has far-reachlng consequences for how Lo lnLerpreL Lhe operaLlonallzaLlon of concepLs
of moral values. 1he operaLlonallzaLlon of a concepL of a moral value may noL only be a way of
reveallng an onLologlcally sub[ecLlve feaLure of Lhe world buL may also play a cruclal role ln
consLlLuLlng Lhls onLologlcally sub[ecLlve feaLure.

8eferences
Carmlnes, L. C. and 8. A. Zeller (1979). 8ellablllLy and valldlLy assessmenL. London, Sage ubllcaLlons.
Chang, P. (2004). lnvenLlng LemperaLure: measuremenL and sclenLlflc progress. Cxford, Cxford
unlverslLy ress.
keeney, 8. L. (1992). value-focussed Lhlnklng: a paLh Lo creaLlve declslonmaklng. Cambrldge Mass.,
Parvard unlverslLy ress.
keeney, 8. L. and 8. S. Cregory (2003). "SelecLlng aLLrlbuLes Lo measure Lhe achlevemenL of
ob[ecLlves." CperaLlons 8eserach S3(1): 1-11.
nagel, 1. (1979). 1he llmlLs of ob[ecLlvlLy. 8rasenose College, Cxford unlverslLy (May 4, 11 and 18).
laLo (1973). 1he collecLed dlalogues of laLo. 8olllngen Serles Lxxl. L. PamllLon and P. Calrns.
rlnceLon, rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.
Searle, !. (1993). 1he ConsLrucLlon of Soclal 8eallLy. London, enguln 8ooks.
vlncenLl, W. C. (1990). WhaL englneers know and how Lhey know lL. 8alLlmore, !ohn Popklns u..

* * *
["%1$4$*$+B'%/#'%((":+%4$*$+B'.0'"/3$/"",$/3'

WAnC Cuoyu
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
wguoyu[dluL.edu.cn






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Ll Lel
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
lllel.1988[hoLmall.com

xu Cao
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
uallan unlverslLy of 1echnology, Chlna
debbycx[gmall.com

leaslblllLy sLudy ls one of Lhe cruclal parLs ln englneerlng. 1he word feaslblllLy" and lLs ad[ecLlve
form feaslble" have Lhree meanlngs [1]: 1. capable of belng accompllshed or broughL abouL, 2.
reasonable, loglcal, llkely, 3. used or dealL wlLh success and sulLablllLy. leaslblllLy ls, flrsL of all,
capable of belng done or carrled ouL, secondly, capable of belng used successfully, and lasL, sulLable.
leaslblllLy ls also someLlmes lnLerpreLed as posslblllLy. Slnce Lhe 1930s when Amerlcans adopLed Lhe
feaslblllLy sLudy meLhod Lo develop Lhe basln of Lhe rlver 1ennessee, Lhls research meLhod spread
worldwlde and was furLher developed lnLo a prophase research llnk of englneerlng. MosL feaslblllLy
sLudles up Lo now focus on economlc, Lechnologlcal, and maLerlal feaslblllLles, and overlook Lhe
publlc accepLablllLy of englneerlng. Powever, englneerlng ls a sysLemaLlc, complex soclo-
Lechnologlcal acLlon raLher Lhan a slmple Lechnologlcal one. lLs beneflLs and rlsks concern Lhe publlc.
neglecLlng Lhe publlc accepLablllLy noL only means lgnorlng publlc rlghL and belng agalnsL Lhe soclal
[usLlce, buL also may lead Lo resulLs llke publlc reslsLance, and publlc refusal Lo cooperaLe, whlch wlll
all cause huge wasLe ln naLural and flnanclal resources. 1he x (p-xylene) pro[ecLs ln xlamen (2007)
and uallan (2011) are examples ln Chlna. 8ecause of Lhelr hlghly polluLlve poLenLlal, Lhey were
subsequenLly cancelled by xlamen governmenL, and removed by uallan governmenL afLer local
people rose and proLesLed agalnsL Lhe envlronmenL endangermenL Lhe pro[ecLs brlng along [2].
1herefore, lL ls hlghly necessary Lo lnLegraLe accepLablllLy sLudy lnLo Lhe concepL of feaslblllLy sLudy.
WlLh a case sLudy of Lhe x pro[ecL ln uallan, Lhls paper flrsLly analyzes Lhe deflclency of Lhe currenL
feaslblllLy concepL ln Lheory and pracLlce, and polnLs ouL LhaL feaslblllLy noL only lnvolves Lhe
maLerlal, economlc and Lechnlcal aspecLs, buL also lncludes eLhlcal and culLural facLors. 1hen Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of feaslblllLy have been reflecLed. leaslblllLy as a relaLlve Lerm lnvolves explanaLlon on
quesLlons llke: Who may regard lL feaslble1o whom lL ls feaslbleWhaL ls feaslble? WhaL facLors
make lL feaslble? And when and where lL ls feaslble? [3]
lrom Lhe aspecL of soclo-Lechnlcal sysLem, feaslblllLy lnherenLly lmpllcaLes connoLaLlon of
accepLablllLy. lL should be polnLed ouL LhaL, accepLablllLy ls dlfferenL from Lhe accepLance of facLs or
synLhesls of oplnlons. SemanLlcally, accepLance" ls Lhe noun form of accepLable", denoLlng
capable, worLhy, or llkely Lo be accepLable" and referrlng Lo Lhe acL of facL of accepLlng or gladly
recelved". lL ls also Lhe [udgmenL based on reallLy [4], whlle accepLablllLy" ls based on moral values.
!usL as 1hompson puLs lL, soclal accepLance" ls a fuzzy deflnlLlon [3]. Cn one hand, lL lnvolves
experlence and measurable crlLerla wheLher a Lechnology should be accepLed or noL. Cn Lhe oLher
hand, soclal accepLablllLy" ls normaLlve [udgemenL of soclal accepLance concernlng lnner confllcL ln
soclal value". uue Lo Lhe lack of accuracy, Lhere has always been a Lendency of dlscusslon excludlng


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Lhe facLors of soclal accepLablllLy and soclal value.

As uLnam suggesLed, Lhe collapse of Lhe facL-
value dlchoLomy ls bound Lo lead Lo facLs lnLermlngled wlLh value [6]. Slmply puL, Lhere wlll be no
such slmple concepL as soclal accepLance. AccepLablllLy lnvolves boLh - facL and value dlmenslons.
1herefore, normaLlve evaluaLlon of englneerlng accepLablllLy should be lnLegraLed lnLo Lhe feaslblllLy
sLudy, such as eLhlcal accepLablllLy, whlch conslders wheLher englneerlng should be accepLed.


8eferences
[1] Lngllsh-Chlnese ulcLlonary (ComplemenLary LdlLlon), Shanghal 1ranslaLlon ubllshlng Pouse,
Aug.1986, age 448.
[2] hLLp://www.fLchlnese.com/sLory/001040123
[3] nanoeLhlcs: from posslblllLy Lo feaslblllLy. hllosophlcal researches, 8, 2011.
[4] 1he Cxford Lngllsh ulcLlonary (3nd edlLlon). hLLp://www.oed.com/vlew/LnLry/1 008. Accessed on
March 12, 2012.
[3] 1hompson 8. Soclal AccepLance of nanoLechnology. ln: 8oco M C, 8alnbrldge W S. (eds.)
SocleLal lmpllcaLlons of nanosclence and nanoLechnology [M]. ArllngLon, vlrglnla: nSL1 Workshop
8eporL, 2003: 231-236.
[6] uLnam P. 1he collapse of lacL-value ulchoLomy [M]. ?lng Cl, Lrans. 8el[lng: uongfang ress,
2006: 28.




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1rack 12
PLnCMLnCLCC? Anu
1LCPnCLCC?
Chalr: uon lPuL and eLer-aul vL88LLk


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O/:%(=$/3'#$3$+%*'<%+",$%*'<"#$%+$./'

PeaLher WlL1SL
lndlana unlverslLy, uSA
hwllLse[lndlana.edu

ulglLal neLworked Lechnologles lncreaslngly medlaLe engagemenL wlLh Lhe world ln a varleLy of ways.
Cne of Lhe mosL prevalenL buL perhaps subLle ways Lhey do Lhls ls by mokloq octlvltles vlslble. 1hls
ablllLy for Lechnologles Lo capLure acLlvlLles and make Lhem vlslble ls Lhe foundaLlon LhaL enables
human lnLeracLlon Lhrough Lechnologles, whlch ls necessarlly based on Lhe assumpLlon LhaL a
message dlsplayed on a screen reflecLs Lhe lnLenLlonal communlcaLlve lnpuL of anoLher. 1here are,
however, many more small ways ln whlch our lnLeracLlons wlLh, around, and Lhrough Lechnologles
are made vlslble. 1hese dlglLal ttoces of acLlvlLles pervade everyday affalrs ln a myrlad small ways,
and can also show up ln larger and posslbly more offlclal ways (such as, for example, when Lhey are
Laken as leglLlmaLe documenLaLlon of a publlc offlclal's affalr). 1he goal of Lhls paper ls Lo furLher
explore and concepLuallze Lhe ways ln whlch dlglLal Lechnologles can make acLlvlLles vlslble, Lo
analyze Lhe maLerlal basls LhaL supporLs Lhe clalm LhaL Lhese dlglLal Lraces of acLlvlLles are reflecLlve
of reallLy, and Lo examlne and unpack Lhe Lype of human-Lechnology relaLlons lnvolved ln medlaLed
engagemenL wlLh Lhe world Lhrough Lhese Lechnologles.
1here are many Lypes of acLlvlLles LhaL can be made vlslble by dlglLal Lechnologles. lnLenLlonal
communlcaLlons are of course one baslc example, as Lhey can make vlslble Lhe facL LhaL someone
lnpuL LexL lnLo an appllcaLlon on a dlglLal devlce and Lhen senL or posLed LhaL message uslng lLs
neLwork capablllLles. ln addlLlon Lo Lhls lnLenLlonal message Lhere ls also Lhe Llme sLamp added
auLomaLlcally by Lhe appllcaLlon LhaL makes vlslble Lhe Llme aL whlch lL was senL and provldes
anoLher layer of lnformaLlon abouL Lhe acLlvlLles of Lhe sender. CLher examples lnclude Lhlngs llke
muslc llsLenlng acLlvlLy made vlslble on servlces llke SpoLlfy or andora, currenL locaLlon (as
deLermlned by smarL phone CS and made vlslble on locaLlon-sharlng apps), Lhe number of people
who have shared a parLlcular arLlcle vla soclal medla (as dlsplayed by soclal medla sharlng buLLons
wlLh counLers), or, more generally, someLhlng llke Lrafflc or weaLher condlLlons made vlslble on an
onllne map.
1hese dlglLal Lraces provlde lofotmotloo oboot teollty (8orgmann 2000). lL ls noL absLracL and free
floaLlng ln a world of lLs own, buL raLher anchored ln and aLLesLed Lo by a Lechnologlcal lnfrasLrucLure
LhaL ls boLh dlglLal and physlcal, and deslgned Lo capLure cerLaln acLlvlLles ln cerLaln ways. lL ls Lhe
motetlollty of Lechnologlcal devlces LhaL ulLlmaLely allow one Lo belleve LhaL plxels on a screen
reflecL some dlsLanL (ln space and/or Llme) sLaLe of affalrs, wheLher lL ls Lhe keyboard LhaL enables
Lhe Lyplng of an emall or a LhermomeLer whose sensors capLure Lhe LemperaLure LhaL ls relayed Lo a
deskLop weaLher wldgeL. And, cruclally, Lhe Jlqltol motetlol lnvolved ln Lhe capLure, processlng, and
dlsplay of physlcal lnpuLs ls, unllke more 'naLural' maLerlal subsLraLes wlLh lnherenL physlcal
properLles, JeslqoeJ Lo respond Lo and make vlslble acLlvlLles ln Lhe ways LhaL lL does.
1toces capLured ln Jlqltol motetlol sobsttotes Lhus enable medlaLed percepLlon of dlsLanL reallLy. 1he
human-Lechnology relaLlons ouLllned by lhde (1990) and exLended by verbeek (2008) provlde a good


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sLarLlng polnL for undersLandlng Lhls, buL do noL seem Lo be qulLe sufflclenL. ulqltol motetlol
meJlotloo enLalls a hermeneuLlc relaLlon beLween sub[ecL and medlaLed reallLy, buL one LhaL ls also
funcLlonally, percepLually, and Lemporally 'uncoupled' ln comparlson wlLh more sLralghLforward
examples. l wlll explore each of Lhese aspecLs ln more deLall ln Lhe paper.
1he lncreaslng sophlsLlcaLlon of dlglLal neLworked Lechnologles and Lhelr pervaslveness ln everyday
llfe correspond Lo an lncreaslng number of ways ln whlch Lhey can make our presence and acLlvlLles
vlslble (boLh when we lnLend Lhem Lo be and posslbly when we do noL), and also allow us Lo percelve
Lhe presence and acLlvlLles of oLhers. undersLandlng Lhls role of dlglLal Lechnologles Lhus seems Lo
requlre aLLenLlon boLh for Lhe sake of undersLandlng Lhe characLer of our dlglLally medlaLed
engagemenL wlLh Lhe world, and ln order Lo lnform and crlLlque Lhe deslgn of Lhe dlglLal maLerlal
lnfrasLrucLures ln whlch we llve and acL.

8eferences
8orgmann, AlberL. 2000. nolJloq oo to keollty. 1be Notote of lofotmotloo ot tbe 1oto of tbe
Mllleoolom. unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
lhde, uon. 1990. 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe llfewotlJ. ltom CotJeo to ottb. 8loomlngLon: lndlana
unlverslLy ress.
verbeek, eLer-aul. 2008. Cyborg lnLenLlonallLy: 8eLhlnklng Lhe phenomenology of human-
Lechnology relaLlons. lbeoomeooloqy ooJ tbe coqoltlve 5cleoces 7 (3): 387-393.

* * *
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* * *
I11"<4*$/3'+,%("1'.0'+2"'1"*0'
Anders AL88LCP1SLunu
Aarhus unlverslLy, uenmark
alb[hum.au.dk

ln Lhls paper l explore, analyze and develop an undersLandlng of self-survelllance pracLlces. CadgeLs
and appllcaLlons are lncreaslngly belng developed and used for Lracklng, quanLlfylng, and
documenLlng everyday llfe acLlvlLles and especlally healLh and flLness devlces such as CS-enabled
sporLs waLches are well-known and popular. Powever, self-survelllance pracLlces lnvolvlng
neLworked Lechnologles can be found across many domalns, lncludlng culLure, food, learnlng, work
and general llvlng. lndlvlduals use Lools and Lechnlques Lo Lrack Lhemselves, Lhereby LranslaLlng Lhelr
own hablLs, bodles, moods, and LhoughLs lnLo ob[ecLs Lo scruLlnlze and Lransform. ln addlLlon, self-
Lracklng ls ofLen coupled wlLh soclal lnLeracLlon and someLlmes framed as enLerLalnmenL or games.
laclllLaLed by onllne communlLy and soclal neLworklng slLes, Lhe posslblllLy of collecLlng and sharlng
daLa ls a slgnlflcanL feaLure of Lhese self-monlLorlng Lechnologles. 1hey all lnclude sharlng feaLures
where welghL, blood pressure, flLness acLlvlLles, sleep cycles, eLc. can be broadcasLed, e.g. as LweeLs
on 1wlLLer or sLaLus updaLes on lacebook. Lxperlences from many oLher everyday domalns can be
Lracked uslng self-survelllance apps and devlces, lncludlng culLure (Coodreads, CeLClue), gasLronomy
(LvernoLe lood, 1hryve, vlvlno), emoLlonal and soclal llfe (Moodanda, CaLaphora's ulglLal Mlrror),
and energy use (looLprlnL, Creen Lgg Shopper). Such quanLlflcaLlon pracLlces wlLh monlLorlng
Lechnologles become co-produclng when lndlvlduals consLlLuLe Lhemselves as sub[ecLs engaglng ln
self-Lracklng, self-care, and self-governance. AL Lhe same Llme, when Lhe self-survelllance process


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breaks down due Lo Lechnlcal lssues, mlsuse, or oLher reasons, Lhls conLrlbuLes Lo a remaklng of Lhe
self.
1o sLudy quanLlflcaLlon pracLlces and monlLorlng Lechnologles also challenges Lhe way Lechnology ls
concepLuallzed. lf Lhese Lechnologles break down, lL defles Lhe purposes of evaluaLlon and
managemenL, because Lhe very ldea of self-opLlmlzaLlon lmplles seamlessly worklng equlpmenL. 1hls
undersLandlng of Lechnologlcal medlaLlon ls remlnlscenL of whaL uon lhde has called a dream of
LoLallzaLlon" (1990, pp. 118-123). ln Lhe perfecL Lechnology relaLlon, Lhe arLlfacL ls compleLely ln Lhe
background, maklng oLher Lhlngs vlslble whlle belng lnvlslble lLself. 1he posLphenomenologlcal
approach Lo hllosophy of 1echnology (e.g. lhde, 1990, verbeek, 2003, 2011) offers a way Lo
concepLuallze Lechnology accordlng Lo lLs relaLlons of use and, Lhus, a nuanced undersLandlng of
malfuncLlonlng Lechnologles. ln a slmllar veln, AcLor-neLwork 1heory (An1) provldes an emplrlcally-
based framework Lo sLudy Lhe fraglllLy of Lechnologles as Lhey perform along oLher heLerogeneous
acLors connecLed ln neLworks (LaLour, 2003).
1hese neLworked self-Lracklng Lechnologles and pracLlces open up new quesLlons relaLlng Lo
survelllance, prlvacy, eLhlcs, and Lhe self. CfLen, survelllance ls undersLood as someLhlng exLernally
lmposed, conLrolllng and dlsclpllnlng (norrls and ArmsLrong, 1999, loucaulL, 1977, luchs, 2008,
Candy, 1993, Lyon, 2001), buL Lhls concepLlon ls challenged when lndlvlduals perform self-
survelllance Lo collecL quanLlfled daLa for purposes of evaluaLlon, managemenL, opLlmlzaLlon, and
soclal lnLeracLlon. Sharlng collecLed personal daLa wlLh peers onllne change Lhe lndlvldual's
reasonable expecLaLlon of prlvacy (Lss, 2009, nlssenbaum, 2010), and lssues of eLhlcal
responslblllLles regardlng daLa ownershlp, commodlflcaLlon and sharlng pracLlces also become
perLlnenL (luchs eL al., 2011). llnally, Lhe lncreaslng documenLaLlon, quanLlflcaLlon and broadcasLlng
of Lhe self change Lhe dynamlcs of performlng and produclng sub[ecLlvlLy (apacharlssl, 2011, vaz
and 8runo, 2003, Warner, 2003).
1he paper ls gulded by Lhe followlng research quesLlons: Pow does Lhe LranslaLlon of self lnLo a
quanLlflable ob[ecL produce sub[ecLlvlLy (as paLlenL, aLhleLe, learner, worker, eLc.)? WhaL role do
poLenLlally fraglle Lechnologles play ln Lhe medlaLlon of Lhe self? Pow do soclal lnLeracLlon,
enLerLalnmenL, and gamlflcaLlon modulaLe Lhe enacLmenL of selfhood? Pow does self-survelllance
conLrlbuLe Lo correspondlng noLlons of self-opLlmlzaLlon and self-culLlvaLlon such as Lhe good llfe",
susLalnable llfesLyle", healLhy llvlng", good learnlng" and work producLlvlLy"? WhaL are Lhe
power relaLlons lmpllcaLed ln self-survelllance pracLlces? WhaL ls Lhe slgnlflcance for eLhlcal
scenarlos and Lhe rlsk of prlvacy lnvaslon?

8eferences
Lss, C. (2009). ulqltol MeJlo tblcs. ollLy.
loucaulL, M. (1977). ulsclplloe ooJ loolsb. 1be blttb of tbe ptlsoo. new ?ork: anLheon.
luchs, C. (2008). lotetoet ooJ 5oclety. 5oclol tbeoty lo tbe lofotmotloo oqe. 8ouLledge.


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luchs, ChrlsLlan, 8oersma, k., AlbrechLslund, A., & Sandoval, M. (2011). lotetoet ooJ 5otvelllooce. 1be
cbolleoqes of web 2.0 ooJ soclol meJlo. 8ouLledge.
lhde, u. (1990). 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe llfewotlJ. ltom qotJeo to eottb. 1he lndlana serles ln Lhe
phllosophy of Lechnology. 8loomlngLon: lndlana unlverslLy ress.
LaLour, 8. (2003). keossemblloq tbe 5oclol. Ao lottoJoctloo to octot-oetwotk-tbeoty. Cxford
unlverslLy ress, uSA.
nlssenbaum, P. (2010). ltlvocy lo cootext. 1ecbooloqy, pollcy, ooJ tbe loteqtlty of soclol llfe. SLanford
unlverslLy ress.
norrls, C., & ArmsLrong, C. (1999). 1be Moxlmom 5otvelllooce 5oclety. 1be tlse of cc1v. Cxford/new
?ork: 8erg.
apacharlssl, Z. (2011). A NetwotkeJ 5elf. lJeotlty, commoolty ooJ coltote oo soclol oetwotk sltes.
1aylor & lrancls.
vaz, ., & 8runo, l. (2003). 1ypes of Self-survelllance: lrom abnormallLy Lo lndlvlduals aL rlsk."
5otvelllooce & 5oclety, 1(3), 272-291.
verbeek, .-. (2003). wbot 1bloqs uo. lbllosopblcol teflectloos oo tecbooloqy, oqeocy, ooJ Jeslqo.
ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy ress.
verbeek, .-. (2011). Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy. uoJetstooJloq ooJ Jeslqoloq tbe motollty of tbloqs.
unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
Warner, 8. (2003). Survelllance and Lhe Self: rlvacy, ldenLlLy, and Lechnology. uelool low kevlew, 54,
847.

* * *

I)+.<.4$*$+B'%/#'+2"'",.1$./'.0'8%*=$/3

1lago CA8vALPC
hllosophy CenLer
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
Lbmcarvalho[yahoo.com

ln lllnk's concepLlon, ootomoblllty amounLs Lo Lhe "comblned lmpacL of Lhe moLor vehlcle, Lhe
auLomoblle lndusLry, and Lhe hlghway plus Lhe emoLlonal connoLaLlons of Lhls lmpacL [.]". 1he
expanslon beyond Lhe slmple car-ob[ecL" allows a more accuraLe concepLual framework for a
general deplcLlon of lLs lmpacLs among clLles and urban seLLlemenLs slnce lLs blrLh ln early 20
Lh

cenLury. 1hls approach seems Lo forerun 8l[ker "Lhree non-homogeneous layers of meanlngs" of
Lechnology, Lhus, we can updaLe Lhe Lerm auLomoblllLy as deplcLlng Lhe physlcal arLlfacLs (Lhe
mllllons of vehlcles), Lhe human acLlvlLles (Lhe maklng of auLomoblles, roads, hlghway neLworks,


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along wlLh Lhe oll, fuel and glass lndusLrles) and relaLed human acLlvlLles (Lhe lmpllclL labor
organlzaLlon and car drlvlng) and flnally Lhe soclal aspecL of auLomoblllLy, as Lhe Lrafflc code and
Lrafflc englneerlng Lechnology.
AuLomoblllLy developmenL slnce Lhe Llme of lord and Sloan was upheld and sLlmulaLed by
governmenLs, lndusLrlal lobbles, naLlonal auLomoblle clubs and newspapers Lhrough several
dlscourses llnklng lL Lo a demand of clvlllzaLlon" or Lo promlses of personal moblllLy Lhrough
auLonomy, Lhe allure of speed and flexlblllLy were ofLen equaLed as naLurally emerglng wlLh lLs
possesslon. 1he overwhelmlng presence of Lhe moLor car ln Lhe posL-war culLures fed on Lhe
unbounded falLh of Lhe WesL ln progress as a Lechnologlcal hlsLorlcal process. 1he adopLlon of Lhe
auLomoblle promlsed Lo generally lncrease quallLy of llfe and equallLy. 1he openlng markeLs of
consumer good lLems gulded Lhe several lnnovaLlons LhaL lL adopLed and, lf some llablllLles were Lo
appear, Lhey could be correcLed Lhrough addlng up more Lechnology or markeL-relaLed soluLlons.
Cverall, and lf we Lake lhde's phenomenologlcal approach, Lhe use of Lhe auLomoblle esLabllshes a
medlaLlon boLh ln percepLlon and acLlon, lL ampllfles one's conLrol over hls physlcal and soclal
envlronmenL, cancellng ouL weaLher, Lerraln and geographlcal condlLlons and lL asks" for new, large
and long recLlllnear roads Lo excel lLs speed and power, as well as cravlng for more publlc space Lo
sulL lLs requlremenLs of movemenL and parklng. !usL llke Crawford noLed, Lhe form of Lhe
conLemporary auLo-cenLrlc clLy arlses noL from hlsLorlcal lmperaLlves, nor dlrecLly from human
needs". 1he problems creaLed by Lhe dependence on auLomoblllLy are now recognlzed by all pollLlcal
quadranLs and varlous lnLerdlsclpllnary approaches.
1hls paper preLends Lo show how Lhe favourlng of auLomoblllLy has condlLloned Lhe evoluLlon of
urbanlsm, as a general space deslgn meLhodology, Lowards Lhe obllvlon of walklng. 1hrough several
and recenL works on Lhls Loplc, lL wlll be shown how Lhe ALhens CharLer, Paussmann lnfluence and
Lhe values purporLed by Lhe auLomoblle, lnserLed ln macro-pollLlcal pro[ecLs aLLached Lo raLlonallLy,
order and compeLlLlveness, have condlLloned road and Lrafflc englneerlng, Lhus lnfluenclng Lhe
progresslve desLrucLlon of llvely sLreeLs and places, sacrlflclng pedesLrlan needs and Lhose publlc-
space's convlvlallLy. 1he analysls wlll parLlcularly draw on Lhe evoluLlon of Lhe orLuguese Lrafflc
code, Lhe narraLlve dlscourses held by Lhe orLuguese AuLomoblle Club and Lhree case-sLudles ln 20
Lh

cenLury Llsbon (Mourarla, Largo do 8aLo and Saldanha square).
no longer a vehlcle, buL lLself Lhe unlversal soluLlon for geLLlng anywhere, auLomoblle Lurned lnLo an
all-around concepL ln urban plannlng, and hence demandlng more ouL-of-scale sLrucLures and space.
1hls ls lllusLraLed by Lhe soclal and publlc space condlLlonlng Lhrough road lnLersecLlons, sldewalk
reducLlons, road and llghL slgns and crosswalks, pedesLrlans have Lherefore been slowly buL
lnexorably domesLlcaLed ln Lhelr gesLures, hablLs and behavlour paLhs. As Lhe moLorlzaLlon of socleLy
lncreases, so does urban deslgn and soclallzaLlon lnLerpreL human moblllLy as auLomoblllLy.
1hls forgeLfulness of Lhe pedesLrlan condlLlon harms publlc space as Lhe random rendezvous place
wlLh Lhe otbet, whlch fosLers experlences, convlvlallLy and clLlzenshlp. Walklng ls democraLlcally
dlsLrlbuLed amongsL any healLhy human belng, and lL ls Lhrough lLs rhyLhm LhaL Lhe urban landscape
ls naLurally unfolded and experlenced, slnce Lhe percepLlon of space and Llme ls closely relaLed Lo


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Lhls lnevlLable and unsurpassable corporeal human condlLlon, Lhe alLeraLlon of lLs pace, Lhrough
moLor speed, ls llkely Lo produce a dlfferenL sensorlal engagemenL wlLh soclal and urban forms whlch
can dlsrupL prevlous place maklng acLlvlLles.
ln Lhe words of 8amos, "Lhe pedesLrlan has been soclally, pollLlcally and Lechnlcally consldered as an
lnvlslble and secondary caLegory ln Lhe conLexL of Lechnlcal and sclenLlflcally models of moblllLy and
urban LransporLaLlon ln orLugal", so far as Lhe falr ob[ecL of place maklng ls Lhe quallLy of human
experlences and Lhe lncrease ln opporLunlLles for democraLlc exchange of ldeas, asseLs and
emoLlons, we can safely argue for a sound crlLerlon ln evaluaLlng Lhe Lrue ob[ecL of urban deslgn:
persons, noL auLomoblles.

8eferences
8erleanL, Arnold (2003). Aestbetlcs ooJ ovltoomeot. 8urllngLon: AshgaLe ubllshlng.
8le-8lchard, Aymerlc (2008). leJooollJoJe oo lotqo Jo koto. MlctopoJetes. Llsboa: ACA-M.
Crawford, !. P. (2002), cot ltee cltles. uLrechL: lnLernaLlonal 8ooks.
uubreull, 8erLrand Perlard (2001). lmoqlotlo 1colco e tlco 5oclol. Llsboa: lnsLllLuLo lageL.
lllnk, !ames (1976). 1be cot coltote. 8osLon: Ml1 ress.
lreLlgne, Pelene (2003). umo ltoo AJloJo. stoJo Je lloxos leJoools oo ltoo Jo uopoe Je
5olJoobo. Llsboa: ACA-M.
lhde, uon (1979). 1ecbolcs ooJ ltoxls. A lbllosopby of 1ecbooloqy. new ?ork: Sprlnger-verlag.
llllch, lvan (2009). oetqy ooJ polty. London: Marlon 8oyars ubllsher.
MlLcham, Carl. Cs desaflos colocados pela Lecnologla a responsabllldade eLlca. Aollse 5oclol vol. \ll,
4 ttlmestte Je 2006, pp. 1127-1141. Llsboa: lCS.
8amos, Manuel !oo & Alves, !. Mrlo. (2010). 1be wolket ooJ tbe clty. Llsboa: ACA-M.
Sepanmaa, ?r[ (2003). 1he AesLheLlcs of Lhe 8oad, 8oad ArL, and 8oad 1rafflc. cootempototy
Aestbetlcs Iootool - Aestbetlcs ooJ Moblllty.
verbeek, eLer-aul (2006). 1ecnoplls: a vlda publlca dos arLefacLos Lecnolglcos. Aollse 5oclol vol.
\ll, 4 ttlmestte Je 2006, pp. 1103-1123. Llsboa: lCS.

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knowledge models have Laken on dlfferenL forms and conLours slnce anclenL Llmes up Llll now.
Sclence has been lmposlng a new paradlgm for Lhe esLabllshmenL of LruLh, whereas +"(2/_' has
served ln Lhe name of raLlonallLy Lo leglLlmlze Lhe paLhway for Lhe deslred ob[ecLlvlLy.
1he new dlglLal Lechnologles, lnLerneL and devlces as markers of posL-modernlLy have been
broadenlng Lhe posslblllLles and scope of language and human communlcaLlon, Lhus conLrlbuLlng Lo
profound changes ln socleLy as Lo how sense and LruLh are belng consLrued. ln Lhls conLexL,
compuLer-medlaLed lnLeracLlon assumes a huge symbollc charge and power ln a dlsembodled
communlcaLlon wlLhouL referenL, wlLhouL face". A new eLhlcal lmperaLlve ln an era ln whlch Lhe
cyberspace" consLlLuLes more and more our "collecLlve lnLelllgence".
A reflecLlon on Lhe lssue of medlaLlon ln order Lo undersLand Lhe effecLs LhaL Lechnology can have on
Lhe process of consLrucLlon of meanlng and represenLaLlon of reallLy. 1hls paper carrles ouL Lhe
comparaLlve analysls of Lhe varlous LheoreLlcal conLrlbuLlons under a llne of research lncreaslngly
relevanL ln Lhe fleld of Soclology and CommunlcaLlon Sclences. ursuanL Lo !ean Caune, whlch
conslders essenLlal Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe phenomena of culLural medlaLlon,
ue ce polnL de vue, ll fauL LenLer de comprendre commenL la Lechnlque faclllLe eL organlze la
medlaLlon eL, en parLlculler, commenL les 1echnologles d'lnformaLlon eL de la communlcaLlon
orlenLenL les medlaLlons." (1999:121)
we lnlLlaLed Lhe sLudy Lo deflne Lhe role LhaL language and dlscourse play ln Lhe consLrucLlon of
meanlng and Lhe real. 1he Lheorles of Lhe "1ruLh" LhaL emerged from Lhe work of llngulsLs and
language phllosophers helped us Lo undersLand Lhe prlnclples of valldlLy and loglc LhaL language
lmposes on raLlonal funcLlonlng. urawlng on 8akhLln, we proceeded Lo approach Lhe concepLs of
dlaloglsm and polyphony and how Lhese conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe consLrucLlon of knowledge Lhrough
language. 8erger and Luckmann allowed us Lo undersLand Lhe mechanlsms lnvolved ln Lhe soclal
consLrucLlon of reallLy. llnally, we flnlshed wlLh a dlscusslon of Lhe lmpllcaLlons of Lhe lnLerneL and
Lhe loglc neLworked world and Lhe soclal consLrucLlon of reallLy, wlLh speclal emphasls on Lhe eLhlcal
and moral dlmenslon of Lhls new paradlgm of posLmodernlLy.
"1he soclal consLrucLlon of reallLy: Lhe meanlng and LruLh ln a world medlaLed by Lechnology" ls Lhe
Lheme wlLh whlch we seek Lo answer Lhe quesLlon "WhaL ls Lhe role of new medla ln Lhe
consLrucLlon of Lhe real?'. 1o clarlfy Lhe role LhaL Lechnology plays ln Loday's language and
communlcaLlon, as well as Lhe changes LhaL Lhe new paradlgm puLs Lo Lhe meanlng and Lhe
consLrucLlon of reallLy ln a mulLlculLural, heLerogeneous and unlversal world are Lhe maln guldellnes
of Lhe paper.
lL can be argued LhaL language ls Lhe cause and Lhe resulL of Lhe way we concelve our world. Loglc,
whlch ls governed by assumpLlons LhaL allow reasonlng, ls presenL ln Lhe maLerlallzaLlon of language,
whllsL language also lnfluences Lhe loglc LhaL governs reasonlng. Moreover, language creaLes
mechanlsms of lncluslon and excluslon, conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe producLlon of meanlng, Lhe processes of
ldenLlflcaLlon and belonglng Lo a parLlcular culLure, communlLy or group.


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ower shows lLself Lhrough dlscurslve pracLlces LhaL consclously or unconsclously seek Lo poslLlon
Lhemselves ln a parLlcular soclal fleld. SclenLlflc, rellglous or pollLlcal dlscourse demonsLraLe
Lhemselves Lhrough Lhe producLlon of meanlng by Lhe enunclaLlve funcLlon of creaLlon, malnLenance,
regulaLlon and leglLlmlzaLlon of a group. ln Lhls sense, wlLhln a parLlcular group or socleLy, language
ls a symbollc manlfesLaLlon of power.
Language ls a dlrecLlon / guldance, Lhrough Lhe rules of semanLlcs and synLax, LhaL lmposes a
meanlng and lnLeracLlon LhaL develop Lhe symbollc consLrucLlon of Lhe world. 1hus, Lhe press and
oLher mass medla have a key role. Powever, wlLh Lhe appearance of "cyberspace" and a new way of
communlcaLlng Lhe meanlng and form of lnLeracLlon, changes or sLrucLural paradlgm shlfLs ln socleLy
mlghL occur.

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of 8osloess ooJ 1ecbolcol commoolcotloo, 16, pp. 196-214.
8akhLlne, Mlkhall (1977), le Motxlsme et lo lllosopble Jo looqoqe, arls, Les LdlLlons du MlnulL.
8arker, Chrls e uarlusz Calaslnskl (2001), coltotol 5toJles ooJ ulscootse Aoolysls, London, Sage.
8arrelros, !ose !orge (2010), lobllcos, MeJlo e vlJo lobllco. uso e oplolo sobte meJlo e lofotmoo
em lottoqol oo 1 JcoJo Jo scolo \\l, 1ese de uouLoramenLo em Soclologla, Llsboa, lSC1L-luL.
8arLhes, 8oland (1997), A ctltlco e vetJoJe, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
8audrlllard, !ean (1982), A lOmbte Jes Mojootlts 5lleocleoses, arls, LdlLlons uenol.
8audrlllard, !ean (1997), coo 1otol, arls, LdlLlons Calllee.
8elLlng, Pans (2011), A vetJoJelto lmoqem, orLo, uafne LdlLora.
8erger, eLer L. e 1homas Luckmann (2008), A coosttoo 5oclol Jo keollJoJe, eLroplls, LdlLora
vozes.
8ourdleu, lerre (1998), O Ooe lolot Ooet ulzet, Alges, ulfel.
Cardoso, CusLavo (1998), loto omo 5ocloloqlo Jo clbetespoo, Celras, CelLa LdlLora.
CasLells, Manuel (2007), A 5ocleJoJe em keJe,l, Llsboa, lundao CalousLe Culbenklan.
Caune, !ean (1999), loot uoe tblpoe Je lo MeJlotloo. le seos Jes ptotlpoes coltotelles, Saln-
MarLlnd'Peres (lsere), ug.
Chomsky, noam (2008), cottos Je lexloqtoo. keflexes sobte ltopoqooJo, Mangualde, Ldles
edago.
ConnerLon, aul (1993), como os 5ocleJoJes kecotJom, Celras, CelLa LdlLora.
Cornu, uanlel (1994), Iotoollsmo e vetJoJe. loto omo tlco Jo lofotmoo, Llsboa, lnsLlLuLo lageL.


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Cruz, M. 8raga da (2010), 1eotlos 5oclolqlcos. Os looJoJotes e os clsslcos, Llsboa, lundao
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locaulL, Mlchel (2003a), As lolovtos e os colsos, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
locaulL, Mlchel (2003b), A Atpoeoloqlo Jo 5obet, Colmbra, Almedlna.
Clddens, AnLony (2010), 5ocloloqlo, Llsboa, lundao CalousLe Culbenklan
Coffman, Lrvlng (2003), lotetoctloo kltool, ssoys lo foce-to-foce bebovlot, new !ersey, 1ransacLlon
ubllshers.
Pabermas, !urgen (1998), 1eotlo Jo koclooollJoJe e 1eotlo Jo lloqooqem, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
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Pall, SLaurL (1981), La CulLura, los medlos de comunlcacln y el efecLo ldeolglco", em !ames
Curran eL al (Crg.), 5ocleJoJ y comoolcoclo Je mosos, Mexlco, londo de CulLura Lconmlca.
Perman, Ldward S. e noam Chomsky (1994), Mooofoctotloq cooseot. 1be polltlcol ecooomy of tbe
moss meJlo. London, vlnLage.
krlsLeva, !ulla (1980), nlsttlo Jo lloqooqem, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
Levlnas, Lmmanuel (2008), 1otollJoJe e loflolto, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
Levy, lerre (1994), A lotellqoclo colectlvo. loto omo Aottopoloqlo Jo clbetespoo, Llsboa, lnsLlLuLo
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Levy, lerre (1997), clbetcoltoto, Llsboa, lnsLlLuLo lageL.
LlpoveLsky, Cllles (1989), A to Jo vozlo. osolo sobte o loJlvlJoollsmo cootempotoeo, Llsboa:
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LlpoveLsky, Cllles e !ean Serroy (2010), A coltoto - MooJo. kesposto o omo socleJoJe JesotleotoJo,
Llsboa, Ldles 70.
LlpoveLsky, Cllles e !ean Serroy (2010), O ct Clobol. 1 Ldlo. Llsboa: Ldles 70
Luhmann, nlklas (2000), 1be keollty of tbe Moss MeJlo, SLanford, SLanford unlverslLy ress.
Malngueneau, uomlnlque (1997), Os 1etmos-cbove Jo Aollse Jo ulscotso, Llsboa, Cradlva.
Mead, Ceorge P. (1934), "1houghL, CommunlcaLlon, and Lhe SlgnlflcanL Symbol", "1booqbt,
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Culvy, 8aymond e Lucvan Mlchel CampenhoudL (2008), Mooool Je lovestlqoo em cloclos 5oclols,
Llsboa, Cradlva.
8ebelo, !ose (2002), C ulscurso do !ornal, Llsboa, LdlLorlal noLlclas
8lcoeur, aul (1988), ulscotso Jo Aco, Llsboa, Ldles 70.
8lcoeur, aul (1989), O coofllto Jos lotetptetoes, orLo, 8es LdlLora.
8lcoeur, aul (1990), 5ol-mme comme oo ootte, arls, LdlLlon du Seull.
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lofotmoo, Llsboa, LdlLorlal resena.
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SllversLone, 8oger (2003), lot poe estoJot o mlJlo, 2 eJlo, 5o loolo, Jles loyolo
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Sproull, Lee e Manuel Arrlaga (2007), Oolloe commooltles, (onllne), new ?ork, new ?ork unlverslLy,
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SubLll, llllpa e !ose Luls Carcla (2010), Comunlcao: uma herana da Lscola Soclolglca de Chlcago",
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pp.216-243.
WaLzlawlck, aul (1991), A keollJoJe keol?, Llsboa, 8elglo d'gua LdlLores.
Wllllams, 8aymond (1980), Motxlsmo y lltetototo, 8arcelona, enlnsula.
Wolf, Mauro (2009), 1eotlos Jo comoolcoo, Cueluz de 8alxo, LdlLorlal resena


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uylan L. Wl11kCWL8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy, uSA
d.e.wlLLkower[gmall.com
dwlLLkow[odu.edu

ln Lhls conLrlbuLlon Lowards a phenomenology of soclal neLwork slLes (SnS), we see how Lhe share
buLLon brlngs abouL an alLeraLlon ln our belng-wlLh oLhers. 1he argumenL Lakes place agalnsL Lhe
background of Peldegger's conslderaLlon of lonellness.
Peldegger argues LhaL lL ls only because our mode of belng ls fundamenLally soclal-uoselo ls always
already Mltselo-LhaL lL ls posslble for us Lo be lonely. Lonellness follows from Lhe onLlc condlLlon of
noL belng wlLh oLhers of a belng LhaL ls onLologlcally belng-wlLh oLhers, lonellness, Lhen, ls belng-wlLh
ln a negaLlve mode.
SnS sharlng allows Lwo or more persons Lo experlence an ob[ecL of aLLenLlon LogeLher
asynchronously and aL a dlsLance. 1yplcal ob[ecLs of such shared experlence lnclude an arLlcle or
webslLe, a song or vldeo, or an lmage-as for example a funny caL plcLure, or a phoLograph of one's
meal. 1he consLrucLlon of a shared experlence of Lhls ob[ecL of aLLenLlon conslsLs schemaLlcally of
Lwo processes, [olned LogeLher by Lhe Lechnlcally necessary buL experlenLlally unrelaLed process of
SnS posLlng: (1) Lhe lnlLlal experlence of Lhe sharer prlor Lo sharlng and (2) Lhe subsequenL
experlence of Lhe recelver followlng sharlng.
(1). 1he pre-sharlng experlence of Lhe sharer ls an experlence of Lhe presenL as poLenLlally aL a laLer
Llme reLrospecLlvely experlenced by anoLher as havlng been along wlLh us, hence represenLlng a
dlsLlncL and unprecedenLed lnLermedlaLe beLween Lhe negaLlve mode of belng-wlLh ln lonellness and
Lhe poslLlve mode of belng-wlLh ln communlLy. Cnce hablLuaLed Lo Lhe posslblllLles of reLroacLlve
consLrucLlon of shared experlence presenLed by SnS we carry our neLworks along wlLh us as persons
we are poLenLlally ln Lhe fuLure Lo have currenLly been wlLh. 1he mlsspelled sLore slgn we see now
lsexperlenced no longer as someLhlng LhaL woolJ bove beeo funny Lo experlence wlLh an absenL
frlend, buL as someLhlng whlch ls funny Lo poLenLlally be reLroacLlvely currenLly experlenclng wlLh an
absenL frlend-should we only choose Lo phoLograph and share lL wlLh LhaL frlend. 1hls ls slmllar Lo
Lhe lnLernal narraLlvlzaLlon of dally experlence ln anLlclpaLlon of Lhe posslblllLy of laLer recounLlng Lo
frlends who may be concerned wlLh or amused by Lhe evenLs experlenced, buL ls subsLanLlally
dlfferenL ln LhaL sharlng consLrucLs Lhe ob[ecL lLself as sub[ecL Lo shared experlence, whlle narraLlve
recounLlng can alm only Lowards an as lf" presence of Lhe ob[ecL of experlence Lo Lhe oLher.
(2). ln Lhe recepLlon of Lhe shared ob[ecL of aLLenLlon, Lhe recelver experlences Lhe shared ob[ecL as
alongslde a reLrospecLlve ldeaLlon of Lhe sharer's lnlLlal experlence, whlch, however, ls only
experlenced as poLenLlally knowlngly along-wlLh Lhe recelver, agaln represenLlng an lnLermedlaLe
beLween negaLlve and poslLlve modes of belng-wlLh. When Lhe recelver experlences Lhe shared
ob[ecL she pro[ecLs backwards Lhe sharer's experlence of Lhe ob[ecL. She may seek Lo reconsLrucL Lhe


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sharer's experlence ln asklng, for example, whaL's supposed Lo be funny abouL lL, or perhaps wheLher
Lhe sharer shared Lhls as someLhlng Lo be celebraLed and en[oyed or someLhlng Lo be lamenLed. ln
any case, lf she conslders lndlcaLlng recelpL of Lhe shared ob[ecL Lhrough commenLlng, llklng, or
sharlng Lhe posL, she musL lmaglne noL only Lhe sharer's experlence of Lhe ob[ecL, buL Lhe sharer's
ldeaLlon of Lhe recelver's experlence of Lhe ob[ecL-roughly speaklng, she musL lmaglne Lhe
experlenclng-LogeLher of Lhe ob[ecL by Lhe sharer and Lhe recelver. 1he reLrospecLlve consLrucLlon of
such a shared experlence may be meanlngful, creaLlng a muLual feellng of warmLh and closeness, or
may even be hlghly dlsrupLlve, as ln Lhe case of a parenL who commenLs upon a chlld's drunken
phoLograph, creaLlng a reLroacLlve co-presence LhaL ls fundamenLally unwelcome and only
accldenLally lnvlLed.
Cnly once Lhe shared has been recelved and Lhe recepLlon has been shared ls asynchronous belng-
wlLh aL a dlsLance consLlLuLed-Lhe clrcle musL be closed aL boLh ends, oLherwlse conslsLlng only of
an absLracL and generlc belng-posslbly-wlLh on Lhe parL of Lhe sharer and a belng-merely-alongslde
on Lhe parL of Lhe recelver. 8y arLlculaLlng Lhese momenLs ln Lhe consLrucLlon of asynchronous
shared experlence aL a dlsLance Lhrough SnS sharlng we can see Lhe lnLrlcaLe and rlch modulaLlons of
belng-wlLh resulLlng from whaL we mlghL call-followlng Peldegger's analysls of lonellness-Lhe
sudden onLologlcal belng-onllne of our llves, ln whlch offllne llfe ls merely a negaLlve mode of belng-
onllne.
'
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lngvar 1!CS1PLlM
norweglan CompuLlng CenLer
8oLLerdam School of ManagemenL
Lrasmus unlverslLy, norway
lngvar.L[osLhelm[nr.no

lrank M. CC
8oLLerdam School of ManagemenL
Lrasmus unlverslLy, norway

ercepLual reallsm ls Lhe vlew LhaL ln ordlnary percepLlon we are dlrecLly aware of physlcal ob[ecLs
and evenLs-Lhlngs LhaL exlsL lndependenLly of our percepLlon of Lhem. MosL people are percepLual
reallsLs (ureLske, 2003). When we see a ralnbow, ln LhaL momenL we Lhlnk lL has a flxed locaLlon ln
space. WlLh Lodays Lechnology lL ls posslble Lo make accuraLe repllcaLlons of people and places. Cn of
Lhe mosL mosL recenL example ls kara (8oblnson, 2012), an avaLar made by Lhe vldeo game
developer uavld Cage for laysLaLlon 3. 8esearchers ln Lhe fleld Lelepresence sLudy how user reporL
Lhelr (Lele)presence experlence. 1hls ls one example l completely felt tbot l wos o pott of tbe wotlJ
ooJ tbe cbotoctets ooJ settloqs 8","' %**' ,"%* %/#' :*%("1' ;' 2%5"' 4""/ (oot empbosls) (Lombard and


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WelnsLeln (2012, p.6). ls lL approprlaLe Lo us Lhe word teol ln Lhls conLexL? Cne on mosL clLled
deflnlLlons of Lelepresence, ls Lhe one by Lombard & ulLLon (1997) LhaL sLaLes LhaL Lhe feellng of
belng Lhere ls an lllosloo of ooo-meJlotloo. McLuhan (1964) argued LhaL medla are exLenslons of Lhe
senses. ln hls paper we Lherefore ask, whaL ls Lhe relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhe body, Lhe flve senses, and Lhls
phenomenon Lhe feellng of belng Lhere evoked by medla-Lechnology? 8locca (2001) suggesLs, based
on whaL he descrlbe as a phllosophlcal groundlng of a Lheory of presence, LhaL presence ls a sub-
problem of Lhe sclence of consclousness, speclflcally Lhe mlnd-body problem. Powever, ln
Lelepresence research very few quesLlon Lhls hlghly clLed Lelepresence deflnlLlon and/or seeks Lo
ldenLlfy Lhe phllosophlcal groundlng". 1he purpose, Lhe flrsL research quesLlon of Lhls paper ls Lo
lnvesLlgaLe Lhe relevance of Merleau-onLy's ldeas and LhoughLs for sLudles on v8 and experlences ln
vlrLual envlronmenLs. 1o Merleau-onLy (1962) Lhe mosL lmmedlaLe and essenLlal aspecLs of Lhe
llved dlmenslon of space are sensory experlences. ln hls maln work 1be lbeoomeooloqy of
letceptloo he sLaLes: by Lhus remaklng conLacL wlLh Lhe body and wlLh Lhe world we shall
redlscover our self, slnce, percelvlng as we do wlLh our body, Lhe body ls a naLural self and, as lL
were, Lhe sub[ecL of percepLlon" (Merleau-onLy 1962, p.239). Accordlng Lo nunez (2007) Lhere are
slx Lelepresence measuremenLs LhaL are commonly used ln Lelepresence research. Cne of Lhem, Lhe
1emple resence lnvenLory, Lhe 1l (Lombard eL al., 2000, Lombard and ulLLon, 2007) has percepLual
reallsm as a sub-consLrucL. 1hls ls noL Lhe case for Lhe oLher flve measuremenLs. 1herefor Lhe 1l
chosen as Lhe measuremenL for sLudy of how users, 60 lndlvlduals, experlence Lhe clLy Los Angeles ln
a vlrLual envlronmenL, a laysLaLlon 3 game. Cf ln LoLal 60 parLlclpanLs, 36 had a feelloq of beloq
tbete ln Lhe clLy of Los Angeles. Accordlng Lo Sadowskl (1999), Lhe more senses are sLlmulaLed, Lhe
hlgher Lhe degree of presence. ls Lhere emplrlcal supporL for Lhls hypoLhesls? 1hls ls Lhe second
research quesLlon ln Lhls paper. ln Lhls conLexL, we dlscuss Merleau-onLy phenomenology, tbe wotlJ
os petcelveJ and lLs relevance for sLudles of Loday's Lechnology such as vlrLual envlronmenLs. 1he
user of v8 has flrsL and foremosL a vlsual experlence. SLlll, Lhe place ls percelved as real (SlaLer, 1999)
and Lhe place experlence ln Lhe vlrLual envlronmenL ls for some an embodled experlence.

8eferences
8locca, l. (2001). lnserLlng Lhe presence of mlnd lnLo a phllosophy of presence: A response Lo
Sherldan and ManLovanl and 8lva. lteseoce. 1eleopetotots ooJ vlttool ovltoomeots 10(3): 346-336.
ureLske l. (2003). Lxperlence as represenLaLlons. lbllosopblcol lssoes, 1J, lbllosopby of MloJ, p. 67-
82.
Lombard, M., and ulLLon, 1. 8. (1997). AL Lhe hearL of lL all: 1he concepL of presence. Iootool of
compotet-MeJloteJ commoolcotloo 3(2). Avallable aL:
hLLp://[cmc.lndlana.edu/vol3/lssue2/lombard.hLml
Lombard, M., ulLLon, 1. 8., Crane, u., uavls, 8., Cll-Lgul, C., and PorvaLh, k. (2000). Measurlng
presence: A llLeraLure-based approach Lo Lhe developmenL of a sLandardlzed paper-and-pencll
lnsLrumenL. ln W. l!sselsLel[n, !. lreeman, and P. de 8ldder (eds), ltoceeJloqs of tbe 1bltJ
lotetootloool wotksbop oo lteseoce. Avallable aL: hLLp://lspr.lnfo/abouL-presence-2/blbllography/


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Lombard, M., and !ones M.1. (2007). ldenLlfylng Lhe (Lele)presence llLeraLure. lsycbNoloqy Iootool
3:197-206.
Lombard, M., and WelnsLeln, L. (2012). WhaL are Lelepresence experlences llke ln Lhe real world? A
quallLaLlve survey. llfLeenLh lnLernaLlonal Workshop on resence (lS8 2012), CcLober, hlladelphla,
uS. Avallable aL: hLLp://presencellve.lnfo/8esources/uocumenLs/roceedlngs/14_LombardLLAl.pdf
McLuhan, M. (1964). undersLandlng Medla: 1he LxLenslons of Man. new ?ork: McCraw Plll.
Merleau-onLy, M. (1962). lbeoomeooloqy of petceptloo (Lrans. C. SmlLh,) new ?ork: 8ouLledge
(Crlglnal work publlshed ln 1943).
nunez, u. (2007). A capaclLy llmlLed, cognlLlve consLrucLlonlsL model of vlrLual presence. unpubllshed
hu Lhesls, ueparLmenL of CompuLer Sclence, unlverslLy of Cape 1own, SouLh Afrlca.
8oblnson, M. (2012) lnLroduclng CuanLlc uream's kara. ln Lurogamer.neL, March 7, 2012. Avallable
aL:hLLp://www.eurogamer.neL/arLlcles/2012-03-07-lnLroduclng-quanLlc-dreams-kara
Sadowskl, W. (1999). Speclal reporL: uLlllzaLlon of olfacLory sLlmulaLlon ln vlrLual envlronmenLs. vk
News 8(4): 18-21.
SlaLer, M. (1999). Measurlng presence: A response Lo Lhe WlLmer and Slnger resence CuesLlonnalre.
lteseoce. 1eleopetotots ooJ vlttool ovltoomeots 8(3): 360-363.

* * *
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!ochem ZWlL8, hu SLudenL
CSC CenLre for SocleLy and Lhe Llfe Sclences
8adboud unlverslLy, nl[megen, 1he neLherlands
[zwler[sclence.ru.nl

8lomaLerlal research ls an emerglng fleld where blology and chemlsLry (boLh organlc and lnorganlc)
converge and where Lhe maln ldea ls Lo consLrucL maLerlals LhaL are more aLLuned Lo and compaLlble
wlLh naLure. 8lomaLerlals are sald Lo be blomlmeLlc maLerlals, ln Lhe sense LhaL Lhey lmlLaLe and
lnLeracL wlLh naLural sysLems and naLural envlronmenLs.
1hls developmenL wlll be assessed uslng eLer SloLerdl[k's (2001) recenL work on sclence and
Lechnology as Lhe polnL of deparLure. SloLerdl[k observes a fundamenLal, lndeed: onLologlcal shlfL ln
our relaLlonshlp wlLh naLure. 8aLher Lhan seelng naLure as resource for raw maLerlals, naLure now
emerges as a hlghly sophlsLlcaLed laboraLory produclng maLerlals LhaL can be copled and used ln a
more lnLelllgenL way. SloLerdl[k lnLerpreLs Lhls as a klnd of 1urn ln Lhe Peldeggerlan sense of Lhe Lerm
(Peldegger, 2002). Pe elaboraLes Lhls Lhesls ln Lerms of 'alloLechnology' versus 'homeoLechnology'
(2001, pp. 212-234, Pelnrlchs, 2006) AlloLechnology ls sald Lo dlsclose Lhe naLural world ln a mode of


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'onLologlcal slavery', Lurnlng lL lnLo raw maLerlal Lo be used aL wlll - as such echolng a Peldegerrlan
'Lnframlng'. (Peldegger, 1977, 2002). PomeoLechnology on Lhe oLher hand ls undersLood as a
radlcally dlfferenL mode of Lechnology whlch, lnsLead of reduclng Lhe naLural world Lo raw-maLerlal,
aLLempLs Lo lmlLaLe and cooperaLe wlLh lL. l wlll formulaLe Lhree quesLlons Lo probe SloLerdl[k's ldeas.
1he fltst quesLlon concerns a phllosophy or eplsLemology of Lechnology and asks abouL Lhe prlnclples
of Lechnlcal and naLural ob[ecLs ln SloLerdl[k's scheme. 1he secooJ ls an eLhlcal quesLlonlng of
wheLher and how SloLerdl[k ls maklng an appeal for a shlfL from alloLech Lo homeoLech. 1he tbltJ
quesLlon ls of phllosophlcal-anLhropologlcal orlenLaLlon, as lL asks abouL Lhe radlcal revlslon of Lhe
human sub[ecL LhaL SloLerdl[k develops here. 1he polnL of Lhls Lhreefold exerclse ls noL, or aL leasL
noL chlefly, Lo fully evaluaLe SloLerdl[k's phllosophy of Lechnology on lLs merlLs, alLhough such an
evaluaLlon ls parL of my assessmenL. 1he alm ls raLher Lo LrlangulaLe ln and wlLh SloLerdl[k's work a
way Lo Lhlnk abouL bloLechnology and Lhe way lL lmpacLs Lhe relaLlon beLween blo, Lechnology, and
human sub[ecLs as bloLechnologlsLs.
1hroughouL Lhese quesLlonlngs, l wlll make use of Lhe fleld of blomaLerlals as a case sLudy (Mann,
1993, 8urns, 2009). lL ls suggesLed LhaL many of Lhe Lhlngs aL play ln blomaLerlal sclence correspond
Lo SloLerdl[k's phllosophy of Lechnology, whlch ln Lurn warranLs furLher lnvesLlgaLlon. 8rlnglng
LogeLher SloLerdl[k's Lhlnklng on (blo)Lechnology and a sLudy of Lhe fleld of blomaLerlals resulLs ln an
analysls LhaL goes boLh ways: phllosophlcal argumenLs and clalms on bloLechnology wlll be examlned
ln llghL of acLual Lechno-sclenLlflc pracLlce, whlle aL Lhe same Llme (lmpllclL) phllosophlcal ldeas LhaL
underlle Lhese pracLlces wlll be puL under a phllosophlcal gaze.
1he ylelds of Lhls approach are Lwofold. 1he fltst goes Lo a clarlflcaLlon of SloLerdl[k's Lhlnklng, whlch
wlll be shown Lo hover around all Lhree modes of quesLlonlng. Such a LrlangulaLlon makes posslble
Lhe polnLlng ouL of several problemaLlc aspecLs ln SloLerdl[k's scheme, and opens up avenues for
movlng beyond such problems. SloLerdl[k hlmself admlLs LhaL hls proceedlngs are a skeLch ln
ouLllne" (SloLerdl[k, 2001, p. 133). My assessmenL ls an aLLempL aL crlLlcally developlng Lhls skeLch
furLher. 5ecooJly, my approach provldes lnslghL lnLo Lhemes LhaL are presenL ln currenL debaLes
concernlng bloLechnology and blomlmesls, Lhereby faclllLaLlng evaluaLlon of Lhese Lhemes.
l wlll conclude by maklng a case for dlrecLlng furLher aLLenLlon Lo Lhe Lhlrd mode of quesLlonlng,
whlch focuses on SloLerdl[k's (non)humanlsL readlng of bloLechnology. l argue LhaL lf we are Lo slde
wlLh SloLerdl[k ln observlng a Peldeggerrlan 1urn here, we musL look for lL on Lhe level of SloLerdl[k's
re-lnLerpreLaLlon of humanlsm. 1hls means golng back Lo SloLerdl[k's (2001) crlLlque of Peldegger,
where a new conflguraLlon beLween CnLology and anLhropology' ls developed" (p. 133). AlLhough l
Lhlnk Lhls Lra[ecLory ls worLh explorlng furLher, l wlll polnL ouL LhaL SloLerdl[k hlmself aL Llmes LhwarLs
such exploraLlon by maklng use of opposlLlons LhaL he alms Lo geL beyond. ln Lhe end, Lhe concepLual
palr of 'alloLechnology' and 'homeoLechnology' Lends Lo Lurn agalnsL lLself, a relapse LhaL can be
avolded by cauLlously sLlcklng Lo Lhe (non)humanlsm ln SloLerdl[k's Lhlnklng. lL are are parLlcularly
Lhese (non)humanlsL llnes of LhoughL LhaL make posslble a fundamenLal reflecLlon on Lhe posslblllLy
of a Peldeggerlan 1urn lnvolvlng bloLechnologles, blomaLerlals, and humans as blomaLerlallsLs.


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8eferences
8urns, !. W. (2009). 8lology Lakes cenLre sLage. Notote Motetlols, 8(6), 441-443.
dol:10.1038/nmaL2462
Peldegger, M. (1977). 1be Ooestloo coocetoloq 1ecbooloqy, ooJ Otbet ssoys. Parper 1orchbooks.
Peldegger, M. (2002). ule 1ecbolk uoJ ule kebte. kleLL-CoLLa, SLuLLgarL.
Pelnrlchs, P.-!. (2006). ule 5oooe ooJ Jet 1oJ. Suhrkamp verlag kC.
Mann, S. (1993). 8lomlmetlc Motetlols cbemlstty. Wlley.
SloLerdl[k, . (2001). Nlcbt qetettet. Suhrkamp verlag kC.

* * *

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nlcola Ll8L8A1l, hu sLudenL
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of lsa, lLaly
llberaLl.nlcola[gmall.com

1he alm of my paper ls Lo focus our aLLenLlon on Lhe percepLlon Loward augmenLed reallLy (A8) and
lLs ob[ecLs ln a phenomenologlcal polnL of vlew.
nowadays A8 ls llLerally spreadlng lnLo our world, runnlng lnLo many klnds of porLable common
devlces. 1ogeLher wlLh hls spreadlng LhroughouL our common llvlng, A8 ls also one of Lhe sLrongesL
Lechnologlcal developmenL lnLeresLs Loday LhaL blnds LogeLher dlfferenL flelds of research such as
roboLlcs and vlrLual reallLy.
Cne of Lhe goals of Lhls Lechnology ls Lo llLerally casL a dlglLal layer on Lhe world ln order Lo have an
lnLerLwlnemenL beLween Lhe naLural" world and dlglLal" augmenLaLlons.
lollowlng a Pusserllan approach, l wlll analyse Lhe glveness of Lhese augmenLaLlons ln order Lo
hlghllghL Lhelr naLure" poslng Lhem aL Lhe same level of common and non-dlglLal ob[ecLs. 1hls
aspecL of Lhe naLure" of argumenLaLlons runs compleLely unnoLlced by Lhe A8 developers worklng
wlLh Lhe classlcal dlsLlncLlon made by Mllgram. 1hey focus Lhelr aLLenLlon only on Lhe quanLlLy" of
augmenLaLlons lnsLead of conslderlng Lhe dlfferenL klnd of relaLlon LhaL relaLes Lo Lhe percelvlng
sub[ecL and Lhe new" dlglLal world.
We can Lake lnLo accounL Lhe poslLlonal acL of Lhe sub[ecL and deflne Lwo dlfferenL modallLles
dlsLlngulshlng beLween acLuallLy and flcLlon wlLhouL conslderlng Lhe reallLy" of Lhe ob[ecL uprooLed
from Lhe percepLlon of Lhe sub[ecL. 1hls analysls reveals Lhe exlsLlng parallellsm beLween Lhe
percepLlon of a normal ob[ecL and a dlglLal one because Lhe poslLlonallLy of Lhe sub[ecL ls acLlve ln
boLh cases, whlle lL ls suspended ln Lhe case of any klnd of lmmerslon lnLo anoLher world of flcLlon


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such as a palnLlng or a vlrLual reallLy. 1he sub[ecL, phenomenologlcally speaklng, llves ln Lhe same
everyday world even when acLlng Loward Lhese augmenLaLlons.
Powever, Lhe lnLenLlon of Lhls Lechnology Lo llve ln Lhe same everyday world ls noL enough and Lhe
klnd of devlce where lL ls embedded ls slgnlflcanL Loo. lndeed, we have Lo clrcumvenL any klnd of
generlc" approach LhaL does noL Lake lnLo accounL Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe devlce and Lhe speclflc klnd
of relaLlon lL Lends Lo creaLe wlLh Lhe sub[ecL. 1he deslgn of Lhe A8 Lechnology can deeply modlfy Lhe
relaLlon worklng among Lhe sub[ecL, Lechnology and world and, wlLh lL, lL can modlfy Lhe modallLy of
percepLlon as well. 1hus, Lhe lmmerslon of Lhe sub[ecL lnLo a dlfferenL world ls noL only founded on
Lhe klnd of Lechnology we have, buL even on lLs deslgn because Lhe modallLy of percepLlon ls sLrlcLly
relaLed Lo Lhe capaclLy of Lhe devlce Lo esLabllsh a naLural" percepLlon. More closely, Lhe devlce has
Lo produce a dlrecL percepLlon of Lhe orlglnal ob[ecL and provlde a percelvable ob[ecL accordlngly Lo
Lhe sub[ecL's percepLual skllls. 1haL means Lhe Lechnology has Lo follow Lwo klnds of Lransparencles":
one relaLed Lo Lhe dlrecLlonallLy of Lhe sub[ecL's lnLenLlonallLy, and one relaLed Lo Lhe noemaLlc
conLenL of Lhe percelved ob[ecL. 8roadly speaklng, Lhe Lechnology has Lo be ln an embodlmenL
relaLlon wlLh Lhe sub[ecL ln order Lo work ln symblosls wlLh Lhem and noL Lo produce an lmmerslon
lnLo anoLher world LhaL would suspend Lhe poslLlonal acL of Lhe sub[ecL and drop Lhe dlglLal ob[ecL
lnLo flcLlon and fanLasy.
A8, lf correcLly deslgned, lles ln Lhe same everyday world and lLs ob[ecLs have Lo be consldered real"
as non-dlglLal ones.

* * *
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unlverslLy of Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna
wangpq[ucas.ac.cn

MLnC Alfang
Academy of Soclal Sclences of Shanxl rovlnce, Chlna
sxskmaf[163.com

ZPAnC elhong
Shanxl rovlnce ress, Chlna
Lyzhangph[163.com
WhaL ls lnformaLlon? Seemlngly lL ls a quesLlon LhaL does noL requlre much LhoughL because many
scholars have glven deflnlLlons of lnformaLlon. Powever, puLLlng Lhose deflnlLlons under scruLlny, we
wlll flnd some dlfflculLles ln Lhem whlch are noL easy Lo overcome. 1he purpose of Lhls arLlcle ls Lo
deflne lnformaLlon" by a new dlmenslon, meanlng, and demonsLraLes Lhree properLles of lL ln order
Lo expand exlsLlng comprehenslon of lnformaLlon.



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1. 1he sc|ent|f|c def|n|t|ons of |nformat|on and the|r prob|ems
Accordlng Lo L.v.8.ParLley, lnformaLlon ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe symbol of Lransmlsslon ln Lhe
communlcaLlon equlpmenL. 1he lengLh of symbol ls Lhe lengLh of lnformaLlon. Cbvlously, slgnal ls Lhe
same as lnformaLlon ln Lhe eyes of ParLley. unforLunaLely, such a deflnlLlon cannoL answer Lhe
followlng quesLlon: can messy codes go by Lhe name of lnformaLlon?
C.L. Shannon puL forward a sclenLlflc ldea on Lhe lnformaLlon: Lhe lnformaLlon ls Lhe dlfference
beLween uncerLalnLles before and afLer a message ls accepLed by Lhe recelver. Shannon even
presenLed a formula ln order Lo measure lnformaLlon. Powever, Shannon was raLher sllenL abouL
how Lo calculaLe Lhe uncerLalnLy.
lrom Lhe enLropy vlew norberL Wlener glves hls ldea of lnformaLlon LhaL ls Lhe negaLlve enLropy.
8ecause Lhe decrease of enLropy means Lhe decrease of uncerLalnLy, norberL Wlener lndeed echoed
Lhe deflnlLlon of Shannon's. Cf course, he has Lo face Lo Lhe same problem as Shannon dld.
lrom Lhe polnL vlew of hermeneuLlcs, Lhe funcLlon of lnformaLlon ls Lo promoLe smooLh
communlcaLlon among people. 1he sLrucLure of communlcaLlon can be formaLLed as followlng:
sendlng, LransmlLLlng, recelvlng, and feedlng back of slgnal. Meanlng ls Lhe conLenL of slgnal.
2. 1he def|n|t|on of |nformat|on based on the hermeneut|cs
1hls arLlcle makes a dlsLlncLlon beLween slgnal and meanlng and deflnes lnformaLlon as Lhe
summaLlon of slgnal and meanlng. WhaL ls meanlng? AlLhough researchers have glven many
deflnlLlons of meanlng, lLs baslcs boll down Lo value, effecL and funcLlon.
3. 1hree propert|es of |nformat|on
Cn Lhe basls of Lhe deflnlLlon aforemenLloned, we can conclude Lhree properLles of lnformaLlon.
I|rst, mean|ng |s produced |n the process of |nterpretat|on.
ulfferenL from Lhe LradlLlonal vlew LhaL meanlng comes from Lhe sender of slgnal, Lhe auLhor of Lhls
arLlcle Lhlnks LhaL lL ls Lhe recelver's lnLerpreLaLlon LhaL flnally make Lhe meanlng ln Lhe slgnal come
lnLo belng. Slnce Lhe recelver's undersLandlng ls Lhe ob[ecLlve of Lhe slgnal sender, meanlng ln Lhe
slgnal ls Lhe common producL of boLh Lhe sender and Lhe recelver.
Second|y, |nterpretat|on of mean|ng depends upon the context.
lL ls a facL LhaL for Lhe same slgnal dlfferenL recelvers may have dlfferenL lnLerpreLaLlon and produce
dlfferenL lnformaLlon. 1hls ls because Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of meanlng ls always carrled ouL ln a speclflc
conLexL. WhaL ls conLexL? lL ls Lhe hlsLorlcal, culLural and soclal condlLlons surroundlng Lhe
lnLerpreLers. eople's LhoughLs, speeches and conducLs are llmlLed by Lhe conLexL. Correspondlngly,
Lhelr lnLerpreLaLlons of slgnal have Lo rely on Lhe conLexL. knowledge ls Lhe mosL lmporLanL facLor of
conLexL and Lhose who have more knowledge wlll have a sLronger ablllLy Lo make lnLerpreLaLlon of
slgnal. 1he baslc feaLures of conLexL are alLeraLlon and uncerLalnLy, boLh of whlch make Lhe dlverslLy
of meanlng from Lhe same slgnal posslble. ConLexL ls noL Lhe armenldes' belng". lL ls nelLher
Llmeless nor ob[ecLlve. lL ls Lhe alLeraLlon and uncerLalnLy LhaL make Lhe meanlng of slgnal abundanL
and make new knowledge posslble. CompuLlng and lnLerneL Lechnologles can make Lhe Lransmlsslon
of slgnal fasLer buL can'L produce more meanlngs.


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I|na||y, the common v|ew of mean|ng |s obta|ned through commun|cat|on.
1here ls an lmporLanL phenomenon LhaL people more ofLen Lhan noL agree on Lhe cerLaln
lnLerpreLaLlon of a slgnal. Why ls LhaL? Pabermas's Lheory abouL communlcaLlon glves a very good
explanaLlon LhaL compromlse ln Lhe pracLlce of soclal communlcaLlon helps people reach Lhe
agreemenL on Lhe meanlng of cerLaln Lhlngs. 1hrough consLanL communlcaLlon and compromlse, Lhe
sender and Lhe recelver form Lhe common vlew of meanlng abouL cerLaln Lhlngs LhaL wlll effecLlvely
meeL Lhe requlremenLs of elLher end. 1he common vlew of meanlng resulLs from Lhe compromlse
beLween Lhe sender and Lhe recelver of a slgnal, Lherefore, can also be vlewed as Lhe producL of
soclal convenLlons. 1he common vlew of meanlng ls noL LruLhful buL effecLlve and ls an lmporLanL
condlLlon Lo keep Lhe socleLy sLable. 1he soclal communlcaLlon under Lhe guldance of Lhe common
vlew of meanlng ls harmonlous, whlle leavlng Lhe door open for dlfferenL oplnlons.
In summary, lnformaLlon ls noL [usL a slgnal buL Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of slgnal. Such an lnLerpreLaLlon
produces meanlng whlch ls effecLlve for Lhe lnLerpreLer. 1he resulLs of lnLerpreLaLlon depend on
conLexL. 1he common vlew of meanlng among people ls very lmporLanL for Lhe sLablllzaLlon of
socleLy.

8eferences
1. n. Wlener. cybetoetlcs. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress, 1963.
2. Shannon, Claude L. and Warren Weaver. 1be Motbemotlcol tbeoty of commoolcotloo. urbana:
unlv. of llllnols ress, 1949.
3. LdlLed by Carl MlLcham and Alols Punlng. lbllosopby ooJ 1ecbooloqy . lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy
ooJ compotets lo 1beoty ooJ ltoctlce. u. 8eldel ubllshlng Company, uordrechL, Polland, 1986.
4. Pans-Ceorg Cadamer. 1totb ooJ MetboJ. 1ranslaLed by CarreLL 8arden and !ohn Cummlng. new
?ork: Seabury, 1973.
3. Pans-Ceorg Cadamer. lbllosopblcol netmeoeotlcs. LdlLed and 1ranslaLed by uavld L. Llnge.
8erkeley: unlverslLy of Callfornla ress, 1976.
6. Pabermas. 1heory of communlcaLlve racLlce, vol.1: keosoo ooJ 1be kotlooollzotloo of soclety.
1ranslaLed by 1homas McCarLhy. 8osLon: 8eacon ress, 1984.
7. . /. 1997 4 : 46 .Cuo Culchun. Cn Lhe ConLexL/
hllosophy SLudy. 1997, 4.


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SLephane vlAL, hu
arls uescarLes unlverslLy, lrance
sLephane.vlal[unlv-parls1.fr
vlal.sLephane[gmall.com

WhaL ls Lhe dlglLal revoluLlon Lhe revoluLlon of? WhaL ls Lurned upslde down and dlsLurbed,
reformed and Lransformed, ln Lhe so-called 'dlglLal revoluLlon'? 1o answer Lhls, dlglLal revoluLlon ls
approached here from Lhe polnL of vlew of a phenomenology of Lechnology whlch assumes LhaL our
belng-ln-Lhe-world ls fundamenLally condlLloned by Lechnlque and always has been. 1he maln
hypoLhesls ls LhaL a Lechnlcal revoluLlon ls always 'onLophanlc', LhaL ls Lo say a shaklng of Lhe
sLrucLures of percepLlon and of Lhe process Lhrough whlch Lhe belng (onLos) appears (phalno) Lo
us - and, consequenLly, a change of Lhe very ldea LhaL we have of reallLy. l rely here on Lhe noLlon of
'phenomenoLechnlque' borrowed from lrench phllosopher of sclence CasLon 8achelard. lL leads me
Lo defend aphenomenologlcal consLrucLlvlsm accordlng Lo whlch any new Lechnlque, ln every age,
can be consldered as an 'onLophanlc maLrlx' LhaL shapes our posslble experlence-ln-Lhe-world.
lor lnsLance, looklng aL Lhe sky ln Lhe llvlng sllence of Lhe mechanlsms of wood and waLer durlng Lhe
8enalssance or looklng aL Lhe sky ln Lhe age of Lhe sLeam englne and meLal, does noL provlde Lhe
same quallLaLlve experlence of Lhe sky Lhan aL Lhe Llme of dlglLal lnLerfaces, where we almosL never
look up aL Lhe sky slnce we are lmmersed ln our screens (on whlch Lhe sky can sLlll be dlsplayed as
wallpaper). lL means LhaL Lhe quallLy of our belng-ln-Lhe-world ls 'Lechnology senslLlve'. 1haL ls why,
ln all ages, lL ls so dlfflculL for people Lo accepL new Lechnology: new Lechnology always dlsLurbs us
by shaklng our phenomenologlcal hablLs. 1he phone dld lL. 1he compuLer dld lL. 1he lnLerneL ls dolng
lL. Lach Llme, Lhls shaklng ls whaL l call an 'onLophanlc shlfL', 'onLophany' meanlng a new
phenomenologlcal conflguraLlon beLween Lechnlques and percepLlon, dependlng on hlsLorlcal and
culLural facLors.
1herefore, as all prevlous revoluLlons, Lhe dlglLal revoluLlon ls [usL a new revoluLlon (l.e. a
replacemenL) of our percepLlve sLrucLures. 8uL such a change ls dramaLlc. 8ecause lL requlres us Lo
change Lhe ldea we learnL of whaL 'reallLy' ls. 1haL ls why, ln Lhe 1990's, lrench scholars (buL mosL
probably noL only lrench scholars) used Lo conslder dlglLal Lechnology as a 'vlrLual world', ln Lhe
sense LhaL a 'vlrLual world' would be dlfferenL from Lhe 'real world' (or 'real llfe', l8L). 1oday, we
know LhaL Lhls was a meLaphyslcal mlsLake based on Lhe laLonlc llluslon LhaL cyberspace would be a
'separaLe reallLy'. As Amerlcan psychologlsL Sherry 1urkle sald very early on, ln Lhe culLure of
slmulaLlon, lf lL works for you, lL has all Lhe reallLy lL needs" because We have learned Lo Lake Lhlngs
aL lnLerface value" [1]. ?es, we have learned. We have learned Lo llve wlLh cyberspace, Lhe Web and
soclal neLworks. And we are sLlll learnlng wlLh moblle devlces, Cloud servlces, connecLed ob[ecLs (Lhe
lnLerneL of 1hlngs) and, very soon, 3u prlnLers.
lrom a phllosophlcal polnL of vlew, lL means we have learned - and we are sLlll learnlng - new
phenomenologlcal hablLs and new percepLlve sLrucLures. 1hls ls whaL l call 'dlglLal onLophany', as a
new 'self-cenLred envlronmenL' (umwelL), whlch ls acLually a 'dlglLal-cenLred envlronmenL'. lL


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conslsLs of eleven fundamenLal phenomenologlcal caLegorles: noumenallLy, ldeallLy, lnLeracLlvlLy,
vlrLuallLy, versaLlllLy, reLlcularlLy, lnsLanL reproduclblllLy, reverslblllLy, desLrucLlblllLy, fluldlLy and
ludogenelLy. 1hese caLegorles deflne Lhe way dlglLal maLLer appears Lo us as compuLerlzed maLLer.
1hey allow us Lo beLLer undersLand Lhe belng of dlglLal belngs and Lherefore enllghLen whaL dlglLal
belngs do Lo our own belng. We have sLarLed Lo learn and we are sLlll learnlng how Lo llve wlLhln
'dlglLal onLophany'. ulglLal revoluLlon as a phenomenologlcal revoluLlon ls [usL beglnnlng.

8eferences
[1] 1urkle, S. (1993). Llfe on Lhe Screen. ldenLlLy ln Lhe Age of Lhe lnLerneL. new ?ork: Slmon &
SchusLer aperbacks, p. 23.

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[,%(+%*$+B&'+2"'2)<%/'%/#'+2"'+"(2/.*.3$(%*'

CallL WLLLnL8
8ar-llan unlverslLy, lsrael
gallL_wellner[yahoo.com

karl Marx ls consldered one of Lhe foundlng faLhers of phllosophy of Lechnology. Among Lhem, he ls
regarded as a Lechnologlcal deLermlnlsL mosLly because of Lhe famous sLaLemenL: "Lhe handmlll glves
you socleLy wlLh feudal lords, Lhe sLeam-mlll wlLh Lhe lndusLrlal caplLallsL" (1971, 109). 1hls
deLermlnlsm has prollferaLed Lo popular sclence arLlcles llke nlcholas Carr's "ls Coogle Maklng us
SLupld" (2008) (laLer reworked lnLo a book 1be 5bollows). 8lamlng of a speclflc Lechnology can be
consldered an lmprovemenL compared Lo Lhe general accusaLlons agalnsL 1echnology LhaL were
formulaLed ln Lhe 1930s and 1960s (e.g., MarLln Peldegger's "1he CuesLlon Concernlng 1echnology,"
PerberL Marcuse's 1be Ooe ulmeosloool Moo, !acques Lllul's 1be 1ecbooloqlcol 5oclety).
1he phllosophlcal responses Lo Lhese generally deLermlnlsLlc works sprouLed ln Lhe 1980s. 1hey
re[ecLed Lhe dysLoplan approach as well as earller vlews of Lechnology as a neuLral force. Cne of Lhe
reacLlons was osLphenomenology LhaL regards Lechnology as an lnLrlnslc parL of our exlsLence. noL
only can'L we lmaglne whaL lL means Lo be human wlLhouL Lechnologles (as baslc as cloLhlng,
dwelllng and cooklng), our Lechnologles Lransform our experlence of Lhe world and we - ln Lurn -
become Lransformed by Lhls process (lhde 1990, 2009). 1herefore, Lechnologles are a consLlLuLlve
elemenL ln belng human. ln parallel, 8ernard SLlegler (1998) concepLuallzes slmllar undersLandlng as
eplphylogenesls, denoLlng a LransducLlve process of evoluLlon of humans and Lhelr Lechnologles.
WlLhln Lhls caLegory, one can also locaLe AcLor-neLwork 1heory (An1) LhaL regards humans and
Lechnologles as hybrlds or neLworks of consLanL LransformaLlons (LaLour 1991, 1999). 1herefore,
Lechnologles cannoL be consldered "good" or "bad," nor can Lhey be [udged by an "essence." lnsLead,
Lhey blur Lhe llnes beLween sub[ecL and ob[ecL and call for a fresh vlew of Lhelr relaLlons.


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ln Lhls paper l porLray Lhe border areas beLween sub[ecLlvlLy and ob[ecLlvlLy uslng Lhe concepL of
fracLal. A fracLal ls nelLher one nor Lwo dlmenslonal. 1hls maLhemaLlcal noLlon ls used by Chaos
Lheory Lo model complex phenomena such as Lhe coasL llne's paLLern whlch can never be absoluLely
deLermlned. Llkewlse, Lhe border beLween humans and Lhelr Lechnologles ls never a clear-cuL well-
deLermlned llne buL lnsLead a fracLal. 1ake, for example, Lhe cellphone. MosL cellphone users can
remember some conLacLs' deLalls, Lhough hlghly unllkely Lo successfully recall hundreds of Lelephone
numbers wlLhouL Lhe ald of Lhe cellphone's memory. uslng Lhe cellphone as an address-book, Lhe
conLacL lnformaLlon flows beLween Lhe handseL and Lhe user. Such Lravelllng lndlcaLes a fracLal
boundary beLween a human and a Lechnologlcal arLlfacL.
lrom a user's perspecLlve, Lhe cellphone ls a memory prosLhesls. lL ls a prosLhesls LhaL does noL
complemenL whaL ls mlsslng or defecLlve, buL lnsLead adds Lo our belng-ln-Lhe-world ln a creaLlve
way. Coogle does noL make us sLupld. lL ls a prosLhesls LhaL malnLalns fracLal relaLlons wlLh us.
Chaos Lheory suggesLs LhaL fracLal paLLerns remaln Lhe same across varlous scales. 1herefore, Lhe
same fracLal paLLern of lnLerface can be ldenLlfled beLween Lhe human-Lechnology assemblage and
Lhe envlronmenL. 1hus, Lhe concepL of fracLal may provlde a new perspecLlve Lo embodlmenL
relaLlons ln whlch Lhe human and Lhe Lechnologlcal operaLe LogeLher Lhrough a fracLal lnLerface Lo
Lhe world. 1hls double fracLal lnLerface concepLuallzes Lhe complex process ln whlch humans,
Lechnologles and Lhe world co-shape and co-consLlLuLe each oLher (cf. (lhde 1990, 2009, verbeek
2003)). Such co-shaplng conslsLs of mlcro acLlons LhaL effecL Lhe macro world. lor example, an SMS
senL durlng class Llme by one pupll Lo anoLher undermlnes Lhe educaLlon sysLem, an SMS senL from a
demonsLraLlon Lo Lhe ouLslde world shakes pollLlcal reglmes, a plcLure uploaded from Lhe cellphone's
camera Lo Lhe lnLerneL may creaLe a global effecL. 1he effecLs of Lhe mlcro over Lhe macro are rarely
predlcLable. Pence, deLermlnlsm should be replaced by concepLs llke Lhe "deslgner fallacy" (lhde
2008) and unlnLended consequences Lo denoLe our lnherenL lnablllLy Lo forecasL Lhe macro-effecLs of
Lechnologles.
ConLemporary MarxlsLs would descrlbe Lhese mlcro acLlons ln Lerms of power. Such descrlpLlon ls
anLhropocenLrlc and regards Lechnology as a reflecLlon of (human) power sLruggles. 8y conLrasL, ln
fracLal ecology humans and Lechnologles are equal and co-consLlLuLe each oLher. erhaps Lhls ls Lhe
symmeLry LaLour orlglnally meanL Lo (and Lhen reLreaLed from ln keossemblloq tbe 5oclol (2003)).
And perhaps Lhls ls Lhe evoluLlon ln Mlchel loucaulL's work from dlsclpllnary power Lo Lechnologles
of Lhe self.
1he paper wlll, Lherefore, develop Lhe concepL of fracLallLy Lhrough Lhe sLudy of Lhe ways ln whlch
Lechnologles and humans are co-consLlLuLed and how Lhey form LogeLher fracLal enLlLles.


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klrk 8LSML8
Conzaga unlverslLy, uSA
besmer[gonzaga.edu

ln my paper, l wlll descrlbe an experlence LhaL l shall call Lhe Lechnologlcal uncanny." 1hls
experlence occurs when one encounLers cuLLlng edge Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons and proof-of-
concepL breakLhroughs for Lhe flrsL Llme. l have ln mlnd here Lechnologles such as neural prosLheLlcs,
cochlear lmplanLs, and producLs of synLheLlc blology. 1he Lechnologlcal uncanny" usually lnvolves a
slnklng feellng or a sense of verLlgo ln Lhe face of unexpecLed Lechnologlcal novelLy.
1here are Lwo Lyplcal responses Lo Lhese experlences. 1he flrsL, l shall call Lhe Lechno-enLhuslasL"
response whlch seeks Lo deny Lhe lmporLance of Lhe uncanny by raLlonallzlng Lhe lnnovaLlon as
noLhlng more Lhan one more sLep ln a long-llne of Lechnologlcal developmenL lnlLlaLed mlllennla ago.
ln shorL, Lhls response seeks Lo 'naLurallze' all Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon. AlLernaLlvely, one could Lake
Lhe aLLlLude of whaL l shall call Lhe Lechno-skepLlc," who vlews Lhe novel Lechnology wlLh susplclon
and concern for Lhe brave new world" emerglng from Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons.
nelLher of Lhese vlews, l shall argue, adequaLely addresses Lhe lmporLance of Lhe Lechnologlcal
uncanny. leellngs llke anxleLy, nausea, and dread funcLloned for lrench LxlsLenLlallsLs as prlvlleged
experlences LhaL reveal fundamenLal LruLhs abouL human exlsLence. Llkewlse, l belleve Lhe
experlence of Lhe uncanny ln Lhe face of radlcal Lechnologlcal novelLy reveals a LruLh abouL our
currenL relaLlonshlp Lo Lechnology, namely LhaL novel Lechnologles can challenge long-sLandlng
concepLual dlsLlncLlons and boundarles such as: naLural/arLlflclal, human/machlne, and real/vlrLual.
Cpposed Lo Lhe Lechno-enLhuslasL and Lhe Lechno-skepLlc, l belleve Lhe more reasonable response Lo
Lhe Lechnologlcal uncanny ls Lo recognlze lL for whaL lL ls - a breakdown of concepLual caLegorles
LhaL calls for phllosophlc reflecLlon on Lhe Lechnology and Lhe concepLual challenges lL poses.

* * *
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1he posLphenomenologlcal framework sLudles human-Lechnology lnLeracLlon flrsL and foremosL from
Lhe perspecLlve of Lhe relaLlon beLween Lhe Lwo: Lhe medlaLlon ls seen Lo be consLlLuLlve of Lhe
medlaLors, l.e., Lhe 'human' and Lhe 'Lechnology,' raLher Lhan Lhe oLher way around. ln llne wlLh Lhls
general premlse, eLer-aul verbeek (a.o. ln Motollzloq 1ecbooloqy, 2011) analyzes morallLy as
comlng abouL, ln Lhe flrsL lnsLance, wlLhln Lhls relaLlon, and noL Lled Lo speclflcally one of lLs
componenLs, l.e., Lhe human sub[ecL, as modern and humanlsL elaboraLlons of eLhlcs would have lL.
Moral agency, accordlng Lo verbeek, ls dlsLrlbuLed across human-Lechnology relaLlons, moral acLlons
and declslons emerge LhroughouL medlaLlon.
ln Lhls paper, we endeavor Lo LesL and expand LhaL clalm by way of a case sLudy of Lhe soclal vlrLual
world 'Second Llfe' (SL) (Llnden Lab, 2003). 8ecause, even lf Lhe clalm ls [usLlfled, lL serves Lo
lnvesLlgaLe furLher ln whaL ways exacLly moral agency ls dlsLrlbuLed across Lhe human-Lechnology
relaLlon. We conducLed an emplrlcal quallLaLlve sLudy ln whlch avld SL resldenLs were asked Lo
morally [udge LwenLy-elghL morally charged scenarlos LhaL Lake place ln SL on Lhelr un/accepLablllLy.
Cur resulLs show LhaL even lf Lechnology harbors a moral dlmenslon, ln a pracLlcal conLexL Lhe
'morallLy' may be consclously and ln several dlfferenL manners manlpulaLed by sub[ecLs. 1hls
becomes clear as soon as one lnqulres lnLo Lhe moral reasonlng deployed by SL resldenLs, who aL
Llmes can be sald Lo assume moral responslblllLy for cerLaln acLlons Lhemselves, buL aL oLher Llmes
hold, by conLrasL, Lhe Lechnologlcal condlLlons accounLable. ln speclflc, we found a hlghly lnLeresLlng
yeL amblguous dlfference beLween rooLlng Lhe moral reasonlng ln acLual prlnclples versus rooLlng
Lhelr argumenLs ln Lhe Lechnologlcal speclflclLles of SL. 1he research parLlclpanLs, so lL appears, Lhus
lmpllclLly accepL Lhe medlaLed-dlsLrlbuLed morallLy clalm, buL Lhey play upon LhaL lmpllclL
assumpLlon ln expllclL and dlverse ways. We alm Lo charL and analyze Lhese, ln order Lo map Lhe
dlsLrlbuLlon of moral agency across Lhe relaLlon of Lechnologlcal medlaLlon ln 'slLuaLed,' pracLlcal
conLexLs.

* * *
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Shannon vALLC8
SanLa Clara unlverslLy, uSA
svallor[scu.edu

1hls Lalk explores Lhe normaLlve lmpllcaLlons of emerglng developmenLs ln Lhe evldenLlary use of
new dlglLal lmaglng Lechnologles, uslng a framework drawn from a posL-phenomenologlcal
reconsLrucLlon of Pusserl's accounL of 'orlglnary evldence.' Cur normaLlve [udgmenLs of evldenLlary
pracLlces may Lake lnLo accounL Lhe eplsLemologlcal value or Lhe eLhlcal value of evldence. l wlll
show LhaL lmporLanL concepLual resources Lo gulde boLh Lypes of [udgmenLs can be found ln
Pusserl's accounLs of totloool motlvotloo and otlqlooty evlJeoce (ad[usLed by a posL-


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phenomenologlcal reconsLrucLlon of Lhe 'orlglnally glven.') l Lhen brlefly lllusLraLe Lhe conLemporary
relevance and uLlllLy of such a framework by applylng lL Lo Lhree emerglng pracLlces lnvolvlng Lhe
evldenLlal use of new dlglLal lmaglng Lechnologles: 1) Lhe use of remoLe drone lmaglng Lo [usLlfy
mlllLary and counLerlnLelllgence acLlons, 2) Lhe use of moblle lmaglng Lechnologles Lo faclllLaLe
remoLe medlcal dlagnosls, and 3) Lhe use of moblle lmaglng and soclal medla plaLforms Lo enable
clLlzen phoLo[ournallsm. l conclude LhaL Lhe reconsLrucLed Pusserllan framework can help us Lo
dlsLlngulsh Lhose uses of dlglLal lmaglng LhaL carry a hlgh rlsk of compromlslng Lhe eplsLemologlcal or
eLhlcal value of evldence from Lhose more llkely Lo have neuLral or saluLary effecLs on Lhe lnLegrlLy of
our evldenLlary pracLlces.

* * *
G.4.+$(1'%/#':%*".%/+2,.:.*.3B6'D.8%,#1'%':2"/.<"/.*.3B'.0'<%+",$%*'()*+),"'

Mlchael lunk
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
1echnlcal unlverslLy of uresden, Cermany
mlchael.funk[Lu-dresden.de

ln my lecLure l wanL Lo emphaslze Lechnologles ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon from a phenomenologlcal
polnL of vlew. My focus ls on maLerlal culLures wlLh respecL Lo currenL resulLs of roboLlcs and
paleoanLhropologlcal research.
ln a flrsL sLep, Lhe noLlon of culLure ls elaboraLed ln Lerms of maLerlal and Lechnlcal praxls. lm golng
Lo dlscuss Lhe phenomenologlcal approaches LhaL are developed by Ldmund Pusserl, MarLln
Peldegger and Lhe followlng dlscusslons by AlberL 8orgmann, nesLor Corona, PuberL ureyfus, uon
lhde, 8ernhard lrrgang, eLer !anlch, Pans Lenk, Carl MlLcham and eLer-aul verbeek. WlLh respecL
Lo Lhese auLhors, lm golng Lo lnLroduce a phenomenologlcal and hermeneuLlcal approach Lo human-
Lechnology lnLeracLlons. llrsL Lhesls: Lechnologles are culLurally embedded. Second Lhesls: Lhe
culLural embedded usage of Lechnologles ls shaped by pecullar hlsLorlcal and soclal conLexLs, values
and lmpllclL bodlly-sensory knowledge. Lspeclally Lhe adequaLe undersLandlng of bodlly and sensory
praxls bears lnslghLs ln Lhe maLerlallLy of human culLures. 1hlrd Lhesls: a phenomenology of culLural
embeddlng ls also relaLed Lo paleoanLhropologlcal lnvesLlgaLlons. lourLh Lhesls: Lhe osoqe of new
lnformaLlon Lechnologles and roboLs ls shaped by dlfferenL (maLerlal) culLural conLexLs, LradlLlons of
handcrafL relaLed knowledge and rellglous values. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe background for
coosttoctloq ooJ Jeslqoloq roboLs becomes more and more Lrans-culLural because of lnformaLlon-
and knowledge-Lransfer beLween englneers, deslgners and sclenLlsLs LhaL ls ampllfled by Lhe lnLerneL
and oLher lnformaLlon Lechnologles.
ln Lhe second sLep, my focus ls on roboLlcs ln Cermany and !apan. WlLh respecL Lo Lhe dlfferenL
maLerlal culLural conLexLs beLween Lurope and !apan, l wanL Lo lllusLraLe Lhe slmllarlLles and
dlfferences ln osloq roboLs. Cne example for Lhe dlfferences can be seen ln Lhe rellglous background.
Cermany ls shaped by ChrlsLlan LradlLlons and Lhe noLlon of person ln Lerms of lmago del. Pumans


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are seen as persons and only human belngs can have someLhlng llke a soul. 8oboLs are seen as Lools
LhaL replace work, buL noL as personal belngs. Cn Lhe oLher hand, ln !apanese rellglons llke ShlnLulsm
noL only humans, buL also anlmals, sLones and even maLerlal arLlfacLs llke roboLs can have a soul
(anlmlsm). 1hls aspecL shapes hablLs and expecLaLlons relaLed Lo roboLs beLween Cermany and !apan
ln a dlfferenL way, especlally when lL comes Lo verbal and llngulsLlc lnLeracLlons (Lalklng Lo, wlLh and
Lhrough roboLs). 8uL also slmllarlLles beLween Lurope and !apan exlsLs: boLh have a maLerlal culLural
LradlLlon ln bulldlng mechanlcal auLomaLes: lor example Lhe duck auLomaLon by vaucanson ln Lhe
18
Lh
cenLury or Lhe !apanese karakurl.
ln a Lhlrd sLep, lm golng Lo dlscuss Lhe lmpllcaLlons of paleoanLhopology and geneLlcs. Whlch role
play maLerlal Lechnologles ln Lhe hlsLory of human manklnd and how do we shape our genes wlLhln
Lechnlcal praxls? Cne example ls Lhe LacLase erslsLence ln Meso-neollLhlc Luropeans" as lL ls
lndlcaLed by !oachlm 8urger eL al.. WlLh respecL Lo Lhe hlsLory of breedlng durlng Lhe lasL 10.000
years, lL can be lllusLraLed how maLerlal culLural Lechnlques shape Lhe genes of anlmals buL also Lhe
human genome. 1hose socleLles LhaL are skllled ln breedlng cows dld also develop and geneLlcally
lnherlL Lhe bodlly sklll ln dlgesLlng mllk and lacLase (llke ln cenLral Lurope). 1hls example lllusLraLes
how culLural Lechnologles shape maLerlal culLural evoluLlon", as lL ls also lndlcaLed by Lhe
paleoanLhropologlsL lrledeman Schrenk. 8oLh, phenomenology of Lechnology and
paleoanLhropology have been sLarLed developlng a new undersLandlng of human maLerlal culLure
and lLs lmpllcaLlons on Lechnologles and even Lhe culLural evoluLlon of human manklnd.
ln a lasL sLep, lm closlng Lhe Lra[ecLory Lo Lechnologles ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon and roboLlcs. My
fourLh polnL ls, how lnformaLlon Lechnologles (undersLood ln Lerms of maLerlal culLure) could shape
culLural evoluLlon Loday, even ln a globallzed way. My Lhesls: We can answer Lhls quesLlon only ln Lhe
focal polnL beLween Lwo pecullar phenomenologlcal perspecLlves: 1. 1he vlew forward on Lhe
nearesL fuLure of lnformaLlon Lechnologles and roboLlcs wlLh respecL Lo Lhe meLhodology of
posLphenomenology and maLerlal hermeneuLlcs (lhde, lrrgang, !anlch, Lenk, verbeek). 2. ln Lerms of
a phenomenology of paleoanLhropology and paleogeneLlcs LhaL reveals Lhe Lechnologlcal and
culLural landscapes ln Lhe hlsLory of human manklnd and lLs maLerlal culLural evoluLlon slnce Lhe flrsL
usage of hand axes (8urger eL al., Schrenk [also lhde, lrrgang]). LnllghLenlng Lhls focal polnL ln
phllosophlcal Lerms ls a fuLure Lask for Lhe phenomenology of Lechnology. lm looklng forward Lo a
frulLful dlscusslon!
* * *
'
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llnn CLLSLn
ueparLmenL of AesLheLlcs and CommunlcaLlon - lnformaLlon SLudles
Aarhus unlverslLy, uenmark
flnno[lmv.au.dk
1hese years mosL counLrles ln Lurope and elsewhere face huge changes ln healLhcare and welfare
servlces. 1he change has Lo do wlLh several connecLed lssues: more people sufferlng from chronlc


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dlseases llke dlabeLes, CCu and cardlovascular dlsease, lncreased llfe expecLancles, less healLh
professlonals, smaller publlc budgeLs Lo pay for healLh relaLed condlLlons, eLc. Several lC1-based
healLh care Lechnologles are fasL emerglng Lo offer new soluLlons Lo mend or faclllLaLe a number of
Lhese problems. AL Lhe cenLer of many healLh Lechnologlcal soluLlons seems Lo be Lhe ldea LhaL
paLlenLs can co-manage Lhelr own dlseases and condlLlons qulLe saLlsfacLory. 1hls ls seen ln Lhe
growlng number of Lelecare or Lelemedlclne pro[ecLs, ln whlch paLlenL and healLh professlonal are
expecLed Lo cooperaLe Lo communlcaLe, measure and evaluaLe Lhe condlLlon of Lhe former aL a
dlsLance. 8uL whaL does lL Lake Lo be a paLlenL who ls noL prlmarely Laken care of by healLh
professlonals, buL who, ln large parL of her llfe as a paLlenL, ls raLher dependenL on own capaclLles Lo
lnLeracL wlLh and Lhrough Lechnologlcal devlces?
ln Lhls presenLaLlon l wlll dlscuss a currenL shlfL from (Lhe noLlons of) tbe posslve potleot Lo Lhe octlve,
bome-boseJ, self-moooqloq potleot. 1he laLLer ls Lo Lake an acLlve, socloLechnlcal parL ln several
aspecLs of her or hls own condlLlon, and along a number of llnes. 1he paLlenL musL be able Lo engage
ln socloLechnlcal lnLerface communlcaLlon, Lo produce and LransmlL daLa, Lo Lake responslblllLy for
Lechnlcal supporL. She musL also know how Lo dlsLlngulsh faulLy readlngs from correcL ones, and be
able Lo asslsL Lhe healLh professlonal ln Lechnlcal maLLers, eLc. Pence, Lhe self-managlng paLlenL musL
know how Lo acL and self-manage ln new socloLechnlcal spheres of llfe, where dlglLal proxlmlLy
replaces physlcal proxlmlLy.
l wlll argue LhaL currenL noLlons of Lhe 'paLlenL' seem lnsufflclenL Lo encompass Lhe acLual scope of
roles or agencles deslgnaLed Lo Lelehomecare paLlenLs. 1he posLphenomenologlcal concepL of
'Lechnologlcal medlaLlon' suggesLs an array of LheoreLlcal noLlons Lo grasp how a LelemedlaLed
relaLlon beLween a paLlenL and a healLh professlonal aL a hosplLal ls posslble. 1he presenLaLlon parLly
resLs on a case sLudy of CCu paLlenLs and Lelenurses LesLlng a Lelecare devlce. aLlenLs and nurses
allke were able Lo engage ln saLlsfylng relaLlonshlps, creaLlng comforL ln Lhe paLlenLs and professlonal
saLlsfacLlon ln Lhe nurses. hyslcal proxlmlLy dld noL seem a necessary precondlLlon for a good
professlonal relaLlonshlp, wlLh Lechnologlcal medlaLlon consLlLuLlng some slgnlflcanL LransformaLlons
ln paLlenLs, nurses and Lhe relaLlons beLween Lhem.

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'
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Lucle uALl8L81, hu
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
l.dallberL[uLwenLe.nl

AL a Llme when LechnosclenLlflc lnnovaLlons ln Lhe blomedlcal fleld are becomlng
anLhropoLechnologles" (SloLerdl[k, 2009) and open Lhe prospecL of bomoo enhancemenL, Lhe
quesLlon of whaL and who counLs as human - as well as nonhuman, oLher-Lhan-human, less-Lhan-
human - ln Lhe lnLra-acLlons beLween bodles and Lechnologles becomes crlLlcal. 1herefore, and


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because Lhe malnsLream debaLe on human enhancemenL unashamedly subsumes tbe bomoo lnLo
Lhe modern llberal sub[ecL, a posLhumanlsL analysls ls cruclal Lo address such maLLers lnsofar as lL
enables Lo shed llghL on Lhe power-lmbued maklng of humanness and Lhe ecology of forces LhaL
conLrlbuLe Lo shape bodles and/ln/wlLh Lechnology.
ln Lhls presenLaLlon rooLed ln emplrlcal phllosophy (Mol, 2002), femlnlsL maLerlallsm (Alalmo and
Pekman, 2008), and posLphenomenology (lhde 1990), l lnLend Lo lnLerrogaLe whlch and whose
bodles maLerlallse - LhaL ls, boLh come Lo exlsLence and come Lo counL (8arad, 2007) - as human,
nonhuman, oLher-Lhan-human, less-Lhan-human ln Lhe flelds of splnal cord sLlmulaLlon and
prosLheLlcs, Lhe Lwo domalns ln whlch l am conducLlng fleldwork. More preclsely, lL ls vla Lhe analysls
and mapplng of Lhe lnLerferences of Lhe maLerlal-dlscurslve pracLlces LhaL are enacLed noL only on
Lhe laboraLory floor buL also wlLhln Lhe llved experlence of Lhe users of Lhese Lechnologles and
Lhrough whlch bodles geL deflned and dellneaLed, LhaL l wlll skeLch whaL mottets as proper
humanness. ln Lhls endeavour, l wlll also open a generaLlve dlalogue beLween 8runo LaLour's
affecLlve composlLlons (2004) and uon lhde's embodlmenL relaLlon (1990) as lL ls my conLenLlon LhaL
readlng Lhem Lhrough one anoLher can conLrlbuLe noL only Lo sLrengLhen undersLandlngs of bodles
and Lechnologles, buL also Lo beLLer accounL for and be accounLable Lo somaLechnologles and Lhe
affecLlve shaplng of bodles wlLhln Lechnosclence, a presslng and plvoLal eLhlcal (and pollLlcal) lssue ln
our hlghly Lechnologlcal Llmes.

8eferences
Alalmo, S. and S. Pekman (2008). 'lnLroducLlon: Lmerglng Models of MaLerlallLy ln lemlnlsL 1heory.'
Motetlol lemlolsms. 8loomlngLon: lndlana unlverslLy ress, 1-19.
8arad, k. (2007). Meetloq tbe uolvetse nolfwoy. Ooootom lbyslcs ooJ tbe otooqlemeot of Mottet
ooJ Meooloq. uurham and London: uuke unlverslLy ress.
lhde, uon (1990) 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe llfewotlJ. ltom CotJeo to ottb. 8loomlngLon: lndlana
unlverslLy ress
LaLour, 8. (2004). 'Pow Lo 1alk AbouL Lhe 8ody? 1he normaLlve ulmenslon of Sclence SLudles.' 8oJy
& 5oclety, 10(2-3), 203-229.
Mol, A. (2002). 1be 8oJy Moltlple. Ootoloqy lo MeJlcol ltoctlce. uurham and London: uuke
unlverslLy ress.
SloLerdl[k, . (2009). '8ules for Lhe Puman Zoo: A 8esponse Lo Lhe LeLLer on Pumanlsm.' ovltoomeot
ooJ lloooloq u. 5oclety ooJ 5poce, 27(1), 12-28.


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Asle kl8An
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
norweglan unlverslLy of Sclence and 1echnology, norway
osle.kltoootoo.oo

nelly CuuSPCC8n
ueparLmenL of Sclence, 1echnology, and ollcy SLudles
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
o.e.j.ooJsbootootweote.ol

eLer-aul vL88LLk
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
p.p.c.c.vetbeekotweote.ol

1A sLudles have assessed Lhe lmpllcaLlons of new Lechnologles for safeLy, healLh or Lhe envlronmenL,
Lhe so-called 'quanLlflable rlsks', buL eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons have been largely lgnored (alm and
Pansson 2006, 8oenlnk eL al 2010). More recenLly, eLhlclsLs and phllosophers have Lrled Lo flll Lhls
gap by lnLroduclng Lools for eLhlcal Lechnology assessmenL (e1A) LhaL should 'serve as a Lool for
ldenLlfylng adverse effecLs of new Lechnologles aL an early sLage of Lechnologlcal developmenL' (alm
and Pansson 2006:343). Powever, Lhere are Lhree ma[or dlsadvanLages ln alm and Pansson's
approach. llrsL, Lhe meLhod Lhey developed only focuses on assesslng adverse effecLs of new
Lechnologles. We don'L deny Lhe lmporLance of assesslng adverse effecLs, buL a serlous consequence
of Lhls focus ls LhaL lL resLrlcLs 1A Lo evaluaLlng how new Lechnologles puL consLralnLs on, or vlolaLe,
exlsLlng norms and values. ConsequenLly, Lhe ways ln whlch new Lechnologles may open up new
forms of morallLy and co-produce poslLlve norms or ldenLlLles of fuLure users are made lnvlslble. lor
example, Lhe lnLroducLlon of Lelecare Lechnologles, lC1 sysLems LhaL supporL vlrLual conLacLs
beLween healLhcare professlonals and paLlenLs, means LhaL healLhcare professlonals cannoL rely on
sLereoLyplcal assumpLlons abouL paLlenL ldenLlLles, based on gender, age or eLhnlclLy, because Lhey
cannoL see Lhe paLlenL. 1he absence of vlsual cues prevenLs Lelecare nurses from maklng hasLy
[udgmenLs based on vlsual characLerlsLlcs. 1elecare Lechnologles Lhus provlde a new form of
lnLeracLlon and communlcaLlon beLween healLhcare professlonals and paLlenLs based on 'dlglLal
proxlmlLy' whlch prevenLs a dlscrlmlnaLory aLLlLude Lowards paLlenLs (Cudshoorn 2009, 2011:137).
An e1A of Lelecare Lechnologles LhaL only addresses adverse effecLs would have neglecLed such
poslLlve lmpllcaLlons.
A second problem of Lhe e1A meLhod ls LhaL lL relles on a checkllsL approach. As oLher meLhods
currenLly used, Lhe assessmenL of eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of new Lechnologles ls narrowed down Lo
evaluaLlng a llsL of pre-deflned eLhlcal lssues. 1hese approaches Lhus reflecL a prlnclple-based eLhlcs
ln whlch 'esLabllshed eLhlcal prlnclples are applled Lo new moral problems as Lhey emerge' (Shelley-
Lgan 2011:3). A serlous consequence of Lhe checkllsL approach ls LhaL lL concepLuallzes eLhlcs as flxed
and relnforces a 1A meLhod ln whlch poLenLlal eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of new Lechnologles are evaluaLed


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accordlng Lo glven eLhlcal prlnclples and rules. Scholars ln S1S have convlnclngly shown how
Lechnology co-evolves wlLh socleLy. ln Lhls vlew norms and values are noL glven buL wlll be
(re)consLlLuLed ln relaLlon Lo new Lechnologles and vlce versa. ln a slmllar veln, phllosophers have
argued LhaL Lhe assessmenL of eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of new Lechnologles should be based on a co-
evoluLlonary approach Lo eLhlcs, Lechnology and socleLy (Shelly-Lgan 2011, 8oenlnk eL al 2010). Such
approaches argue for a pragmaLlsL eLhlcs, 'an eLhlcal perspecLlve LhaL allows for an open LreaLmenL
of novelLy and uncerLalnLy' (Shelley-Lgan 2011: 4). We suggesL LhaL Lhls alLernaLlve approach Lo
assesslng Lhe eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of new Lechnologles ls cruclal because lL enables us Lo undersLand
how Lechnology, morallLy and Lhelr lnLeracLlon may evolve over Llme and how Lhls lnLeracLlon
evenLually may change Lhe very foundaLlons of normaLlve [udgmenLs (klran 2012, 8oenlnk eL al
2010).
A lasL, buL equally problemaLlc consequence of Lhe checkllsL approach ln e1A ls LhaL lL adopLs a raLher
unlversal approach whlch neglecLs Lhe dlfferences beLween varlous Lechnologles as well as users.
ConsequenLly, Lhls approach wlll fall shorL of caLchlng or even undersLandlng Lhe
unforeseen/unanLlclpaLed eLhlcal consequences ln dlfferenL local, culLural seLLlngs and Lhe dlverslLy
ln how users approprlaLe new Lechnologles (Cudshoorn eL al 2003, Cudshoorn and lnch 2003).
1hls paper alms Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe furLher developmenL of eLhlcal assessmenL approaches LhaL go
beyond a checkllsL approach. 8eflecLlng on lnslghLs developed ln Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology and
S1S and drawlng on examples of Lelecare Lechnologles, we lnLroduce a meLhod LhaL can besL be
porLrayed as an eLhlcal consLrucLlve Lechnology assessmenL approach: eC1A. 1he key feaLure of Lhls
approach ls LhaL eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of Lechnology are evaluaLed and [udged on Lhe basls of an
analysls of processes, parLlcularly how Lechnologles medlaLe human-Lechnology relaLlons, raLher
Lhan a checkllsL of glven eLhlcal prlnclples.

8eferences
8oenlnk M, SwlersLra 1L, SLemerdlng u. (2010) AnLlclpaLlng Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween Lechnology and
morallLy: a Lechno-eLhlcal scenarlo sLudy of experlmenLlng wlLh humans ln blonanoLechnology.
5toJles lo tblcs, low, ooJ 1ecbooloqy, 4, 1-38.
klran AP (2012) 8esponslble deslgn. A concepLual look aL lnLerdependenL deslgn-use dynamlcs.
lbllosopby ooJ 1ecbooloqy, 23, 179-98.
Cudshoorn n (2009) hyslcal and dlglLal proxlmlLy: Lmerglng ways of healLh care ln face-Lo-face and
LelemonlLorlng of hearL-fallure paLlenLs. 5ocloloqy of neoltb & llloess, 31(3), 390-403.
Cudshoorn n (2011) 1elecote tecbooloqles ooJ tbe ttoosfotmotloo of beoltbcote. 8aslngsLoke:
algrave Macmlllan.
Cudshoorn n, lnch 1 (eds) (2003) now usets Mottet. 1be co-coosttoctloo of usets ooJ 1ecbooloqy.
Cambrldge, Mass.: Ml1 ress.


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Cudshoorn n, 8rouns M, van CosL L (2003) ulverslLy and ulsLrlbuLed Agency ln Lhe ueslgn and use of
Medlcal vldeo-CommunlcaLlon 1echnologles. ln Parbers P (ed.) loslJe tbe lolltlcs of 1ecbooloqy.
AmsLerdam: AmsLerdam unlverslLy ress.
alm L, Pansson SC (2006). 1he case for eLhlcal Lechnology assesmenL (e1A). 1ecbooloqlcol
lotecostloq & 5oclol cbooqe, 73(3), 343-338.
Shelley-Lgan C (2011) LLhlcs lo ltoctlce. tespooJloq to oo evolvloq ptoblemotlc sltootloo of
ooootecbooloqy lo soclety. roefschrlfL unlverslLelL 1wenLe, Lnschede.

* * *
'
9.8'%"1+2"+$(1'.0'3,%:2$('#"1$3/'(%/'0)/(+$./'%1':)4*$('%,+'

8olsln LALL?
Conzaga unlverslLy, uSA
naLlonal unlverslLy of lreland, lreland
lally[gonzaga.edu

1here appears Lo be a clear dlsLlncLlon beLween graphlc deslgn and flne arL, Lhe former ls a pracLlcal
arL, Lhe laLLer an aesLheLlc human experlence. ?eL graphlc deslgn ls foremosL a flne arL, Lhe drawlngs
and lllusLraLlons are prlmarlly aesLheLlc ob[ecLs whlle Lhe lnformaLlon Lechnologles LhaL depend on
Lhem are only lncldenLal. An ob[ecLlon could be ralsed LhaL lC1's are ob[ecLs of uLlllLy and Lhelr
aesLheLlc funcLlon ls lncldenLal. Craphlc deslgn sLraddles Lhese Lwo worlds, creaLlng a Lenslon
beLween lLs pracLlcal funcLlon and lLs aesLheLlc characLer. Powever, graphlc deslgn ls noL a new
concepL, lL was used by anclenL culLures golng rlghL back Lo Lhe cave drawlngs of Lascaux.
aradoxlcally an analysls of Lhe drawlngs has been used Lo persuaslvely crlLlque boLh graphlc deslgn
and flne arL. 1hls paradox calls us Lo reconslder Lhe dlsLlncLlon made beLween graphlc arL and flne
arL. Moreover, Lhe drawlngs convey a parLlcular LruLh abouL Lhe collecLlve communlLy leadlng Lo a
second dlsLlncLlon surroundlng Lhe publlc and prlvaLe realms of arL works. ubllc arL or magnlflcenL
arL" refers Lo Lhe shared values and convlcLlons of a culLure. 8y conLrasL, flne arL focuses excluslvely
on sub[ecLlve experlences where arL ls undersLood as an acL of lndlvldual and auLonomous
expresslon. urawlng ouL Lhe amblgulLy of graphlc arL as boLh publlc and aesLheLlc mlghL help Lo
explaln why a magnlflcenL work of arL, llke Lhe Creek arLhenon, ls alLogeLher dlfferenL Lo recenL
anlmaLed deslgns of Creek gods and goddesses found ln vldeo games Loday. Whlle graphlc arL and
greaL works of arL are hlsLorlcally rooLed ln a culLure's expresslon of LruLh Lhey have Laken dlvergenL
paLhs. 1hls paper wlll argue LhaL graphlc arL as a publlc phenomenon has Lhe poLenLlal resources Lo
overcome lLs currenL manlpulaLlon by corporaLe lnfluences, Lhereby, reveallng Lhe aesLheLlc
posslblllLles of lLs Lrue ground ln arL.


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MarLln Peldegger's dlsLlncLlon beLween magnlflcenL arL and aesLheLlcs glves us Lhe Lools for
undersLandlng how, desplLe all lLs promlse, graphlc deslgn's enframlng characLer submlLs Lo uLlllLy
buL denles Lhe aesLheLlc. Pe glves us Lwo ways of Lhlnklng abouL Lhe work of arL, one a complex
soclal sLrucLure LhaL culLlvaLes Lhe mosL ldeal lmage of humanlLy, Lhe oLher a sub[ecLlve value-laden
cognlLlve process. 1he former flourlshed ln Lhe 4
Lh
cenLury 8C ln Creece ln whlch a culLure Lhrough a
vlolenL erupLlon bursLs forLh whlch seL-ln-place [tbesls] lLs hlsLory. PlsLory ls bullL on plcLures [8llJ].
lcLures funcLlon Lo form a culLure [8llJooq]. CulLure, Lherefore, ls dependenL on arL Lo reveal Lhe
rlch LapesLry of a socleLy. 1he llghL of LruLh ls a lumlnous sLaLe of knowlng ln whlch Lhe sLruggle
[polemos] beLween llfe and deaLh, poeLry and reason, Lhe unconsclous and consclous, ls seL-ln-place.
CulLlvaLlon of Lhe mosL ldeal lmage of humanlLy presenLs lLs form" ln Lhe lmage of ALhena.
ln conLrasL Lo Lhe funcLlon of publlc arL, modern arL, beglnnlng wlLh laLo, becomes a sub[ecLlve
experlence. ln laLo behlnd Lhe Lemporal embodlmenL of a work of arL Lhere ls an absoluLe form of
beauLy LhaL can only be known, lf aL all, by sub[ecLlve lnLelllglblllLy. ArL no longer funcLlons ln socleLy
as a shlnlng forLh of a people, raLher a prlvaLe acL of conLemplaLlon. noneLheless ln WesLern Lurope
prlor Lo Lhe 8aroque perlod publlc arL shares Lhe exuberance of a common splrlL seen durlng Lhe
Mlddle Ages and laLer by frescos.' 1hereafLer, publlc arL recedes lnLo Lhe prlvaLe sphere. Craphlc arL
wlLh lLs clalm Lo raLlonallLy ylelds Lo uLlllLy. 1oday, graphlc arL remalns Lhe basLlon of publlc arL whlle
denylng Lhe formal conLenL demanded of flne arL. As a resulL ALhena, once Lhe perfecL embodlmenL
of LruLh, ls devolved lnLo Lhe ldeallzed sexual embodlmenL of a pre-adolescenL chlld ln Lhe Snk game,
1be kloq of llqbtets. 1he shlfL of Lhlnklng abouL ALhena from a goddess of LruLh Lo an eroLlc chlld,
exempllfles Lhe currenL consclousness of humanlLy seL-ln-place by publlc arL. Craphlc arLlsLs can
change Lhls orlenLaLlon Lo Lhe world by Lapplng lnLo Lhe orlglns of Lhelr crafL, by recognlzlng Lhe
culLural responslblllLy LhaL publlc arL demands, and by Laklng Lhelr place wlLh greaL arL works,
bulldlng up a world plcLure LhaL cradles humanlLy ln lLs arms.

* * *
'
I)#$+.,B':,.1+2"1"16'I':.1+:2"/.<"/.*.3$(%*'%/%*B1$1'''''

uon lPuL
SLony 8rook unlverslLy, uSA
don.lhde[sLonybrook.edu

MulLlple layers of Lechnologles pose parLlcular problems for Lhose wlLh hearlng losses. lor example,
announcemenL speakers ln publlc places, Lelephones and Lelevlslons, radlos, all use ampllfled
soundlng Lechnologles and for many wlLh hearlng loss Lhls doubled medlaLlon sounds Llnny" and ls
many Llmes noL audlLorlly comprehenslble. l call Lhls a JoobleJ meJlotloo: flrsL Lhere ls Lhe layer of
orlglnal sound whlch ln case of speech ls unampllfled, Lhen lLs flrsL ampllflcaLlon ampllflcaLlon


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Lhrough Lhe Lelevlslon or oLher audlo Lechnology, flnally lLs second medlaLlon Lhrough hearlng
devlces.
lL ls now well known LhaL physlologlcally llsLenlng Lo speech becomes dlfflculL and Lwo dlfferenL
reasons predomlnaLe: flrsL, Lhere ls a loss of whaL was once known as sensory lnhlblLlon-Lhe normal
hearlng ablllLy Lo surpress background nolses and selecL ouL wanLed sounds-and secondly,
consonanLs whlch are Lemporally shorLer and harder Lo manlpulaLe and ampllfy Lhan vowels, are losL
and wlLh lL much hearlng comprehenslon. Clder and LradlLlonal hearlng alds slmply were lneffecLlve
wlLh slmple sound ampllflcaLlon. Cld hearlng horns mechanlcally ampllfled. 1hen laLer elecLronlc
buL analogue ampllflcaLlon slmply made whaLever sounds Lhere were louder. llnally, dlglLal
processes, sLlll new and rapldly developlng, do beLLer. WlLh dlglLal processes mlnlaLure
compuLerlzaLlon programs can Lransform and manlpulaLe sounds.
ln my own case, sLaLe-of-Lhe-arL dlglLal processes enhance and Lransform consonanLs and dlglLal
programmlng, wlLhln llmlLs, ls able Lo parLlally surpress background sounds. ln shorL, sloqle
meJlotloo acoousLlc Lechnologles work lncreaslngly well. 8uL ln envlronmenLs wlLh low quallLy and
lo-Lech sound as wlLh publlc ampllflcaLlon made compllcaLed by hlgh declbel background nolse, Lhe
mosL noLorlous problems of double medlaLlon remaln dlfflculL Lo solve. Some burled wlrlng Lo
surpress unwanLed nolse works buL ls expenslve and dlfflculL Lo lnsLall. 8ecenLly, however, a
wearable wlreless sLreamlng devlce has made a greaL lmprovemenL. Mlne may be plugged lnLo a
Lelevlslon, an alrplane movle channel, or any devlce wlLh a mlke plug-ln and Lhe plugged ln ampllfler
sLreams Lhe slgnal dlrecLly Lo my wearable recelver whlch sends lL Lo my dlglLal hearlng alds for
furLher LransformaLlonal medlaLlon. 1hus l can ad[usL volume and have Lhe favored speech sounds
of Lhe Lelevlslon, movle or whaLever made clear and hearable (wlLhouL havlng volumes lrrlLaLe
oLhers.)
Whlle Lhls goes a long way Lo overcome Lhe dlfflculLles of double medlaLlon, lL ls far from hlgh quallLy
blologlcal hearlng. lor example, lL ls almosL lmposslble Lo hear slngle medlaLlon speech-from my
wlfe-lf she speaks Lo me whlle Lhe sLreamlng ls golng on. Cnly lf l Lake Lhe devlce off and leL lL Lake
Lhe second or so delay Lo change programs, can l hear her clearly (of course whlle Lhe Lelevlslon Lhen
becomes less clear and audlble).
WhaL Lhese new acousLlc prosLheses accompllsh by way of lmproved audlLlon ls clearly yeL anoLher
lmprovemenL upon communlcaLlon and moblllLy, buL l have come Lo reallze LhaL even Lhe besL and
mosL expenslve acousLlc medlaLlons remalns far shorL of llved and normal blology! l reLurn Lo an old
Lheme, whlle l would prefer noL becomlng a cyborg wlLh aglng, lL's a loL beLLer Lhan noL belng able Lo
hear aL all.


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W2"/.<"/.*.3B'%/#'+2"'"+2$(1'.0'1<%,+'+"(2/.*.3B'

Mlchel uLCP
Sorbonne unlverslLy, arls, lrance
mlchel.puech[parls-sorbonne.fr

Can we deflne smarLness for a Lechnology? Can we morally assess lLs lmporLance, value and rlsks?
WhaL ls behlnd Lhe wow effecL"? 1hls paper conslders LhaL smarLness ls noL only a markeLlng Lrlck. A
phllosophlcal enqulry can lnvesLlgaLe how lnLelllgence, auLonomy, brllllance and lmperLlnence
comblne Lo make up smarLness ln Lhe speclal case of an elecLronlc devlce. 1hls approach lnLends Lo
arrlve aL a deflnlLlon of smarLness as a genulne and speclflc exlsLenLlal experlence LhaL can occur ln
lnLeracLlons wlLh posL-modern arLlfacLs.
1hls enqulry beglns by explorlng Lhe key feaLures of smarLness from Lhe ob[ecL perspecLlve:
knowledge, learnlng, lnLelllgence, adapLablllLy/generaLlvlLy, lnlLlaLlve, smooLhness,
Lransparency/lnvlslblllLy, and so forLh, as emergenL ob[ecLlve properLles. lrom Lhe sub[ecL
perspecLlve, Lhe key feaLure appears Lo be Lhe lnLenLlonallLy lnvesLmenL ln smarL devlces, whlch
leads back Lo Lhe essence of devlce". 8oLh ob[ecLlve and sub[ecLlve dlmenslons are dealL wlLh
Lhrough a pragmaLlc analysls of Lhe human/machlne lnLeracLlon wlLh deflnlLe ob[ecLs-exlsLlng and
planned, local and global, physlcal and dlglLal. 1hese ob[ecLs lnclude Lhe paradlgmaLlc smarLphone,
buL also smarL grlds (power supply), smarL clLles and envlronmenLs (from domoLlcs Lo urban deslgn),
smarL sofLware (perhaps a pleonasLlc appellaLlon) and lLs smarLesL onllne lmplemenLaLlons (Coogle ls
smarL), smarL cars (whlch use more embedded mlcroprocessors Lhan a C) and vlrLually any
connecLed devlce, even Lhe mosL lnslgnlflcanL dlsposable commodlLy ln whlch a 8llu chlp can be
lmplanLed. An exlsLenLlal analysls of some preclse smarLness performances draws aLLenLlon Lo Lhe
speclflc phenomenology of smarLness and lLs llmlLs (screen orlenLaLlon deLecLlon, volce recognlLlon
for lnsLrucLlons, cameras wlLh smlle-deLecLlon capaclLles, mulLlple sensors and 3u gesLure-based
lnsLrucLlons).
lnLlmaLe lnLeracLlon wlLh smarL Lechnology ls noL only funcLlonal, Lhe eLhlcal slde of Lhe smarL also
needs Lo be evaluaLed. SmarL devlces represenL an exLenslon of Lhe self wlLh consequences ln Lerms
of empowermenL buL also ln Lerms of conslsLency. Moreover, smarL devlces evoke a slgnlflcanL
exodarwlnlan evoluLlon of Lhe human body or even a real human enhancemenL" LhaL ls leadlng Lo a
more corporeal lnLegraLlon of smarL devlces (braln lmplanLs for lnsLance). Lluslve and cogenL
everyday-llfe supporL Lechnology, provldlng auLonomy and dependency Lo Lhe same exLenL, need a
moral conslderaLlon. CLherwlse, Lhe posL-modern person ls ln danger Lo lose a parL of her self-
deLermlnaLlon Lo Lhe beneflL of an all Loo smarL envlronmenL of devlces (ls noL my smarLphone
already maklng Lhe declslon abouL plcklng a hoLel?). Such eLhlcs lnvolve conslderlng Lhe conLlnued
lnLeracLlon wlLh Lhe global because smarL" almosL always lncludes ublqulLous and connecLed. ln Lhe
end, Lhe learnlng process of arLlfacLs needs noL be llmlLed Lo pracLlcal skllls alone. Couldn'L lL lnvolve
a moral educaLlon of smarL arLlfacLs as well?
1he meLhod of Lhls paper Lakes advanLage of recenL phllosophy of Lechnology and new Lrends ln
LechnoeLhlcs. lL can be seen as an exerclse ln applled LechnoeLhlcs, relylng on Lhe phenomenologlcal
and exlsLenLlal analysls of our lnLeracLlon wlLh maLerlal arLlfacLs.


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ArLlfacLs are smarL enough Lo be of eLhlcal consequence, buL Lhese consequences are Lled Lo speclflc
feaLures of smarLness LhaL requlre an exlsLenLlal descrlpLlon and analysls before Lhey can be eLhlcally
assessed.

* * *
D2"'#"1$3/'.0'.),'.8/'*$5"1

SLeven uC88LS1l!n
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
s.dorresLl[n[gmall.com

1he deslgn of our own llves ls abouL how Lechnology guldes and changes us. 1he book brlngs
LogeLher converglng Lrends ln deslgn Lheory and phllosophy of Lechnology concernlng Lhe muLual
adapLaLlon of Lechnologles and humans. 1he alm ls Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe undersLandlng of Lhe lmpacL
of Lechnology on us, Lo conslder how Lhls knowledge can be applled ln deslgn pracLlce, as well as Lo
dlscuss eLhlcal quesLlons abouL behavlor guldlng deslgn. 1he book beglns by dlscusslng Lhe Lhemes
of user guldlng and changlng Lechnology ln relaLlon Lo deslgn for usablllLy. nexL Lhe pro[ecL ls
compared Lo Lhe LradlLlon of soclally engaged and uLoplan deslgn. 1he cenLral parL seLs ouL
phllosophlcal and eLhlcal research on Lhe lnLerrelaLlons beLween humans and Lechnology. 1he work
of Lhe lrench phllosopher Mlchel loucaulL ls of key lmporLance Lo Lhls sLudy and ls used for
elaboraLlng a framework of 'Lechnlcal medlaLlon and sub[ecLlvaLlon'. ln Lhls approach, Lechnology ls
noL seL ln opposlLlon Lo human freedom and morallLy, raLher coplng wlLh Lhe lnfluences of
Lechnology ls seen as parL of becomlng a moral sub[ecL. 1he eLhlcs of Lechnology developed afLer
loucaulL focuses on care for Lhe quallLy of our lnLeracLlons and fuslons wlLh Lechnology.
PybrldlzaLlon ls cenLral Lo Lhe approach: lL ls noL Lo be re[ecLed, nelLher ls lL Lhe greaLesL danger, buL
lL does deserve Lhe greaLesL care. We are called upon Lo care for Lhe deslgn of our own llves. 1he
book conLalns a varleLy of examples. A case sLudy abouL Lhe 8llu publlc LransporL e-paylng sysLem ln
Lhe neLherlands (Cv chlp card), for lnsLance, serves Lo lllusLraLe how soclal and eLhlcal aspecLs -
from usablllLy Lo prlvacy and securlLy lssues - can be assessed from Lhe perspecLlve of producL
lmpacL on users.

* * *
I,/.Z1'L%,6'W.1+:2"/.<"/.*.3B'%/#'%<4$"/+'$/+"**$3"/("'

Loulse 8elLzung PC8vA1P, hu SLudenL
Soclology lnsLlLuLe of SpaLlal lannlng
1echnlcal unlverslLy of vlenna, AusLrla




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!ulla C8lLLMA?8, hu SLudenL
unlverslLy of vlenna, AusLrla

1an[a 18AxLL8, hu SLudenL
unlverslLy of vlenna, AusLrla
Lan[a.Lraxler[unlvle.ac.aL

lor !C 8allard, Lhe car ls a 'LoLal meLaphor for man's llfe ln Loday's socleLy'. ln hls novels ctosb and
cooctete lslooJ, Lhe 8rlLlsh auLhor makes expllclL LhaL Lhe envlronmenL ln whlch we dwell ls
Lechnologlcal. Pls characLers permanenLly negoLlaLe Lhelr belng human wlLh Lhls, ofLen descrlbed as
hosLlle, surroundlng, ln Lhe exLreme wlLhln several crash LesLs, ln whlch Lhe machlne and Lhe human
body melL and become hybrld. WlLh Lhe amblenL lnLegraLlon of lnLelllgenL Lechnologles lnLo our
everyday llvlng, such as cars, Lhe undersLandlng LhaL Lhe human becomlng ls always also Lhe non-
human 'shlfLlng ln' (CllberL Slmondon), ls added a new aspecL and galns ln relevance.
1he lnLenLlon of Lhls paper ls Lo explore how tbe boJy os becomloq can be analyzed wlLhln Lhe
posLphenomenologlcal framework of medlaLlon ln vlew of AmblenL lnLelllgence. 1o Lake accounL for
Lhe body ln medlaLlon Lheory reveals Lhe polnLs of appllcaLlon of Lechnology on humans and
delegaLlons of agency Lo lnLelllgenL Lechnologles. uebaLes beLween wheLher Lhe relaLlon beLween
bodles and Lhe world ls Lo be called medlaLlon or ln conLrasL Lo LhaL such as by karen 8arad oqeotlol
teollsm rely on a quesLlonlng of how body ls consLlLuLed wlLhln Lhese relaLlons. ln her concepL of
lotto-octloo sub[ecL and ob[ecL are consLlLuLed ln a dynamlc process. MeJlotloo, as undersLood ln
models such as body-Lechnology-world (uon lhde), seems Lo assume LhaL Lhe body as such exlsLs and
enLers lnLo relaLlon wlLh Lhe world as a sLable enLlLy, mlsslng an emphasls on how sub[ecL and ob[ecL
consLlLuLe each oLher ln Lhls respecL (eLer-aul verbeek).
1he lnLenLlon of Lhls paper ls furLher Lo skeLch a more open accounL of bodlly becomlng, wlLh a focus
on how background relaLlons (uon lhde) consLlLuLe Lhe human body. MeLhodologlcally, Lhls wlll be
achleved by decllnlng body-Lechnology relaLlons wlLhln Lhe case sLudy of a so-called smarL car. 8y
accompanylng Lhe user Arno wlLhln Lhls process of negoLlaLlon wlLh Lhls new sysLem, dlfferenL
relaLlons wlll be explored Lo dlscern how body and Lechnology are consLlLuLed ln Lhls seLLlng. As Lhe
'car' speaks Lo hlm, scans Lhe movemenL of hls eyes and hls breaLh wlLhouL physlcal lnLerferences,
processes of hablLuallsaLlon happen. 1he lnLerwoveness of Lechnology and human ln Lhls respecL
changes Lhe body as such wlLhouL LhaL a classlc lnLervenLlon of Lechnology lnLo Lhe human could be
dlscerned.
1hls paper ls wrlLLen wlLhln Lhe research pro[ecL 1blokloq 5poce. 1he pro[ecL deals wlLh spaLlal
dlmenslons of Ambleot lotelllqeoce Lechnologles, and conslsLs ln Lhree hu Lheses of phllosophy,
llLeraLure sclence, soclology and quanLum physlcs. 1he pro[ecL ls funded by Lhe AusLrlan Academy of
Sclences (2012-2013).
lor furLher lnformaLlon: www.Lhlnklngspace.eu




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8eferences
1 WlLh reference Lo Arno 8hler, phllosopher aL Lhe unlverslLy of vlenna, who recenLly boughL a new
car and lnvlLed us Lo explore lL.

* * *
D"(2/.*.3B'%/#'+,%/1("/#"/("''

Clano A?uln
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
o.aydln[uLwenLe.nl

Accordlng Lo Weber (1864-1920), Lhe faLe of our Llmes" ls characLerlzed by dlsenchanLmenL of Lhe
world." 1he sclenLlflc amblLlon Lo raLlonally explaln Lhe world and Lhe asplraLlon Lo conLrol and
masLer naLure Lhrough Lechnologlcal calculaLlon make bellevlng ln gods LhaL can ward off dangers
lncreaslngly superfluous. 8y sclenLlflcally uncoverlng causal chalns, Lhe world wlll ulLlmaLely be
compleLely deprlved of mysLerlous lncalculable forces" (Weber 1946, p. 133). As a consequence,
rellglon wlll lose, lL ls LhoughL, lLs reason for exlsLence.
1he vlew LhaL Lhere ls an anLagonlsLlc relaLlon beLween rellglon and sclence seems Lo have aLLracLed
many followers LhroughouL Lhe years. 8ellglon and sclence are seen as lncompaLlble or non-
overlapplng, as expressed ln, for example, Lhe 'uraper-WhlLe' confllcL Lhesls (1874, 1898) and Could's
NOMA (non Cverlapplng maglsLerla - 2002). 1oday Lhls vlew ls sLrongly defended by 'rellglon
bashers' llke 8lchard uawklns and Perman hlllpse. 8ecause Lechnology ls ofLen vlewed as applled
sclence, many people seem Lo belleve LhaL also Lechnology and rellglon are lncompaLlble.
1he focus ln Lhls LexL wlll be noL on Lhe relaLlon beLween rellglon and sclence buL on rellglon and
Lechnology, 1) slnce Lhere ls a long hlsLory of debaLe and reflecLlon on sclence and rellglon, buL Lhere
ls noL much sald abouL Lhe relaLlon beLween rellglon and Lechnology (see Ceorge 2006, p. 7-12), 2)
slnce Lechnology has ln our era a profound lmpacL on all faceLs of our llves and bodles, and 3) slnce
especlally ln our Llme Lechnologlcal developmenLs (ln for example bloLechnology and
nanoLechnology) seem Lo have galned momenLum, whlch makes lL lmporLanL Lo conslder Lechnology
ln lLs own rlghL.
1hls paper wlll Lry Lo debunk Lhe 'Lechnology ls a LhreaL Lo rellglon' framework. llrsL, we wlll show
LhaL Weber's 'dlsenchanLmenL' Lhesls ls noL conflrmed by emplrlcal research. ConLrary Lo whaL
LheorlsLs of secularlzaLlon would have us belleve, emplrlcal research lndlcaLes LhaL rellglon ls
ublqulLous ln varlous forms (see 8erger 1999, Szerszynskl 2003). 1hese flndlngs as such do noL
provlde an alLernaLlve perspecLlve on Lhe relaLlon beLween rellglon and sclence/Lechnology buL Lhey
creaLe space for anoLher and posslbly more poslLlve lnLerpreLaLlon of LhaL relaLlon. 1hls more
poslLlve lnLerpreLaLlon wlll be prepared Lhrough a dlscusslon wlLh, among oLhers, 8orgmann and hls
devlce paradlgm.


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We wlll furLher elaboraLe how rellglon and Lechnology are noL forelgn enLlLles LhaL sLand ouLslde one
anoLher buL are raLher lnLerLwlned by an analysls of Lhe concepL of 'Lranscendence.' We wlll show
how Lranscendence ls an lnherenL dlmenslon noL only of tellqloos expetleoce buL also of Lechnology
and Lechnologlcal developmenL, whlch lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe alm of Lhls paper ls noL Lo sLudy or compare
speclflc rellglons and Lhe way Lhey are deallng wlLh (new) Lechnologles. '1ranscendence' wlll be
phenomenologlcally deplcLed ln Lhree relaLed dlrecLlons, whlch can be recognlzed as lndlspensable
or aL leasL lmporLanL ln vlrLually every rellglous experlence: 1) as Lhe experlence of belng confronLed
wlLh a llmlL LhaL ls dlcLaLed by our bodles, our mlnds or maLerlal clrcumsLances, 2) as Lhe experlence
of overcomlng a cerLaln llmlL, 3) as Lhe experlence of recognlzlng LhaL overcomlng cerLaln llmlLs ls noL
compleLely our own accompllshmenL.
Cur analysls wlll lllusLraLe LhaL Lechnologles and Lechnologlcal developmenLs do overcome llmlLs buL
do noL desLroy Lhe experlence of Lranscendence. ln, for example, Lhe very deslre Lo cross boundarles
Lhose boundarles are recognlzed. A dlscusslon of AugusLlne's concepL of deslre, Sandel's noLlon of
Lhe 'openness Lo Lhe unbldden' and Lhe rellglous concepL of hubrls wlll clarlfy why Lhe noLlon of
rellglous Lranscendence LhaL we propose does noL refer Lo a sphere beyond or afLer our acLual world
buL ls raLher an aLLempL Lo express very worldly border experlences ln varlous parLs of our llves,
lncludlng sclence and Lechnology. 1he experlence of Lranscendence ls preclsely characLerlzed by Lhe
experlence LhaL we are noL able Lo look across Lhe border. 1ranscendence ls, Lherefore, always
bound Lo lmmanence. uon lhde's medlaLlon paradlgm wlll be used Lo furLher explaln why Lhe
anLonym of Lranscendence ls noL lmmanence buL reducLlonlsm.
1o evaluaLe more concreLely Lo whaL exLenL Lechnology leaves room for Lranscendence or even help
Lo shape experlences of lL, we wlll apply our framework Lo Lwo parLlcular Lypes of Lechnology:
neuroLechnologles llke neurofeedback en deep braln sLlmulaLlon and human reproducLlon
Lechnologles llke lvl and prenaLal geneLlc lnLervenLlons. 8ecognlzlng Lhe LranscendenL dlmenslon of
Lechnology can, we wlll argue, conLrlbuLe Lo soclal and eLhlcal dlscusslons abouL Lhese and oLher
conLemporary Lechnologles. lL can also make rellglous narraLlves regardlng, for example, prlde,
exodus (explorlng unknown paLhs) and accepLlng our faLe frulLful agaln for Lhese dlscusslons.

8eferences
AugusLlne (1997). 1be wotks of 5olot Aoqostloe, 1be 1tlolty. new ?ork: new ClLy ress.
8erger, .L. (1999). 1be uesecolotlzotloo of tbe wotlJ. kesotqeot kellqloo ooJ wotlJ lolltlcs.
WashlngLon, u.C.: LLhlcs and ubllc ollcy CenLer.
8orgmann, A. (1984). 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe cbotoctet of cootempototy llfe. A lbllosopblcol lopolty,
Chlcago: 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
8orgmann, A. (2003). lowet lollote. cbtlstloolty lo tbe coltote of 1ecbooloqy. Cran 8aplds, Ml:
8razos ress.
Chadwlck, 8. (1990). laylng Cod, 8loetblcs News, 9/4.
uraper, !.W. (1874). nlstoty of tbe coofllct betweeo kellqloo ooJ 5cleoce. new ?ork: u. AppleLon.


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urees, W. (ed., 2009), 1echnology, 1rusL, and 8ellglon: 8oles of 8ellglons ln ConLroversles on Lcology
and Lhe ModlflcaLlon of Llfe, Lelden: Lelden unlverslLy ress.
Lncyclopedla 8rlLannlca, Lemma: 8ellglous Lxperlence,
hLLp://www.brlLannlca.com/L8checked/Loplc/497327/rellglous-experlence
LurobaromeLer oll 2003, hLLp://www.ec.europa.eu
Ceorge, S. (2006). kellqloo ooJ tecbooloqy lo tbe 21st ceototy. foltb lo tbe e-wotlJ. London, Lngland:
lnformaLlon Sclence ubllshlng.
Could, S.!. (2002). 8ocks of Ages: Sclence and 8ellglon ln Lhe lullness of Llfe. new ?ork: 8allanLlne
8ooks.
Peelas, ., Woodhead, L., Seel, 8., Szerszynskl, 8. & 1usLlng, k. (2004). 1he SplrlLual 8evoluLlon: Why
8ellglon ls Clvlng Way Lo SplrlLuallLy. Cxford: 8lackwell.
Pefner, . (1993). 1he Puman lacLor: LvoluLlon, CulLure, and 8ellglon. Mlnneapolls: lorLress ress.
Pefner, . (1998). 8loculLural LvoluLlon and Lhe CreaLed Co-CreaLor. ln: Sclence & 1heology: 1he new
Consonance, 1. eLers (ed.). 8oulder: WesLvlew ress, p. 174-188.
Peyde, L. (2000). ue maaL van de mens. Cver auLonomle, LranscendenLle en sLerfell[kheld,
AmsLerdam: 8oom.
Popklns, .u. (2003). 1ranscendlng Lhe Anlmal: Pow 1ranshumanlsm and 8ellglon Are and Are noL
Allke, !ournal of LvoluLlon and 1echnology, 14/1, p. 11-26.
lhde, u. (1990). 1echnology and Lhe Llfeworld. 8loomlngLon/Mlnneapolls: lndlana unlverslLy ress.
assmore, !. (1980). Man's 8esponslblllLy for naLure, London: uuckworLh.
Sandel, M. (2004). '1he Case AgalnsL erfecLlon'. ALlanLlc MonLhly, 293/3, p. 31-63.
Szerszynskl, 8. (2003). naLure, 1echnology and Lhe Sacred. Cxford: 8lackwell.
Weber, M. (1946), Max Weber: Lssays ln Soclology, Lrans. and ed. by P.P. CerLh and C. WrlghL Mllls,
new ?ork: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
WhlLe, A.u. (1898). PlsLory of Lhe Warfare of Sclence wlLh 1heology ln ChrlsLendom. new ?ork: u.
AppleLon and Company.
Wllson, 8.C. (1998). lrom Lhe Lexlcal Lo Lhe olyLheLlc: A 8rlef PlsLory of Lhe ueflnlLlon of 8ellglon, ln:
WhaL ls 8ellglon? 1homas A. lndlnopulos & 8rlan C. Wllson (eds.), Lelden: 8rlll, p. 141-42.

key words: Lechnology, Lranscendence, rellglous experlence, neuroLechnologles, reproducLlon
Lechnologles

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!.4$*$+B'%/#'#8"**$/3'$/':.1+C:2"/.<"/.*.3$(%*':",1:"(+$5"'

Lars 8C1ln
ueparLmenL of uevelopmenL and lannlng
Aalborg unlverslLy, uenmark
boLln[plan.aau.dk

MarLln Peldegger wroLe LhaL ln 8ollJloq, uwellloq, 1blokloq (1931) LhaL ln order Lo Lhlnk we have Lo
dwell, whlch means we have Lo have some sorL of place where we feel aL home and aL ease ln order
Lo confronL Lhe world menLally and reflecLlvely. Cur physlcal body has Lo have a place and a slLe
where lL can llve wlLhln famlllar frameworks where we have arranged Lhe varlous elemenLs ln a way
LhaL makes lL meanlngful and approprlaLe ln relaLlon Lo our physlcal belng.
ConLemporary globallzed reallLy ls characLerlzed by a requesL of flexlblllLy and moblllLy where Lhe
lndlvldual ls envlsloned as a puzzle-plece LhaL can be moved and Lransformed ln relaLlon Lo whlch
Lasks are requlred. 1he laLe-caplLallsL commodlflcaLlon of humans, whlch has been Lhe resulL of
globallzaLlon, has deLerloraLed Lhe lnLlmaLe relaLlonshlp ln beLween humans and place, hence ln a
Peldeggerlan perspecLlve prevenLlng us from Lhlnklng and reflecLlng.
1be poestloo ls wbetbet lost-pbeoomeooloqy bos poteotlols fot te-lostollloq tbe seose of ploce lo
telotloo to boJles, ooJ fottbetmote coo coottlbote oo o tool level to opptoptlote solotloos fot Jeslqo.
1he paper wlll presenL sLaLe of arL research on moblllLy ln a globallzed world and relaLe Lhls Lo ma[or
concepLuallzaLlons wlLhln osL-phenomenology: maLerlal hermeneuLlcs, medlaLlng Lechnology and
mulLl-sLablllLy. WhaL does Lhese concepLs mean ln relaLlon Lo dwelllng? llnally, ls Peldegger rlghL
when he clalms LhaL ln order Lo Lhlnk we have Lo dwell?

keywords: MoblllLy, uwelllng, osL-phenomenology, archlLecLure

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D"(2/.*.3$(%*'<"#$%+$./'%/#':.8",6'%':.1+C!%,@$1+':",1:"(+$5"'

MlLhun 8anLwal 8AC
CrlLlcal 1echnology ConsLrucLlon
Wagenlngen unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
mlLhun.banLwalrao[wur.nl

Culdo 8ulvLnkAM
CrlLlcal 1echnology ConsLrucLlon
Wagenlngen unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands



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Larller llLeraLure has lndlcaLed Lhe relevance of loucaulL's work on power for phllosophy of
Lechnology, and has assoclaLed hlm wlLh Lhe approach of Lechnlcal medlaLlon (lhde, LaLour,
verbeek). 1hls arLlcle, however, lnscrlbes power-relaLlons, and Lhe Lechnlcal consLlLuLlon of
sub[ecLlvlLy Lhrough whlch, ln a dlsLlncLly pollLlco-economlc conLexL, vlz. LhaL of auLonomlsL Marxlsm.
lLs ob[ecLlve ls Lo undersLand Lechnlcal medlaLlon along pollLlco-economlc llnes by lnvoklng an
auLonomlsL readlng of loucaulL's Lheory of dlsposlLlfs. 1hls expands Lhe concepL of Lechnlcal
medlaLlon, from a Lheory of human-arLlfacL assoclaLlons Lowards one of human-Lechnlcal sysLems.
llrsL, Lhe arLlcle dlscusses Lhe problem LhaL, from Lhe perspecLlve of posL-phenomenologlcal
medlaLlon Lheory, MarxlsL concepLlons of Lechnology found ln classlcal CrlLlcal 1heory, fall Lo Lake
lnLo accounL Lhe Lechnlcal consLlLuLlon of sub[ecLlvlLy. Second, Lhe arLlcle poslLlons auLonomlsL
Marxlsm ln face of Lhls deflclL by readlng relaLlons of power anLagonlsLlcally lnsLead of
hermeneuLlcally. 8y dolng so, lL emphaslzes LhaL Lechnology as such needn'L be regarded as an
allenaLlng force, buL also as poslLlvely, and emanclpaLorlly, producLlve of human sub[ecLlvlLy. 1hlrd,
Lhe arLlcle proposes LhaL loucaulL's Lheory of dlsposlLlfs, when read Lhrough Lhe lens of auLonomlsm,
exhlblLs preclsely Lhls anLagonlsLlc sLrucLure: boLh as a force of conLrol and domlnaLlon, and as a
force of reslsLance. 1he arLlcle lndlcaLes LhaL preclsely Lhls anLagonlsm can be found ln Lhe
developmenL of pracLlces of 8lo-Packlng, undersLood as a pracLlce of self-consLlLuLlon, ln relaLlon Lo
Cpen Source 8loLechnology developmenL.

* * *
D.8%,#1' %' :2$*.1.:2B' .0' (.3/$+$5"' "/2%/("<"/+' PWLSQU' D"(2/.C:2$*.1.:2$(%*&' ":$1+"<.*.3$(%*' %/#'
/"),."+2$(%*'(2%**"/3"1'0.,'%/'"@:%/#"#'%/#'%*+","#'1"*0'"@:",$"/("'
Alexander CL8nL8 , hu
CenLer of hllosophy of Sclence
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
alexandergerner[gmall.com

AfLer a cenLury of psychlaLrlcs medlcallzaLlon of moral falllngs of Lhe self, lack of self-conLrol,
lmpaLlence, addlcLlon, anger, fear or [ealousy ln Lhe lasL decade we had flrsL emplrlcal lmaglng
sLudles on Lhe neurosclenLlflc performance of (affecLlve) moral [udgmenLs. 1he concepL of moral
enhancemenL (ML),ln my vlew parL of CognlLlve enhancemenL, ls sLlll fraughL wlLh dlfflculL quesLlons,
LheoreLlcal and pracLlcal and needs phllosophlcal clarlflcaLlons: WhaL ls lL ,Lo be 'more moral' or
even more ln love? WhaL does lL mean Lo be less menLally lll or more healLhy? 1he quesLlons ln
arm-chalr phllosophy, are radlcally changed by new quesLlons emerglng from Lhe neurosclenLlflc lab
and posslblllLles of manlpulaLlons, sLlmulaLlons, lmmerslon and expanslon of menLal sLaLes of Lhe
self, lLs experlences and lLs [udgmenLs. Pow does neurosclenLlflc lnducLlon of wlshed or enhanced
soclal behavlor quesLlon ersonhood, Lhe Self and lLs experlence, and Lhe CLher-Self relaLlon anew ln
relaLlon Lo blomedlcal declslons? 1herefore CL ls a valld conLrlbuLlon for Lhe blomedlcal and neuro-


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cognlLlve sclences. CL deals wlLh lmporLanL lssues ln relaLlon Lo phllosophy of healLh, Lhe phllosophy
of blomedlcal sclences lncludlng (neuro-) harmacology and Lhe hllosophy of (neuro-) CognlLlve
Sclences and ls preoccupled wlLh eLhlcal and anLhropologlcal lssues beLween Lhe Lechnologlcal
enhancemenL and Lhe LechnlsaLlon of human belngs and lLs classlcal anLhropoLechnlques.
8y a CL l wlll propose a new framework of self-formaLlon, self-developmenL ln pro-soclal behavlor ln
alLered and expended self-experlence LhaL Lakes Lhese quesLlons lnLo accounL.
Slnce over 10 years we see research on non-lnvaslve braln sLlmulaLlon such as Lranscranlal elecLrlcal
sLlmulaLlon (1LS) Lo lmprove cognlLlon ln human belngs. LuCS experlmenLs offer curlous posslblllLles
for Lhe enhancemenL and LreaLmenL of normal or lmpalred ablllLles, respecLlvely, buL also pose
neuroeLhlcal quesLlons, for lnsLance ln Lhe arLlflclal lnducLlon of alLered sLaLes of mlnd as ln
auLoscoplc phenomena. lmmerslve vlrLual reallLy Lechnologles ln paln LreaLmenL have been
lnLroduced wlLh success. Pow do all Lhese Lechnologles lnform us abouL Lhe self ln general and alLer
or expand Lhe self-experlence ls an lmporLanL Lask Lo be clarlfled by a phllosophy of cognlLlve
enhancemenL (CL).
1herefore 1) CL provldes a common framework for an eplsLemology and a phllosophy of human-
cenLred Lechnology emerglng from CognlLlve LnhancemenL on how we develop knowledge wlLhln
dlfferenL Lypes, modes and Lechnlques of cognlLlve enhancemenL (CL). Whlle mapplng Lhe fleld of CL
ln relaLlon Lo self-experlence wlLh a carLographlc phllosophy of sclence approach we crlLlcally revlew
pro-enhancemenL poslLlons LhaL deal wlLh enhancemenL as lnLervenLlon/ampllflcaLlon of core
capaclLles of Lhe mlnd Lhrough lmprovemenL of ,lnformaLlon processlng". WhaL could ,beLLer
lnformaLlon processlng ln relaLlon Lo human-based enhancemenL Lechnologles ln self-experlence
mean?
Cur alm ln Lhls paper ls Lo speclflcally evaluaLe phllosophlcally Lhe cognlLlve processes affecLed by
Lhree dlfferenL modes of CL, especlally relaLed Lo Lhe [1] oeotoelecttoolc lotetfoce as ln a) neuro-
prosLheLlcs (AbboLL 2006, ScoLL 2006) b) non-lnLervenLlve braln sLlmulaLlon. 1he [2] optlco-qeoetlcol
lotetfoce, as ln opLogeneLlcs. [3] self lmmerslve vlrLual-vlsuospaLlal lnLerface ln vldeo and 3u
envlronmenLs ln relaLlon Lo Lhe self Lo Lhe vlrLual (body ln space and ldenLlLy)
We wlll ask Lhe followlng quesLlons:
(a) Pow braln funcLlons and personallLy LralLs of Lhe self by (non-) lnvaslve dlrecL braln sLlmulaLlon as
ln braln sLlmulaLlon Lechnologles (r1MS, LC1, LuCS, 1nS, u8S, LpCS or MS1) can be dlsLurbed or
enhanced.
(b) Pow does lmmerslve enhancemenL" change and modlfy Lhe posslblllLles of a self and lLs relaLlon
Lo lLs body ln space (Cwnershlp, agency, self-perspecLlve, self-locaLlon, self-oLher lnLeracLlon)
(c) Pow Lhe Lechnlcal manlpulaLlon of braln cells by ,radlcal enhancemenL ln bloenglneered
neuroLechnologles (e.g. opLogeneLlcs) pose fundamenLal quesLlons: beLween blologlcal ,naLure and
Lechnologlcal ,arLefacL. AnoLher convergence appears: beLween Lhe onLologlcal realm of belngs and
Lhe Lechnlcal ,makable. 8esldes Lhe change of Lhe classlcal paradlgma of Lhe blo-elecLronlc lnLerface
of ,lhomme machlne Lhe sLlll llLLle explored ,Lhomme-planLe or Lhe planL-man lnLerface relaLlng


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Lhe concepL of enhancemenL Lo opLlmlzaLlon ln CL wlLh agrlculLural concepLs of ,growLh and
,radlcal" enhancemenL ln anLhropoLechnlques of enhanced producLlvlLy as rooLed ln agrlculLural
praxls.





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1rack 13
L1PlCS, CLl1lCS Anu 1PL CCCu
LllL
Chalr: Sara MLl8LLLS


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K)B$/3'<.,"'0,.<'%/'%,+$0$($%*'1%*"1'%3"/+'<%#"'+.'%::"%,'1$<$*%,'+.'B.)U'D2"'"+2$(1'.0')1$/3'
1$<$*%,$+B'()"1'$/':",1)%1$5"'+"(2/.*.3B'
!llles SMluS
Llndhoven unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
[.smlds[Lue.nl

Whenever humans lnLeracL, Lhey exerL soclal lnfluence on each oLher. lor example, we auLomaLlcally
mlmlc each oLher's posLure, speech paLLerns, and faclal expresslons, and usually are unaware of lL.
MosL Llmes, mlmlcry ls an auLomaLlc and unconsclous process, whlch leads Lo a hlgher llklng and
LrusL and faclllLaLes human lnLeracLlon (Maddux, W. W. eL al., 2008). 1hese mlmlcry behavlors
funcLlon as slmllarlLy cues: slgns LhaL Lhe oLher ls llke us.
SlmllarlLy cues (and oLher soclal cues) can also be deslgned lnLo a compuLer, ln order Lo make lL a
soclal acLor LhaL can persuade humans. We call Lhls persuaslve Lechnology (1), Lechnology whlch ls
lnLenLlonally deslgned Lo change behavlor, aLLlLude or boLh (wlLhouL uslng coerclon or decepLlon,
persuaslon lmplles volunLary change) (logg, 2003, pp. 1, 13, 16). Powever, slnce Lhe use of slmllarlLy
cues lmplles Lhe lnLenLlonal use of malnly unconsclous forms of lnfluence by deslgners and
deployers, users may be manlpulaLed and noL change Lhelr behavlour volunLarlly. lor manlpulaLlon ls
a Lype of lnfluence LhaL works because Lhe reclplenL ls (largely) unaware of lL (neLLel & 8oque, 2012)
ln Lhls paper l wlll lnvesLlgaLe how we should evaluaLe Lhe use of slmllarlLy cues ln 1 from an eLhlcal
polnL of vlew, and how deslgners can make responslble use of slmllarlLy cues. 1hls eLhlcal reflecLlon ls
urgenL slnce research ln soclal psychology and human-compuLer lnLeracLlon reveals a growlng
poLenLlal for enhanclng persuaslveness of 1 and posslblllLles for appllcaLlon ln e.g. commerce,
educaLlon, and healLh-care are abundanL. eople glve more LrusL Lo a characLer whose face ls
dlglLally morphed Lo Lhelr face (ue8rulne, 2002), regard dlglLal agenLs LhaL mlmlc Lhelr head
movemenLs as more persuaslve (8allenson and ?ee 2003), and percelve a chaL roboL LhaL mlmlcs
Lhelr response Llme as more lnLelllgenL (kapLeln eL al. 2011).
ManlpulaLlon ls a hldden Lype of lnfluence, bypasslng a person's conLrol and Lherefore ptlmo focle
problemaLlc. MosL moral Lheorles, lncludlng deonLology, mosL verslons of consequenLlallsm, and
conLracLuallsm, supporL Lhe mld-level prlnclple do noL manlpulaLe" LhaL grounds Lhe eLhlcal
evaluaLlon ln Lhls paper. Also, manlpulaLlveness ls a vlce (8aron 2003). SLlll, l leave open Lhe
posslblllLy LhaL Lhe use of slmllarlLy cues can be [usLlfled or has an lnnocenL characLer. A comparlson
beLween Lhe role of slmllarlLy cues ln human-human lnLeracLlon and 1-human lnLeracLlon wlll
provlde lmporLanL lnslghLs.
noL all slmllarlLy cues are equally worrlsome. 1ake for example a hypoLheLlcal arLlflclal sales agenL ln
a web shop for mounLalneerlng. 1hls dlglLal persuader mlghL employ several cues of slmllarlLy wlLh
Lhe cusLomer: lL mlghL dress up llke a mounLalneer, lL mlghL mlmlc response Llmes, maLch gender,
and even morph lLs face Lo Lhe face of Lhe cusLomer (provlded lL has a way Lo know LhaL face). now,
dresslng up llke a mounLalneer mlghL be expecLed ln a physlcal sLore as well, and lLs lnfluence wlll be
far from declslve, hence Lhe user ls noL really manlpulaLed. WlLh regard Lo mlmlcry, lL ls an emplrlcal


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quesLlon wheLher Lhls only lncreases Lhe usefulness of Lhe sales-agenL by smooLhlng Lhe lnLeracLlon,
or wheLher lL glves Lhe sales agenL a persuaslve poLenLlal clearly beyond whaL mlmlcry does ln
naLural human-human communlcaLlon. 1he face-morphlng has no human-human analogue and
mlghL be vlewed as decelvlng Lhe cusLomer, resulLlng ln a false feellng of famlllarlLy. 1hese
conslderaLlons suggesL a flrsL focus for eLhlcal reflecLlon and a correspondlng deslgn guldellne.
ueslgners may use slmllarlLy cues Lo deslgn for usablllLy, buL should Lake care noL Lo employ
slmllarlLy cues Lo reach a persuaslve poLenLlal LhaL ls clearly beyond whaL an average human
persuader reaches.
A second lmporLanL eLhlcal conslderaLlon ls whlch [usLlfled expecLaLlons users wlll have ln Lhe
conLexL of use of Lhe 1, Lhe correspondlng deslgn guldellne ls LhaL Lhese expecLaLlons should be
meL. ln a web shop, cusLomers know Lhe alm of Lhe sales agenL and wlll or aL leasL could be on Lhelr
guard. An arLlflclal agenL LhaL ls an educaLlonal asslsLanL for Leenagers dolng homework, should meeL
more demandlng expecLaLlons from lLs users. 1eenagers should be able Lo LrusL LhaL Lhe agenL acLs ln
Lhelr besL lnLeresL. lf Lhls ls lndeed Lhe case, deslgners may perhaps go furLher ln uslng slmllarlLy cues
Lo lncrease persuaslveness and LrusL, whlch ls essenLlal for learnlng, noneLheless, dlsclosure seems
approprlaLe.
1o conclude, deslgners of 1 can make approprlaLe use of slmllarlLy cues provlded Lhey meeL Lhese
deslgn guldellnes (lncludlng a few oLhers LhaL l wlll develop ln Lhe full paper). CLherwlse, Lhelr
deslgns wlll resulL ln manlpulaLlon, as ls forbldden by Lhe prlnclple do noL manlpulaLe".

8eferences
1. 8allenson, !eremy n., en nlck ?ee. 2003. ulglLal Chameleons AuLomaLlc AsslmllaLlon of nonverbal
CesLures ln lmmerslve vlrLual LnvlronmenLs". lsycboloqlcol 5cleoce 16(10): 814-819.
2.ue8rulne, Llsa M. 2002. laclal resemblance enhances LrusL". ltoceeJloqs of tbe koyol 5oclety of
looJoo. 5etles 8. 8loloqlcol 5cleoces 269(1498): 1307-1312.
3.logg, 8. 2003. letsooslve tecbooloqy. osloq compotets to cbooqe wbot we tblok ooJ Jo.
AmsLerdam, 8osLon: Morgan kaufmann ubllshers.
4.kapLeln, M. eL al. 2011. 1wo acLs of soclal lnLelllgence: Lhe effecLs of mlmlcry and soclal pralse on
Lhe evaluaLlon of an arLlflclal agenL. Al& 5oc , 26:261-273
3.8aron, M. 2003. ManlpulaLlveness. roceedlngs and Addresses of Lhe Amerlcan hllosophlcal
AssoclaLlon 77 (2): 37-34
6.Maddux, W. W. eL al. 2008. Chameleons bake blgger ples and Lake blgger pleces. Iootool of
xpetlmeotol 5oclol lsycboloqy, (44): 461-468
7.neLLel, Ana Laura, en Ceorges 8oque. 2011. ersuaslve ArgumenLaLlon versus ManlpulaLlon".
Atqomeototloo 26(1): 33-69
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7)#3$/3'+2"')1",'?'W,.<.+$/3'<.,%*'5%*)"1'+2,.)32'+"(2/.*.3BX'
Andreas SAPn
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
Llndhoven unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
a.spahn[Lue.nl

Synops|s
l would llke Lo crlLlcally lnvesLlgaLe Lhe promlse of ,persuaslve Lechnologles' Lo help us become
(more) moral. l wlll proceed ln Lhree sLeps. llrsLly, l wlll descrlbe whaL persuaslve Lechnologles are
and how Lhey lnLend Lo 'make us moral'. Secondly, l wlll lnvesLlgaLe Lhe underlylng anLhropologlcal
assumpLlons, whlch deslgners and promoLers of Lhese Lechnologles seem Lo make. llnally l wlll Lry Lo
skeLch an eLhlcal evaluaLlon of Lhe beneflLs and llmlLs of Lhese Lechnologles, by asklng wheLher Lhey
can really help us becomlng more moral.

Content
ersuaslve 1echnologles (1) are Lechnologles LhaL are lnLenLlonally deslgned Lo change Lhe aLLlLude
and/or behavlor of users (logg 2003, l[sselsLeln 2006.) 1hey Lhus serve Lhe lnLenLlon Lo help people
Lo maker beLLer cholces wlLh regard Lo soclal values llke healLh, safeLy and susLalnablllLy. Lxamples
for 1 are bllnklng llghLs ln a car, LhaL Lry Lo persuade Lhe user Lo puL on Lhe seaL-belLs or smarL
energy meLers, LhaL Lry Lo persuade users Lo save energy.
(1) 1 and Soc|a| Va|ues
romoLers of 1 argue LhaL Lhey should be welcomed for Lwo dlfferenL Lypes of reasons. (a) lrom a
normaLlve perspecLlve Lhey provlde humans wlLh Lhe llLLle 'nudges' Lhey need Lo llve up Lo Lhelr own
moral values (1haler/SunsLeln 2008). (b) lrom a descrlpLlve perspecLlve Lhese Lechnologles are an
lnnovaLlve emerglng fleld, LhaL aLLracLs aLLenLlon ln varlous dlsclpllnes from compuLer sclence,
Lechnology deslgn Lo psychology and phllosophy (loug eL al 2010). As compuLers become relevanL
Lo more and more acLlvlLles ln our dally llve (amblenL compuLlng), more and more opLlons for
'persuaslon' become avallable LhaL were noL posslble a few decades ago.
(2) Anthropo|og|ca| Lva|uat|on of 1
hllosophers have sLruggled wlLh Lhe quesLlon, how Lo make humans moral ever slnce Lhe beglnnlng
of eLhlcal reflecLlons. CpLlmlsLlc anLhropologles see a LlghL llnk beLween knowlng Lhe good" and
dolng Lhe good". 1hls LradlLlon goes back Lo SocraLes and laLo and ls Lyplcal for eLhlcal Lheorles ln
raLlonallsm from LnllghLenmenL (kanL) Lo ModernlLy (e.g. korsgaard). 8uL Lhls approach has ln laLe-
modernlLy been meL wlLh subsLanLlal skepLlclsm. uefenders of a more pesslmlsLlc anLhropology,
based on lnslghLs from psychology and blology, have argued LhaL Lhere ls a gap beLween lnslghL and
moLlvaLlon, and LhaL all aLLempLs Lo make us moral have Lo sLarL from Lhls lnslghL. roponenLs of


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persuaslve Lechnology sLand Lhus mosLly ln Lhe LradlLlon of Lhls laLer approach. 1he pro-argumenLs
from Lhe 'pesslmlsLlc camp' wlll be cenLral ln Lhls parL of Lhe presenLaLlon.
(3) Lth|ca| Lva|uat|on of 1
1he Lhlrd parL of Lhe Lalk wlll address worrles LhaL mlghL be broughL fourLh by Lhe LradlLlon of Lhe
'opLlmlsLs'. lL wlll lnvesLlgaLe quesLlons llke: wbot ote etblcol ptoblems of llbetol lotetoollsm? lo
bow fot ote tbese tecbooloqles teolly mokloq os motol? lL mlghL be LhaL Lhey spread behavlor LhaL ls
ln accordance wlLh Lhe moral law, buL LhaL ls noL really moral, slnce lL ls noL based on auLonomous
declslons. llnally: wbot mlqbt be looq-tetm soclol coosepoeoces of Jeleqotloq motol Jeclsloos to
tecbooloqles?
keywords: LLhlcs, ersuaslve 1echnology, Moral AuLonomy, aLernallsm
8eferences
logg, 8. !. (2003). letsooslve tecbooloqy. usloq compotets to cbooqe wbot we tblok ooJ Jo. San
lranclso: Morgan kaufman ubllshers.
l!sselsLeln, W., ?. ue korL, C. Mldden, 8. Lggen, & 8. van den Poven (2006): ersuaslve Lechnology for
human well-belng: SeLLlng Lhe scene. ln: l!sselsLeln, de korL, Mldden, Lggen, van den Poven (Lds.):
ersuaslve 1echnology. llrsL lnLernaLlonal Conference on ersuaslve 1echnology for Puman Well-
8elng (roceedlngs), 8erlln, Peldelberg and new ?ork: Sprlnger, 1-6.
loug, 1., Pasle, . & Clnas-kukkonen, P. (2010): ersuaslve 1echnology. 3
Lh
lnLernaLlonal Conference
L8SuASlvL 2010, Copenhagen, uenmark, !une 2010, roceedlngs, 8erlln, Peldelberg and new ?ork:
Sprlnger
1haler, 8.P. & SunsLeln, C.8. (2008): NoJqe. lmptovloq ueclsloos oboot neoltb, weoltb ooJ noploess.
?ale unlverslLy ress.

* * *
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"+2$(1'.0'+"(2/.*.3B'
!ohnny ParLz SC8AkL8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
[.h.soraker[uLwenLe.nl

Pedonlsm, as a Lheory of Lhe good llfe and as foundaLlon for eLhlcs, clalms LhaL only pleasure has
lnLrlnslc value and only paln has lnLrlnslc dlsvalue. Pedonlsm ln Lhls nalve form has been rlghLly
crlLlclzed due Lo lLs counLer-lnLulLlve lmpllcaLlons, buL several phllosophers have recenLly Lrled Lo
reflne Lhe Lheory so as Lo keep lLs lnLulLlve aspecLs whlle avoldlng common ob[ecLlons. leldman
(2004) proposes a varlanL enLlLled lottloslc AttltoJlool neJoolsm, accordlng Lo whlch Lhe good llfe


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does noL conslsL ln expetleocloq pleasure, buL engaglng ln acLlvlLles and experlences LhaL you
aLLlLudlnally toke pleosote lo. 1he move Lowards a hlgher-order, reflecLlve accounL of pleasure
already Lakes care of some problems, buL ln order Lo deal wlLh so-called argumenLs from false
pleasures (kagan, 1992, nozlck, 1993), leldman also lnLroduces whaL he refers Lo as 1totb-AJjosteJ
lnLrlnslc ALLlLudlnal Pedonlsm (1AlAP). 1hls enLalls LhaL aLLlLudlnal pleasures musL be grounded ln
Lrue sLaLes of affalrs, or aL leasL LhaL Lhe sLrengLh of aLLlLudlnal pleasure ls parLly deLermlned by lLs
LruLh condlLlons. ln Lhls paper, l wlll bulld on leldman's Lheory, buL argue LhaL lnLrlnslc aLLlLudlnal
hedonlsm should be ad[usLed for cooflJeoce raLher Lhan LruLh, yleldlng cooflJeoce-AJjosteJ lnLrlnslc
ALLlLudlnal Pedonlsm (CAlAP). ln llne wlLh leldman, CAlAP holds LhaL Lhe good llfe conslsLs ln havlng
acLlvlLles and experlences LhaL you reflecLlvely Lake pleasure ln (noL necessarlly aL Lhe Llme of dolng
Lhe acLlvlLy). buL adds LhaL you need Lo be cooflJeot abouL LhaL whlch you Lake aLLlLudlnal pleasure ln
- or aL leasL LhaL Lhe sLrengLh of aLLlLudlnal pleasures ls parLly deLermlned by your confldence LhaL
Lhey correspond Lo someLhlng real, LhaL Lhey are susLalnable, LhaL Lhey are reclprocal, and a number
of oLher deLermlnanLs of confldence.. 1he degree of confldence coo be deLermlned by LruLh,
meanlng LhaL self-decepLlon wlll usually lead Lo cognlLlve dlssonance, whlch by lLs very naLure erodes
confldence. Powever, CAlAP allows for confldenL yeL posslbly erroneous bellefs Lo consLlLuLe well-
belng. 1hus, CAlAP, ln conLrasL wlLh mosL oLher Lheorles of Lhe good llfe, allows for splrlLual and
oLher unfalslflable bellefs Lo consLlLuLe well-belng regardless of wheLher Lhey are ob[ecLlvely Lrue. lL
also allows for a range of poLenLlally false yeL confldenL bellefs Lo deLermlne happlness, lncludlng
love, LrusL and suspended dlsbellef. CAlAP ls lnlLlally a Lhln" Lheory of Lhe good llfe, whlch means
LhaL lL Lrles Lo seL ouL formal condlLlons for a good llfe wlLhouL speclfylng concreLe, ob[ecLlve
requlremenLs. Powever, boLh Lhe reflecLlve naLure of aLLlLudlnal pleasures and Lhe confldence
ad[usLmenL enLalls several concreLe lmpllcaLlons - especlally for eLhlcs of Lechnology.
A flrsL lmpllcaLlon ls LhaL Lechnologlcal medlaLlon ofLen deLermlnes confldence. lor lnsLance, several
phllosophers have crlLlclzed vlrLual relaLlonshlps for belng lnferlor Lo acLual relaLlonshlps (see e.g.
Cocklng and MaLLhews (2000)). Accordlng Lo CAlAP, Lhere ls noLhlng lnherenLly problemaLlc abouL
vlrLual relaLlonshlps, and Lhey can glve rlse Lo many of Lhe same aLLlLudlnal pleasures, buL vlrLual
relaLlonshlps are lnferlor when lL comes Lo Lhe cooflJeoce Lhey provlde. Pavlng llved wlLh someone
and experlenced Lhelr person ln dlfferenL clrcumsLances allows for a level of confldence unaLLalnable
ln vlrLual envlronmenLs. lL ls Lhls dlfference ln confldence LhaL lo ptoctlce make acLual relaLlonshlps
more conduclve Lo well-belng Lhan vlrLual ones. Closely relaLed, and relevanL Lo many onllne
acLlvlLles, 'LrusL' ls noL necessarlly grounded ln Lrue sLaLes of affalrs. SLlll, dlmlnlshed LrusL onllne
comes wlLh reduced opporLunlLy Lo be confldenL abouL Lhe correspondlng acLlvlLles. CAlAP also
enLalls LhaL Lhe onllne lnformaLlon gluL, lncludlng lncreased exposure Lo alLernaLlve llfesLyles and
lncreased knowledge of Lhe sufferlng of oLhers, may lead Lo reduced confldence ln Lhe llfe we have
chosen for ourselves. Moreover, CAlAP forms Lhe LheoreLlcal basls for an approach defended
elsewhere, enLlLled rudenLlal-Lmplrlcal LLhlcs of 1echnology (LL1) (Sraker, !. P., 2012). 1hls
approach evaluaLes Lhe lmpacL concreLe Lechnologles may have on our sub[ecLlve well-belng by
drawlng on research from 'poslLlve psychology', a fleld LhaL sLudles sub[ecLlve well-belng emplrlcally
(cf. eLerson (2006)). ln Lhe full paper, l wlll defend CAlAP more subsLanLlally, ouLllne Lhe close
connecLlon beLween CAlAP and LL1, and descrlbe Lhe normaLlve recommendaLlons LhaL follow (e.g.


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regardlng auLhenLlclLy, educaLlon, soclal lsolaLlon, sklll-demandlng acLlvlLles and a range of oLher
acLlvlLles LhaL have been made posslble by and/or profoundly redeflned by onllne acLlvlLles. ln
concluslon, Lhe purpose of Lhe full paper ls Lo defend CAlAP as a general Lheory of Lhe good llfe LhaL
solves several counLer-lnLulLlve lmpllcaLlons lnherenL Lo oLher Lheorles, and Lo show how lL ls
subsLanLlve enough Lo provlde normaLlve recommendaLlons, especlally for Lhe role of Lechnology ln a
good llfe.

8eferences
Cocklng, u., & MaLLhews, S. (2000). unreal frlends. tblcs ooJ lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy, 2(4), 223-231.
leldman, l. (2004). lleosote ooJ tbe CooJ llfe. coocetoloq tbe Notote, votletles, ooJ llooslblllty of
neJoolsm. Cxford: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
kagan, S. (1992). 1he llmlLs of well-belng. ln L. l. aul, l. u. Mlller & !. aul (Lds.), 1be CooJ llfe ooJ
tbe bomoo qooJ (pp. 169-189). Cambrldge: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
nozlck, 8. (1993). Aootcby, stote ooJ otoplo. Cxford: 8lackwell.
eLerson, C. (2006). A ltlmet lo losltlve lsycboloqy. Cxford: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
Sraker, !. P. (2012). rudenLlal-Lmplrlcal LLhlcs of 1echnology (LL1) - An Larly CuLllne. AA
Newslettet oo compotloq ooJ lbllosopby 12.

* * *
;/#$5$#)%*',$32+1'$/'+2"'$/0.,<%+$./'%3"'
Marlarosarla 1AuuLC
ollLlcs & lnLernaLlonal SLudles
unlverslLy of Warwlck, uk
m.Laddeo[warwlck.ac.uk

1he lnformaLlon revoluLlon has radlcally changed Lhe way ln whlch we percelve and lnLeracL wlLh
oLher agenLs, boLh human and arLlflclal, and wlLh Lhe envlronmenL. 1wo aspecLs of such a revoluLlon
are noLeworLhy for Lhe analysls developed ln Lhls paper: Lhe rlslng of Lhe dlglLal domaln and Lhe
progresslve blurrlng of Lhese domalns wlLhln each oLher. Such a blurrlng ls affecLlng several aspecLs
of our conLemporary llfe, from Lhe way we esLabllsh and malnLaln soclal conLacLs Lo Lhe way ln whlch
we ensure Lhe safeLy of our socleLles. llorldl [1] well descrlbes Lhls phenomenon when he calls lL Lhe
oollfe, Lo refer Lo a llfe wlLhouL any slgnlflcanL dlvlde beLween onllne and offllne acLlvlLles.
1hese changes have reshaped Lhe way we work, enLerLaln, Lravel and lnLeracL.
1hey have also redeflned Lhe way we percelve ourselves as lndlvlduals and consLrucL our ldenLlLles
[2], [3], Lo Lhe polnL LhaL onllne acLlvlLles play a subsLanLlal role ln Lhe achlevemenL of a healLhy and
rewardlng llfe, as Lhey provlde affordances and spaces for self-expresslon and self-polesls" [4].


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When consldered from an eLhlcal perspecLlve, Lhese changes ralse Lwo quesLlons concernlng (l)
wheLher Lhe LransformaLlons engendered by Lhe lnformaLlon revoluLlon pose Lhe need for lndlvlduals
Lo clalm new rlghLs for Lhemselves as agenLs llvlng Lhe onllfe, and (ll) whaL such rlghLs should be. 1he
paper addresses Lhese Lwo quesLlons.
1he analysls ls developed ln Lwo parLs. 1he flrsL one addresses quesLlon (l) and argues LhaL, as onllne
experlences are deemed Lo be relevanL for Lhe well-belng of lndlvlduals as much as Lhe offllne ones,
Lhen lndlvlduals have Lhe rlghLs for Lhelr onllne acLlvlLles noL only Lo be proLecLed buL also L3o be
supporLed so Lo achleve a good-llfe onllne and, more generally, Lo fosLer Lhelr well-belng. ln Lhls
respecL, lL ls argued LhaL Lhe rlghL Lo prlvacy, whlle remalnlng fundamenLal for Lhe proLecLlon of
personal lnformaLlon, should noL be consldered sufflclenL Lo ensure Lhe well-belng of lndlvlduals.
1he scope of Lhe rlghLs LhaL lndlvlduals should clalm onllne should be exLended. quesLlon (ll) and
descrlbes Lwo caLegorles of rlghLs, whlch should be respecLed Lo guaranLee Lhe posslblllLy of
achlevlng a good llfe Lo lndlvlduals llvlng ln Lhe lnformaLlon age. 1he flrsL caLegory concerns Lhe rlghL
of belng ln coottol of Lhe daLa and lnformaLlon concernlng ourselves. Such rlghL resLs on Lhe
undersLandlng of daLa and lnformaLlon as greasy, l.e. accesslble, porLable, whlch can be mlned by
Lhlrd parLles and may reveal senslLlve personal lnformaLlon [3]. lL ls argued LhaL Lhe lnformaLlonal
naLure of Lhe onllne sphere faclllLaLes survelllance and conLrolllng measures Lo Lhe exLenL LhaL lL
becomes feaslble Lo wonder wheLher personal daLa and lnformaLlon could be accessed and
manlpulaLed by Lhlrd parLles possesslng adequaLe Lechnologles. ln Lhls conLexL, Lhe rlghL Lo conLrol
refers Lo Lhe rlghL Lo access, manage and dlspose of flrsL order daLa and lnformaLlon concernlng
ourselves. 1haL ls Lo say LhaL, for example, one has Lhe rlghL Lo know and Lo declde Lhe way ln whlch
daLa concernlng 'hls preferences for plzza' [3] are used by Lhlrd parLles.
1he second caLegory of rlghLs refers Lo Lhe lnformaLlonal naLure of Lhe dlglLal domaln and Lakes lnLo
accounL Lhe relevance of accesslng and sharlng lnformaLlon for Lhe well-belng of lndlvlduals. Such
rlghLs proLecL Lhe aspecLs of Lhe onllfe LhaL are deemed necessary Lo experlence a good llfe.
Accordlng Lo Lhls analysls lL ls malnLalned LhaL lndlvlduals have Lhe rlghL Lo en[oy:
- compuLlng resources, Lhese refer Lo compuLaLlonal cycles LhaL are necessary for lndlvlduals Lo
experlence Lhe onllfe.
- sLorage resources, Lhese are Lhe resources necessary Lo express, recall, and sLore personal daLa and
lnformaLlon (sLorlng space as a uLlllLy).
- neLworklng, whlch refers Lo Lhe rlghL Lo acL and lnLeracL wlLh Lhe resL of Lhe onllne sphere, agenLs,
and envlronmenL.
1he paper concludes by conslderlng Lhe proposed lnformaLlonal rlghLs ln relaLlon Lo human rlghLs. lL
ls flrsL recalled LhaL Lhe rlghL Lo lnformaLlon ls already regarded as a llbetty rlghL ln ArL. 19 of Lhe
unlversal ueclaraLlon of Puman 8lghLs [6], [7].1 lL ls Lhen sLressed LhaL Lhe lnformaLlonal rlghLs
descrlbed ln Lhls arLlcle should be consldered as parL of Lhe second generaLlon of human rlghLs [8],
concernlng soclal and culLural rlghLs. lor such rlghLs are devoLed Lo defend and fosLer human llves ln
Lhe conLemporary lnformaLlon age and noL [usL Lhe access Lo lnformaLlon.


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8eferences
(l) unlLed naLlons. 1948. unlversal ueclaraLlon of Puman 8lghLs,
hLLp://www.un.org/Cvervlew/rlghLs.hLml
1.llorldl, L., 1be ulqltol kevolotloo os 1be loottb kevolotloo. lnvlLed conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhe 88C onllne
program ulglLal 8evoluLlon, 2010.
2. llorldl, L., ed. 1be coosttoctloo of letsoool lJeotltles Oolloe,. vol. Mlnds and Machlnes, 21.4. 2011.
3. !ohnson, u.C., tblcs Oolloe, 5boploq soclol bebovlot oolloe tokes mote tboo oew lows ooJ
moJlfleJ eJlcts. CommunlcaLlon of Lhe ACM, 1997. 40(1): p. 60-63.
4. llorldl, L., 1be lofotmotloool Notote of letsoool lJeotlty. Mlnds & Machlnes, 2011. 21(4): p. 349-
366.
3. Moor, !.P., 1owotJs o tbeoty of ptlvocy lo tbe lofotmotloo oqe. SlCCAS CompuLer and SocleLy,
1997. 27(3): p. 27-32.
6. MaLhlesen, k., ceosotsblp ooJ Access to lofotmotloo, ln nooJbook of lofotmotloo ooJ compotet
tblcs, k.L. Plmma and P.1. 1avanl, LdlLors. 2008, !ohn Wlley and Sons: new ?ork.
7. Collver, S., 1be klqbt to koow. nomoo tlqbts ooJ occess to teptoJoctlve beoltb lofotmotloo. LdlLed
by A81lCLL 19 and Lhe lnLernaLlonal CenLre AgalnsL Censorshlp., 1993.
8. vasak, k., ed. 1be lotetootloool ulmeosloos of nomoo klqbts. 1982, 2 volumes, unLSCC.

* * *
D"(2/.C"+2$(%*'0""#4%(=6'I':,.4*"<'8$+2'D2"'"+2$(%*'%/%*B1$1'.0'+"(2/.*.3$"1'
Mlchael CLAWSCn, hu SLudenL
unlverslLy of SouLh Carollna, uSA
gmglawson[gmall.com

Cne of Lhe lmporLanL branches of phllosophy of Lechnology seeks Lo glve eLhlcal analysls of
Lechnologles and Lhelr use, ln order Lo dlrecL us ln maklng declslons abouL Lhe developmenL and
adopLlon of fuLure Lechnologles. ln Lhls area of work falls, for lnsLance, lukuyama's Oot lostbomoo
lotote, whlch assesses cerLaln advancemenLs ln bloLechnology, and recommends agalnsL Lhelr
adopLlon. 1hls paper argues LhaL Lhere ls a problem lnherenL Lo Lhe pro[ecL of analyzlng Lechnologles
ln Lhls sLralghL-forward way. 1he problem wlLh aLLempLlng Lo foresee Lhe consequences of adopLlng
a Lechnology, and decldlng wheLher Lo adopL lL on Lhe basls of wheLher Lhose consequences are
conduclve Lo Lhe good llfe of Lhose affecLed, can be undersLood as a problem of feedback. 1hls ls
because:


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(1) 1o sLudy Lhe lmpacL of a Lechnology ls Lo sLudy Lhe effecLs LhaL Lhe lnLroducLlon and adopLlon of a
Lechnology has on a parLlcular soclal slLuaLlon/ enLlLy/cllmaLe.
8ot sloce
(2) A glven soclal enLlLy ls consLlLuLed and held LogeLher by a common concepLlon of Lhe good llfe - of
how human llfe oughL Lo be done, ooJ
(3) 1echnologles Lhemselves lnform and consLlLuLe slgnlflcanL segmenLs of whaL lL means Lo do
human llfe,
(4) 1here ls a feedback loop: Lhe Lechnology boLh consLlLuLes and affecLs Lhe meanlng of human llfe.
lL slmulLaneously draws and redraws Lhe boundarles. 1he lnLroducLlon of a Lechnology ls lLself Lhe
redrawlng of Lhe boundarles and feaLures of a socleLy, noL an ouLslde evenL LhaL evenLually has LhaL
effecL.
1he naLure of Lhe feedback lnherenL Lo Lhe eLhlcal analysls of Lechnology ls fleshed ouL ln Lerms of
Lechnologles' Lendency Lo force a resLrucLurlng of our llved paLLerns of llfe. 8ecause of Lhe changes
Lechnologles effecL upon Lhe sLrucLure of human llfe, and because our evaluaLlve language ls meanL
Lo capLure and map on Lo Lhese sLrucLures, Lechnologlcal change ofLen effecLs a change ln Lhe
boundarles and appllcaLlon of evaluaLlve or moral caLegorles. And Lhls, ln Lurn, effecLs a change ln
our moral [udgmenLs or general moral poslLlons. And because lL ls Lhese [udgmenLs and poslLlons
whlch form Lhe basls of all eLhlcal analysls - lncludlng Lhose abouL whaL Lechnologles we should
develop, and how we oughL Lo use Lhem, Lhe quesLlon of wheLher we oughL Lo adopL or develop a
cerLaln Lechnology becomes lnherenLly problemaLlc.
1hls paper wlll offer several hlsLorlcal example of how Lhls feedback problem has played ouL ln Lhe
developmenL and adopLlon of dlfferenL Lechnologles of Lhe pasL, such as submarlnes and nuclear
energy, and how lL ls currenLly playlng ouL ln dlscusslons of new Lechnologles such as geneLlc
englneerlng and bloprlnLlng, and wlll use Lhese hlsLorlcal examples Lo show LhaL Lhese Lechnologles
forced a gesLalL swlLch ln our operaLlve moral vlews such LhaL our eLhlcal lnLulLlons prlor Lo Lhe
Lechnologlcal change flaLly conLradlcL Lhose afLer Lhe change. 1hls facL allows us Lo dlsLlll Lhe problem
of Lechnologlcal-eLhlcal feedback down Lo a slngle quesLlon: WhaL values do we woot Lo have? 1hls,
Lhe paper argues, ls Lhe quesLlon cenLral Lo eLhlcs of 'emerglng' Lechnologles. And Lhe paper wlll
conclude wlLh a analysls of sLraLegles for answerlng Lhls quesLlon, endlng wlLh Lhe suggesLlon LhaL
Lhe moral values whlch oughL Lo be fundamenLally operaLlve ln Lhe developmenL of such
Lechnologles musL be rooLed ln baslc values of raLlonallLy, raLher Lhan hlgher-level moral values (such
as honesLy, falrness, eLc.).

* * *
'
'


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[,$"/#12$:'$/'+2"'%3"'.0'$/0.,<%+$./'
8udl vAn 8LnS8u8C
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of reLorla, SouLh Afrlca
rudl.vanrensburg[up.ac.za

ln Lhls paper l would llke Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe role and lmporLance of frlendshlp ln Lhe age of
lnformaLlon. 1o ask Lhe quesLlon of frlendshlp ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon, wlll also be Lo ask Lhe
quesLlon of educaLlon ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon. 1o educaLe, we could say, means Lo lead someone
ouL of lgnorance, or ouL of Lhelr lmmaLurlLy. 1o accounL for Lhls, modern socleLles have consLrucLed
publlc schoollng sysLems ln order Lo educaLe Lhe youLh so LhaL Lhey may become maLure and
responslble clLlzens as Lhey come of age. WlLh Lhe unprecedenLed Lechnologlcal developmenLs of Lhe
laLe 20
Lh
cenLury and Lhe early 21
sL
cenLury, Lhese publlc schoollng sysLems no longer provlde Lhe
youLh Lhe necessary educaLlon wlLh whlch Lhey could evenLually flourlsh as maLure adulLs, flL for Lhe
world as lL rapldly redevelops ln fronL of Lhelr eyes. All Lhe whlle Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe famlly, Loo, has
noL gone wlLhouL slgnlflcanL changes. lrom Lhe sLop-sLarL of Lhe auLo-moblle before and afLer offlce
hours, Lo Lhe evenlng news and Lhe scheduled Lelevlslon programmes, famllles have grown
accusLomed Lo Lhelr sedenLary llves ln fronL of Lhe brlghLly llL screens. WlLh Lhe revoluLlon ln moblle
Lechnologles, Lhe sllghLesL blL of eye conLacL or Lhe awkward" momenL can qulckly be avolded,
slmply by peerlng deeper lnLo Lhe llLLle ob[ecL brlghLly llghLlng up ln Lhe palm of your hand. AlLhough
Lhls cocoonlng" musL have frusLraLed many a Leacher, many a parenL and many a frlend, should we
noL Lake Lhls as our sLarLlng polnL ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon lf we wanL Lo envlsage a new fuLure?
AL Lhls [uncLure, however, lL ls Llme Lo reLurn Lo Lhe concepL of Lhe frlend. 1he frlend, who plays a
plvoLal role LhroughouL Lhe hlsLory of all human klnd, should especlally become slgnlflcanL Lo us ln
Lhe age of lnformaLlon. lf we deflne Lhe phllosopher as Lhe frlend of wlsdom", Lhen lL ls noL yeL
wlsdom LhaL we should be concerned abouL ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon. 8aLher, lL ls Lhe frlend LhaL
should flrsL capLure our aLLenLlon. Slnce we speak of Lhe age of lnformaLlon, we should conslder LhaL
we, as human belngs, are also ln-formaLlon. 1haL ls, we no longer have a clear undersLandlng of how
we are belng formed by and Lhrough our Lechnologles. nor do we have a clear undersLandlng of whaL
Lhe ramlflcaLlons of Lhese effecLs wlll be for Lhe enLlreLy of our global fuLure. ?eL, we can be sure LhaL
lL would be Lhrough frlendshlp, as Lhe process of Lhe formaLlon of assoclaLlon, LhaL we wlll learn once
more from one anoLher. lL ls characLerlsLlc of our Llmes LhaL, whlle are cocoonlng", we also lnform
one anoLher wlLh such ease as ls provlded by our soclal neLworks. 1hls leaves open vasL amounLs of
poLenLlal wlLh whlch we can shape our llves. 8uL Lhen we should also especlally learn Lo become
crlLlcal. 1o become crlLlcal has perhaps losL lLs way ln hope only of Lhe frlend Lo Lake responslblllLy for
lLs splrlL. A splrlL LhaL should aL leasL be Lhe same ln Lhe sense LhaL frlendly rlvals are Lo one anoLher.

key words: lrlendshlp, Lechnlcs, 8ernard SLlegler, eLer SloLerdl[k



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'
F2%+'1+)#"/+1'*"%,/'%4.)+'+2"'/%+),"'.0'+"(2/.*.3B6'I',"0*"(+$./'./':,$<%,B'%/#'1"(./#%,B'1(2..*1'
(),,$()*%'

Mahdl C. nlA, hu sLudenL
laculLy of Applled Sclence
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
m.m.ghaemlnla[LudelfL.nl

Marc !. de v8lLS
laculLy of Applled Sclence
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
m.[.devrles[LudelfL.nl

8ackground: Llvlng ln Lechnlcal world of 21Lh cenLury, Lhe sLudenLs ln dlfferenL levels of educaLlon
need Lo know more abouL Lhe naLure of Lechnology. Also, slnce Lhey are growlng and llvlng ln
socloLechnlcal llfe sysLems, experlenclng a good llfe demands LhaL Lhey could acqulre useful lnslghLs
abouL how Lechnology lnLeracL wlLh varlous aspecLs of Lhelr whole llfe, personal or soclal, such as
culLural, economlc, pollLlcal and eLhlcal aspecLs. 8uL Lhe maln problem arlses when we noLlce LhaL
Lhls lmporLanL lssue has noL been Laken lnLo accounL well ln educaLlonal sysLems of prlmary and
secondary schools. ln facL, a ma[or share of dlscusslons abouL Lhe naLure of Lechnology has been
resLrlcLed ln llLeraLure speclflc Lo phllosophers or hlsLorlans of Lechnology. Lven Lhe englneers who
deal wlLh Lhe very pracLlcal aspecLs of Lechnologlcal Lheorles, whlch ls geLLlng sophlsLlcaLed more and
more, do noL know much abouL Lhe essence of Lechnology. 8ecenLly, afLer 1990, some scholars have
pald more aLLenLlon Lo Lhls problem. 1hey have argued LhaL mosL Lheorles and known aspecLs of
Lechnology need Lo be LranslaLed Lo more pracLlcal and senslble language and need Lo be educaLed
Lo sLudenLs and englneers ln more appllcable ways. ln oLher words, sLudenLs and englneers musL geL
an approprlaLe level of Lechnologlcal llLeracy durlng Lhelr formally deflned sysLems of educaLlon.
WhaL has been consldered ln Lhls paper ls lnvesLlgaLlng dlfferenL currlcula of prlmary and secondary
schools ln dlfferenL polnLs of Lhe world, and assesslng LhaL Lo whaL exLend Lhey reflecL Lhe naLure of
Lechnology accordlng Lo Lhe currenL lnslghLs ln Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology. Surely, lL demands also
Lo dlscuss abouL whaL sLudenL needs Lo learn abouL Lechnology and how Lhese needs vary based on
conLlngenL soclal varlables. An essenLlal polnL whlch wlll be consldered here as a deLermlnaLlve lssue
ls LhaL Lechnologlcal llLeracy has a normaLlve essence. 8ecause lL deals wlLh varlous sLrucLural norms
of dlfferenL socleLles. ulsslmllar culLures, needs, meLhods, vlews and eLc. lead Lo unallke ways ln
uslng Lechnology and even learnlng abouL lL. 1herefore, Lhls normaLlvlLy whlch has lnfluenced Lhe
exlsLlng currlcula, wlll show and musL show lLself ln modlflcaLlon of Lhem as well. 1hen dolng Lhe
lnvesLlgaLlon process on dlfferenL counLrles wlLh varlous feaLures of educaLlon wlll complemenL our
ldea abouL provldlng a relevanL currlcula Lo make Lhe sLudenL more llLeraLe abouL Lechnology.
nypothes|s: 1he exlsLlng currlcula of prlmary and secondary schools doesn'L maLch wlLh sLudenLs'
normaLlve needs Lo know abouL Lhe naLure of Lechnology, and musL be modlfled. Method: Laklng Lhe


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'SLandards for 1echnologlcal LlLeracy' book as Lhe maln reference, an lnLernaLlonal lnvesLlgaLlon on
currlcula of prlmary and secondary schools ln uk, uSA, new Zealand and SouLh Afrlca, wlll consLlLuLe
Lhe core daLa of Lhe paper. Some analyLlcal dlscusslons and comparaLlve sLudles wlll come Lo assess
Lhese currlcula and lllusLraLe Lhe gaps and dlfferences. llnally some modlflcaLlons or alLernaLlves for
currenL currlcula wlll be suggesLed Loo. Conc|us|on: AlLhough many scholars have examlned Lhe
naLure of Lechnology ln phllosophlcal, hlsLorlcal and soclologlcal dlsclpllnes, Lhese sLudles have noL
found a proper way Lo lmpacL on educaLlonal currlcula ln prlmary and secondary schools yeL, where
Lhe sLudenLs need Lo acqulre a favourlLe level of Lechnologlcal llLeracy much beyond of whaL Lhey
have Loday. 1he exlsLlng currlcula musL be revlsed, modlfled or changed accordlng whaL ls necessary
for sLudenL Lo learn abouL dlfferenL aspecLs of Lechnology and lLs consLrucLed normaLlve sysLems.

* * *
k)1+'+2$/316'k)1+$("&'+"(2/.*.3B&'%/#'+2"'*$<$+1'.0'*$4",%*'"3%*$+%,$%/$1<'
AnLhony PCllMAnn
School of lnformaLlon SLudles
unlverslLy of Wlsconsln-Mllwaukee, uSA
hoffma89[uwm.edu

ln May 2011, Lhe unlLed naLlons declared access Lo Lhe lnLerneL a human rlghL, clalmlng LhaL Lhe
lnLerneL ls one of Lhe mosL powerful lnsLrumenLs of Lhe 21sL cenLury for lncreaslng Lransparency ln
Lhe conducL of Lhe powerful, access Lo lnformaLlon, and for faclllLaLlng acLlve clLlzen parLlclpaLlon ln
bulldlng democraLlc socleLles" (unlLed naLlons Puman 8lghLs Councll, 2011, p. 4). Less Lhan a year
laLer, vlnLon Cerf (2012), one of Lhe faLhers" of Lhe lnLerneL, counLered Lhe un's asserLlon, argulng
LhaL access Lo Lhe lnLerneL ls noL, ln facL, a human rlghL. ln hls words, [Lhe un], however well
meanlng, mlsses a larger polnL: Lechnology ls an enabler of rlghLs, noL a rlghL lLself" (Cerf, 2012, para.
3). Cerf goes on Lo sLress Lhe lnsLrumenLal role of Lhe lnLerneL ln reallzlng rlghLs: even Lhe unlLed
naLlons reporL, whlch was wldely halled as declarlng lnLerneL access a human rlghL, acknowledged
LhaL Lhe lnLerneL was valuable as a means Lo an end, noL as an end ln lLself" (Cerf, 2012, para. 4).
lndeed, boLh Lhe un and Cerf poslL Lechnology as merely lnsLrumenLal, Lhough Lhey dlffer ln Lhe
degree Lo whlch Lhey emphaslze lLs lmporLance. SeLLlng aslde Lhese dlfferences, however, boLh
argumenLs are clearly rooLed ln a llberal commlLmenL Lo soclal [usLlce, wlLh an emphasls on values of
lndlvldual llberLy, democracy, and equallLy.
lL ls unsurprlslng LhaL Cerf and Lhe un would emphaslze Lhese values, argulng as Lhey are agalnsL a
backdrop of wldespread global ln[usLlce. 1haL Lhe world we llve ln ls un[usL, as 1homas nagel (2003)
has sald, "may be Lhe leasL conLroverslal clalm one could make ln pollLlcal Lheory" (p. 113). Powever,
Lhe debaLe over Lhe role of Lhe lnLerneL ln reallzlng rlghLs and global [usLlce also underscores anoLher
facL: Lhe world we llve ln ls socloLechnlcal. 1haL ls, lL ls marked by "[sysLems] uslng comblnaLlons of
hardware and people (and usually oLher elemenLs) Lo accompllsh Lasks LhaL humans cannoL perform


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unalded by such sysLems - Lo exLend human capaclLles" (kllne, 1983/2003, p. 211). 1hls laLLer
observaLlon ls of vlLal lmporLance for any vlable Lheory of soclal [usLlce ln Lhe 21
sL
cenLury, as
developed naLlons LranslLlon from largely lndusLrlal lnfrasLrucLures Lo lnformaLlonal Lechnologlcal
lnfrasLrucLures domlnaLed by neLworks and Lechnologles deslgned Lo supporL flows of lnformaLlon.
Whlle Lhe precedlng observaLlons are dlfferenL ln naLure-LhaL Lhe world ls un[usL ls a normaLlve
clalm, LhaL lL ls socloLechnlcal ls a descrlpLlve one-Lhey are noL unrelaLed, slnce recognlzlng LhaL our
world ls socloLechnlcal polnLs Lowards one aspecL of llfe Loday LhaL oughL Lo be assessed ln Lerms of
[usLlce. lollowlng Lhls asserLlon, Lhls paper ouLllnes a socloLechnlcal crlLlque" of llberal Lheorles of
soclal [usLlce-ln parLlcular, Lhe llberal egallLarlanlsm developed by !ohn 8awls (1971, 2001). urawlng
on lnslghLs from Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology and sclence and Lechnology sLudles (S1S), Lhe auLhor
argues LhaL 8awls and hls adherenLs 1) lncorporaLe ldeallzed concepLlons of persons and socleLy LhaL
leave llLLle room for examlnlng socloLechnlcal relaLlons and 2) lack Lhe concepLual Lools necessary Lo
dlscuss forms of nonhuman agency relevanL Lo soclal [usLlce. ConsequenLly, Lhey are unable Lo
properly accounL for Lhe role of Lechnology ln socleLy ln ways LhaL are vlLal Lo reasonlng abouL [usLlce
Loday. 1hls paper serves Lo make expllclL Lhe ways ln whlch socloLechnlcal sysLems challenge
ldeallzed models of persons and socleLy foundaLlonal Lo Lhe sorL of llberal egallLarlanlsm LhaL
underglrds argumenLs llke Lhose puL forward by Cerf and Lhe un.
ulLlmaLely, Lhe auLhor argues LhaL lf soclal [usLlce ls, aL leasL ln parL, abouL securlng some level of
falrness ln Lhe background condlLlons agalnsL whlch people llve Lhelr llves (as 8awls would have lL),
socloLechnlcal sysLems should noL be concepLuallzed as mere means people adopL Lo achleve chosen
ends. lnsLead, socloLechnlcal relaLlons should be broughL Lo Lhe fore, slnce Lhey have lmporLanL
lmpllcaLlons for Lhe ways ln whlch we may begln Lo boLh concelve of and achleve [usLlce by shaplng
Lhe very posslblllLles for-and llmlLs Lo-whaL people can and cannoL do. 1echnologles are noL mere
Lhlngs, buL poLenLlally [usL (or un[usL) Lhlngs, and any vlable Lheory of soclal [usLlce Loday musL
accounL for Lhe developmenL, dlsLrlbuLlon, and use of Lechnology ln socleLy.

8eferences
Cerf, v.C. (2012, !anuary 4). lnLerneL access ls noL a human rlghL. 1be New otk 1lmes. 8eLrleved
from hLLp://www.nyLlmes.com/2012/01/03/oplnlon/lnLerneL-access-ls-noL-a-human-rlghL.hLml
kllne, S.!. (2003). WhaL ls Lechnology? ln 8.C. Scharff & v. uusek (Lds.), lbllosopby of tecbooloqy. 1be
tecbooloqlcol cooJltloo (pp. 386-397). Malden, MA: 8lackwell. (8eprlnLed from 8olletlo of 5cleoce,
1ecbooloqy & 5oclety, 1, 213-218, 1980).
nagel, 1. (2003). 1he problem of global [usLlce. lbllosopby & lobllc Affolts, JJ(2), 113-147.
8awls, !. (1971). A tbeoty of jostlce. Cambrldge, MA: 8elknap ress.
8awls, !. (2001). Iostlce os foltoess. A testotemeot. Cambrldge, MA: 8elknap ress.


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unlLed naLlons Puman 8lghLs Councll. (2011). 8eporL of Lhe Speclal 8apporLeur on Lhe promoLlon
and proLecLlon of Lhe rlghL Lo freedom of oplnlon and expresslon, lrank La 8ue. 8eLrleved from:
hLLp://www2.ohchr.org/engllsh/bodles/hrcouncll/docs/17sesslon/a.hrc.17.27_en.pdf

* * *
D,)1+'%/#'Jc:"/'9"%*+2'H%+%M'(.<<)/$+$"1'
Adam PLnSCPkL
CenLre for Applled hllosophy and ubllc LLhlcs
Charles SLurL unlverslLy, AusLralla
ahenschke[csu.edu.au

'Cpen PealLh uaLa' (CPu) communlLles rely on LrusL for efflclenL use of CPu Lechnologles. Powever,
Lhere are dlfferenL LrusL Lypes LhaL emerge from relaLlons beLween Lhe parLlcular acLors of lnLeresL.
1hls paper shows LhaL Lhose uslng and overseelng Lhese Lechnologles need Lo recognlse dlfferenL
LrusL Lypes ln order Lo maxlmlse uLlllLy and safeLy of CPu Lechnologles. 1he paper alms Lo lmprove
efflclency and mlnlmlse poLenLlal rlghLs vlolaLlons and harms by descrlblng a serles of dlfferenL LrusL
Lypes, deflned by Lhe dlfferenL acLors lnLeracLlng ln an CPu communlLy.
Cpen uaLa refers Lo Lechnologles LhaL purposefully seek Lo make a large daLa seL openly avallable Lo
Lhe publlc. 1hls ls conLrasLed wlLh Cpen Source and Cpen knowledge, where Lhe deslgn or
knowledge are open Lo, and developed by Lhe publlc, such as Llnux or a Wlklpedla page. Cpen neoltb
uaLa ls a parLlcular form of daLa seL LhaL ls especlally relevanL Lo healLh care ln some way. 1he uk's
Opeo neoltb program, ln whlch anonymlsed healLh care lnformaLlon ls made publlcly accesslble ls a
paradlgm example of a governmenL sponsored acLlvlLy Lo develop and malnLaln healLh daLa LhaL ls
publlcly avallable. 1he descrlpLlon 'Cpen PealLh uaLa commooltles' refers Lo a seL of dlfferenL agenLs
LhaL uLlllse and rely on open daLa Lechnologles Lo help developed, medlaLe and malnLaln relaLlons
wlLhln Lhe glven healLh care relaLed communlLy.
Clven Lhe speclal lmporLance of healLh Lo people's quallLy and securlLy of llfe, acLlons LhaL lmpacL on
healLh care are especlally lmporLanL. 1rusL ls arguably a necesslLy condlLlon for efflclenL healLh care.
Conslder Lhe relaLlon beLween a healLh care professlonal (PC) and paLlenL. Whlle Lhe paLlenL ls
vulnerable Lo Lhe PC, and musL LrusL Lhelr ablllLles, Lhe PC musL also LrusL LhaL Lhe paLlenL ls belng
LruLhful ln Lhelr self-descrlpLlons, commlLmenL Lo engage ln follow up acLlvlLy eLc. Add Lo Lhls Lhe
speclal lmporLance of healLh care Lo a person's quallLy and securlLy of llfe, we recognlse LhaL LrusL
beLween Lhe PC and paLlenL ls a greaL lmporLance, and LhaL Lhlngs llke CPu can lmpacL LhaL LrusL.
1rusL ls a conLesLable concepL ln phllosophy, coverlng areas of eplsLemology and raLlonallLy, eLhlcs
and value, and agency and lnLenLlonallLy. lor lnsLance, some see LrusL as an lssue concernlng when lL
ls raLlonal Lo make oneself vulnerable Lo anoLher, glven one's knowledge abouL Lhe oLher aL Lhe Llme.
CLhers see LrusL as a funcLlon of Lhe moLlve for acLlng, and poLenLlal for beLrayal. A furLher lssue
arlses when we conslder wheLher lL ls only agenLs who can be LrusLed/LrusLworLhy, or wheLher lL ls


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correcL Lo speak of non-lnLenLlonal arLefacLs such as Lechnologles as LrusLworLhy or slmply rellable.
8aLher Lhan polnLlng Lo a slngle 'correcL' seL of necessary and sufflclenL condlLlons for whaL LrusL ls, l
seL ouL Lhe elemenLs of popular and dlvergenL concepLlons of LrusL.
8eLurnlng Lo CPu communlLles, l show LhaL Lhere are many 'acLor Lypes' lnvolved ln CPu
communlLles, ranglng from lndlvlduals, Lo collecLlves, Lo Lechnologles: Lhe daLa provlder - paLlenLs,
cllnlcal research sub[ecLs, Lhe end daLa LargeL - paLlenLs and Lhe publlc aL large, 'sLandard' PCs -
Cs, communlLy nurses, 'novel' PCs - healLh lnformaLlcs speclallsLs, Lhe healLh care lnsLlLuLlon - a
hosplLal, Lhe CuP provlder - Lhe governmenL, and Lhe CuP lnfrasLrucLure lLself. l Lhen show how Lhe
dlfferenL concepLlons of LrusL ldenLlfled earller Lrack Lo Lhe relaLlonshlps LhaL can occur beLween
dlfferenL acLor Lypes.
CPu communlLles conslsL ln a complex neLwork of relaLlons and LrusL Lypes. l conclude by reLurnlng
Lo Lhe lmporLance of healLh care and lndlvldual vulnerablllLy by showlng LhaL, ln order for CPu Lo be
efflclenL and acLually maxlmlse healLh care for lndlvlduals and Lhe publlc, whllsL proLecLlng agalnsL
rlghLs vlolaLlons and harms, Lhese dlfferenL LrusL Lypes musL be noL only recognlsed, buL are an
lmporLanL parL of any deslgn for any healLh care lnsLlLuLlon LhaL uses and relles on CPu.

* * *
D"(2/.*.3$"1'%/#'+"(2/$N)"1'.0'2"%*+2B'($+$R"/12$:'4"B./#'%)+./.<.)1'(2.$("'%/#'#$1($:*$/"'
1amar SPA8Cn
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
MaasLrlchL unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
Lamar.sharon[maasLrlchLunlverslLy.nl

ln recenL decades a new model of healLh promoLlon has emerged ln Lhe lndusLrlallzed world LhaL ls
characLerlzed by an emphasls on lllness prevenLlon and a reconcepLuallzaLlon of healLh as a maLLer of
personal responslblllLy. no longer conflned Lo Lhe role of passlve reclplenLs of LreaLmenL ln Llmes of
lll-healLh, paLlenLs, consumers and users of healLh servlces are reconflgured as healLhy clLlzens" -
auLonomous lndlvlduals who acLlvely seek Lo educaLe Lhemselves, manage Lhelr healLh rlsks and,
ulLlmaLely, choose Lhelr way Lo beLLer healLh. PealLh and lnformaLlon Lechnologles, by maklng
posslble slLuaLlons of self-knowledge, self-managemenL and self-care, play a cenLral role ln Lhe
dlssemlnaLlon of Lhls dlscourse of healLhy clLlzenshlp". CeneLlc LesLlng Lechnologles and new home-
monlLorlng equlpmenL for example, are seen as new avenues for managlng rlsk and chronlc dlsease,
whlle Lhe lnLerneL offers a plaLform for maklng more and beLLer lnformaLlon avallable, lnformaLlon
belng Lhe key Lo clLlzen empowermenL.
1he normaLlve ldeal of healLhy clLlzenshlp has been Lhe source of much conLenLlon. CrlLlcs argue LhaL
lL enacLs a form of governmenLal power LhaL conceals pollcy agendas of healLh resource raLlonlng
LhaL enables a shlfL of Lhe burden of healLh care from Lhe collecLlve Lo Lhe lndlvldual and Lransforms
responslble" healLhy behavlour lnLo a clvlc obllgaLlon. 8aLher Lhan capaclLaLlng lndlvlduals Lo


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pracLlce Lhelr so-called auLonomous cholce, Lhe dlscourse of healLhy clLlzenshlp ln Lhls vlew ls a
subLle form of governmenLal power - LhaL dlsclpllnes more Lhan lL empowers.
1hls paper argues LhaL an lmporLanL dlscrepancy exlsLs ln numerous cases beLween Lhe dlscourses on
healLhy clLlzenshlp (domlnanL and counLer-) and varlous pracLlces of healLhy clLlzenshlp, deflned here
as Lhe many ways LhaL people engage wlLh emerglng healLh Lechnologles ln relaLlon Lo Lhe
lmperaLlve Lo choose healLh". Some of Lhe examples LhaL wlll be drawn upon are geneLlc LesLlng
Lechnologles, Lelecare sysLems and Lhe use of Lhe lnLerneL by lay people for medlcal purposes, where
paLlenLs and users ofLen dlsplay a creaLlve and sLraLeglc reapproprlaLlon of Lechnologles LhaL escapes
a slmple loglc of auLonomous cholce or dlsclpllne. 1he geneLlc knowledge produced by geneLlc
LesLlng Lechnologles, for example, far from reduclng sub[ecLlvlLy Lo geneLlcs, ls ofLen lncorporaLed
and comblned wlLh non-blologlcal narraLlves of self for dlfferenL, personal ends, [usL as LesL Lakers
ofLen engage wlLh Lhls knowledge ln unlnLended ways LhaL reflecL dlfferenL klnds of moral conducL.
users of Lelecare Lechnologles, for Lhelr parL, ofLen parLlclpaLe ln a collecLlvlLy of care", ln whlch
noLlons of lndependence and dependence make llLLle sense. And Lhe lnLerneL has emerged as a
prlvlleged slLe for new forms of medlcal knowledge producLlon based ln crowdsourclng and lay
parLlclpaLlon, as well as new modes of blosoclal solldarlLy.
ln Lhese examples, healLhy clLlzens are nelLher [usL auLonomous raLlonal consumers maklng cholces
ln Lhe healLh markeLplace, nor have Lhey been slmply dlsclpllned lnLo acLlvely conformlng Lo lmages
of soclal order envlsloned by Lhe sLaLe. 1helr engagemenLs wlLh emerglng healLh Lechnologles
problemaLlze many of Lhe concepLs - of auLonomy, empowermenL, lndlvldual agency, and of
dlsclpllne as Lhe absence of Lhese - LhaL form Lhe basls of Lhe concepLual framework for botb Lhe
ldeal of healLhy clLlzenshlp and lLs crlLlque. As such Lhey polnL Lo a need for a shlfL ln Lhls framework,
whlch l wlll Lry Lo LranslaLe as a need Lo move beyond Lhe currenL, prevalenL crlLlque we have of
neollberal dlscourse, Lo one LhaL can ldenLlfy and arLlculaLe alLernaLlve forms of empowermenL,
responslblllLy and even agency LhaL are made posslble ln Lhls new reglme of healLhy clLlzenshlp all
Lhe whlle malnLalnlng a crlLlcal eye Lowards lLs dangers and amblgulLles. AfLer dlscusslng some of
Lhese examples, Lhe paper offers some prellmlnary LhoughLs on how Lo do Lhls.

* * *
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4)+'%4.)+'4"3$//$/31l^m'

nlcole uLWAnu8L [2]
uC CCnnLC1, Luropean Commlsslon, 8elglum
nlcole.dewandre[ec.europa.eu

1he dlglLal LranslLlon brlngs abouL a reallLy by whlch some key assumpLlons underlylng our
worldvlew, slnce laLo, lose ground lnsofar as Lhey slmply sLop belng efflclenL. 1he dlglLal LranslLlon


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pro[ecLs us lnLo a world where naLure ls pervaslvely lnLerLwlned wlLh sensors, lnformaLlon devlces
and machlnes, we Lhus lncreaslngly experlence a reacLlve and LalkaLlve naLure, an anlmaLed naLure,
where lL becomes more and more dlfflculL Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween whaL ls glven and whaL ls
fabrlcaLed. lurLhermore, Lhe dlglLal LranslLlon creaLes Lhe worldly condlLlons for Lhe acLual
dlssoluLlon of Lhe ob[ecLlvlLy sLandpolnL: lndeed, we "Louch" Lhe facL LhaL Lhe abundance of
lnformaLlon does noL glve access Lo an omnlsclenL/omnlpoLenL posLure, buL raLher LhaL accumulaLlon
of knowledge pushes ever furLher Lhe remlL of whaL ls Lo be known. Llke Lhe sea recoverlng from Lhe
wave behlnd a boaL, reallLy ls Lhlck and dense and recomposes lLself, undermlnlng any posslblllLy Lo
acqulre or susLaln a posLure of omnlsclence and omnlpoLence.
ollcy-maklng relles Loo much on an omnlsclence/omnlpoLence uLopla and ls golng Loo far ln
"sobstltotloq mokloq fot octloq". 8y brlnglng us Lo Lhe polnL where Lhe omnlsclence/omnlpoLence
uLopla cannoL buL be seen as a chlmera, Lhe dlglLal LranslLlon, ln a paradoxlcal gesLure, calls for re-
endorslng Lhe facL LhaL human acLlon, as deflned by Pannah ArendL ln "1he Puman CondlLlon" [3] ls
preclsely characLerlzed by lLs lrreverslblllLy and lLs unpredlcLablllLy, and Lhls ls noL necessarlly for Lhe
worse [4]. Pannah ArendL, wlLh her noLlons of naLallLy and plurallLy, offer a sound basls for balanclng
Lhe omnlsclence/omnlpoLence uLopla and for maklng use of whaL l'll call "an ArendLlan axlomaLlc
reseL" ln pollcy framlng.
AfLer havlng addressed Lhe lnfluence of Lhe omnlsclence/omnlpoLence pre[udlce over pollcy-maklng,
l shall presenL how we can reclalm Lhe ArendLlan noLlons of naLallLy and plurallLy ln a
hyperconnecLed era, and how Lhey provlde an alLernaLlve Lo approaches lndexed on predlcLlons,
fears and conLrol. 1he need for meanlng and Lhe experlence of freedom are corollarles of naLallLy
and plurallLy. lrom Lhere, l shall revlslL Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween Lhe prlvaLe and Lhe publlc
(recommendlng Lo map lL agalnsL Lhe fundamenLal dlsLlncLlon of necesslLy vs freedom), and beLween
agenLs and arLefacLs (recommendlng Lo map lL agalnsL Lhe fundamenLal dlsLlncLlon of belngs ln need
of plurallLy vs funcLlonal belngs).
1hls opens Lhe way for pollcy-maklng Lo shlfL from a rlsk-based and goal-orlenLed approach Lo an
approach based on accompanylng Lhe emergence of a dlglLal llLeracy. l shall Lhen exempllfy whaL Lhls
shlfL enLalls when deallng wlLh prlvacy or llablllLy lssues.
ln concluslon, l shall call for pollcy-maklng Lo nurLure a wlde and lncluslve undersLandlng of Lhe
raLlonale of lLs acLlon: besldes lnLeresLs, cosLs and beneflLs, opLlmlsaLlon and Lrade-offs, a key
purpose of pollcy-maklng ls Lo adapL Lhe regulaLory framework Lo meanlngs, norms and values as
Lhey emerge and crysLalllse ln socleLy, and Lo malnLaln and fosLer a vlvld sense of naLallLy and
plurallLy. CeneraLlonally speaklng, Lhe Lask of Lhe "day" ls Lo nurLure a common undersLandlng of
whaL plurallLy means ln a hyperconnecLed era!

8eferences
[1] 1he auLhor ls noL a scholar buL a pollcy-maker. 1hls paper ls lnsplred by her professlonal
experlence and by Pannah ArendL's work


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[2] 1he oplnlons expressed ln Lhls conLrlbuLlon are personal and do noL represenL Lhose of Lhe
Luropean Commlsslon, nor anybody else
[3] ArendL, Pannah. (1938/1939). 1be nomoo cooJltloo. new ?ork: uoubleday Anchor 8ooks,
hereafLer referred Lo as PC.
[4] More deLalls abouL Lhe shlfLs ln Lhe dlglLal LranslLlon ln Lhe Cnllfe 8ackground noLe:
hLLp://ec.europa.eu/dlglLal-agenda/slLes/dlglLal-
agenda/flles/ConcepL_8eenglneerlng_8ackground_aper_04112012.pdf

ArendL, P. (1930-1973/2002). Iootool Je leose, vol. 2. arls: LdlLlons du Seull.
ArendL, P. (1931-1933/2003). 1be ltomlse of lolltlcs. new ?ork: Schocken 8ooks.
ArendL, P. (1938/1939). 1be nomoo cooJltloo. new ?ork: uoubleday Anchor 8ooks.
ArendL, P. (1963). lcbomoo lo Ietosolem. o tepott oo tbe booollty of evll. new ?ork: vlklng ress.
ArendL, P. (1971/1981). 1be llfe of tbe MloJ. San ulego: ParvesL/P8!.
8elshaw, u. (ongolng) 1be sseotlol lemeots of ulqltol lltetocles. L-book:
hLLp://dougbelshaw.com/blog/2013/01/07/v0-3-of-Lhe-essenLlal-elemenLs-of-dlglLal-llLeracles-now-
avallable-e-book/
Cohen, !. (2012). cooflqotloq tbe oetwotkeJ self. new Paven: ?ale unlverslLy ress.
Llse, L. (3 november 2001). lnLervlew Lo Mary Mldgley: Mary, Mary qulLe conLrary." ln New
5cleotlst.
Luropean Commlsslon: otope 2020. A sttoteqy fot smott, sostolooble ooJ locloslve qtowtb. CCM
(2010)2020 flnal.
Luropean Commlsslon: A comptebeoslve opptoocb oo petsoool Joto ptotectloo lo tbe otopeoo
uoloo. CCM (2010) 609 flnal.
Ponlg, 8. (edlL.). (1993). lemlolst lotetptetotloos of noooob AteoJt. unlverslLy ark: ennsylvanla
SLaLe unlverslLy ress.
Lakoff, C., and !ohnson, M. (1984). Metopbots we llve 8y. Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
8orLy, 8. (1989). cootloqeocy, ltooy ooJ 5ollJotlty. Cambrldge: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.

* * *

G":,.#)(+$5"'%/#'3"/"+$('+"(2/.*.3$"1'%/#'+2"'(,"%+$./'.0'/"8'<.,%*'#)+$"1'
lnmaculada de MLLC-MA81ln, hu, M.S.
ulvlslon of Medlcal LLhlcs
Welll Cornell Medlcal College - Cornell unlverslLy, uSA
lmd2001[med.cornell.edu


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1echnologlcal developmenLs change human acLlons and medlaLe Lhe reasons we have Lo acL.
1echnologles can allow and forbld, encourage and block, alLer and relnforce human acLlons [1-3]. 8uL
by reveallng reallLy ln new ways and shaplng whaL our pracLlcal opLlons are, Lhey can also medlaLe
our reasons and moLlvaLlons for whaL we belleve Lo be Lhe case and our ldeas abouL whaL we oughL
Lo do [6]. lndeed, one lmporLanL aspecL of Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlon -and one LhaL ofLen ls noL glven
due conslderaLlon-- ls Lhelr ablllLy Lo glve rlse Lo new duLles and rlghLs, consLraln exlsLlng rlghLs, and
llmlL currenLly accepLed moral obllgaLlons [6,7]. 1hls has been especlally sallenL ln Lhe case of
reproducLlve and geneLlc Lechnologles. 1hese Lechnologles have noL only expanded people's
opporLunlLles Lo reproduce, Lo dlagnose or LreaL parLlcular dlseases, or Lo creaLe dlfferenL famlly
arrangemenLs for lnsLance. 1hey have also opened Lhe posslblllLy Lo obLaln masslve amounLs of
geneLlc lnformaLlon abouL lndlvlduals and creaLed Lhe opLlon Lo selecL whaL embryos Lo lmplanL.
1hus, some have argued LhaL Lhe avallablllLy of ln vlLro ferLlllzaLlon (lvl) and prelmplanLaLlon geneLlc
dlagnosls (Cu) lmposes a parenLal duLy Lo selecL Lhe chlld, ouL of a range of posslble chlldren Lhey
mlghL have, who wlll be llkely Lo lead Lhe besL llfe [8,9]. SLlll oLhers conLend LhaL parenLs have an
obllgaLlon Lo use Cu when Lhey are aL slgnlflcanL rlsk of produclng chlldren wlLh serlous geneLlc
dlsorders [10] and LhaL Lhey have a duLy Lo Lry noL Lo brlng affecLed bables lnLo Lhls world [10-12].
lor some, Lhe exlsLence of lvl and Cu lmpose duLles even on physlclans Lo do Cu ln Lhese hlgh-
rlsk cases [13]. CLhers clalm LhaL our ablllLy Lo modlfy Lhe human genome so as Lo produce
lndlvlduals who can llve much longer and healLhler llves, have greaLer lnLellecLual capaclLles, and
more reflned emoLlonal experlences, creaLes a duLy Lo enhance our chlldren [14-18]. Some have
argued LhaL our Lechnlcal ablllLy Lo obLaln geneLlc lnformaLlon glves ralse Lo duLles Lo pursue geneLlc
knowledge for oneself and one's chlldren and Lo lnform relevanL members of our famlly [19,20]. And
Lhe lncreaslng avallablllLy and use of gameLe donaLlons has also broughL Lo llghL an apparenL need
for proposlng and enforclng a presumed rlghL Lo know one's geneLlc orlgln and a duLy of relevanL
sLakeholders Lo ensure LhaL such lnformaLlon ls avallable [21-23]. 1he purpose of Lhls paper ls Lo
explore Lhe ways ln whlch Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons medlaLe and creaLe new duLles. l wlll focus ln
parLlcular on reprogeneLlc Lechnologles and wlll crlLlcally evaluaLe some of Lhe maln presumed duLles
engendered by Lhese Lechnologles. 1he paper examlnes Lhe role of Lechnology ln creaLlng Lhese
duLles and crlLlcally evaluaLes Lhe way ln whlch such duLles are concepLuallzed, and Lhe lmpllcaLlons
of such concepLuallzaLlon for whaL we conslder wrongful and blameworLhy.

8eferences
1. LaLour 8 (2003) keossemblloq tbe soclol. Ao lottoJoctloo to octot-oetwotk-tbeoty. Cxford , new
?ork: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
2. verbeek - (2003) wbot tbloqs Jo. lbllosopblcol teflectloos oo tecbooloqy, oqeocy, ooJ Jeslqo.
unlverslLy ark, a.: ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy ress.
3. Wlnner L (1980) uo Attlfocts nove lolltlcs? uaedalus 109: 121-136.
4. ldhe u (1993) lostpbeoomeooloqy. LvansLon, lL: norLhwesLern unlverslLy ress.


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3. llorldl L, Sanders !W (2004) Cn Lhe morallLy of arLlflclal agenLs. MloJs ooJ Mocbloes 14: 349-379.
6. SwlersLra 1, Waelbers k (2012) ueslgnlng a good llfe: a maLrlx for Lhe Lechnologlcal medlaLlon of
morallLy. 5cl oq tblcs 18: 137-172.
7. Wlnner L (1986) 1be wbole ooJ tbe teoctot. A seotcb fot llmlts lo oo oqe of blqb tecbooloqy.
Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
8. Savulescu ! (2001) rocreaLlve beneflcence: why we should selecL Lhe besL chlldren. 8loetblcs 13:
413-426.
9. Savulescu !, kahane C (2009) 1he moral obllgaLlon Lo creaLe chlldren wlLh Lhe besL chance of Lhe
besL llfe. 8loetblcs 23: 274-290.
10. Malek !, uaar ! (2012) 1he case for a parenLal duLy Lo use prelmplanLaLlon geneLlc dlagnosls for
medlcal beneflL. Am I 8loetb 12: 3-11.
11. Ladd 8, lorman L (2012) A duLy Lo use lvl? Am I 8loetb 12: 21-22.
12. urdy LM (1996) keptoJocloq petsoos. lssoes lo femlolst bloetblcs. lLhaca, n?: Cornell unlverslLy
ress. lx, 237 p. p.
13. Coldsammler M, !oLkowlLz A (2012) 1he eLhlcs of Cu: whaL abouL Lhe physlclan? Am ! 8loeLh 12:
28-29.
14. Chan S, Parrls ! (2011) Moral enhancemenL and pro-soclal behavlour. I MeJ tblcs 37: 130-131.
13. Parrls ! (2007) oboocloq evolotloo. 1be etblcol cose fot mokloq bettet people. rlnceLon, n!:
rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.
16. Parrls ! (2009) LnhancemenLs Are a Moral CbllgaLlon. ln: Savulescu !, 8osLrom n, eds. nomoo
oboocemeot. new ?ork, n?: Cxford unlverslLy ress: 131-134.
17. Savulescu ! (2003) new breeds of humans: 1he moral obllgaLlon Lo enhance. keptoJoctlve
8lomeJlcloe Oolloe 10: 36-39.
18. Savulescu ! (2009) 1he Puman re[udlce and Lhe Moral SLaLus of Lnhanced 8elngs: WhaL uo We
Cwe Lhe Cods? ln: Savulescu !, 8osLrom n, eds. nomoo oboocemeot. new ?ork, n?: Cxford
unlverslLy ress: 211-247.
19. 8hodes 8 (1998) CeneLlc llnks, famlly Lles, and soclal bonds: rlghLs and responslblllLles ln Lhe face
of geneLlc knowledge. I MeJ lbllos 23: 10-30.
20. 8oberLson S, Savulescu ! (2001) ls Lhere a case ln favour of predlcLlve geneLlc LesLlng ln young
chlldren? 8loetblcs 13: 26-49.
21. Cowden M (2012) 'no Parm, no loul': A Chlld's 8lghL Lo know Lhelr CeneLlc arenLs. lotetootloool
Iootool of low, lollcy ooJ tbe lomlly 26: 102-126.
22. Cahn n8 (2009) 1est tobe fomllles. wby tbe fettlllty motket oeeJs leqol teqolotloo. new ?ork:
new ?ork unlverslLy ress.
23. uonovan C (2006) CeneLlcs, faLhers and famllles: Lxplorlng Lhe lmpllcaLlons of changlng Lhe law ln
favour of ldenLlfylng sperm donors. 5oclol & leqol 5toJles 13: 494-310.


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24. 8avlLsky v (2012) Concelved and decelved: Lhe medlcal lnLeresLs of donor-concelved lndlvlduals.
nostloqs ceot kep 42: 17-22.
23. ChesLney LS (2001) 1he rlghL Lo know one's geneLlc orlgln: can, should, or musL a sLaLe LhaL
exLends Lhls rlghL Lo adopLees exLend an analogous rlghL Lo chlldren concelved wlLh donor gameLes?
1ex low kev 80: 363-391.

* * *
H"1$3/'0.,'8"**C4"$/3'

hlllp 88L?
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
School of 8ehavloral Sclences
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
p.a.e.brey[uLwenLe.nl

ln Lhls paper l wlll presenL an approach for Laklng lnLo accounL Lhe well-belng of users and oLher
sLakeholders ln Lhe deslgn of Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs. l wlll flrsL expllcaLe Lhe cenLral concepL of well-
belng, as well as assoclaLed concepLs llke happlness, quallLy of llfe, llfe saLlsfacLlon, llveablllLy, and
Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween sub[ecLlve and ob[ecLlve well-belng. l wlll Lhen dlscuss Lheorles of well-belng
from boLh phllosophy and psychology, lncludlng hedonlsL, deslre-saLlsfacLlonlsL and ob[ecLlve llsL
approaches. l wlll also ldenLlfy and dlscuss a number of values commonly assoclaLed wlLh well-belng,
such as pleasure, auLonomy, wlsdom, healLh, flow, accompllshmenL, and deep personal
relaLlonshlps. l wlll argue LhaL well-belng ls besL sLudled by breaklng lL down lnLo Lhese composlLe
values. l wlll also dlscuss lssues of conLenLlon ln relaLlon Lo well-belng, whlch lnclude problems of
sub[ecLlvlsm and plurallsm, lssues ln measurlng well-belng, and Lhe lssue of llberal neuLrallLy ln Lhe
sLaLe's responslblllLy for promoLlng Lhe well-belng of clLlzens.
nexL, l wlll dlscuss Lhe way ln whlch Lechnology can affecL well-belng and ways ln whlch well-belng
can be deslgned for ln Lhe developmenL of Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs (8rey, 8rlggle and Spence, 2012,
van de oel, 2012, Plggs, LlghLs and SLrong, 2000). 1echnology affecLs well-belng, l wlll argue, when
Lhe use of Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs has sysLemlc effecLs on users and oLher sLakeholders by elLher
enabllng, sLlmulaLlng, consLralnlng or undermlnlng Lhe reallzaLlon of parLlcular well-belng values. lor
example, soclal neLworklng Lechnology enables fasL and easy malnLenance of soclal Lles over large
dlsLances, buL ln dolng so also lessens Lhe need for face-Lo-face lnLeracLlon. 1hls has consequences
for Lhe way ln whlch and exLenL Lo whlch deep personal relaLlonshlps are reallzed for people.
AnoLher example, borrowed from AlberL 8orgmann (1984), cenLers around cenLral heaLlng sysLems,
ln comparlson wlLh wood-fueled flreplaces. CenLral heaLlng sysLems enhance well-belng by heaLlng
rooms more rellably and requlrlng less unpleasanL and Llme-consumlng efforL from users. 1hey may
also lessen well-belng by negaLlng Lhe engagemenL, flow, soclal lnLeracLlon and aesLheLlc pleasure
broughL by a flreplace.


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nexL, l wlll Lurn Lo approaches for deslgnlng well-belng values lnLo Lechnology. l wlll look aL value-
senslLlve deslgn (vSu) approaches (lrledman, kahn and 8ornlng, 2006) and argue for a parLlcular
approach Lo vSu LhaL l have ouLllned ln prevlous work. l wlll argue LhaL Lo deslgn for a well-belng
value ls Lo deslgn arLlfacLs ln such a way LhaL Lhey Lend Lo promoLe Lhe reallzaLlon of Lhls value ln
Lhelr expecLed use conLexLs. 1he value may be lmplled ln Lhe proper funcLlon of Lhe arLlfacL, or lL
may be reallzed as a condlLlon or slde-effecL of uslng Lhe arLlfacL.
ln deslgnlng for well-belng, lL also has Lo be Laken accounL wheLher Lhe user group for Lhe arLlfacL ls
homogeneous or heLerogeneous wlLh respecL Lo Lhe well-belng value LhaL ls belng deslgned for. (1he
same ls Lrue for oLher sLakeholders and for relevanL aspecLs of Lhe conLexL of use.) lf Lhe user group
ls homogeneous, Lhen deslgnlng for a well-belng value can be done uslng a dlrecL approach and a
slngle conflguraLlon. lf lL ls heLerogeneous, meanlng LhaL Lhe well-belng value ls reallzed ln dlfferenL
ways for dlfferenL users, Lhen Lhls musL be accommodaLed for ln Lhe deslgn. 1hls can be done by
maklng arLlfacLs adapLable, flexlble and mulLlfuncLlonal. lL can also be done by deslgnlng dlfferenL
verslons of an arLlfacL for dlfferenL users. l wlll dlscuss Lhe dlfferenL deslgn sLraLegles LhaL can be
used for Lhls purpose.
l wlll end wlLh a brlef dlscusslon of pollcy lmpllcaLlons. lf deslgn for well-belng ls posslble, do
deslgners have a moral obllgaLlon Lo deslgn for well-belng? And should Lhe sLaLe have a role ln
ensurlng LhaL Lhey do, and LhaL ln Lhe case of publlc lnfrasLrucLures only Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs and
sysLems LhaL supporL well-belng are adopLed? 1hese quesLlons relaLe Lo Lhe cenLral dlscusslon ln
conLemporary pollLlcal Lheory on llberal neuLrallLy wlLh respecL Lo well-belng. And flnally, lf a role ls
Laken by deslgners and pollcy makers wlLh respecL Lo promoLlng well-belng, how ls lL declded whlch
concepLlon(s) of well-belng are supporLed, ln a way LhaL ls compaLlble wlLh Lhe ldeals of democracy
and [usLlce?

8eferences
8orgmann, A. (1984). 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe cbotoctet of cootempototy llfe. Chlcago: unlverslLy of
Chlcago ress.
8rey, ., 8rlggle, A. and Spence, L. (eds.) (2012), 1be CooJ llfe lo o 1ecbooloqlcol Aqe, 8ouLledge.
lrledman, 8., kahn, . and 8ornlng, A. (2006). 'value SenslLlve ueslgn and lnformaLlon SysLems,' ln
nomoo-compotet lotetoctloo lo Moooqemeot lofotmotloo 5ystems. loooJotloos, (eds. . Zhang and
u. CalleLLa). Armonk, n?: M.L. Sharpe.
Plggs, L., LlghL, A. and SLrong, u. 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe CooJ llfe? (Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress,
2000).
van de oel, lbo (2012). Can we deslgn for well-belng? ln 1be CooJ llfe lo o 1ecbooloqlcol Aqe. .
8rey, A. 8rlggle and L. Spence. 8ouLledge: 293-306.

* * *


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D2"'$/0*)"/("'.0',"*$3$./'./'+2"'"+2$(1'.0'"#)(%+$./'


Moslem MCPAMMAul
unlverslLy of 1ehran, lran
mouL.ac.lr[gmall.com


Pamed u88CS1AMl
unlverslLy of 1ehran, lran

ln dlvlne rellglons, educaLlon ls noL consldered merely as a sLream flowlng from pedagogue Lo
sLudenL. lnsLead, knowledge has lnherenL hollness and honor and we should duLy bound Lo human
and eLhlcal prlnclples boLh aL Lhe sLarL of learnlng process and lmplemenLlng Lhe acqulred knowledge
laLer. lor Lhls, Lhe mosL lmporLanL dlgnlLy admlLLed by god Lo all dlvlne propheLs llke Moses, !esus
and Muhammad, peace be upon Lhem, was Lhe lnsLrucLor characLerlsLlc.
LLhlc supporLs knowledge because unllke lgnorance whlch ls consldered as deaLh and ruln knowledge
ls consldered as Lhe llfe lLself. lf knowledge ls [olnL wlLh dlvlne and human prlnclples lL wlll evenLually
resulL ln human maLurlLy and approach Lo dlvlne.
lslam, llke any oLher dlvlne rellglons, noL only resLrlcLs learnlng and seeklng knowledge wlLhln
speclfled boundarles buL also lL emphaslzes several appllcaLlons as follows:
1- Cender AppllcaLlon: means LhaL learnlng ls essenLlal for all men and women from all
caLegorles and soclal classes.
2- 1lme AppllcaLlon: means LhaL we should seek knowledge from cradle Lo grave.
3- LocaLlon AppllcaLlon: lL has been emphaslzed LhaL lf Lhere ls any beneflclal knowledge even
ln Lhe uLmosL parLs of Lhe world, we should seek lL.
4- edagogue AppllcaLlon: ln lslam vlew, we should learn knowledge even lf Lhe educaLor ls
facLlous or heaLhen (lrrellglous).
We can polnL Lo some eLhlcal norms and prlnclples Lo be consldered by pedagogues ln educaLlng
process ln conLemporary perlod:
1- 1o honor Lo sLudenL as a human belng.
2- Cbservlng LquallLy prlnclple ln learnlng, ranklng and consulLanL sLages.
3- Conslderlng Lhe lnherenL LalenLs of sLudenLs.
4- LducaLors should follow Lhe professlonal duLles of unlverslLles or relaLed lnsLlLuLes
S- ueveloplng wlsdom ln pracLlce
6- reparlng free-Lhlnklng aLmosphere ln order Lo sLudy sLudenL's dlfferenL rellglous, pollLlcal
and culLural vlews.


keywords: eLhlc, rellglon, lslam, educaLlon, masLer, sLudenL


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!.,%*$+B&'%,+$0%(+1&'%00.,#%/("1'


Sven ulLkMAnn
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and LLhlcs of 1echnology
Llndhover unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
s.dlekmann[Lue.nl

A number of auLhors have proposed alLernaLlve vlews on Lhe role of Lechnology and arLlfacLs ln
eLhlcs. Wlnner (1986) argues LhaL Lechnologlcal sysLems, such as a nuclear power, esLabllsh and also
requlre speclflc socleLal sLrucLures and norms. verbeek (2003, 2006) descrlbes how arLlfacLs
'Lransform' human percepLlon and how Lhey 'lnvlLe' Lo parLlcular acLlvlLles (for lnsLance, glasses
Lransform slghL and plasLlc cups lnvlLe belng dlscarded). keularLz eL al. (2004) suggesL LhaL Lhe moral
characLer of arLlfacLs cannoL be dlscussed wlLhln a LradlLlonal eLhlcal framework, lnsLead, a novel
pragmaLlsL eLhlcs ls requlred, whlch comblnes LradlLlonal eLhlcs, dlscourse eLhlcs, scenarlo analysls,
and confllcL managemenL.1 All Lhese auLhors agree LhaL arLlfacLs play an lnfluenLlal role ln eLhlcs, and
all deplcL lnLerdependencles beLween human acLlon and Lechnologles. unforLunaLely, Lhey remaln
sllenL abouL whaL lL ls, exacLly, LhaL make arLlfacLs morally valuable.2 urawlng on Lhe noLlon of
affordances, l propose an analysls of arLlfacLs LhaL addresses Lhls lssue. 1he clalm ls LhaL Lhe moral
value of each arLlfacL depends on Lhe affordances Lhls arLlfacL provldes. 1he core of Lhls arLlcle ls a
formal moral evaluaLlon of lndlvldual arLlfacLs, based on Lhese affordances.
1he noLlon of affordances was lnLroduced by Clbson. Pe descrlbes affordances as offerlngs of
naLure, . posslblllLles or opporLunlLles" avallable Lo acLors (Clbson, 1986, p. 18). Clbson sLaLes LhaL
[L]he affordances of Lhe envlronmenL are whaL lL offers Lhe anlmal, whaL lL provldes or furnlshes,
elLher for good or lll" (Clbson, 1986, p. 127). Clbson glves many examples: ground affords supporL,
alr affords breaLhlng, food affords nuLrlLlon, clay affords modellng, sLalrs afford descenL, and ropes
afford knoLLlng (Clbson, 1986, pp. 127-133). 1he noLlon of affordances also lncludes opporLunlLles
for evenLs LhaL cannoL be conLrolled by an acLor, buL whlch neverLheless happen Lo hlm or her
(Clbson, 1986, p. 137). lor example, a cllff affords falllng and ln[ury, Lrafflc affords sLress (Lrafflc [ams)
and accldenLs.
1aklng lnLo accounL opporLunlLles for acLlons as well as opporLunlLles for evenLs, l concepLuallze an
affordance as an opporLunlLy Lo brlng abouL a sLaLe-of-affalrs. Assumlng LhaL sLaLes-of-affalrs have
moral value, l argue LhaL every affordance has equal moral value Lo Lhe sLaLe-of-affalrs LhaL lL allows
brlnglng abouL.
Powever, each affordance ls more or less relevanL for an arLlfacL. lor example, knlves afford 'cuLLlng'
and 'Lhrowlng' (among oLher Lhlngs), buL 'cuLLlng' ls more relevanL Lhan 'Lhrowlng'. 1hus, Lhere ls a






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degree of relevance of each affordance for each arLlfacL. 1ogeLher, l clalm, Lhe moral values of
affordances and Lhe degrees of relevance deLermlne Lhe moral value of arLlfacLs. ln parLlcular, l argue
LhaL Lhe moral value of an arLlfacL ls Lhe sum of Lhe moral values of lLs affordances, welghLed by Lhe
degrees of relevance of lLs affordances. As l show, Lhls clalm ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe Lhree condlLlons: (1)
no arLlfacL has more Lhan a counLable number of affordances, (2) lf all affordances have Lhe same
moral value, Lhe arLlfacL has exacLly Lhe moral value of lLs affordances, and (3) lf Lwo affordances
have Lhe same degree of relevance, Lhelr lnfluence on Lhe moral value of an arLlfacL ls equal.
uslng Lhls approach, l can dlsLlngulsh degrees of moral value among dlfferenL Lypes of arLlfacLs, such
as guns. AddlLlonally, l come Lo concluslons abouL how Lo deslgn morally valuable arLlfacLs, and draw
a moral dlsLlncLlon beLween arLlfacLs and naLural ob[ecLs.

8eferences
1 keularLz eL al. speak of 'dramaLlc rehearsal' lnsLead of 'scenarlo analysls'. 1he Lerm 'dramaLlc
rehearsal' expresses roughly Lhe same as 'scenarlo analysls', buL would requlre Loo much explanaLlon
for belng named here.
2 Wlnner (1986) crlLlclzes a speclflc arLlfacL, vlz. a nuclear power planL. Powever, he assesses Lhe
badness of only a slngle arLlfacL and does noL dlscuss moral value of arLlfacLs for Lhe general cases.
3 Clbson makes Lhls sLaLemenL Lwlce. ln Clbson (1977, p. 68) he uses almosL Lhe same words.

Clbson, !. !. (1977). 1he 1heory of Affordances. ln 8. Shaw & !. 8ransford (Lds.), ercelvlng, AcLlng,
and knowlng - 1oward an Lcologlcal sychology ercelvlng, AcLlng, and knowlng - 1oward an
Lcologlcal sychology (pp. 67-82). Plllsdale (n.!.) [eLc.]: Lawrence Lrlbaum AssoclaLes.
Clbson, !. !. (1986). 1he Lcologlcal approach Lo vlsual percepLlon. Plllsdale (n.!.) [eLc.]: Lawrence
Lrlbaum AssoclaLes.
keularLz, !., Schermer, M., korLhals, M., & SwlersLra, 1. (2004). LLhlcs ln 1echnologlcal CulLure: A
rogrammaLlc roposal for a ragmaLlsL Approach. Sclence, 1echnology, & Puman values, 29(1), 3-
29. dol:10.1177/0162243903239188
verbeek, .-. (2003). WhaL Lhlngs do: hllosophlcal reflecLlons on Lechnology, agency, and deslgn.
unlverslLy ark, a.: ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy ress.
verbeek, .-. (2006). MaLerlallzlng MorallLy: ueslgn LLhlcs and 1echnologlcal MedlaLlon. Sclence,
1echnology & Puman values, 31(3), 361-380. dol:10.1177/0162243903283847
Wlnner, L. (1986). 1he Whale and Lhe 8eacLor: A Search for LlmlLs ln an Age of Plgh 1echnology (1sL
ed.). unlverslLy Cf Chlcago ress.

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;/+",/"+'1+,"11'%/#'8"**4"$/36'H%.$1+'%/#'2"**"/$1+$(',"0*"(+$./1'

Pul !ln
CenLre for Applled hllosophy and ubllc LLhlcs (CAL), AusLralla
h[ln[csu.edu.au

Ldward P. SLnCL
CenLre for Applled hllosophy and ubllc LLhlcs (CAL), AusLralla
espence[csu.edu.au

1he lnLerneL LhaL provldes us wlLh a vasL amounL of lnformaLlon, has also had subsLanLlal lmpacLs on
our wellbelng (or happlness, eudalmonla). 1he convenlence of Lhe lnLerneL ls obvlous, however, lL
also has some negaLlve lmpacLs, one of whlch ls Lhe exposure of people Lo excesslve lnformaLlon.
1hls exposure can resulL ln dependence or addlcLlon LhaL has a negaLlve lmpacL on wellbelng. 1hls
paper explores Lhe phenomenon of lnLerneL SLress (1) and lLs posslble amelloraLlon or soluLlon, from
Lwo phllosophlcal perspecLlves: from Lhe LasL, a uaolsL perspecLlve and from Lhe WesL, a PellenlsLlc
(SLolc and Lplcurean) perspecLlve.
Zhuangzl was an lmporLanL Lhlnkers of Lhe anclenL Chlnese phllosophlcal school uaolsm. Accordlng Lo
hls looet cboptets (2) (, ca. 300 8.C.), Lo achleve wellbelng, one musL flrsLly undersLand Lhe
unlversal naLural LransformaLlon of Lhlngs ln Lhe world, and Lhe relaLlvlLy of space, Llme and value,
and secondly, acL ln accordance wlLh Lhe LransformaLlon of Lhlngs, noL dependlng on exLernal Lhlngs
for one's wellbelng, Lry Lo rld oneself of Lhe undue aLLachmenLs Lo llfe, love, power eLc., noL addlng
anyLhlng Lo Lhe process of llfe.
1hls uaolsL Lheory can have some lllumlnaLlng explanaLlons and lmpllcaLlons for lnLerneL SLress. Cne
of Lhe sympLoms of Lhose sufferlng from lnLerneL SLress ls dependence. Zhuangzl argues LhaL all Lhe
Lhlngs ln Lhe world are ln a naLural unlversal LransformaLlon, lL's cruclal for one Lo undersLand Lhls
LruLh and acL ln accordance wlLh lL. lf you depend on exLernal Lhlngs for a seemlngly good llfe, Lhe
naLural LransformaLlon of Lhlngs would have Lo be lnLerfered (3), Lhus your wellbelng shall be
undermlned.(4) AlLhough use of Lhe lnLerneL ls ln a sense necessary for conLemporary llfe, becomlng
splrlLually dependenL on lL dlverges from Lhe naLural LransformaLlon of Lhlngs. Slmllarly, Lhe SLolcs
LhoughL LhaL dependence on exLernal Lhlngs beyond one's lnner conLrol can be deLrlmenLal Lo one's
eudalmonla.
1he addlcLlon Lo Lhe lnLerneL can also be regarded as an aLLachmenL. lrom Zhuangzl's sLandpolnL,
Lhls aLLachmenL ls acLually a deluslon. Some people become addlcLed Lo Lhe lnLerneL malnly because
of Lhe vlrLual llfe lL enables Lhem Lo have. Accordlng Lo Zhuangzl, Lhough vlrLual llfe ls no less a real
llfe Lhan a naLural llfe, Lhe aLLachmenL Lo Lhe vlrLual llfe ls noL approprlaLe: lL's addlng Lhlngs Lo Lhe
process of llfe.
ln WesLern culLure, Zhuangzl's conLemporarles, Lhe SLolcs and Lhe Lplcureans of 3rd cenLury 8C, also
llnked phllosophy Lo Lhe pursulL of a good llfe. Concernlng Lhe quesLlon of 'WhaL ls happlness', Lhe
SLolcs held answers slmllar Lo Zhuangzl's. Zeno of ClLlum's answer was 'a good flow of llfe' or 'llvlng


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ln agreemenL wlLh naLure' (8alLzly, 2010). We can say LhaL Lhe pursulL of a naLural llfe-sLyle ls Lhe
consensus of boLh Lhe SLolcs and Lhe uaolsLs.
ln conLrasL Lo Lhe SLolcs, who ldenLlfled eudalmonla wlLh Lhe possesslon of vlrLue, Lhe Lplcureans,
ldenLlfled eudalmonla wlLh pleasure and a llfe free of menLal anxleLy and paln. Lplcurus dlvlded
deslres lnLo Lhree caLegorles: naLural and necessary, naLural buL unnecessary, unnaLural and
unnecessary. 1o achleve wellbelng, a person should pursue deslres LhaL are naLural and necessary
and avold deslres LhaL are unnaLural and unnecessary. Powever, Lhe Lplcurean concepLlon of
wellbelng ls dlfferenL from Lhe uaolsL one. Zhuangzl held LhaL Lhe deslres are alrlghL, one [usL should
noL wound oneself lnwardly by one's deslres.
WlLh Lhe uaolsL Lheory of non-dependence and rlddlng oneself of undue aLLachmenLs, Lhe SLolc
Lheory of llvlng a naLural llfe and only be concerned wlLh Lhlngs LhaL are enLlrely wlLhln one's conLrol
and Lhe Lplcurean Lheory of Lhe avoldance of unnaLural and unnecessary deslres, we are ln a beLLer
poslLlon Lo vlew Lhe phenomenon of lnLerneL SLress clearer. eople geL losL wlLh Lhe lnLerneL and
oLher Lechnologlcal gadgeLs: Lhey become overwhelmed by exLernal Lhlngs LhaL are largely beyond
Lhelr conLrol, leavlng Lhelr lnLernal llfe uncared for. Pence, Lo address Lhls problem, we may need Lo
re-vlslL Lhe anclenL wlsdom as a way of resLorlng Lhe lmporLance of a reflecLlve mlnd Lo enhance our
wellbelng.
ln an age lncreaslngly domlnaLed by Lhe lnfluence of new Lechnology, Lhe anclenL wlsdom of uaolsm,
SLolclsm, and Lplcureanlsm can serve us well. Slnce we cannoL conLrol Lhese Lechnologles as Lhey are
beyond our personal conLrol we should aL leasL Lry Lo exerclse more reflecLlve self-conLrol over Lhelr
creaLlon and uses, Lhus mlnlmlzlng our undue dependence upon Lhem.

8eferences
(1) ln Lhls paper we collecLlvely refer Lo Lhe negaLlve lmpacLs of Lhe lnLerneL on wellbelng, as lnLerneL
SLress.
(2) looet cboptets ls Lhe parL of Lhe anclenL Chlnese LexL 2boooqzl LhaL ls wldely regarded as Lhe
genulne work of Zhuangzl hlmself lnsLead of hls followers.
(3) Slnce accordlng Lo Zhuangzl, you yourself (a person) ls also a Lhlng, l.e., parL of Lhe naLural
LransformaLlon of Lhlngs, lf you depend on exLernal Lhlngs, you are lnLerferlng wlLh Lhe
LransformaLlon of yourself.
(4) Cbvlously some exLernal Lhlngs are necessary for our llfe, such as food, cloLhlng, shelLer, eLc., so
whaL Zhuangzl meanL by 'noL depend on ()' should be consLrued as noL becomlng splrlLually
dependenL on exLernal Lhlngs, ln oLher words, we should noL pay undue aLLenLlon Lo exLernal Lhlngs.
lf we do, Lhe LransformaLlon of Lhlngs ls lnLerfered wlLh and our wellbelng undermlned.
(ca. 300 8.C.) ' ', Wlklsource. Avallable ln Lhe lnLerneL:
<hLLp://zh.wlklsource.org/wlkl/L88L8AL3Au90>.


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8alLzly, u. (2010) 'SLolclsm', SLanford Lncyclopedla of hllosophy. Avallable ln Lhe lnLerneL:
<hLLp://plaLo.sLanford.edu/enLrles/sLolclsm/>.
8rey, ., 8rlggle, A. and Spence, L. (eds.) (2012) 1be CooJ llfe lo o 1ecbooloqlcol Aqe, 8ouLledge.
8rey, . (2000), ulscloslve CompuLer LLhlcs: 1he Lxposure and LvaluaLlon of Lmbedded normaLlvlLy
ln CompuLer 1echnology, compotets ooJ 5oclety, 30(4), 10-16.
8ynum, 1. (2008) 1oward a MeLaphyslcal loundaLlon for lnformaLlon LLhlcs Ametlcoo lbllosopby
Assoclotloo (AlA) Newslettet oo lbllosopby ooJ compotets, lall 2008, volume 08, number 1, 12-16.
ureLske, lred (1999) koowleJqe ooJ tbe llow of lofotmotloo. SLanford, CSLl ubllcaLlons.
ureyfus, P. L. (2001) Oo tbe lotetoet. 8ouLledge.
Lco, umberLo (1989) 1be Opeo wotk, LranslaLed by Anna Cancognl. Cambrldge, MA., Parvard
unlverslLy ress.
llnnls, ! (1983) looJomeotols of tblcs. Clarendon ress Cxford.
_______ (1980) Nototol low ooJ Nototol klqbts. Clarendon ress Cxford.
llorldl, Luclano (2003), ls SemanLlc lnformaLlon Meanlngful uaLa? lbllosopby ooJ lbeoomeooloqlcol
keseotcb, vol. l\\, No. 2.
_______ (2002), WhaL ls Lhe hllosophy of lnformaLlon? Metopbllosopby, vol.33, pp. 123-143.
_______ (1999), lnformaLlon LLhlcs: Cn Lhe 1heoreLlcal loundaLlons of CompuLer LLhlcs. tblcs ooJ
lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy, 1(1), 37-36.
llorldl L. and. Sanders !. W. (2002), Mapplng Lhe loundaLlonallsL uebaLe ln CompuLer LLhlcs. tblcs
ooJ lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy 4(1), 1-9.
Cornlak-koclkowska, k. (1996), 1he CompuLer 8evoluLlon And Lhe roblem of Clobal LLhlcs, Sclence
ooJ oqloeetloq tblcs.
Craham, A.C. (1970) Chuang-Lzu's Lssay on Seelng 1hlngs as Lqual. PlsLory of 8ellglons, 9, 137-139.
_______ (1989) Chuang-Lzu: 1he lnner ChapLers. unwln aperbacks, London.
kvanvlg, !.L. (2003) 1be voloe of koowleJqe ooJ tbe lotsolt of uoJetstooJloq. Cambrldge unlverslLy
ress.
Maxwell, n (2007): ltom koowleJqe to wlsJom (Second LdlLlon), London: enLlre ress.
Spence L.P. (2012). A neo-Lplcurean Approach Lo a SusLalnable Cood Llfe ln a 1echnologlcal Age. ln
hlllp 8rey, Adam 8rlggle, and Ldward Spence (Lds.) 1be CooJ llfe lo A 1ecbooloqlcol Aqe, 8ouLledge,
pp. 168-180.
_______ (2012o). 1be AJvettlsloq of nopploess ooJ tbe 8tooJloq of voloes. lo Mlcboel 8oyloo
(J.).8uslness LLhlcs (2
nd
edlLlon). uppet 5oJJle klvet, NI, u5A. leotsoo/lteotlce noll.
_______ (2011) ls 1echnology Cood for us? A Ludalmonlc MeLa-Model for LvaluaLlng Lhe
ConLrlbuLlve CompeLence of 1echnologles for a Cood Llfe. Noooetblcs, 3:333-343.


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_______ (2011a) lnformaLlon, knowledge and Wlsdom: Croundwork for Lhe normaLlve LvaluaLlon of
ulglLal lnformaLlon and lLs 8elaLlon Lo Lhe Cood Llfe, tblcs ooJ lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy, volume 13,
number, 3, ages 261-273.
_______ (2010) lnformaLlon LLhlcs WlLhouL MeLaphyslcs: A neo-CewlrLhlan Approach, lotetootloool
Iootool of 1ecbooloqy ooJ nomoo lotetoctloo, vCL: 6, lssue: 1, pages 1-14. lSSn: 1348-3908.
_______ and 8rlggle, A. (2010a) CosmopollLanlsm Cnllne: Pow Lo 8ulld A vlrLual Cosmopolls. ln
Charles Wankel (Ld.) metqloq tblcol lssoes of llfe lo vlttool wotlJs. CharloLLe, nC: lnformaLlon Age
ubllshlng.
_______ (2008) undersLandlng Luclano llorldl's MeLaphyslcal 1heory of lnformaLlon LLhlcs: A CrlLlcal
Appralsal and an AlLernaLlve neo-CewlrLhlan lnformaLlon LLhlcs. lnvlLed refereed paper for Lhe
Ametlcoo lbllosopby Assoclotloo (AlA) Newslettet oo lbllosopby ooJ compotets, lall 2008, volume
08, number 1.
_______ (2007) WhaL's 8lghL and Cood abouL lnLerneL lnformaLlon? A unlversal Model for LvaluaLlng
Lhe CulLural CuallLy of ulglLal lnformaLlon. ln Larry Plnman, hlllp 8rey, Luclano llorldl, lrances
Crodzlnsky and Lucas lnLrona (eds.,) ltoceeJloqs of cl 2007, 1be 7
tb
lotetootloool coofeteoce of
compotet tblcs. lbllosopblcol opolty, unlverslLy of San ulego, uSA, !uly 12-14 2007, lSSn 0929-
0672.
_______ and Culnn, A. (2008) lnformaLlon LLhlcs as a Culde for new Medla. Iootool of Moss MeJlo
tblcs.
1lberlus, v. (2008) 1he keflectlve llfe. llvloq wlsely wltb Oot llmlts. Cxford: Cxford unlverslLy ress.
varellus, !. (2004) Cb[ecLlve LxplanaLlons of lndlvldual Wellbelng. Iootool of nopploess 5toJles 3: 73-
91.
vlLek, 8. and !ackson, W. (2008) 1be vlttoes of lqootooce. complexlty, 5ostolooblllty, ooJ tbe llmlts of
koowleJqe. 1he unlverslLy ress of kenLucky.

* * *
L./+"/+'%/#'(.:B,$32+6';#"%1'0.,',"0.,<'

nlkhll MC8C, hu
Mayborn School of !ournallsm
unlverslLy of norLh 1exas, uSA
nmoro[unL.edu
nlkhll.moro[unL.edu

CopyrlghL, ln prlnclple and law, ls cenLral Lo bulldlng any lnformaLlon socleLy. lL guaranLees creaLlve
endeavors a moneLary lncenLlve by securlng for llmlLed Llmes Lo auLhors and lnvenLors Lhe excluslve
rlghL Lo Lhelr respecLlve wrlLlngs and dlscoverles" (u.S. ConsLlLuLlon, ArLlcle l, 8:8).


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ln 1998, Lhe 103
Lh
unlLed SLaLes Congress adopLed Lhe ulglLal Mlllennlum CopyrlghL AcL (uMCA),
whlch amended 1lLle 17 of Lhe u.S. Code Lo expllclLly exLend copyrlghL proLecLlon Lo Lhe dlglLal
medlum, especlally copyrlghLed works accesslble vla Lhe lnLerneL. LssenLlally, Lhe uMCA (a)
lmmunlzed lSs from llablllLy for copyrlghL lnfrlngemenL by users vla 1lLle ll, (b) crlmlnallzed Lhe
producLlon or prollferaLlon of a Lechnology or devlce lnLended Lo clrcumvenL safeguards LhaL
regulaLed access Lo copyrlghLed works vla 1lLle l and, (c) crlmlnallzed acLual clrcumvenLlon of a
conLrol of access Lo copyrlghLed works. ln Lhe laLLer Lwo funcLlons, whlch were Lo be execuLed under
a dozen rules of exempLlon, Lhe sLaLuLe enabled dlglLal rlghLs managemenL" (u8M), whlch has
emerged as a popular meLhod for u.S. corporaLlons Lo asserL copyrlghL. lL has been argued, correcLly,
LhaL Lhe lnfluenLlal u.S. law of copyrlghL has excluslvely enabled mulLlnaLlonal medla corporaLlons Lo
proLecL corporaLe proflLs from lngenlous hackers.
Awareness of Lhe uMCA, consequenLly, ls of greaL relevance Lo lndlvlduals who produce, manage,
dlssemlnaLe or oLherwlse deal wlLh dlglLal conLenL.
1hls paper presumes an emergence of Web 4.0 - represenLed ln a symbloLlc, conLlguous, laLeral-
powered lnLerneL dellvered elLher by gadgeL-agenLs such as Apple's Slrl or soclal medla LhaL enable
real-Llme communlcaLlon or mulLlfaceLed companlonshlp. lL aLLempLs Lo accompllsh Lwo goals: (1)
ldenLlfy besL pracLlces ln dlglLal conLenL creaLlon and dlssemlnaLlon, and (2) 8ecommend reforms of
Lhe u.S. law of copyrlghL, lncludlng Lhe uMCA. lL does so ln a conLexL of slx lnflecLlon polnLs LhaL Lhe
auLhor has ldenLlfled ln prevlous research:
1. llmlts oo excloslvlty. u8M ls seemlngly aL odds wlLh Lhe compuLer programs llmlLaLlons llsLed
ln SecLlons 106 and 117 of 1lLle 17, chapLer 1, ln Lhe former secLlon, excluslve rlghLs" are deflned
and ln Lhe laLLer, Lhelr llmlLaLlons.
2. locooslsteot tetmlooloqy (ootbot ot owoet?). Whlle consLlLuLlonal SecLlon 8 would
speclflcally glve auLhors" excluslve rlghLs over Lhelr works, auLhor rlghLs are noL menLloned ln elLher
1lLle 17 of Lhe u.S. Code or ln Lhe CopyrlghL AcL of 1976. lnsLead, Lhe Lerm owner" appears. ln a
parL of 1lLle 17, however, Lhe Lermlnology reverLs from owner" Lo auLhor." 1o Lhe opLlmlsL, Lhe
Lerm owner" mlghL denoLe !ohn Locke's ldea of properLy ownershlp as a naLural rlghL. 1o oLhers, lL
mlghL reflecL Lhe lnfluence of corporaLe lobbylng on Congress. 8egardless, owner" de-personallzes
Lhe creaLlve auLhor enough Lo posslbly evlsceraLe norms of falrness or eLhlcs.
3. cotpotote lofloeoce lo sboploq copytlqbt low: lor example, Lhe hlsLory of corporaLe lobbylng
Lo exLend Lhe perlod of copyrlghL proLecLlon ls well documenLed.
4. xteoJeJ tlme llmlts: AL llfe plus 70 years, Lhere's an argumenL Lo be made LhaL Lhe Llme llmlL
ls Loo long Lo elLher beneflL auLhors, as lnLended ln Lhe prlnclple, or reasonably promoLe any
progress of Lhe arLs. lnsLead, lL Lends Lo monopollze Lhe arLs.
3. Motket cooceottotloo: Columbla professor Lll noam has found ln 2009 LhaL concenLraLlon ln
mass medla has sLeadlly lncreased over Lhe lasL Lwo decades." u8M helps corporaLlons consolldaLe
markeL power by prlvlleglng Lhem ln sharlng, falr use, and lncenLlves for conLlnued lnnovaLlon.
CorporaLlons Lend Loward, Lo use a Lerm of Lhe pollLlcal hlsLorlan WalLer L. Adamson, becomlng
hegemonlc lnsLrumenLs."
6. No cltcomveotloq tecb wtops: vla SecLlons 1201(a) and 1201(b), Lhe uMCA prohlblLs


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manufacLure and dlsLrlbuLlon of devlces deslgned Lo undermlne Lechnology used Lo proLecL
copyrlghLed works. 1hrough SecLlon 312(a), lL lmmunlzes lnLerneL servlce provlders from any llablllLy
ln lnfrlngemenL as long as Lhe lS does noL parLlclpaLe ln selecLlon or clrcumvenLlon. Clearly, whlle
ArLlcle l, or SecLlon 17, only permlLs a llmlLed monopoly, Lhe uMCA, by effecLlvely valldaLlng u8M,
granLs copyrlghL owners a monopoly.
ln a llghL of Lhese problems, Lhe paper seeks Lo ldenLlfy besL pracLlces and reforms ln order Lo ald Lhe
World lnLellecLual roperLy CrganlzaLlon, a u.n. arm ln Ceneva, Lo: (1) LvaluaLe u.S. sLaLuLes and
anLecedenL pollcles LhaL lmpllcaLe copyrlghL for lnLenL, source, poLenLlal for abuse, and conslsLency
wlLh Lhe concurrenL prlnclple of copyrlghL, all wlLh a vlew Lo reesLabllshlng Lhe balance beLween Llme
llmlLs, excluslve rlghLs, and falr use, and (2) CreaLe a framework Lo engage LransnaLlonal medla
corporaLlons as key sLakeholders ln Lhe dlscourse abouL resLorlng Lhe balance.

* * *

D2"'%(("11'+.'$/0.,<%+$./'$/'+2"'#$3$+%*'%3"6'+2"',.*"'.0'(.:B,$32+':.*$($"1'
'
Slmone SCP8Cll, hu SLudenL
Law School aL Lhe unlverslLy of LasL Anglla, uk
s.schroff[uea.ac.uk

lnformaLlon ls ofLen dlsLrlbuLed as parL of copyrlghLed works and Lherefore access Lo copyrlghLed
works ls lnLrlnslcally llnked Lo Lhe access of lnformaLlon. 1herefore, Lhe avallablllLy of lnformaLlon
lnforms copyrlghL pollcy. CopyrlghL works by llmlLlng Lhe slLuaLlons and Lhe exLenL Lo whlch a work
can be copled. lL essenLlally alms Lo balance Lhe rlghLs of Lhe owners wlLh Lhe rlghLs of Lhe users of
works. 1he owners beneflL from proLecLlon as copyrlghL leglslaLlon resLrlcLs: Lhe klnds of uses a Lhlrd
parLy can sub[ecL Lhe work Lo (economlc rlghLs), for how long (Lerm) and provldes enforcemenL
mechanlsms Lo combaL lnfrlngemenL (sancLlons). Cn Lhe oLher hand, exempLlons Lo Lhese provlslons
are avallable for Lhe beneflL of users aL Lhe expense of owner. CopyrlghL pollcles exclude cerLaln uses
for Lhe publlc good, for example Leachlng, ln recognlLlon LhaL lnformaLlon would oLherwlse be locked
away.
CopyrlghL pollcles are one of Lhe key forces shaplng Lhe access Lo lnformaLlon. 1radlLlonally,
copyrlghL focused on conLrolllng Lhe use of a work by proLecLlng Lhe auLhor's expresslon and
Lherefore Lhe speclflc way Lhe conLenL ls phrased. Lverybody was free Lo read a work, for example ln
a llbrary, and Lherefore Lhe lnformaLlon conLalned ln lL was avallable. 1he llmlLaLlons cenLred on
copylng Lhe expresslon of Lhe auLhor. Powever, Lhere ls growlng concern LhaL Lhe dlglLal revoluLlon
has shlfLed Lhls emphasls Lo access and Lherefore away from Lhe use of Lhe work. Cpenlng a dlglLal
work requlres, by Lhe very naLure of Lhe Lechnlcal process, LhaL a compleLe copy of Lhe work ls made
(for example lnLo Lhe 8AM of Lhe compuLer). 1hls copy necessarlly also represenLs a compleLe copy
of Lhe auLhor's expresslon. As a resulL, Lhe copyrlghL ls lnfrlnged by any unauLhorlzed acL and only
Lhe exempLlons can ensure conLlnued free access Lo Lhe lnformaLlon. 1hls change ln slLuaLlon can


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have a slgnlflcanL lmpacL on Lhe ablllLy of lndlvlduals (and by exLenslon socleLles) Lo access and
dlsLrlbuLe lnformaLlon ln a Llmely manner. Powever, lL ls Lhls avallablllLy of lnformaLlon whlch ls noL
only a prerequlslLe for human progress, buL also one of Lhe reasons Lo provlde copyrlghL ln Lhe flrsL
place.
1hls paper seeks Lo examlne lf Lhls clalm of dlmlnlshed access ln Lhe dlglLal age ls acLually observable.
1o Lhls end, lL compares how copyrlghLed works are proLecLed ln Lhe analogue and dlglLal form. 1he
proLecLlon granLed Lo Lhe auLhor ls measured ln comparlson Lo Lhe user. 1he beneflLs Lo Lhe auLhor
relevanL here are concepLuallzed as Lhose copyrlghL feaLures whlch shape Lhe proLecLlon from whlch
he can beneflL. 1hese are ln parLlcular Lhe economlc rlghLs, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon and Lhe sancLlons.
Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe user's free access Lo works under copyrlghL proLecLlon sLrongly depends on
Lhe number of exempLlons and Lhe condlLlons aLLached Lo Lhese. 1he orlglnal conLrlbuLlon of Lhls
paper ls Lhe underlylng daLa whlch has been assembled by Lhe auLhor ln Lhe course of her Lhesls. lL
quanLlfles Lhe legal provlslons ln Cermany, Lhe uk, Lhe uS as well as an aggregaLed lnLernaLlonal
Level ln a way whlch makes Lhem dlrecLly comparable.
1he paper concludes LhaL Lhe dlglLal age had a dlfferenLlal lmpacL on Lhe owners and users of
copyrlghLed works wlLh Lhe resulL of llmlLlng access Lo dlglLal works. 1he proLecLlon avallable Lo Lhe
owners ls noL Lhe same for analogue and dlglLal works. 8aLher, whlle Lhe conLrolled uses and Lerms
are equal for boLh Lypes of works, Lhe enforcemenL capablllLles are sLronger ln Lhe dlglLal fleld. Cne
example of Lhls enhanced capablllLy ls Lhe proLecLlon glven Lo Lhe ulglLal 8lghLs ManagemenL. Cn Lhe
oLher hand, Lhe proLecLlon of users has been weakened. A slgnlflcanL number of exempLlons are only
avallable lf Lhe work ls ln analogue as opposed Lo dlglLal form. 1hls ln Lurn means LhaL for Lhese
dlglLal works, Lhe access Lo Lhem can be denled as a whole and can Lherefore lock Lhe soclally
valuable lnformaLlon lnLo Lhe lnaccesslble expresslon.

* * *
>2.)*#'B.),'A.*5.'4"'B.),'<.+2",X6'>.<"'+2.)32+1'./'+"(2/.*.3$(%*':%+",/%*$1<'%/#'#"1$3/'

ulane . MlCPLLlLLuL8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
MacalesLer College, uSA
mlchelfelder[macalesLer.edu

WlLh more and more Lechnologles becomlng lnLerneL-enabled and deslgned Lo lncorporaLe blomeLrlc
sensors, chlps, and screens, Lhey noL only become smarLer" buL also open up more opporLunlLles Lo
make declslons for us. Some of Lhls lnLegraLlon ls morally unproblemaLlc-for example, Lhe
lnLegraLlon of sensors and cameras lnLo auLomoblles Lo provlde drlvers wlLh lnformaLlon Lo asslsL
Lhem ln maklng good cholces, lnformaLlon such as Lhe exLerlor LemperaLure or an lmage of Lhe area
behlnd Lhe car LhaL auLomaLlcally comes on when Lhe drlver puLs Lhe car lnLo reverse gear. A
dlfferenL scenarlo presenLs lLself when sensors and lnLerneL-capablllLles are lnLegraLed lnLo Lhe


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deslgn of auLomoblles so LhaL a drlvlng declslon, such as slowlng a vehlcle down when an lmpendlng
obsLacle ls deLecLed, ls made by Lhe auLomoblle lLself. Pere, Lhlngs qulckly become morally
problemaLlc, parLlcularly so ln cases where declslons are made osLenslbly for our own good buL
whlch we may percelve as belng lnLruslve or forced upon us.
1he prospecLs of such Lechnology paLernallsm" (Splkermann and allas) ralse lmporLanL
phllosophlcal quesLlons of Lransparency, auLonomy, agency, and responslblllLy. 1hese quesLlons are
lmporLanL Lo conslder. We can anLlclpaLe LhaL sLaLes may ln some slLuaLlons be relucLanL Lo press
forward wlLh leglslaLlon almed aL creaLlng pollcy Lo proLecL clLlzens from harmlng Lhemselves (e.g.
leglslaLlon maklng lL lllegal Lo walk and Lo LexL aL Lhe same Llme), even when Lhey have an lnLeresL ln
dolng so. Such an lnLeresL on Lhe parL of Lhe sLaLe has been fueled by recenL work ln a number of
dlsclpllnes, lncludlng psychology and behavloral economlcs, whlch have underscored how we as
humans ofLen exerclse poor [udgmenL and make quesLlonable cholces when lL comes Lo ldenLlfylng
whaL ls ln our own besL lnLeresLs. 8uL Lhe hlgh cosLs and pracLlcal dlfflculLles assoclaLed wlLh
enforcemenL may lead Lo Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons supporLlve of paLernallsLlc ends and whlch a
sLaLe could also endorse (e.g. a cell phone LhaL would shuL down lf lL deLecLed lLs user was
slmulLaneously walklng and LexLlng). 1o whaL exLenL Lhen should human declslon-maklng be ouL-
sourced Lo smarL Lechnologles so Lhey wlll be able Lo ouLsmarL us for Lhe sake of our own good?
ln Lhelr response Lo Lhls quesLlon, Splkermann and allas suggesL LhaL Lhe lnLegraLlon of paLernallsLlc
feaLures lnLo Lhe deslgn of Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs could be morally unproblemaLlc were lL Lo be done
ln such a way LhaL users could have Lhe opLlon of seLLlng Lhe level of Lhese feaLures Lo maLch Lhelr
own preferences. l argue LhaL Lhls non-coerclve approach, along wlLh oLhers LhaL are slmllar, do
address concerns abouL preservlng Lhe freedom of lndlvldual declslon-maklng, buL are open Lo Lhe
same crlLlclsm LhaL prompLed Lhe developmenL of such feaLures Lo begln wlLh-namely, LhaL we
ofLen cannoL LrusL our own declslon maklng abouL our own good.
8aLher Lhan Lrylng Lo ldenLlfy a non-coerclve approach LhaL would noL be vulnerable Lo Lhls
ob[ecLlon, l sLep ouLslde of Lhe respecLlng auLonomy vs proLecLlng people from bad cholces
framework of Lhls debaLe Lo conslder Lhe quesLlon of Lechnology paLernallsm" from a
phenomenologlcal perspecLlve. 8oLh paLernallsLlc and quasl-paLernallsLlc deslgn feaLures, such as
one LhaL forces a vehlcle Lo slow down lf a sensor flnds lL Lo be exceedlng Lhe speed llmlLs, do noL
only acL Lo replace lndlvldual [udgmenL abouL whaL ls a reasonable rlsk Lo Lake wlLhln Lhe scope of
whaL an lndlvldual percelves Lo be her or hls good. 1hey also acL Lo replace Lhe LesLlmony of Lhe
senses. 1hls could lead Lo us becomlng less experlenLlally aLLenLlve Lo Lhe world around us and less
LrusLlng of our own senses, even ln famlllar conLexLs. l explore Lhe lmpllcaLlons of Lhls eroslon of LrusL
and aLLenLlveness for our ablllLy Lo reason morally noL abouL our own good, buL abouL LhaL of oLhers.
l conclude by suggesLlng LhaL for Lhe sake of beLLerlng our capablllLy for moral declslon maklng
lnvesLmenL be puL lnLo deslgnlng Lechnology LhaL would supporL our sensory engagemenL wlLh Lhe
world around us, raLher Lhan supporLlng Lechnology paLernallsm, elLher ln a coerclve or non-coerclve
form.



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8eferences
Conly, Sarah. (2012). AgalnsL AuLonomy: !usLlfylng Coerclve aLernallsm. Cambrldge: Cambrldge
unlverslLy ress.
uworkln. Cerald. (1972). aLernallsm. 1he MonlsL 36 (1): 64-84.
Paybron, uanlel. (2010). 1he ursulL of unhapplness. 1he Lluslve sychology of Well-8elng. Cxford:
Cxford unlverslLy ress.
kahneman, uanlel. (2012). 1hlnklng lasL and Slow. new ?ork: enguln 8ooks.
kaur, Cagan ueep. (2013). 8elng-ln-Lhe-Aml: ervaslve CompuLlng from [slc] henomenologlcal
erspecLlve," ln v.C. Muller, hllosophy and 1heory of ArLlflclal lnLelllgence. 8erlln: Sprlnger verlag,
pp. 363-373.
Splekermann, Sarah and lrank allas. (2003). 1echnology aLernallsm-Wlder lmpllcaLlons of
ublqulLous CompuLlng. oesls and raxls: lnLernaLlonal !ournal of LLhlcs of Sclence and 1echnology
AssessmenL 4. Avallable aL SS8n: hLLp://ssrn.com/absLracL=761111.
1haler, 8lchard and Cass SunsLeln. (2003). 8ehavlorlal Lconomlcs, ubllc ollcy, and aLernallsm. 1he
Amerlcan Lconomlcs 8evlew 93 (2): 173-179.
1haler, 8lchard and Cass SunsLeln. (2008). nudge: lmprovlng ueclslons AbouL PealLh, WealLh, and
Papplness. new Paven: ?ale unlverslLy ress.
verbeek, eLer-aul. (2011). Morallzlng 1echnology. Chlcago: unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.






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1rack 14
Lnvl8CnMLn1, SuS1AlnA8lLl1?
Anu 8lSkS
Chalr: !ose nuno MA1CS


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i.5",/$/3'+2"'<.<"/+)<'0.,'3"."/3$/"",$/3'

Andrew LlCP1
Ceorge Mason unlverslLy
lnLernaLlonal CllmaLe ollcy
CenLer for Amerlcan rogress, WashlngLon, u.C., uSA
allghL1[gmu.edu

roposals for geoenglneerlng, such as sLraLospherlc ln[ecLlon of sulfur dloxlde, or dlrecL alr capLure of
carbon dloxlde, are lncreaslngly ralsed as posslble opLlons for rapld mlLlgaLlon of some of Lhe lmpacLs
of cllmaLe change. LLhlclsLs have ralsed a varleLy of ob[ecLlons Lo Lhese proposals. Some have gone
so far as Lo challenge baslc research lnLo some of Lhese Lechnologles. l conslder Lwo such
ob[ecLlons: (1) a momenLum argumenL, LhaL Lhe esLabllshmenL of publlcly supporLed research
programs wlll creaLe lnsLlLuLlonal pressure Lo deploy Lhese Lechnologles Lo [usLlfy our lnvesLmenL ln
Lhem, and (2) a Lrade-off argumenL, LhaL research lnLo geoenglneerlng wlll Lake away resources LhaL
oughL Lo be used for more LradlLlonal mlLlgaLlon prlorlLles lncludlng Lhe developmenL and
deploymenL of renewable energy. l answer boLh of Lhese argumenLs, and clalm LhaL Lhe momenLum
for geoenglneerlng has now effecLlvely made Lhem lrrelevanL. l suggesL LhaL we should now Lurn ln
earnesL Lo proposals for lnLernaLlonal governance of geoenglneerlng, glven Lhe poLenLlal global
lmpllcaLlons of even llmlLed deploymenL of some of Lhese Lechnologles.

* * *

D2"',$1"'%/#'0%**'.0'7.,+2'I<",$(%/'/%+),%*'3%16'>2%:$/3'%'*"3$+$<%+"'4,$#3"'+.'%'R",.C(%,4./'
"(./.<B'%/#'(*$<%+"'1"(),$+B

Cwynne 1A8ASkA
lnsLlLuLe for hllosophy and ubllc ollcy, Ceorge Mason unlverslLy
CenLer for Amerlcan rogress, WashlngLon, u.C., uSA
gLaraska[gmu.edu

norLh Amerlca has seen a rapld expanslon ln Lhe producLlon and consumpLlon of naLural gas due Lo
recenL advances ln hydraullc fracLurlng and horlzonLal drllllng. 8ecause naLural gas has several
envlronmenLal and economlc beneflLs - lL ls cleaner Lhan oLher fossll fuels and ls currenLly affordable
and abundanL - lL has been celebraLed as a brldge" or LranslLlon" fuel. 1he ldea ls LhaL we can rely
on lL ln Lhe relaLlvely near-Lerm ln order Lo dlsplace hlgh-carbon fossll fuels and Lo allow us Llme Lo
develop zero-carbon energy sysLems LhaL can shoulder a subsLanLlal share of demand. Powever,
desplLe lLs beneflLs, naLural gas poses several shorL- and long-Lerm harms. lLs unmanaged
producLlon has Lhe poLenLlal Lo damage local communlLles and ecosysLems wlLh hablLaL desLrucLlon
and polluLlon, and lLs susLalned use aL currenL levels wlll cause global warmlng Lo exceed safe levels.
uslng Lhe shorL-Lerm advanLages of naLural gas Lo [usLlfy lLs unmanaged or long-Lerm producLlon ls
Lherefore dlslngenuous and harmful Lo Lhe well belng of currenL generaLlons, fuLure generaLlons, and


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naLural sysLems. lnsLead, we should aggresslvely shape Lhe naLural gas boom so LhaL lL 1) ls handled
susLalnably, 2) Lruly dlsplaces hlgh-carbon fossll fuels, 3) flnances slgnlflcanL lnvesLmenL ln energy
efflclency and renewable energy Lechnologles, and 4) ls qulckly expelled from Lhe norLh Amerlcan
fuel mlx. 1hls ls Lhe only way LhaL naLural gas wlll serve as a leglLlmaLe brldge Lo a clean energy
economy and cllmaLe securlLy.

* * *
D2"'+,%/13"/$(1'#$1(.),1"1'$/'W.,+)3%*'

vlcLor CCuCl MlLLn
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
vlcLorgodol[gmall.com

1he ob[ecLlve of Lhls communlcaLlon ls Lo analyze Lhe sclenLlflc dlscourse abouL Lhe bloLechnology
appllcaLlons, and especlally Lransgenlcs crops (CMCs) ln orLugal. ln Lhe publlc debaLe Lhls sub[ecL
have been an sporadlc Loplc ln Lhe lasL years, buL Lhe movemenLs keep a permanenL complalnL
agalnsL Lhose who defend Lhls Lechnology. 1hls arLlcle examlnes Lhe ldeologlcal dlmenslon aL
dlscourses of academlc publlcaLlons abouL Lhe lmpacL of Lhe Lransgenlc crops. uslng concepLs based
ln an analysls of dlscourse, we argue LhaL Lhe dlscusslon on Lhe lmpacLs or rlsks ln Lhe healLh,
envlronmenLal and Lhe soclal dlmenslons, express ldeologlcal poslLlons of sclence and Lechnology.
1hls debaLes for Lhe leglLlmacy of Lhe ldeas abouL Lhe Lransgenlcs crops ln porLugal come down Lo
Lhe oLhers sub[ecLs, Lhe acLors defend ldeologlcal poslLlons concernlng Lhe llfe, Lhe role of Lhe
sclence and Lhe new form of caplLal, Lhe blocaplLal. We analyze LhaL form of Lhe pollLlcal leglLlmaLlon
ln Lhe dlscourses, Lhe role of Lhe proLesL's movemenLs, and propose an crlLlcal perspecLlve abouL Lhe
acLors, movemenLs and dlscourses ln orLugal.
key words: Lransgenlcs crops, orLugal, CMCs, blocaplLal.

* * *
'
9.8'1)1+%$/%4$*$+B'%00"(+1'+2"':.*$+$(1'%/#'./+.*.3$"1'.0'+2,""'#$00","/+'(./(":+$./1'.0'5$,+)"'"+2$(1'

Clen MlLLL8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and 8ellglon SLudles
unlverslLy of norLh 1exas, uSA
glen.mlller[unL.edu

1he wldespread adopLlon of Lechnology ln many parLs of Lhe world has led Lo a consumer menLallLy
LhaL prlzes possesslon and use of devlces. LxLernallLles assoclaLed wlLh Lhe manufacLurlng processes


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LhaL produce and power Lhese devlces consume have generaLed concern abouL Lhe susLalnablllLy of
Lhese paLLerns. Cver Lhe pasL LhlrLy years, boLh eLhlcal LheorlsLs and envlronmenLallsLs have Lrled Lo
lncorporaLe susLalnablllLy lnLo exlsLlng eLhlcal Lheorles. 1he former ofLen seek Lo show LhaL Lhelr
Lheory ls compaLlble wlLh susLalnablllLy, whlle Lhe laLLer aLLempL Lo [usLlfy elevaLed concern for Lhe
envlronmenL, over and above Lhe many oLher moral problems LhaL each socleLy faces.
1hls paper focuses on vlrLue eLhlcs, one of Lhe eLhlcal Lheorles LhaL has malnLalned purchase for
Lhousands of years. 1he flexlblllLy lnherenL ln vlrLue eLhlcs makes lL an aLLracLlve cholce when
maLerlal condlLlons are changlng as qulckly as Lhey are Loday, when lnnovaLlon ls hlghly valued.
lnsLead of aLLempLlng Lo search for or assume polnLs of coherence beLween vlrLue eLhlcs and
susLalnablllLy, l Lake a conLrarlan perspecLlve. l aLLempL Lo polnL ouL lnconslsLencles LhaL arlse when
susLalnablllLy, lLself a recenL concern, ls pro[ecLed onLo Lhree dlfferenL formulaLlons of vlrLue eLhlcs.
llrsL, l conslder lLs orlglnal arLlculaLlon by ArlsLoLle ln Lhe fourLh cenLury 8CL. Second, l look aL
1homas Aqulnas's medleval expresslon of vlrLue eLhlcs, whlch fuses secular" ArlsLoLellan concepLs
wlLh ChrlsLlan revelaLlon. 1hlrd, ln Lhe 1980s Alasdalr MaclnLyre, bulldlng off a renewal of vlrLue
eLhlcs lnsplred by C.L.M. Anscombe and eLer Ceach, among oLhers, reformulaLed vlrLue eLhlcs Lo
recognlze Lhe mulLlculLural characLer of conLemporary llberal socleLy.
ln parLlcular, l conslder how Lhe commlLmenLs demanded by susLalnablllLy sLress Lhe pollLlcs and
onLologles of each verslon of vlrLue eLhlcs. ArlsLoLle's eLhlcs sLruggles Lo expand from Lhe polls Lo Lhe
cosmopolls. 1hls presenLs Lwo problems: flrsL, hls pollLlcs funcLlons ldeally ln a communlLy of Lhe slze
LhaL Loday would be a small Lown, and second, he has llLLle concern for Lhe faLe of Lhose from oLher
clLy-sLaLes, much less Lhose from fuLure generaLlons. l argue LhaL addlng empaLhy as a vlrLue of
characLer and recognlzlng Lhe power of modern communlcaLlon Lechnologles mlghL be able Lo
resolve some Lenslons LhaL arlse from Lhe lncorporaLlon of susLalnablllLy, buL LhaL Lhese lnLroduce
oLher Lenslons.
1homas Aqulnas's eLhlcs possesses resources from revelaLlon LhaL mlLlgaLe some of Lhese
shorLcomlngs, such as dlvlne afflrmaLlon of Lhe good of Lhe naLural world and responslblllLy for
oLhers, buL lL has also been crlLlclzed by some, mosL famously Lynn WhlLe, !r., for proposlng LhaL
humans have absoluLe domlnlon over naLure. lurLhermore, Lhe revelaLory aspecL of 1homas's
phllosophy ls problemaLlc for Lhose who are noL ChrlsLlan, and l doubL wheLher hls phllosophy can be
dlvorced from hls Lheology wlLhouL loslng some necessary componenLs.
MaclnLyre's accommodaLlon of dlfferenL, lncommensurable LradlLlons flLs Lhe mulLlculLural world ln
whlch we llve, and hls sLress on an empaLheLlc lmaglnaLlon permlLs cross-culLural dlscourse and
crlLlque. lL ls far from clear, however, LhaL MaclnLyre's formulaLlon can overcome Lhe radlcal
dlfferences beLween how dlfferenL culLures concepLuallze naLural resources. nor ls lL obvlous how
MaclnLyre's emphasls on soclal pracLlces can compeLenLly lncorporaLe supply chalns and
envlronmenLal lssues LhaL are global ln naLure. l suggesL LhaL Lhe flrsL shorLcomlng mlghL be
addressed by recourse Lo rellglous concepLs, and Lhe second by lnLenLlonally conslderlng supply
chalns raLher Lhan LreaLlng Lhem as black boxes. 1he laLLer requlres Lhe developmenL and uLlllzaLlon
of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles, whlch are essenLlal componenLs ln Lhe pracLlce of
conLemporary pollLlcs.


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8eferences
Anscombe, C.L.M. 1938. Modern Moral hllosophy." lbllosopby 33:1-19.
ArlsLoLle. Nlcomocbeoo tblcs.
---. Oo tbe 5ool.
---. 1998. lolltlcs.
Clrard, 8ene. 1986. 1be 5copeqoot. 1ranslaLed by ?vonne lreccero. 8alLlmore: !ohns Popklns
unlverslLy ress.
1homas Aqulnas, 5ommo 1beoloqlcoe.
---. 5ommo cootto Ceotlles.
Ceach, eLer. 1977. 1be vlttoes. Cambrldge: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
MaclnLyre, Alasdalr. 1984. Aftet vlttoe. noLre uame, lndlana: unlverslLy of noLre uame ress.
---. 1988. wbose Iostlce? wblcb kotlooollty? noLre uame, lndlana: unlverslLy of noLre uame ress.
Sandler, 8oberL. 2003. 1he LxLernal Coods Approach Lo LnvlronmenLal vlrLue LLhlcs." ovltoomeotol
tblcs 23:279-293.
vallor, Shannon. 2012. new Soclal Medla and Lhe vlrLues" ln 1be CooJ llfe lo o 1ecbooloqlcol Aqe,
edlLed by hlllp 8rey, Adam 8rlggle, and Ldward Spence. new ?ork: 8ouLledge. 193-202.
van Wensveen, Louke. 2001. LcosysLem SusLalnablllLy as a CrlLerlon for Cenulne vlrLue."
ovltoomeotol tblcs 23:227-241.
WhlLe, !r., Lynn. 1967. 1he PlsLorlcal 8ooLs of Cur Lcologlc Crlsls." 5cleoce 133:3767, 1203-1207.


* * *
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neelke uCC8n
ueparLmenL of 1echnology, ollcy and ManagemenL, SecLlon of hllosophy
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
n.doorn[LudelfL.nl

WaLer ls essenLlal for human llfe. Powever, due Lo lLs scarclLy, Lhe managemenL of waLer ls a Loplc of
greaL concern. lnadequaLe managemenL leads Lo famlnes, food lnsecurlLy, ecologlcal desLrucLlon, and
resource-based confllcLs (Clelck 1998) and evenLually Lo human sufferlng and Lhe loss of mllllons of
human llves. AL Lhe same Llme, waLer ls noL only a scarce resource, lL ls also a source of rlsk. ln Lhe
lasL decade, Lhe number and lmpacL of caLasLrophlc floods have lncreased slgnlflcanLly, endangerlng


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boLh human llves and Lhe envlronmenL. WlLh on-golng cllmaLe change, Lhe rlsk of floodlng ls llkely Lo
lncrease even furLher.
1radlLlonally, waLer managemenL has been Lhe fleld of englneers and hydrologlsLs. Powever, lL ls
lncreaslngly recognlzed LhaL an adequaLe managemenL of waLer requlres LhaL Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal
consLralnLs and [urldlcal conLexL be Laken lnLo accounL. 8oLh ln academla and pollcy clrcles, Lhe
aLLenLlon has Lherefore shlfLed from waLer managemenL Lowards waLer governance, requlrlng Lhe
comblned and coordlnaLed efforL of boLh Lechnlcal (englneers, hydrologlsLs) and non-Lechnlcal
experLs (lawyers, economlsLs, pollLlcal and soclal sclenLlsLs). AlLhough dlfferenL deflnlLlons of waLer
governance exlsL, mosL of Lhem refer Lo someLhlng llke Lhe range of pollLlcal, soclal, economlc and
admlnlsLraLlve sysLems LhaL are ln place Lo develop and manage waLer resources, and Lhe dellvery of
waLer servlces, aL dlfferenL levels of socleLy" (8ogers and Pall 2003: p. 18), mosLly also lncludlng a
reference Lo confllcLlng or dlverse lnLeresLs and cooperaLlve acLlon (cf. 8akker 2003, CCC 1993,
WWu8 2006). WlLh Lhe shlfL from waLer managemenL Lo waLer governance, Lhe prlnclple equlLable
uLlllzaLlon has galned ln lmporLance as a prlnclple for allocaLlon.
noLwlLhsLandlng recurrenL pleas Lo lnclude lssues of equlLy" (Clelck 1998, CupLa and Lebel 2010)
and soclal [usLlce" (AbboLL and vo[lnovlc 2010, khepar eL al. 2000, aavola 2007) or Lo develop an
eLhlc of care" ln Lhe governance of waLer (8akker 2007), eLhlclsLs or phllosophers have so far noL or
only barely been lnvolved ln Lhe dlscusslon on Lhe governance of waLer. nelLher has waLer or waLer
governance been hlgh on Lhe agenda of eLhlclsLs or soclal phllosophers. lssues relaLed Lo waLer are
usually LreaLed under Lhe headlng of cllmaLe eLhlcs, envlronmenLal eLhlcs, or global [usLlce.
1he ouLllne of Lhls paper ls as follows. l flrsL dlscuss flve quallLles of waLer, whlch should be parL of a
comprehenslve eLhlcs of waLer governance. 1hls secLlon wlll also explaln why l prefer Lo Lalk abouL
waLer governance raLher Lhan waLer as a Loplc for reflecLlon. ln Lhe subsequenL secLlon, l brlefly
dlscuss Lhe relaLed flelds of cllmaLe eLhlcs, envlronmenLal eLhlcs, and developmenL eLhlcs. ln Lhe
currenL phllosophlcal llLeraLure, waLer or waLer governance ls usually dlscussed under one of Lhese
headlngs. l show how nelLher of Lhese flelds capLures Lhe full characLerlsLlcs of waLer governance.
WhaL ls needed ls an lnLegraLed accounL of waLer governance, llnklng lnslghLs from pollcy sclences,
new lnsLlLuLlonal economlcs (whlch has ldenLlfled soclal [usLlce" as one of Lhe key deslgn prlnclples
for Lhe deslgn of governance lnsLlLuLlons), (lnLernaLlonal) law, applled sclence, Lechnology and
englneerlng, ooJ applled phllosophy. ulLlmaLely, by lncludlng Lhese dlfferenL perspecLlves, we can
develop concepLually clear and useful moral prlnclples of waLer governance LhaL are flrmly rooLed ln
pracLlce. 1he parLlcular role for phllosophers can be Lwofold: (1) clarlfylng Lhe debaLe, and (2) help
analyzlng some urgenL dlsLrlbuLlve quesLlons relaLed Lo waLer governance. 1he paper ls concluded
wlLh an ouLllne for an eLhlcs of waLer governance.

8eferences
AbboLL, M. 8., and Z. vo[lnovlc. 2010. 8eallslng soclal [usLlce ln Lhe waLer secLor: 1. Iootool of
nyJtolofotmotlcs 12 (1):97-117.


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8akker, k. !. 2003. lrom publlc Lo prlvaLe Lo ... muLual? - 8esLrucLurlng waLer supply governance ln
Lngland and Wales. Ceofotom 34 (3):339-374.
8akker, k.!. 2007. 1he "commons" versus Lhe "commodlLy": AlLer-globallzaLlon, anLl-prlvaLlzaLlon and
Lhe human rlghL Lo waLer ln Lhe global souLh. AotlpoJe 39 (3):430-433.
CCC. 1993. Oot Clobol NelqbbootbooJ. 1be kepott of tbe commlssloo oo Clobol Covetoooce. Cxford:
Cxford unlverslLy ress.
Clelck, . P. 1998. WaLer ln crlsls: aLhs Lo susLalnable waLer use. coloqlcol Appllcotloos 8 (3):371-
379.
CupLa, !., and L. Lebel. 2010. Access and allocaLlon ln earLh sysLem governance: waLer and cllmaLe
change compared. lotetootloool ovltoomeotol Aqteemeots-lolltlcs low ooJ cooomlcs 10 (4):377-
393.
khepar, S. u., P. S. CulaLl, A. k. ?adav, and 1. . S. 8rar. 2000. A model for equlLable dlsLrlbuLlon of
canal waLer. lttlqotloo 5cleoce 19 (4):191-197.
aavola, !. 2007. lnsLlLuLlons and envlronmenLal governance: A reconcepLuallzaLlon. coloqlcol
cooomlcs 63 (1):93-103.
8ogers, . , and A.W. Pall. 2003. LffecLlve WaLer Covernance, Clobal WaLer arLnershlp 1echnlcal
CommlLLee (1LC) 8ackground apers no. 7.
WWu8. 2006. un World WaLer uevelopmenL 8eporL. unlLed naLlons.


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;/'5$+,.'<"%+''

Lars u8Sln
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
norweglan unlverslLy of Sclence and 1echnology, norway
lars.ursln[nLnu.no

ln regeneraLlve medlclne, an ablllLy Lo culLlvaLe any replacemenL Llssue and organs lo vltto would
creaLe a new medlcal and eLhlcal slLuaLlon for organ replacemenL ln human belngs. WlLh Lhe
reallzaLlon of Lhls klnd of Lechnology, shorLage of geneLlcally and eLhlcally avallable replacemenL
organs would no longer be Lhe maln lssue for paLlenLs wlLh organ fallure.
1he lnLroducLlon of culLlvaLed muscle Llssue from non-human specles ln Lhe form of lo vltto meot
promlses ln analogy wlLh Lhls a new slLuaLlon ln meaL producLlon. ln vlLro meaL offers a soluLlon Lo
several of Lhe problems of facLory farmlng: Anlmal welfare lssues, envlronmenLal concerns, and
global access Lo meaL producLs. CrlLlcs, however, argue LhaL Lhls klnd of soluLlon wlll aggravaLe a
currenL allenaLlon from farm anlmals caused by facLory farmlng. 1he promoLlon of ln vlLro meaL ls, ln


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Lhe eyes of lLs opponenLs, a Lechnologlcal qulck flx LhaL [usL eases Lhe consequences of a flawed way
of farmlng.
ln Lhls paper l wlll analyze Lhe rupLure beLween anlmals as fellow creaLures versus anlmals as food
Lhrough Lhe lens creaLed by Lhe emerglng Lechnology of ln vlLro meaL (cf. urlessen and korLhals
2012). 1hls rupLure can, on Lhe one hand, be seen as necessary and leglLlmaLe. ln Lhls vlew, we
should make Lhe relaLlon beLween Lhe llvlng anlmal and anlmal meaL opaque. ln order Lo dlsLlngulsh
ourselves from fellow creaLures, human belngs LradlLlonally mark Lhe LransformaLlon of an anlmal
lnLo meaL by some form of rlLual or dlscreLeness. ln a grocery sLore, frulLs and vegeLables should look
very much llke Lhey dld aL Lhe fleld. larm anlmals, on Lhe oLher hand, should be Lransformed lnLo
meaL producLs LhaL approprlaLely mask Lhelr orlgln. ln llne wlLh Lhls perspecLlve, ln vlLro meaL ls a
llberaLlng Lechnology LhaL makes Lhe unforLunaLe need Lo slaughLer anlmals ln order Lo survlve
redundanL. Maklng meaL would raLher be llke growlng vegeLables, llke cooklng, or llke arL.
1he rupLure beLween anlmals as fellow creaLures versus anlmals as food, can, on Lhe oLher hand, be
seen as mlsLaken and lnauLhenLlc. ln Lhls vlew, we should sLrlve Lo clarlfy Lhe meLamorphosls of
anlmals lnLo food. We should make Lhe Lravel from farm Lo fork Lraceable and vlslble. lL ls deeply
problemaLlc Lo alm for an escape from our pasL and LradlLlons ln hunLlng and farmlng anlmals for
Lhelr meaL. We should raLher be concerned wlLh our place ln naLure as bodlly belngs ln complex
lnLeracLlon wlLh oLher specles.
My analysls of Lhe framlng of human-anlmal relaLlons by way of ln vlLro meaL Lechnology wlll be
relaLed Lo Lhe norweglan research pro[ecL Lco-values as producL quallLy aLLrlbuLes ln manufacLurlng
of agrlculLural food lngredlenLs". ln Lhls pro[ecL, one aspecL of eco-values ls Lo alm Lo glve Lhe
consumer of meaL producLs a rlcher experlence of Lhe orlgln of Lhe producLs. ConsequenLly, l wlll
speclflcally analyze how such an alm ls framed by and relaLes Lo eLhos of ln vlLro meaL Lechnology.

urlessen, C., korLhals, M. (2012) lg Lowers and ln-vlLro meaL: dlscloslng moral worlds by deslgn.
Soclal SLudles of Sclence, 42(6):799-822

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(./1)<",1'

Asle P. kl8An
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
norweglan unlverslLy of Sclence and 1echnology, norway
asle.klran[nLnu.no

MounL (2012) asks ls Lhe value LhaL adheres Lo local food scalable?" lf local and organlc food
sysLems - here for shorL referred Lo as 'eLhlcal food' - galn a larger markeL share, wlll Lhe values LhaL


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ln Lhe flrsL place make consumers prefer eLhlcal food Lo mass produced food (values llke LrusL,
auLhenLlclLy, safeLy, confldence) change or dlsappear? MounL clalms LhaL such values wlll be
challenged because larger scale producLlon (lncludlng packlng, LransporL and sLorlng) necessarlly
leads Lo less Lransparency beLween Lhe producLlon and consumpLlon phases. ln oLher words, wlll
larger scale producLlon of eLhlcal food eradlcaLe lLs own foundaLlon, ls eLhlcal food lnherenLly a
frlnge pracLlce?
ln Lhls paper, l shall examlne MounL's quesLlon from Lhe perspecLlve of phllosophy of Lechnology. As
has been shown ln hlsLorlcal and soclologlcal sLudles of Lechnology, Lechnologles Lend Lo change and
rearrange values and relaLlons wlLhln pracLlces ln ways LhaL Lranscend Lhelr lnLended funcLlonal
purposes. lL ls Lherefore lmporLanL Lo assess Lhe soclal and eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of new and emerglng
Lechnologles whlle Lhe Lechnology ls sLlll ln Lhe maklng and ln lnLeracLlon wlLh Lechnology developers
and relevanL sLakeholders (SchoL and 8lp 1996, 8oenlnk eL al 2010). As seen ln varlous LLSA-
lnlLlaLlves, Lhls ls Laken as a polnL of deparLure for an anLlclpaLory and proacLlve approach Lo
lnnovaLlon, wlLh Lhe alm of lnfluenclng Lhe developmenL of new Lechnologles ln a manner LhaL
lmpede Lhe onseL of posslble adverse soclal and eLhlcal consequences or LhaL emphaslzes or
relnforces speclflc norms and values ln a deslred dlrecLlon (alLhough Lhls ls no sLralghLforward Lask,
cf. klran 2012). ls lL posslble LhaL Lechnologles can have a slmllar role ln Lhe quesLlon of scallng of
eLhlcal food sysLems, ln Lhe sense LhaL Lhe values aLLached Lo Lhese food pracLlces can be scaled? l
shall argue LhaL lL ls lndeed posslble.
An example ls Lhe use of lC1 Lo Lrack food, whlch ldenLlfles Lhe orlgln of a plece of meaL, a box of
eggs or a carLon of mllk. 1hls ls helpful when a baLch of damaged food appear, as lL polnLs Lo Lhe
sources and posslble reasons for Lhe bad food. 8uL whaL lf Lhe scope of Lracklng lC1s ls expanded, so
LhaL mosL sLeps ln Lhe producLlon process - ln prlnclple - are avallable for quallLy check? Cf course,
Lracklng lC1s can be eLhlcally problemaLlc for reasons of survelllance, poLenLlally Lhls klnd of
Lechnology can be used Lo breach Lhe prlvacy of farmers. Powever, such aspecLs wlll noL be Lhe focus
of my paper. 8aLher l shall follow up on Lhe ldea LhaL Lhe eLhlcal relevance of Lechnology ls noL
resLrlcLed Lo adverse consequences, buL also relaLes Lo how Lechnologles can co-consLlLuLlon poslLlve
value-relaLlons llke LrusL and confldence. (klran & verbeek 2010, verbeek 2011) lrom Lhls
perspecLlve, a poslLlve value-laden aspecL of Lracklng lC1s can be Lo provlde a dlfferenL form of
Lransparency beLween Lhe producLlon and consumpLlon phases, as Lhey make lL posslble for
consumers Lo verlfy LhaL Lhe mllk or meaL has been produced ln accordance wlLh Lhe regulaLlons for
eLhlcal food. 1he prlnclpled avallablllLy of Lhe producLlon process can lnsLall a confldence ln Lhe
consumers LhaL Lhe mllk, eggs, eLc. have been produced ln an eLhlcal manner, even when Lhe relaLlon
beLween Lhe producLlon and consumpLlon phases ls noL LransparenL ln Lhe manner usually
assoclaLed wlLh eLhlcal food.
ln oLher words, Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of such Lechnology mlghL offer an arena for esLabllshlng a
relaLlon of LrusL beLween Lhe producer and consumer also ln larger scale producLlon sysLems.
1racklng lC1s mlghL, Lherefore, be a reply Lo MounL's quesLlon wheLher values llke LrusL and safeLy
are scalable, Lhey have poLenLlal Lo change Lhe pracLlce ln manner LhaL enables Lhese values Lo be
reLalned also when Lhe klnd of Lransparency of smaller scale producLlon sysLem ls lmposslble Lo


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malnLaln. 'More Lechnology' mlghL aL flrsL glance lndlcaLe a move away from Lhe values assoclaLed
wlLh eLhlcal food producLlon, buL as Lhls brlef example shows, Lhls need noL be Lhe case.

8eferences
8oenlnk M, SwlersLra 1L, SLemerdlng u (2010) AnLlclpaLlng Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween Lechnology and
morallLy: a Lechno-eLhlcal scenarlo sLudy of experlmenLlng wlLh humans ln blonanoLechnology.
5toJles lo tblcs, low, ooJ 1ecbooloqy, 4, 1-38.
klran AP (2012) uoes responslble lnnovaLlon presuppose deslgn lnsLrumenLallsm? Lxamlnlng Lhe
case of Lelecare aL home ln Lhe neLherlands. 1ecbooloqy lo 5oclety, 34, 216-226.
klran AP & verbeek (2010) 1rusLlng ourselves Lo Lechnology. koowleJqe, 1ecbooloqy ooJ lollcy,
23, 409-27.
MounL (2012) Crowlng local food: scale and local food sysLems governance. Aqtlcoltote ooJ nomoo
voloes, 29, 107-121.
SchoL ! & 8lp A (1996) 1he pasL and fuLure of consLrucLlve Lechnology assessmenL. 1ecbooloqlcol
lotecostloq ooJ 5oclol cbooqe, 34(2-3), 231-268
verbeek (2011) Motollzloq tecbooloqy, ooJetstooJloq ooJ Jeslqoloq tbe motollty of tbloqs.
Chlcago: 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.

* * *
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!ohn A. SWLLnL?
ueparLmenL of ollLlcal Sclence
unlverslLy of Pawall aL Mnoa, Pawall
[ohnswee[hawall.edu

ln response Lo Lhe nearly absoluLe sclenLlflc consensus LhaL human acLlvlLy ls Lhe prlmary drlver of
global warmlng and, by exLenslon, cllmaLe change, a 2008 peLlLlon was puL forLh by Lhe SLraLlgraphy
Commlsslon of Lhe Ceologlcal SocleLy of London Lo have Lhe AnLhropocene llsLed as Lhe mosL recenL
epoch of Lhe geologlcal Llme scale (Zalaslewlcz 2008). AlLhough Lhe AnLhropocene remalns an
lnformal Lerm, lL has a rlghLful place as a focal polnL ln Lhe culLure wars over Lhe recognlLlon and
lnLerpreLaLlon of envlronmenLal process" and, perhaps mosL lmporLanLly, serves as a crlLlcal polnL of
enLry for reLhlnklng human/Lechnlcs relaLlons ln an age of global welrdlng," whlch has become a
popular neologlsm as lL accounLs for Lhe manlfold complexlLles of global warmlng and gesLures
Loward Lhe soclo-ecologlcal dlsrupLlons LhaL cllmaLe change wlll necessarlly engender (AuLln and
Polbrook 2012, 61). ln llghL of Lhe role of Lechnologlcal advancemenLs ln preclplLaLlng and, as some
hope, assuaglng global welrdlng, 8erLhon and uonnellan (2010) suggesL LhaL a more flLLlng monlker
mlghL be Lhe tecboopoceoe age" as Lhls Lerm speaks Lo predomlnanL means by whlch humanlLy


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mlghL besL aLLempL Lo averL Lhe slxLh ma[or exLlncLlon evenL ln LarLh hlsLory" (SLeffen eL al. 2011,
843).
lf, however, mlLlgaLlon-based soluLlons Lo abaLe global welrdlng, such as carbon reducLlon and
sequesLraLlon endeavors, are noL vlable, Lhen a medley of seemlngly unLhlnkable counLermeasures-
from geoenglneerlng Lo bloenglneerlng humans Lo llve on a mld- and posL-cllmaLe change world Lo
Lerraformlng oLher celesLlal ob[ecLs-are llkely Lo move from sclence flcLlon Lo speculaLlve acLlon.
lndeed, as Lhe world's flrsL rogue" geoenglneerlng experlmenL was conducLed ln !uly 2012,
quesLlons concernlng Lhe eLhlco-pollLlcal aspecLs of Lhe 1echnopocene have moved from presclenL Lo
presslng, especlally slnce, as SLeffen, CruLzen, and Mcnelll observe, Lhe cure could be worse Lhan
Lhe dlsease" (SLeffen eL. al 2007, 620). Whlle many remaln weary of aLLempLs Lo englneer a way ouL
of global welrdlng, oLhers champlon Lhe decldedly human pro[ecL of commandlng Lhe desLlny of
every specles and every ecosysLem" (Anderson 1987, 360). 1aklng a more measured approach buL
sLlll afflrmlng Lhe necesslLy of dlrecL acLlon, Allenby conLends, We musL develop Lhe capablllLy Lo
deslgn, Lhrough dlalog and conLlnual feedback, sysLems LhaL achleve Lhe mulLlLudlnous goals and
deslres of humanlLy, from personal fulflllmenL and economlc securlLy Lo envlronmenLal equallLy-an
earLh sysLems englneerlng and managemenL (LSLM) capablllLy (Allenby 2003, 16).
1he challenges of Lhe AnLhropocene provlde a valuable and necessary opporLunlLy Lo re-examlne
whaL lL means Lo be human, especlally lf varlous Lechnologlcal endeavors LhrusL humans lnLo novel
roles, bodles, and spaces. 1hls paper slLuaLes Lhe eLhlco-pollLlcal lmpllcaLlons of seemlngly
unLhlnkable counLermeasures Lo global welrdlng Lhrough engagemenLs and provocaLlons wlLh Lhe
work of norberL Wlener, 8ernard SLlegler, and 8runo LaLour-all of whom presence Lhe vlLal role of
Lechnology ln Lhlnklng Lhe human albelL from dlvergenL perspecLlves. key quesLlons for Lhls pro[ecL
lnclude: whaL are Lhe condlLlons of posslblllLy for human/Lechnlcs relaLlons glven Lhe soclo-ecologlcal
posslblllLles of global welrdlng? Are Lrans- and posL-human deslgnaLlons meanlngful glven Lhe
symbloLlc, and aL Llmes paraslLlcal, human relaLlon wlLh Lechnlcs? Can and/or mlghL tbe bomoo
survlve global welrdlng?

8eferences
Allenby, 8raden 8. 2003. kecoosttoctloq ottb. 1ecbooloqy ooJ ovltoomeot lo tbe Aqe of nomoos.
WashlngLon, u.C: lsland ress.
Anderson, WalL. 1987. 1o Coveto volotloo. lottbet AJveototes of tbe lolltlcol Aolmol. 1sL ed.
8osLon: ParcourL 8race !ovanovlch.
AuLln, WhlLney !., and !ohn M. Polbrook. 2012. ls Lhe AnLhropocene an lssue of SLraLlgraphy or op
CulLure?" C5A 1oJoy (!uly): 60-61. dol:10.1130/C133CW.1.
8erLhon, lerre, and 8rlan uonnellan. 2011. 1he Creenlng of l1: aradox or romlse?" 1be Iootool of
5ttoteqlc lofotmotloo 5ystems 20 (1) (March): 3-3. dol:10.1016/[.[sls.2011.02.001.
LaLour, 8runo. 1996. Atomls, ot tbe love of 1ecbooloqy. Parvard unlverslLy ress.


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SLeffen, W., !. Crlnevald, . CruLzen, and !. Mcnelll. 2011. 1he AnLhropocene: ConcepLual and
PlsLorlcal erspecLlves." lbllosopblcol 1toosoctloos of tbe koyol 5oclety A. Motbemotlcol, lbyslcol
ooJ oqloeetloq 5cleoces 369 (1938) (!anuary 31): 842-867. dol:10.1098/rsLa.2010.0327.
SLlegler, 8ernard, 8lchard 8eardsworLh, and Ceorge Colllns. 1998. 1ecbolcs ooJ tlme vol. 1, 1be foolt
of plmetbeos, ttoosl. jftom tbe lteocb] by klcbotJ 8eotJswottb ooJ Ceotqe colllos. SLanford, CA:
SLanford unlverslLy ress.
Wlener, norberL. 1963. cybetoetlcs. ot, coottol ooJ commoolcotloo lo tbe oolmol ooJ tbe mocbloe.
Cambrldge, Mass.: M.l.1. ress.
Zalaslewlcz, !an, Mark Wllllams, Alan SmlLh, 1lffany L. 8arry, Angela L. Coe, aul 8. 8own, aLrlck
8renchley, eL al. 2008. Are We now Llvlng ln Lhe AnLhropocene." C5A 1oJoy 18 (2): 4.
dol:10.1130/CSA101802A.1.
Zalaslewlcz, !an, Mark Wllllams, Wlll SLeffen, and aul CruLzen. 2010. 1he new World of Lhe
AnLhropocene 1." ovltoomeotol 5cleoce & 1ecbooloqy 44 (7) (Aprll): 2228-2231.
dol:10.1021/es903118[.

* * *

!.,%*'#$*"<<%1'.0'+2.,$)<'/)(*"%,'0)"*'

8ehnam 1AL8l
ueparLmenL of values ln 1echnology
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
b.Laebl[LudelfL.nl

Slnce Lhe beglnnlng of nuclear energy era, Lhorlum has been consldered a vlable nuclear fuel.
Lspeclally ln Lhe early years of nuclear energy and wlLh Lhe growlng nuclear lndusLry, Lhe avallable
uranlum resources seemed Lo be lnsufflclenL (Lung and Cremm 1998). WlLh new dlscovery of
uranlum deposlLs Lhls enLhuslasm faded away. Powever, ln Lhe lasL couple of years Lhere seems Lo be
a revlved lnLeresL ln Lhorlum, whlch ls a naLurally more abundanL resource Lhan uranlum wlLh a
dlfferenL global dlsLrlbuLlon. More lmporLanLly, Lhere have been Lwo clalms made LhaL, lf
subsLanLlaLed, could make Lhorlum a very aLLracLlve alLernaLlve for uranlum: l.e. 1) lL can reduce Lhe
prollferaLlon concerns of a nuclear fuel cycle and 2) lL can reduce Lhe llfe-Llme of nuclear wasLe (Ml1
2011, 181). ln Lhls paper l wlll presenL an eLhlcal reflecLlon of Lhorlum as nuclear fuel by scruLlnlzlng
Lhese Lwo clalms.
1he come-back of Lhorlum ln Lhe 1990s was malnly for maklng nuclear fuel cycles more prollferaLlon
reslsLanL. Cne of Lhe leadlng approaches was Lo use a fuel assembly conslsLlng of naLural Lhorlum
(
232
1h) and reacLor grade uranlum (wlLh no more Lhan 20 flsslle
233
u) ln LlghL WaLer 8eacLors (LW8).
1hls wlll reduce Lhe amounL of produced pluLonlum Lo almosL one Lhlrd of Lhe wasLe of a Lyplcal
uranlum open fuel cycle ln LW8 (lALA 2003, 82). roduclng less pluLonlum ls of course a securlLy
lmprovemenL buL Lhere are Lwo lmporLanL lssues LhaL need Lo be Laken lnLo accounL. llrsLly, Lhls
cycle sLlll requlres enrlched uranlum, Lhe prollferaLlon senslLlve enrlchmenL faclllLles wlll remaln


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needed. Secondly, Lhe produced
233
u durlng lrradlaLlon of naLural Lhorlum ls a flsslle maLerlal,
sulLable for manufacLurlng nuclear weapons, nuclear devlces uslng
233
u have been deLonaLed ln Lhe
uS and lndla. Powever, lrradlaLlng naLural Lhorlum produces anoLher uranlum lsoLope Loo (l.e.
232
u),
whlch ls a sLrong gamma emlLLer. 1he separaLlon of
233
u from Lhe remalnlng fuel would Lhen requlre
heavlly shlelded faclllLles and auLomaLed equlpmenL, lL has been argued LhaL Lhls reduces
prollferaLlon rlsks (kazlml 2003, lALA 2003).
1horlum fuel could also be deployed ln MolLen SalL 8eacLor (MS8). A comblnaLlon of molLen Lhorlum
fluorlde and uranlum fluorlde wlll be used ln Lhls reacLor whlch lmproves Lhe safeLy of Lhe reacLor,
l.e. no melLdowns could happen and Lhe exploslon rlsk ls subsLanLlally reduced (Pargraves and Molr
2010, 310). More lmporLanLly, MS8 clalms Lo have serlous wasLe managemenL beneflLs. 1he wasLe
sLream of MS8 conLalns much less pluLonlum and oLher long-llved wasLe (Cruppelaar and Schaplra
2000). AfLer 300 years, a Lhorlum uranlum spenL fuel ls esLlmaLed Lo be 10,000 Llmes less radloLoxlc
Lhan spenL fuel from a uranlum open fuel cycle (Pargraves and Molr 2010, 309). Cn Lhe oLher hand,
oLher long-llved radlonuclldes wlll be produced, lncludlng oLher lsoLopes of Lhorlum (
229
1h) and
proLacLlnlum (
231
a).
Whlle Lhere are no Lechnologlcal showsLoppers for Lhe developmenL of MolLen SalL 8eacLors, Lhe
Lechnology ls sLlll lmmaLure (lALA 2003, nnL 2010), Lhe promlses of Lhls Lechnology need Lo be
carefully examlned Loo. llrsLly, Lhe wasLe managemenL beneflLs seem Lo be achlevable only ln a very
speclflc self-susLalnlng" Lhorlum cycle. 1hls ls for some counLrles such as Lhe uk and norway (wlLh
vasL naLural Lhorlum resources) a reason noL Lo furLher develop Lhls cycle (kara 2008, nnL 2010).
Secondly, Lhe non-prollferaLlon feaLure of Lhorlum cycle creaLes addlLlonal safeLy rlsk and economlc
burdens. As sLaLed above, Lhe presence of
232
u ls a warranL for non-prollferaLlon, buL by Lhe same
Loken, Lhe processlng of Lhorlum spenL fuel musL be done wlLh more cauLlon and ln fully auLomaLed
faclllLles, Lhls wlll ralse processlng cosLs. lurLhermore, a posslble leakage of radlaLlon durlng Lhe
operaLlon of Lhe reacLor or wasLe reprocesslng wlll pose serlous radlaLlon rlsks.
ln concluslon, a uranlum-Lhorlum solld fuel has modesL prollferaLlon beneflLs and Lhe radloLoxlclLy
and longevlLy of Lhe remalnlng wasLe ls falrly Lhe same. 1he wasLe managemenL beneflLs of MolLen
SalL 8eacLors, on Lhe oLher hand, seem more promlslng, buL Lhose beneflLs could only be fully
achleved when applled ln Lhe conflguraLlon of self-susLalnlng". 1hls seems Lo [usLlfy Lhe
conLlnuaLlon of 8&u efforLs. Among oLher Lechnlcal challenges, serlous 8&u need Lo be puL lnLo fuel
developmenL, molLen salL chemlsLry conLrol and corroslon sLudles (uCL 2002, 34-33). A careful
analysls of Lhe clalms made abouL Lhorlum fuel cycles should supporL 8esearch and uevelopmenL
paLhs LhaL wlll culmlnaLe ln Lhe lndusLrlallzaLlon of a cerLaln Jesltoble Lhorlum fuel cycle. WhaL
consLlLuLes deslrable depends on how we make Lrade-offs beLween safeLy, securlLy and resource
durablllLy.

8eferences
uCL (2002). A 1echnology 8oadmap for CeneraLlon lv nuclear Lnergy SysLems. Cll-002-00.
WashlngLon u.C., u.S. uCL nuclear Lnergy 8esearch Advlsory CommlLLee and Lhe CeneraLlon lv
lnLernaLlonal lorum.


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Cruppelaar, P. and !. . Schaplra (2000). 1horlum as a WasLe ManagemenL CpLlon, llnal 8eporL Lu8
19142Ln. 8russels, Luropean Commlsslon.
Pargraves, 8. and 8. Molr (2010). "Llquld lluorlde 1horlum 8eacLors An old ldea ln nuclear power
geLs reexamlned." Ametlcoo 5cleotlst 98(4): 304.
lALA (2003). 1horlum fuel cycle - oLenLlal beneflLs and challenges. AusLrla, lALA
kara, M. (2008). 1horlum as an Lnergy Source: CpporLunlLles for norway. Cslo, 1he 1horlum 8eporL
CommlLLee.
kazlml, M. (2003). "1horlum luel for nuclear Lnergy." Ametlcoo 5cleotlst 91(3): 408-413.
Lung, M. and C. Cremm (1998). "erspecLlves of Lhe Lhorlum fuel cycle." Nocleot oqloeetloq ooJ
ueslqo 180(2): 133-146.
Ml1 (2011). 1he luLure of nuclear ower: An lnLerdlsclpllnary Ml1 SLudy. M. kazlml, L. !. Monlz and
C. W. lorsberg. Cambrldge, MA, MassachuseLLs lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology (Ml1).
nnL (2010). 1he 1horlum luel Cycle. An lndependenL assessmenL by Lhe uk naLlonal nuclear
LaboraLory, uk naLlonal nuclear LaboraLory (nnL).

* * *

D"(2/.*.3$(%*'4*.+1'./'+2"'*%/#1(%:"6'G"/"8%4*"'"/",3B':,.#)(+$./'5",1)1'/%+),"'%/#'()*+),"'

Ana uLLlCAuC
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon (lCS-uL), orLugal
ana.dellcado[lcs.ul.pL

Luls SlLvA
C8lA, 8esearch CenLer neLwork ln AnLhropology, orLugal
luls.sllva98[gmall.com

Mnlca 18unlnCL8
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon (lCS-uL), orLugal
monlca.Lrunlnger[lcs.ul.pL


Ana PC81A
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon (lCS-uL), orLugal
ana.horLa[lcs.ul.pL

Luls !unCuLl8A
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon (lCS-uL), orLugal
luls.[unquelra[lcs.ul.pL



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ln recenL years, renewable energles have been LouLed as Lhe maln soluLlon Lo Lhe envlronmenLal
crlsls broughL abouL by Lhe LhreaL of global cllmaLe change and fossll fuel depleLlon. Clean", green"
and lnexhausLlble", Lhey have been heavlly promoLed by lnLernaLlonal bodles, such as Lhe Lu, and
naLlonal governmenLs. unllke oLher energy producLlon Lechnologles, such as nuclear power planLs,
Lhe envlronmenLal and healLh rlsks assoclaLed wlLh renewable energles, especlally solar and wlnd
energles, are low or even non-exlsLenL.
Powever, Lhls does noL mean LhaL Lhey are lmpacL free and Lhe sub[ecL on unequlvocal soclal
consensus. 8eyond enLhuslasLlc pollLlcal dlscourses and a generallsed supporL ln publlc oplnlon lle
several sources of confllcL and dlssenL. lrom lncompaLlble local economlc lnLeresLs Lo complalnLs
abouL nolse (from wlnd Lurblnes) or glare (from solar panels), from concerns wlLh Lhe cosLs for
consumers Lo LhreaLs Lo wlldllfe and changes ln Lhe vlsual landscape, Lhe conLroversles have ranged
far and wlde.
1hls presenLaLlon wlll focus on Lhe lssue of compeLlng values LhaL are aL sLake ln renewable energy
producLlon faclllLles. Cn Lhe one hand, wlnd farms and solar power sLaLlons promoLe envlronmenLal,
susLalnablllLy and economlc values, by brlnglng clean endogenous energy, dlverslfled opporLunlLles
for Lhe buslness secLor, new [obs Lo deprlved areas, a source of lncome Lo local auLhorlLles and land
owners. 8uL, ln whaL Warren eL al (2003) call a 'Creen on Creen' conLroversy and 1hayer (1990)
undersLands as a 'phllosophlcal llLmus LesL', Lhey also change lrrevocably Lhe landscape where Lhey
are seL up, lmpacLlng on Lhe scenlc beauLy of naLural areas and culLural herlLage, on anlmal specles
and ecosysLems, on Lhe speclal appeal of remoLe rural locaLlons for LourlsLs and urban dwellers.
asquelaLLl (2001) sLaLes LhaL Lhe vlsual lmpacL on Lhe landscape ls Lhe mosL common complalnL
concernlng wlndfarms. 1hus, 100 meLre hlgh aerogeneraLors on Lop of hllls and mounLaln cresLs or
vasL expanslons of mlrrors ln sunny plalns are consplcuous Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs LhaL are ofLen seen
elLher as shlnlng examples of progress and modernlLy or 'lndusLrlal' lnLruders LhaL LhreaLen prlsLlne
naLural seLLlngs or pasLoral landscapes. 1he frames of meanlng aLLached Lo Lhese Lechnologles Lhus
vary and dlverge and wlLh Lhem Lhe accepLance and supporL Lo Lhese forms of energy producLlon. 8y
addresslng Lhese Lechnologles as "embedded componenLs of soclo Lechnlcal sysLems - ln whlch
producers, lnfrasLrucLures, users, consumers, regulaLors and oLher lnLermedlarles are all embrolled"
(Walker and Cass 2007), we can ldenLlfy mulLlple soclal groups wlLh dlsLlncL dlscourses on renewable
energles. 1hese dlscourses can also vary when dlscusslng renewable energles ln general or speclflc
locaLlons: for all Lhe absLracL purlLy of debaLes abouL Lhe 'Lechnlcal poLenLlal' for wlnd, whaL ls aL
sLake ls noL slmply Lhe soclal accepLablllLy of a pre-glven Lechnology buL also [udgemenLs abouL Lhe
accepLablllLy of wlnd generaLlon Lechnologles ln parLlcular places" (Cowel 2010: 223).
1hls presenLaLlon seeks Lo analyse Lhe dlscourses on Lhese confllcLlng values ln orLugal. WlLh over
230 wlnd farms ln [usL 92 Lhousand square kllomeLres and one of Lhe largesL solar power planLs ln
Lurope (aL Lhe Llme of lLs consLrucLlon), all developed over Lhe course of [usL a decade, orLugal has
wlLnessed a profound LransformaLlon of lLs landscape. We wlll examlne Lhe dlscourses on Lhe lmpacL
of Lhese Lechnologles on Lhe landscape by a varleLy of soclal acLors (buslness companles,
envlronmenLal acLlvlsLs, local resldenLs, pollLlclans, admlnlsLraLlve offlcers), from a wlde range of


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sources (lnLervlews, leafleLs, wrlLLen sLaLemenLs aL envlronmenLal assessmenL procedures, webslLes
and blogs).
lL ls based on Lhe research pro[ecL 5oclo-tecbolcol cooseosos ooJ coottovetsles oboot teoewoble
eoetqles, funded by Lhe orLuguese loundaLlon for Sclence and 1echnology (1uC/CS-
LCS/118877/2010), carrled ouL aL Lhe lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences (unlverslLy of Llsbon), ln
collaboraLlon wlLh Lhe unlverslLy of Avelro and Lhe CenLre for 8esearch ln AnLhropology.

8eferences
Cowell, 8lchard. 2010. Wlnd power, landscape and sLraLeglc spaLlal plannlng - Lhe consLrucLlon of
'accepLable locaLlons' ln Wales." looJ use lollcy 27 (2): 222-232.
asqualeLLl, MarLln !. 2001. Wlnd energy landscapes: socleLy and Lechnology ln Lhe Callfornla
deserL." 5oclety & Nototol kesootces 14 (8): 689-699
1hayer, 8oberL. 1990. ragmaLlsm ln paradlse: Lechnology and Lhe Amerlcan landscape", looJscope
30 (3): 1-11.
Walker, Cordon, and noel Cass. 2007. Carbon reducLlon, 'Lhe publlc' and renewable energy:
engaglng wlLh soclo-Lechnlcal conflguraLlons." Ateo 39 (4): 438-469.
Warren, Charles, Carolyn Lumsden, Slmone C'uowd, and 8lchard 8lrnle. 2003. 'Creen Cn Creen':
publlc percepLlons of wlnd power ln ScoLland and lreland." Iootool of ovltoomeotol lloooloq ooJ
Moooqemeot 48 (6) : 833-873.

* * *
'
H.'8$/#'"/",3B'1B1+"<1'2%5"':.*$+$(1X'

8oberL uA88CW
ueparLmenL of ollLlcal Sclence
unlverslLy of MassachuseLLs, AmhersL, uSA
rdarrow[polscl.umass.edu

hllosophers of Lechnology have a longsLandlng lnLeresL ln how Lechnologles and human socleLles
shape each oLher, respecLlvely. lnnovaLlon enLhuslasLs see bomo fobet as bendlng naLure Lo human
purposes Lhrough our creaLlve Lechnlcal poLenLlal. 1echnologlcal deLermlnlsLs worry LhaL Lhe rallroad
rldes upon us. 1he more common poslLlon among scholars Loday ls LhaL humans and Lhelr
Lechnologles are somehow co-produced, LhaL we llve ln a world of hybrld socloLechnlcal sysLems.
1hlnkers llke 1homas Pughes suggesL LhaL Lechnologlcal sysLems have momenLum, buL LhaL lL ls sLlll
posslble for human agency Lo slow and even arresL Lhls momenLum. 1he alm of Lhls paper ls Lo
undersLand how wlnd energy reglmes, concelved of as socloLechnlcal sysLems, are produced, and
whaL sorLs of pollLlcs Lhey ln Lurn produce. 1hese sysLems do, lndeed, have pollLlcal consequences,
Lhough Lhose pollLlcs are noL so neaLly deLermlned as books llke Langdon Wlnner's classlc 1be wbole
ooJ tbe keoctot mlghL suggesL.


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1he poLenLlal for wlnd energy developmenL around Lhe world ls enormous. ln Lhe coasLal waLers of
Lhe unlLed SLaLes alone, Lhere ls enough wlnd poLenLlal Lo supply four Llmes Lhe exlsLlng elecLrlclLy
demand of Lhe enLlre counLry. Wlnd developmenL pro[ecLs are belng pursued aggresslvely around
Lhe world on all scales. Accordlng Lo Lhe Clobal Wlnd Lnergy Councll, global lnsLalled capaclLy aL Lhe
end of 2011 had reached 238 ClgawaLLs, of whlch 40.3 ClgawaLLs (or 6 of Lhe LoLal) had been
lnsLalled ln Lhe lasL year alone. As wlnd energy prlces become compeLlLlve wlLh more LradlLlonal
sources llke coal, we can begln Lo lmaglne an energy fuLure ln whlch wlnd power ls a domlnanL
componenL of many counLrles' energy porLfollos. lor many moral, pollLlcal, and envlronmenLal
reasons, we should perhaps make a concerLed efforL Lo reallze such a fuLure.
1hls vlslonlng process musL begln by recognlzlng LhaL mulLlple wlnd energy fuLures are posslble. Pow
wlll Lhe manner ln whlch wlnd developmenL ls pursued affecL Lhe resulLlng pollLlcal and culLural
condlLlons of Lhe communlLles and counLrles where Lhere pro[ecLs are carrled ouL? 1he reverse
quesLlon musL also be asked: Pow do exlsLlng pollLlcal and soclal arrangemenLs aL Lhe local, naLlonal
and lnLernaLlonal levels consLraln Lhe posslblllLles for Lhe Lypes of wlnd pro[ecLs LhaL can be reallzed
ln Lhe comlng years? 1he Lheorles we have from Lhe llkes of Pughes and Wlnner do noL leave us
especlally well-poslLloned Lo address Lhese quesLlons, because Lhey sLlll LreaL humans and Lhelr
Lechnologles as onLologlcally dlsLlncL caLegorles, acLlng on each oLher from a dlsLance. 1hey do noL
sufflclenLly recognlze Lhe exLenL Lo whlch humans and Lechnologles are enLangled ln socloLechnlcal
sysLems. We can galn a beLLer perspecLlve on Lhe naLure of Lhls enLanglemenL wlLh Lhe help of
phllosophers llke Mlchel loucaulL, Cllles ueleuze, and 8runo LaLour. Cne conLemporary sLudenL of
Lhese Lhlnkers ls 1lmoLhy MlLchell, who has puL Lhelr ldeas Lo work Lo greaL effecL ln hls recenL book
cotboo uemoctocy. lolltlcol lowet lo tbe Aqe of Oll. MlLchell's whlrlwlnd hlsLory of how oll came Lo
domlnaLe world energy sysLems ln Lhe 20Lh cenLury persuaslvely argues for Lhe lmpacL of oll culLure
- undersLood as a socloLechnlcal sysLem, a hybrld machlne - ln produclng our democraLlc pollLlcs
and consumer socleLles. l propose a slmllar sLudy LhaL maps Lhe poLenLlal for wlnd power Lo esLabllsh
new pollLlcal reglmes and soclal ldenLlLles. WhaL new pollLlcal arrangemenLs does wlnd make
posslble, and whaL opporLunlLles does lL consLraln? Pow do Lhe Lechnlcal characLerlsLlcs of wlnd
Lurblnes, Lhe naLural" characLerlsLlcs of Lhe wlnd resource, Lhe preferences and anxleLles of Lhe
communlLles where wlnd farms are bullL, Lhe ownershlp sLrucLures of Lhe Lurblnes and Lhe elecLrlclLy
produced, Lhe pollcles regulaLlng wlnd energy, and a hosL of oLher facLors consplre Lo produce
speclflc pollLlcal and soclal arrangemenLs? Pow mlghL we expecL a world powered by wlnd Lo look
dlfferenL Lhan one powered by oll? 8alslng Lhese quesLlons and mapplng Lhe range of posslblllLles
wlll leave pollLlcal acLors beLLer poslLloned Lo pursue Lhe Lypes of developmenL LhaL besL allgn wlLh
Lhelr values and goals.

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!.,%*'.4*$3%+$./1'.0'4)1$/"11"1'8$+2$/'3*.4%*'+"(2/.*.3B':,.#)(+$./6'D2"'(%1"'.0'(./0*$(+'<$/",%*1'

Laura llCP1nL8
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
l.v.e.flchLner[sLudenL.uLwenLe.nl
laura.flchLner[gmx.de

uoes o compooy bove o motol obllqotloo oot to sell ptoJocts cootololoq coofllct mloetols?
AoJ wblcb cooJltloos bove to be folfllleJ to ooswet tbls poestloo oo tbe bosls of o
coosepoeotlollst etblcol tbeoty wblcb oses tbe copoblllty opptoocb?
Slnce 1996, Lhe uemocraLlc 8epubllc of Congo (u8C) has been Lroubled by severe vlolenL confllcLs.
1he war ln Lhe u8C ls Lhe deaLhllesL confllcL slnce Lhe Second World War and has been referred Lo as
'Afrlca's unknown world war'. As a consequence, beLween 1998 and 2007, 3.4 mllllon people dled
due Lo war relaLed causes lncludlng vlolence buL also malnuLrlLlon and Lhe absence of any medlcal
ald. (lnLernaLlonal8escueCommlLLee, 2007) 8oLh 8wandan mlllLanLs from Lhe lorces uemocraLlques
pour la LlberaLlon du 8wanda (luL8) and Congolese mlllLarles and paramlllLarles of Lhe Armees de la
8epubllque uemocraLlque du Congo (lA8uC) conLlnue Lhelr baLLles. 1hey Lerrorlze Lhe populaLlon
wlLh LorLure, slaughLer, murder and mass rape, Lhelr maln source of lncome ls Lhe Lrade wlLh
casslLerlLe, gold, columblLe-LanLallLe and wolframlLe. ln Lhe over 30 of Lhe mlnes whlch are
conLrolled by soldlers, local mlners, lncludlng chlld laborers, are forced Lo work under slavery
condlLlons or obllged Lo pay hlgh 'Laxes'. (ClobalWlLnessLLd., 2009, rendergasL, 2009)
1he mlnerals from Lhe mlnes found ln LasLern Congo are lmporLanL raw maLerlals needed for Lhe
producLlon of mosL modern Lechnologlcal devlces such as moblle phones and lapLops.
(ClobalWlLnessLLd., 2009, rlcewaLerhouseCoopersLL, 2011) uue Lo Lhese clrcumsLances, Lhe
growlng demand for elecLronlc devlces and Lhe furLher LechnologlzaLlon of our socleLy connecLs us,
Lhe end users, and Lechnology ln general Lo Lhe confllcL ln Lhe u8C vla Lhe elecLronlc companles and
Lhelr producLs.
ln my paper l dlscuss Lhe moral obllgaLlons of companles concernlng Lhe purchase of confllcL
maLerlals. llrsL of all, l argue LhaL companles are parL of Lhe moral socleLy. 1hey have eLhlcal
obllgaLlons LhaL go beyond proflL maxlmlzaLlon, especlally ln Lhe presenL case Lhe self-regulaLlon of
Lhe free markeL ls noL able Lo solve Lhe problems on lLs own. Pence, sLeps have Lo be Laken.
1herefore l lnvesLlgaLe ln how far lnlLlaLlves llke Lhe uodd-lrank Wall SLreeL 8eform and Consumer
roLecLlon AcL" and Lhe ConfllcL Mlnerals 8eporLlng 1emplaLe" can conLrlbuLe Lo lmprovlng Lhe
slLuaLlon. (LlecLronlc-lndusLry-ClLlzenshlp-CoallLlon, 2011, rlcewaLerhouseCoopersLL, 2011) ln
order Lo do Lhls, l provlde an eLhlcal analysls uslng MarLha nussbaum's capablllLy approach and
falllng ln Lhe llne of consequenLlallsL eLhlcs. Cenerally, Lhe ldea ls LhaL Lechnologles can enhance Lhe
dlsLrlbuLlon of capablllLles.(CosLerlaken, 2009) lor example, compuLer Lechnologles can be used Lo
faclllLaLe access Lo educaLlon and help people Lo emanclpaLe Lhemselves from facLors consLralnlng
Lhelr capablllLles. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lechnologles can also lmpose a danger Lo capablllLles ln dlrecL
or lndlrecL ways. 1he currenL pracLlce of Lechnology producLlon ls such a case. 1hls ls glven by Lhe
facL LhaL lL ls masslvely aggravaLlng Lhe developmenL of Lhe capablllLles for Lhe people ln Lhe u8C.


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1he capablllLy approach cannoL see someLhlng llke Lhls as morally rlghL, even lf Lhe Lechnologles
produced also faclllLaLe capablllLles. 8uL Lhanks Lo new communlcaLlon Lechnologles, people Loday
are able Lo lnform Lhemselves abouL Lhe lnLernaLlonal dependencles. Pence, lgnorance ls less and
less a valld excuse. lor Lhe same reason lL has also become much easler for companles Lo undersLand
Lhe lnLernaLlonal neLwork ln whlch Lhey are operaLlng.
1he resulLs of my analysls show LhaL Lhe currenL clrcumsLances do noL allow a preclse concluslon.
Lven Lhough Lhe currenL slLuaLlon hlnders Lhe people ln Lhe reglon Lo aLLaln even Lhe mosL baslc
capablllLles, Lhere ls much more aLLached Lo Lhe raw maLerlal Lrade. 1he producLlon of modern
Lechnologles ls nowadays embedded ln a global neLwork. SLopplng Lhls producLlon could have
serlous consequences for Lhe capablllLles of even a greaLer number of people. Also, Lhe end of Lhe
Lrade could worsen clvlllans' condlLlons. Pence, several condlLlons have Lo be fulfllled ln order Lo
derlve moral obllgaLlons for companles.
ln my concluslon, l emphaslze Lhe role of sclence and Lechnology ln solvlng Lhe problem. lf
companles wanL Lo Lake on CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy, Lhey need research resulLs abouL Lhe
consequences of Lhe dlfferenL opLlons avallable Lo Lhem and deLalled lnformaLlon abouL facLs.
SclenLlsLs, boLh soclal and englneerlng, are ln demand. 1hey oughL Lo flnd ouL abouL speclflc
lmpllcaLlons for people's llves are and how problems can be reduced. lor Lhls, a procedure Lo
Lechnlcally or chemlcally verlfy a mlneral's orlgln would be helpful. Moreover, lnvesLlgaLlons have Lo
be made ln how far Lechnologlcal redeslgn can clrcumvenL Lhe problem. lurLhermore, sLraLegles
have Lo be developed Lo avold Lhe eLhlcal dllemmas l ldenLlfled. A sLep by sLep reducLlon of confllcL
mlnerals purchase could offer Lhls. 8uL such a procedure needs Lo be accompanled by clvll lnlLlaLlves.
LducaLlon, shelLer, nuLrlLlon and maxlmal posslble proLecLlon have Lo be provlded for Lhe people ln
Lhe reglon. lor Lhe well-belng of Lhe mlners and Lhelr famllles, ways have Lo be found Lo enable a falr
Lrade wlLh Congo's resources. 1hls presenLs ln Lhe end Lhe only posslblllLy for Lhe populaLlon ln Lhe
reglon Lo rlse above lLs depresslon. 8uL companles cannoL achleve Lhls alone. 1hey need Lhe supporL
and corporaLlon wlLh non- and governmenLal organlzaLlons Lo work LogeLher wlLh Lhe people on-slLe,
especlally Lhelr responslble represenLaLlves, Lhe Congolese governmenL and Lhe un mlsslon
employed. 1hls ls Lhe only way Lo a sLable poslLlve peace and Lo provlde us wlLh Lechnologles whlch
enhance, noL reduce socleLy's overall capablllLles.

8eferences
LlecLronlc-lndusLry-ClLlzenshlp-CoallLlon. (2011). ConfllcL lree SmelLer 1ools & 8esources 8eLrleved
04.01., 2013, from hLLp://www.confllcLfreesmelLer.org/lndex.hLm
ClobalWlLnessLLd. (2009). laced wlLh a gun, whaL can you do?" - War and Lhe MlllLarlsaLlon of
Mlnlng ln LasLern Congo. London.
lnLernaLlonal8escueCommlLLee. (2007). MorLallLy ln Lhe uemocraLlc 8epubllc of Congo: An ongolng
crlsls.
CosLerlaken, l. (2009). ueslgn for uevelopmenL: A CapablllLy Approach. ueslgn lssues, 23, 91-102.


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rendergasL, !. (2009). lrom Mlne Lo Moblle hone. 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.enoughpro[ecL.org/publlcaLlons/mlne-moblle-phone
rlcewaLerhouseCoopersLL. (2011). A Closer Look - 1he uodd-lrank Wall SLreeL 8eform and
Consumer roLecLlon AcL.

* * *
'
D,%#$/3'0$(+$./'0.,':",0.,<%/("6'9.8'+.')/#",1+%/#'(.<:)+",'1$<)*%+$./1'.0'"(.*.3$(%*'1B1+"<1'

Shawn A. MlLLL8
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
Sclence & 1echnology SLudles
unlverslLy of Callfornla, uavls, uSA
shamlller[ucdavls.edu

8lologlsL and compuLer modeler SLeven L. eck has recenLly argued LhaL compuLer slmulaLlon models
of ecologlcal sysLems presenL phllosophers, sclenLlsLs and LechnologlsLs wlLh "deep lnLerpreLlve
problems" owlng Lo Lhelr complexlLy, whlch can glve rlse Lo emergenL phenomenon (*). Pe proposes
analyzlng such models as flcLlve lnsLanLlaLlons, employlng Lhe hermeneuLlcs of Pans-Ceorg Cadamer.
l advance a crlLlque of flcLlonallsm abouL ecologlcal slmulaLlon models, argulng LhaL (1) deflaLlonary
vlews, l.e., clalms LhaL models are mere flcLlons, are unlnformaLlve, and (2) LhaL non-deflaLlonary
vlews LhaL rely on parLlcular Lheorles of flcLlon break down when applled Lo ecologlcal slmulaLlon
models, l.e., generaLe dlsanalogles LhaL LhwarL Lhe lnLerpreLlve undersLandlng LhaL eck seeks.
l propose an alLernaLlve concepLuallzaLlon of Lhese models drawlng on noLlons of performaLlvlLy and
mulLlpllclLy developed ln Lhe medlcal eLhnography of Annemarle Mol. Cn Lhls vlew, models are
consLrucLed, hlsLorlcal enLlLles wlLh genealogles LhaL are besL undersLood by aLLendlng Lo Lhelr
parLlcular parLs and Lhe manner of Lhelr maklng. So concelved, ecologlcal slmulaLlon models are noL
posLulaLed flcLlons, buL raLher Lhlngs LhaL sclenLlsLs Jo. Powever, Lhls acLlvlLy of sclence necessarlly
Lakes place ln an lmmaLerlal realm, l.e., wlLhln a slmulaLlon, so we appear Lo be Lradlng one
absLracLlon (flcLlon) for anoLher (performance), nelLher of whlch seem, aL flrsL gllmpse, Lo
acknowledge Lhe Lhoroughgolng maLerlallLy of acLual ecologles.
1o address Lhls concern, l wlll look aL a parLlcular lnvaslve specles model (**) LhaL aLLempLs Lo predlcL
raLes of lnvaslon by focuslng on varlaLlon of anlmal petsooolltles wlLhln a specles. 1he model, whlch
asplres Lo generallLy and Lhus seeks Lo apply Lo any anlmal lnvader, Lakes as lLs Lask Lhe generaLlon of
general, lnLulLlvely undersLandable predlcLlons" LhaL grapple wlLh Lhe ma[or challenge for
prevenLlng or managlng lnvaslons," namely, "explaln[lng] Lhe hlghly varlable naLure of Lhls
ecologlcally and economlcally cosLly, epldemlc-llke phenomenon." 1he slmulaLlons LhaL Lhe model
generaLes lead (poLenLlally) Lo Lhe managemenL of acLual ecologles. An analysls of Lhls model ln
Lerms of performaLlvlLy raLher Lhan flcLlon reveals how Lhe concepL of lnvaslve specles ln Lhls conLexL


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29S

ls mulLlple, LhaL ls, Lhe concepL of lnvaslve specles ls performed or enacLed ln Lhe slmulaLlon ln
myrlad ways. 1he model ls noL a parLlcular consLrucLlon LhaL represenLs a parLlcular lnvaslve specles
concepL, raLher, lL recognlzes LhaL Lhere are dlfferenL verslons of lnvaslve specles LhaL occur ln
dlfferenL conLexLs. 1he enacLmenL or performance of Lhese verslons of lnvaslve specles Lake place ln
Lhe slmolotloo and show Lhemselves ln Lhelr Lraces, whlch are Lhe graphs ploLLlng predlcLed raLes of
lnvaslon. So whlle boLh flctloo and slmolotloo-os-petfotmooce parLake of Lhe lmmaLerlal, Lhe laLLer--
as an organlzlng concepL--provldes beLLer purchase on Lhe acLual maLerlal ecologles we musL manage
preclsely because lL beLLer recognlzes and reglmenLs mulLlpllclLy. 1hus, lL ls able Lo confronL Lhe
challenglng varlablllLy of specles lnvaslon.

(*)eck, SLeven L. AgenL-based Models as llcLlve lnsLanLlaLlons of Lcologlcal rocesses." lbllosopby
ooJ 1beoty lo 8loloqy, 3, March (2012): 1-12.
(**)logarLy, Sean, !ullen CoLe, and Andrew Slh. "Soclal personallLy polymorphlsm and Lhe spread of
lnvaslve specles: a model." 1he Amerlcan naLurallsL 177, no. 3 (2011): 273-287.

* * *
[,.<'+2"'"+2$(1'.0'"/",3B'+.'+2"'"/",3B'.0'"+2$(1'
Carl Ml1CPAM
Colorado School of Mlnes, uSA
cmlLcham[mlnes.edu

AlLhough vlrLually everyone Loday Lhlnks energy producLlon and use ls lmporLanL, concepLuallzaLlons
and responses dlffer wlldly - and yeL are remarkably consLralned ln whaL Lhey Lake lnLo accounL. 8uL
Lhe lssue of energy preclsely because lL has become so lnLerLwlned wlLh our way of llfe and self-
undersLandlngs deserves much broader reflecLlon. 1wo approaches LhaL could help lncrease publlc
and academlc lnLelllgence abouL Lhls lssue are anLhropology and phllosophy.
Anthropo|og|es of Lnergy: AnLhropologlsL Leslle WhlLe (1939) gave Lhe flrsL exLended expresslon Lo
whaL ls Lhe mosL wldely accepLed vlew of Lhe energy-clvlllzaLlon relaLlonshlp, whlch sees clvlllzaLlon
as dependenL on energy. Accordlng Lo WhlLe, LveryLhlng ln Lhe unlverse may be descrlbed ln Lerms
of maLLer and energy, or, more preclsely, ln Lerms of energy." WhaL ls Lrue of physlcal sysLems ls also
Lrue for blologlcal and culLural sysLems. Pe summarlzed hls vlew wlLh a law of culLural developmenL:
culLure advances as Lhe amounL of energy harnessed per caplLa per year lncreases, or as Lhe
efflclency or economy of Lhe means of conLrolllng energy ls lncreased, or boLh."
SubsequenL anLhropologlsLs have been more nuanced. LLhnographers ln Lhe recenL volume coltotes
of oetqy (2013) argue LhaL Lhe producLlon and consumpLlon of energy slmulLaneously dlsLrlbuLes
soclal and culLural power unevenly among Lhe world's populaLlons. A sLrengLh and llmlLaLlon of Lhls
research ls LhaL lL Lends Lo focus on parLlcular sources or secLors raLher Lhan energy ln general.


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h||osoph|es of Lnergy: A dlfferenL buL complemenLary efforL Lo appreclaLe relaLlonshlps beLween
energy and culLure can be found ln phllosophy. hllosophers have pald llLLle sysLemaLlc aLLenLlon Lo
Lhe phenomenon of energy, buL whaL Lhey have pald ls reveallng. llrsL, Lhe concepL of energy ls noL
nearly as slmple as we ofLen assume.
Second, Lhe phllosophlcal analysls of varlous soclal commlLmenLs Lo energy producLlon and use can
ldenLlfy a varleLy of argumenLs: uLlllLarlan, deonLologlcal, and more.
1hlrd, Lhere are any number of eLhlcal and pollLlcal phllosophlcal quesLlons LhaL bear on energy
producLlon and use.
1ype I versus 1ype II Lnergy Lth|cs: ln Lhe exploraLlon of energy eLhlcs quesLlons lL ls lmporLanL noL
[usL Lo promoLe analyLlc preclslon wlLh regard Lo speclflc cases buL Lo reflecL on alLernaLlve ways Lo
frame lssues. 1here are aL leasL Lwo qulLe dlfferenL frameworks LhaL bear dlrecLly on and can easlly
modlfy our common producLlve, economlc, envlronmenLal, and pollLlcal aLLlLudes Loward energy. lor
wanL of beLLer names, call Lhese Lype l and Lype ll frameworks. 1he bellef LhaL Lhere ls a llnear
relaLlon beLween energy and culLure consLlLuLes Lype l. lL necessarlly assumes LhaL energy producLlon
and use ls a fundamenLal good. SkepLlclsm wlLh regard Lo such a llnear relaLlonshlp ls Lhe foundaLlon
of a Lype ll framework.

* * *
L.C#"1$3/$/3'$/0.,<%+$./'%/#'(.<<)/$(%+$./'+"(2/.*.3$"1'8$+2'1.($%*'3,.):1'$/'!.R%<4$N)"'

Salomo uAvlu

unlverslLa della Svlzzera lLallana, Mozamblque
salomao.davld[gmall.com

Marcelo MunCuAnAZL
unlversldade Lduardo Mondlane, Mozamblque

ulane Mun?LMAnA
unlversldade Lduardo Mondlane, Mozamblque

1hls paper conslsLs of a research collaboraLlon sLudy underLake aL Lhe unlverslLy Lduardo Mondlane
by Lhe CenLer of lnformaLlcs of Lhe unlverslLy Lduardo Mondlane (CluLM) and Lhe ueparLmenL of
Admlsslons for Lhe unlverslLy Lduardo Mondlane (uLAuLM), lnlLlaLed ln !une 2010 and suppose Lo
be concluded ln !uly 2014.


1he underLake sLudy was dlvlded ln Lwo (2) secLlons. lor all Lhe secLlons, Lwo sLages are foreseen, Lhe
flrsL ls Lhe research and sLudy, and lL Lakes parL durlng !anuary Lo CcLober of each year. 1he second
denomlnaLed Lhe lmplemenLaLlon sLage Lakes place on Lhe monLhs of AugusL Lo uecember.
1he unlverslLy Lduardo Mondlane, has played an lmporLanL role ln brlnglng new 1echnologles Lo
Mozamblque [1], wlLh Lhe advances on Lhe lC1 fleld, lL ls requlred Lo expand, and dlssemlnaLe Lhe


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unlverslLy presence, and wlLh lL, comes Lhe need Lo brlng Lhe unlverslLy admlsslon procedure close Lo
Lhe communlLles, lowerlng cosL Lo Lhe unlverslLy.
ln Lhe flrsL secLlon of Lhls sLudy, Lhe manual procedure Lo reglsLer sLudenLs Lo Lhe process of exams aL
Lhe uLM ls explalned ln deLalls. Almlng Lo lnLroduce lnformaLlon and CommunlcaLlon 1echnologles
(lC1s), wlLh Lhe undersLandlng LhaL lC1s over Lhe decades has helped enhance developmenL and
performance [2], an experLs group was glven Lhe Lask Lo lmplemenL a new lC1 Lool Lo reduce Lhe cosL
and boLLlenecks found on Lhe manual procedure of appllcaLlon.
1hls new approach was released on uecember 2011, and lL was a consensus among experLs and
users LhaL one of Lhe reasons for Lhe fallure of Lhls approach asserLs on Lhe deslgn reallLy gap,
where lLs was assumed by experLs LhaL lf a soluLlon deslgned else where wlll easlly be ad[usLed Lo Lhe
requlremenLs of Lhe uLM conLexL [3]. lL was also ldenLlfled LhaL one lmporLanL aspecL for lC1s
adopLlon asserLs on Lhe use of hlghly skllled workers Lo faclllLaLe new Lechnologles adopLlon [4].
1he second parL of Lhe paper argues LhaL a group of experLs, deslgners and users are requlred Lo
collaboraLe Lo freely deslgn a sysLem Lo provlde and change Lhe manual meLhodology and
procedures used by Lhe unlverslLy Lduardo Mondlane, ueparLmenL of Admlsslons (uLAuLM) for Lhe
exam appllcaLlon.
1he approach proposed for Lhe developmenL of Lhls collaboraLlve appllcaLlon, asserLed on Lhe ldea of
co-deslgnlng an lC1 Lool where, all lnLervenlenL lnpuLs are Laken ln conslderaLlon.
1he co-deslgn Lends Lo use Lhe 'lotetJlsclpllooty stoJy of tbe coosepoeoces of lofotmotloo ooJ
tecbooloqles' Laklng ln accounL lnLeracLlon wlLh lnsLlLuLlonal and culLural conLexLs neverLheless
malnLalnlng Lhe ground conLexL of deslgn, lnsLead of blamlng Lhe lack of everyLhlng (baslc
educaLlon, lnvesLmenLs, Lrade, Lechnology, lnLegraLlon, lnnovaLlon, democracy, lnfrasLrucLure, eLc).
Co-deslgn provldes effecLlve parLlclpaLlon and collaboraLlon has poslLlve lmpllcaLlons for efflclency,
resource allocaLlon, and governance [6].
Clven Lhe pro[ecL's change on dlrecLlon, lL was requlred Lo vlslL, Lhe daLa collecLlon gaLhered by Lhe
flrsL lC1 appllcaLlon.
1hls daLa would provlde Lwo Lypes of sample:
1- users LhaL experlenced Lhe lC1 Lool,
2- users who dldn'L feel conforLable uslng Lhe lC1,
Applylng Lhe co-deslgn, Lhe role of deslgners change accordlng Lo Lhe conLexL, aL cerLaln polnL users
could be enLlLled deslgners and experLs could become users, Lhe ldea was Lo mlx role play ln order Lo
undersLand, Lhe Lype of lC1 Lool Lhe end users would fell conforLable Lo adopL ln order Lo mlLlgaLe
Lhe problem of dlglLal excluslon. WlLh Lhls new foundaLlon for deslgn pracLlce, wlLh processes of
communlcaLlon and cooperaLlon, based on people's experlences and lnLeresLs, llLeraLure Lheorles
llke Max-neef Lheory on human needs and Puman-scale uevelopmenL emerged, suggesLlng LhaL, Lhe
needs are consLanL Lhrough all human culLures and across hlsLorlcal Llme perlods"[3].




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8eferences
[1] Muchanga, A. and Mablla, l. (2007), Mozamblque 1elecommunlcaLlons SecLor erformance
8evlew a supply slde analysls of pollcy ouLcomes. Cluem, ag. 2-8
[2] Acemoglu, u. (2002), 1echnlcal change, lnequallLy and Lhe labor markeL, !ournal of Lconomlc
LlLeraLure, age: 7-72.
[3] Peeks, 8. (2002), lallure, Success and lmprovlsaLlon of lnformaLlon SysLems ro[ecLs ln
ueveloplng CounLrles," uevelopmenL lnformaLlcs Worklng aper no. 11, lnsLlLuLe for uevelopmenL
ollcy and ManagemenL, unlverslLy of ManchesLer, ManchesLer, uk.
[4] nelson, 8. and helps, L. (1966), lnvesLmenL ln humans, Lechnologlcal dlffuslon, and economlc
growLh, Amerlcan Lconomlc 8evlew, 36(2): 69-73.
[3] Manfred A. Max-neef wlLh AnLonlo Lllzalde, MarLln Popenhayn. (1989). Puman scale
developmenL: concepLlon, appllcaLlon and furLher reflecLlons. new ?ork: Apex. ChpL. 2.
"uevelopmenL and Puman needs". age 18-13.
[6] unlLed naLlons LducaLlonal SclenLlflc and CulLural CrganlzaLlon. (2004). Scale up lnlLlaLlve for
CommunlLy MulLlmedla CenLres ln Mozamblque. ro[ecL uocumenL.

* * *
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!oo MonLelro de MA1CS
CenLer of 8uslness and ubllc ollcy (CA)
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal and ollLlcal Sclences (lSCS), orLugal
[oao.monLelro.maLos[gmall.com

1hls research seeks Lo undersLand how Lhe unlverslLy populaLlon - professors and researchers - ln
Lhelr everyday pracLlces percelves, uses and lnLeracLs wlLh Lhe new forms of exlsLlng Lechnology. 1he
maln ob[ecLlve ls Lo undersLand wheLher new Lechnologles can be an lndlcaLor of dlfferenL sclenLlflc
culLures, uslng Lhe meLaphor of Lhe Lwo culLures" of Charles Snow (1963).
We resorL Lo Lhls meLaphor Lo examlne Lhe dlfferences and speclflclLles of Lhe sclenLlflc communlLles
of Lhe naLural sclences and Lhe soclal sclences aL Lwo lnsLlLuLlons of Lhe 1echnlcal unlverslLy of
Llsbon.
1he research follows a sLraLegy of mlxed meLhods, comblnlng Lhe appllcaLlon of surveys by
quesLlonnalre and lnLervlews conducLed ln unlverslLy lnsLlLuLlons.
1hls research provldes Lhe dlscusslon of Lechnology ln lnsLrumenLal and symbollc Lerms (lLs uses),
seeklng Lo ldenLlfy Lhe crossed and posslble complemenLarlLles of Lhese communlLles.



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1rack 1S
1LCPnCLCC?, CLnuL8 Anu
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Chalr: Lullla L8LZ-SLuLC


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Cella 8eglna da SlLvA
unlversldade lederal do CesLe do ar, 8razll
celregls[gmall.com

ln Llmes of globallzaLlon and Lechnologlcal revoluLlon, Lhe world ls dlvlded noL only by eLhnlc or
pollLlcal, buL also by dlglLal aparLheld LhaL separaLes naLlons. We llve ln world LhaL osclllaLes beLween
Lhe beneflLs broughL by Lhe decenLrallzed archlLecLure of dlglLal Lechnologles, where Lhe producLlon
of lnformaLlon ls made publlc by many, buL lL ls also packed by rampanL commerclallsm and hosLlle.
As parL of paradoxes LhaL characLerlze Lhe global pollLlcal landscape on Lhe one hand, Lhere ls a
concenLraLlon of wealLh and, secondly, reslsLance movemenLs, mlnorlLy groups, who aLLempL Lo
LhwarL Lhe asymmeLrles marked by economlc globallzaLlon process. 1hus, Lhe emphasls on women's
economlc parLlclpaLlon ls consldered essenLlal for Lhere Lo be gender [usLlce. 1hls, Lhen, Laklng lnLo
accounL LhaL such mechanlsms are llnked: Lhe lmprovemenL of women's parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe
economy, pollLlcs, sclence and Lechnology and educaLlon can help Lo caLalyze soclal parLlclpaLlon of
women. 1he work alms Lo reflecL on Lhe lnLersecLlon of phllosophy of Lechnology Lo sLudles of
ldenLlLary ollcles and Cender SLudles, were supporLed meLhodologlcal revlew of Lhe llLeraLure used
as Lhe basls of sLudles of Lhe area.
8emember LhaL Lhe rlse of sclence and Lechnology occurs ln Lhe conLexL of exacerbaLlon of sclenLlflc
raLlonallLy whlch ls now seL as Lhe basls for Lhe formulaLlon of ldeas, concepLs, Lheorles and raLlonal
foundaLlon of wlsdom and knowledge. Slnce Lhen, Lhe Lechnology ls lncorporaLed modern socleLles
and sLarLs shaplng soclal llfe, consLlLuLlng a "maLerlal sLrucLure of modernlLy." Was Lhe search for
emanclpaLlon lnLrlnslcally llnked Lo Lechnology fleld? WhaL may seem paradoxlcal, glven LhaL Lhe
Lechnologlcal developmenL dlrecLly lnvolves Lhe lssue of conLrol noL only machlnery buL, above all,
human. 1hus, we soughL ln Lhe CrlLlcal 1heory of 1echnology, for Lhe LheoreLlcal analysls of Lhe
gender lssue. ln Lhls sense, underLakes Lhe analysls of Lechnology as a llfesLyle, ln whlch Lechnologlcal
devlces demonsLraLe Lhe way women relaLe Lo Lhelr own llves. Such undersLandlng becomes
lmporLanL noL only for Lhe Lechnologlcal approprlaLlon dlmenslon belng esLabllshed, buL by provldlng
an undersLandlng of varlous oLher soclal demands and Lhe burden of "maLerlallLy" conLalned ln soclal
relaLlonshlps, a reflecLlon of asymmeLrles and lnequallLles ln socleLy ln general.
SLuarL Pall (2000), Lo examlne ways of lnLervenLlon of culLural pollcles ln popular culLure, noLes LhaL
Lhe pracLlce of posLmodernlsm "records sLyllsLlc changes, domlnanL culLural for hlm." 1he exerclse of
posLmodernlsm, when broken some hlerarchles, allows Lhe walk Lo Lhe popular culLure. Pe
emphaslzes Lhe effervescence of popular producLlon ln perlpheral spaces, whlch aLLaches Lo Lhe
culLural pollLlcs of dlfference. 1he dlscovery of Lhe role of culLure among mlnorlLy groups and Lhelr
connecLlon wlLh socleLy ls elemenLal source ln culLural sLudles. 1he complexlLles of culLure and
relaLlonshlps wlLhln socleLy reveal Lhe convergence of Lhese lnLeresLs Lo Lhe local culLure. 1he
sLraLegles are capable of causlng culLural dlfference and Lhereby shlfLs of power and overLhrows.


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WlLh Lhls, we have Lo refer Lo Lhe pollLlcal lssues LhaL are conLalned ln power relaLlons and culLural
pollcles, responslble for Lhe way ln whlch culLural producLlon ls LreaLed.
Pow we use LheoreLlcal auLhors and auLhors llke Andrew lreenberg, !udlLh 8uLler, nancy lraser,
CrLega ? CasseL, SLuarL Pall and Mlchael loucaulL.

keywords: culLure, gender, women, phllosophy of Lechnology, pollLlcal ldenLlLy.

* * *

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8rldlanne C'uLA, hu
laculLy of PealLh Sclences
unlverslLy of Sydney, AusLralla
brldlanne.odea[sydney.edu.au

Introduct|on:
lL ls well esLabllshed LhaL adolescenLs use Lhe lnLerneL frequenLly. ln AusLralla, young people aged
beLween 13 - 24 years presenL as Lhe largesL group of lnLerneL users (1). lL ls generally agreed LhaL
almosL all adolescenLs, boLh wlLhln AusLralla and lnLernaLlonally, have some experlence of uslng Lhe
lnLerneL. AmongsL Lhese young people, Lhe lnLerneL ls ofLen used for lnformaLlonal, educaLlonal and
communlcaLlve purposes wlLh soclal neLworklng slLes (SnS) emerglng as a promlnenL funcLlon of Lhe
lnLerneL (2, 3). SLudles ln boLh adulLs and adolescenLs have found LhaL aLLlLudes Lowards Lhe lnLerneL
are an lmporLanL facLor ln deLermlnlng Lhe accepLance and use of lnLerneL relaLed Lechnology (4-8).
Powever, llLLle ls known abouL how Lhe speclflc use of SnS lnfluences Leens' percepLlons of Lhe
lnLerneL for boLh soclal and oLher purposes. 1hls sLudy almed Lo explore percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL
ln a sample of reglonal AusLrallan adolescenLs and Lhe maln effecLs of gender and SnS use. lL was
hypoLheslsed LhaL SnS users would have more agreeable percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL for soclal
purposes when compared Lo non-users.
Method:
lottlclpoots & ltoceJote
A LoLal of 400 AusLrallan aged beLween 12 - 17 years (34.8 female, M
age
= 14.31 years, Su = 1.16
years)

compleLed an onllne survey under Lhe supervlslon of a researcher. Cf Lhese parLlclpanLs, 92
compleLed Lhe lnLerneL percepLlons quesLlonnalre, reduclng Lhe sample slze for Lhe prlmary analysls
(o = 363).
Ootcome Meosotes & Aoolysls
1he survey examlned demographlcs, lnLerneL use and SnS use. ercepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL were
assessed uslng a non-sLandardlsed 11-lLem quesLlonnalre. uslng a scale of 1 (sLrongly dlsagree) Lo 3


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(sLrongly agree), parLlclpanLs were asked Lo raLe how much Lhey agreed wlLh a serles of sLaLemenLs
relaLlng Lo Lhe lnLerneL. WlLhln Lhls quesLlonnalre, 4 sLaLemenLs relaLed Lo general lnLerneL
percepLlons, 4 relaLed Lo lnLerneL percepLlons for soclal purposes and 3 sLaLemenLs relaLed Lo
lnLerneL percepLlons for educaLlonal purposes. 1hree sub-scores were calculaLed. lor Lhe analyses,
prellmlnary assumpLlon LesLlng was conducLed Lo check for normallLy, llnearlLy, unlvarlaLe and
mulLlvarlaLe ouLllers, homogenelLy of varlances-covarlance maLrlces, and mulLl-collnearlLy, wlLh no
serlous vlolaLlons noLed.
kesu|ts:
arLlclpanLs used Lhe lnLerneL for an average of 2.33 (5u: 1.83) hours per day wlLh 83.8 of
parLlclpanLs raLlng Lhelr lnLerneL ablllLy as 'good or excellenL'. SnS (o = 198) were ranked as Lhe mosL
frequenLly used lnLerneL funcLlon alongslde lnformaLlon searchlng (o = 144). LducaLlonal programs
were Lhe leasL used funcLlon of Lhe lnLerneL (o = 8). A LoLal of 72.3 (o = 290) of parLlclpanLs used
SnS. lacebook was Lhe mosL popular SnS (97.3). Cn average, Lhese parLlclpanLs vlslLed Lhelr slLe up
Lo 2.73 (5u: 3.94) Llmes and spenL a LoLal of 63.39 (5u: 38.37) mlnuLes neLworklng. 1he prlmary use
of SnS was keeplng ln conLacL wlLh local frlends (38.7).
A Lwo-way beLween-groups MAnCvA was conducLed Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe maln effecL of gender and
SnS use on Lhe percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL. 1here was a sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL dlfference beLween
males and females and Lhelr percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL for educaLlonal percepLlons, l (3, 334) =
8.213, p = .004, parLlal eLa squared = .023, wlLh females (M: 11.13, Su: 2.39) reporLlng sllghLly more
agreeable percepLlons Lhan males (M: 10.21, Su: 2.78). When examlnlng Lhe maln effecL of SnS use,
SnS users (M: 14.03, Su: 2.99) reporLed slgnlflcanLly more agreeable percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL for
soclal purposes Lhan non-users (M: 12.47, Su: 3.62), l (3, 334) = 13.718, p < .001, parLlal eLa squared
= .037. SnS users (M: 14.22, Su: 3.37) also percelved Lhe lnLerneL Lo be more lmporLanL Lo Lhelr dally
llves overall Lhan non-users (M: 13.12, Su: 3.32), l (3, 334) = 3.423, p = .02, parLlal eLa squared =
.013. 1he lnLeracLlon effecL beLween SnS use and gender on percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL was non-
slgnlflcanL l (3, 332) = .363, Wllks Lambda = .997, p = .780.
D|scuss|on:
1hls sLudy found LhaL adolescenLs who use SnS had slgnlflcanLly more agreeable percepLlons of Lhe
lnLerneL for soclal purposes when compared Lo Lhose LhaL don'L, however, Lhe effecL slze was small.
Moreover, Lhe resulLs of Lhls sLudy suggesL LhaL gender may lnfluence Lhe percepLlon of Lhe lnLerneL
for educaLlonal purposes, buL noL for soclal or general purposes. AlLhough Lhls sLudy cannoL
deLermlne Lhe dlrecLlon of causaLlon, lL may be posslble LhaL adolescenLs' percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL
for dlfferenL purposes may be slgnlflcanLly lnfluenced by Lhelr engagemenL wlLh speclflc lnLerneL
appllcaLlons.

8eferences
1. AusLrallan 8ureau of SLaLlsLlcs. Pousehold use of lnformaLlon 1echnology, AusLralla, 2010-11.
Canberra, AusLralla: AusLrallan CovernmenL, 2011.


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2. Moreno MA. Soclal neLworklng SlLes and AdolescenLs. edlaLrlc Annals. 2010,39(9):363-8.
3. ?oung k. Cnllne Soclal neLworklng: An AusLrallan erspecLlve. lnLernaLlonal !ournal of
Lmerglng 1echnologles and SocleLy. 2009,7(1):39-37.
4. Cray n!, kleln !u, CanLrlll !A, noyce 8. AdolescenLs' percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL as a healLh
lnformaLlon source. lnLernaLlonal !ournal of harmacy racLlce. 2002,10(S1):833-8.
3. Pu 1, Zhang x, ual P, Zhang . An examlnaLlon of gender dlfferences among college sLudenLs
ln Lhelr usage percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL. LducaLlon and lnformaLlon 1echnologles. 2012,17(3):313-
30.
6. eng P?, 1sal CC, Wu ?1. unlverslLy sLudenLs' self-efflcacy and Lhelr aLLlLudes Loward Lhe
lnLerneL: Lhe role of sLudenLs' percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL. LuuCA1lCnAL S1uulLS. 2006,32(1):73-86.
7. u'LsposlLo !L, Cardner 8M. unlverslLy sLudenLs' percepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL: an exploraLory
sLudy. 1he !ournal of Academlc Llbrarlanshlp. 1999,23(6):436-61.
8. 1eo 1SP, Llm vkC. usage aLLerns and ercepLlons of Lhe lnLerneL: 1he Cender Cap. Lqual
CpporLunlLles lnLernaLlonal. 1997,16(6/7):1-8.

* * *

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Carla CAnl1C
CaLhollc unlverslLy of orLugal
carla.ganlLo[gmall.com

CLla lL88Ll8A
CaLhollc unlverslLy of orLugal
csaferrelra[sapo.pL

1he conLemporary soclal conLexL ls characLerlzed by Lhe phenomenon of moblllLy. Moblle phones are
one of Lhe maln Lechnologles LhaL are shaplng Lhls new conLexL, so lL ls lmporLanL Lo undersLand Lhe
lmpacL LhaL Lhese gadgeLs are havlng ln our llves. Cur proposal ls Lo analyze one faceL of Lhls lmpacL -
Lhe relaLlonshlp LhaL ls belng esLabllshed beLween lndusLry and gender sLereoLypes.
1he moblle phone ls an lnLeresLlng Lechnology Lo sLudy on Lhe scope of gender, because conLrary Lo
oLher Lechnologles, especlally compuLers and Lhe lnLerneL, moblle phones have been adopLed almosL
ldenLlcally by men and women around Lhe globe. neverLheless egallLarlan does noL mean equal.
1hrough Lhe moblle phone women are bulldlng a more lnLlmaLe relaLlonshlp wlLh Lechnology, Lhey
are learnlng Lo accepL new medla, Lhey are becomlng producers and Lhey are performlng new
culLural meanlngs. neverLheless Lhe lndusLry seems noL Lo pay much aLLenLlon Lo Lhls facL. Moblle
phone companles elLher neglecL Lhls dlfference or use LradlLlonal gender sLereoLypes Lo deal wlLh lL.


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1hey seem Lo deslgn phones Lo maLch Lhe LradlLlonal female and Lhe male culLures embeddlng
Lechnology wlLh whaL Lllen van CosL deslgnaLes by Cender ScrlpLs".
1he focus of Lhls paper ls Lo unvell and undersLand consLralns producers have ln Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of
moblle phones' use by women, and Lhe lmpacL of Lhls scrlpLlng on women's approprlaLlon of Lhls
Lechnology. A quallLaLlve meLhodology wlll be used based on Lhe conLenL analysls of 40 ln-depLh
lnLervlews Lo orLuguese women and of markeLlng campalgns for new producL launches.
Among Lhe maln resulLs LhaL wlll be dlscussed ls Lhe facL LhaL LradlLlonal gender sLereoLypes LhaL
assoclaLe women wlLh plnk, cuLe and fashlon are belng used as basls Lo Lhe developmenL of femlnlne
moblle phones. Powever, whlle Lhe orLuguese moblle phone companles have gender sLereoLypes as
Lhe crlLerla for addresslng Lo Lhe femlnlne segmenL, Lhe real needs of women are belng neglecLed.
WlLhouL a deep undersLandlng of Lhe female consumer, companles resorL Lo pre concelved ldeas
abouL femlnlnlLy and female lnLeresLs. 1hey LreaL Lhe female consumer as a homogenous segmenL
wlLhouL seLLlng a dlfferenLlaLlng sLraLegy. 1hey approach women wlLh a condescendlng aLLlLude as lf
all of Lhem had llLLle or no lnLeresL ln Lechnology or any Lechnologlcal compeLency. lL ls noL enough
Lo Lurn lL plnk alLhough some markeLlng managers Lhlnk so. ln order Lo conLrlbuLe Lo a beLLer
undersLandlng how gender ls belng scrlpLed ln moblle phones, lL wlll be proposed LhaL Lhe focus on
LradlLlonal sLereoLypes LhaL Lurn Lechnologlcal arLlfacLs ln almosL non-Lechnologlcal ones ls Lhe resulL
of a hlghly mascullne lndusLry, an lndusLry LhaL sees woman as belng nelLher lnLeresLed nor capable
ln Lhe fleld of Lechnology.

* * *
'
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Sabrlna M. WLlSS
8ensselaer olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe, 1roy, uSA
sabrlnamwelss[gmall.com

Cne challenge faced by scholars examlnlng lC1s ls Lo sorL ouL lmpacLs LhaL are unlque Lo lC1s and
lmpacLs LhaL are merely magnlfled by Lhem buL LhaL have already exlsLed prlor Lo Lhelr developmenL
and deploymenL. 8y ldenLlfylng Lhese lmpacLs, we hope Lo equlp ourselves wlLh Lools Lo form more
effecLlve eLhlcal [udgmenLs abouL Lhe lncreased presence of lC1s ln Lhe world.
l propose a dlfferenL way Lo conslder Lhese consequences LhaL relles on a Lhlrd onLologlcal
foundaLlon. 8aLher Lhan adopL a poslLlon of Lechnologlcal or soclal deLermlnlsm, l lnsLead conslder
Lhe value of vlrLual world creaLlon and parLlclpaLlon as karen 8arad's oppototos, a llnk ln a fluld
process of phenomenon creaLlon, reveallng (Peldegger) and dlffracLlon (Paraway). vlrLual worlds,
such as Lhose found ln elecLronlc games llke utoqoo Aqe and wotlJ of wotctoft, lncorporaLe boLh
maLerlal and soclal Lechnologles lnLo a seamless slLe of pracLlce, boLh Lhe maLerlal Lransfer of


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lnformaLlon and Lhe soclal engagemenL of players and creaLors are necessary for Lhe emergenL
phenomenon of Lhe vlrLual world and lL ls Lhelr lotto-octloo LhaL produces effecLs of dlsrupLlon,
dlsplacemenL, and dlffracLlon abouL assumpLlons LhaL are easlly made lnvlslble, such as Lhose
consLrucLlng gender norms.
1hls paper wlll use Lhree examples Lo explore Lhls perspecLlve. llrsL, wlLh more women worklng ln
lC1 flelds llke vldeo game deslgn, Lhere have been more opporLunlLles Lo see vlrLual characLers (male
and female) deslgned by women for women and even for gay men. lemlnlsL approaches ofLen
crlLlque Lhe ways LhaL Lhe male gaze dlcLaLes norms abouL how women's bodles and appearances are
Lo be malnLalned, buL lL more rare Lo see speculaLlve dlscusslon abouL whaL men would be llke lf Lhey
were creaLed by women. 1he resulLs of Lhese creaLlve efforLs are ofLen crlLlclzed by male players
based boLh on dlsclpllned (loucaulL) expecLaLlons of machlsmo and mascullnlLy and on xenophobla,
many of Lhese appeallng male characLers are dlsmlssed as "anlme-llke" (referrlng Lo neoLenous
drawlng sLyles ln !apanese anlmaLlon) or even "emo" (overly dramaLlc and emoLlonal).
Second, Lhe lnLeracLlons Lhemselves have poLenLlal Lo reveal blases and assumpLlons broughL ln by
players from Lhe offllne world LhaL llmlL Lhe scope of accepLable lnLeracLlons. Some lnLeracLlons wlLh
vlrLual characLers serve Lo reveal blases generaLed by sLralghL male prlvllege, for example, when
male players express frusLraLlon, dlscomforL, and even anger aL belng proposlLloned by a vlrLual male
characLer ln-game. When broughL up ln dlscusslon forums wlLh oLher players, such experlences
serve as reveallng momenLs when female players conLexLuallze such lnLeracLlons as common for
Lhem ln Lhe offllne world, where Lhey are ofLen sub[ecL Lo unsollclLed and even oppresslve exerLlons
of sexual proposlLlonlng from males. lL ls Lhe comblnaLlon of personallzed experlence and slLe for
dlscourse LhaL allows Lhls undersLandlng Lo emerge, Lo hear abouL unwanLed sexual advances ls one
Lhlng, buL Lo experlence lL Lhrough Lhe eyes of a vlrLual avaLar ln an lnLeracLlve medlum makes a
parLlclpanL vulnerable ln a unlque way LhaL opens Lhem up Lo new perspecLlves.
llnally, parLlclpaLlng ln pracLlces LhaL defy offllne gender norms holds greaL poLenLlal Lo alLer
percepLlons of whaL ls "accepLable" or even "normal." 1hls effecL has been well-documenLed ln
passlve medla consumpLlon llke Lelevlslon and books, whlch presenL users wlLh a dlfferenL soclal
backdrop, buL Lhe acLlve parLlclpaLlon ln vlrLual worlds engages wlLh concepLs llke lan 8ogosL's
petsooslve tbetotlc, where a parLlclpanL ln a game adopLs new or ad[usLed norms because of Lhe
rules Lhey follow ln LhaL acLlvlLy. When vlrLual worlds are deslgned wlLh Lhe expllclL rule LhaL female
and male avaLars have equal access Lo all acLlvlLles, Lhls noL only lnvlLes low-rlsk experlmenLaLlon by
players, buL also creaLes a new normal LhaL ls ofLen reflecLed ln Lhe vlrLual world Lhrough more
emoLlonally engaglng males and physlcally sLrong females Lhan whaL are consldered soclally
accepLable ln offllne spaces. 1hrough Lhls Lype of ploy, players can come Lo noL only ldenLlfy wlLh Lhe
dlfferenL avaLar on-screen, buL even ldenLlfy wlLh Lhelr sLruggles and perspecLlves ln Lhese vlrLual
worlds, a male player wlLh a female avaLar could noLlce unsollclLed male aLLenLlon ln-game can feel
uncomforLable ln a way dlfferenL from hls expecLaLlons ln recelvlng female aLLenLlon, for example.
ConLrary Lo Lheorles crlLlclzlng Lhe lmpoverlshmenL of embodled soclal lnLeracLlons Lhrough lC1s,
Lhese examples show LhaL lL ls ooly Lhrough selecLlve and sLraLeglc llmlLlng of offllne ldenLlLy and
sensory lnpuLs - nolse (lo 8elle Nolseose, Serres) - LhaL Lhese reveallngs are posslble. And lL ls only


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wlLh Lhese reveallngs LhaL we can ldenLlfy and evenLually Lransform underlylng norms so ublqulLous
LhaL Lhey are lmpercepLlble or lmmuLable oLherwlse.

8eferences:
8arad, karen. Meetloq tbe uolvetse nolfwoy. uurham, nC: uuke unlverslLy ress, 2007.
8ernsLeln, 8lchard !. Peldegger's Sllence? LLhos and 1echnology." ln 1be New coostellotloo. 1be
tblcol-lolltlcol notlzoos of MoJetolty/lostmoJetolty, 79-141. Cambrldge, MA, uSA: Ml1 ress,
1992.
8ogosL, lan. letsooslve Comes. 1be xptesslve lowet of vlJeoqomes. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress,
2007.
loucaulL, Mlchel. ulsclplloe ooJ loolsb. Calllmard, 1973.
Paraway, uonna. MoJest wltoess5ecooJ_Mllleolom. lemoleMoo_Meets_OocoMoose
1M
. new
?ork, n?, uSA: 8ouLledge, 1997.
Peldegger, MarLln. 1he CuesLlon Concernlng 1echnology." Accessed november 26, 2011.
hLLp://www.wrlghL.edu/cola/uepL/PL/Class/.lnLerneL/l1exLs/CC1.hLml.
Serres, Mlchel. Ceoesls. 1ranslaLed by Cenevleve !ames and !ames nlelson. SLudles ln LlLeraLure and
Sclence. Ann Arbor, Ml: unlverslLy of Mlchlgan ress, 1993.

* * *

K$.:.*$+$(1'.0'+"(2/.*.3B6'5%*)"1'$/'(.1<"+$('1),3",B''

Lulalla L8LZ-SLuLC
CenLre for PumanlLles and Soclal Sclences, Spaln
eulalla.psedeno[cchs.cslc.es

MosL recenL approaches ln Sclence, 1echnology and Cender (S1C) hlghllghL co-producLlon glven ln
Lhe pro[ecLlon of gender values on producLs of sclence. ln oLher words, soclal order and Lechno-
sclenLlflc order are co-produced slmulLaneously (Anderson, 2003, Longlno, 2002) ln a complex
laLLlcework of muLual lnfluences. 1echnologles' producLs and processes are condlLloned ln dlfferenL
ways by preconcelved ldeas of sex and gender, Lhelr characLerlsLlcs and relaLlonshlps. 1echnologles
also conLrlbuLe Lo relnforce and shape bodles, along wlLh Lhelr soclal and gender meanlngs (8alsamo,
1999, Moll, 2002). 1he body has become Lhelr concreLe ob[ecLlve and Lhus, Lechnologles carry ouL an
essenLlal role ln our socleLles as Lhey have a greaLer ablllLy Lo undersLand and manlpulaLe Lhelr
economlc slgnlflcance and Lhelr lnfluence on Lhe way we undersLand and apply concepLs of gender,
healLh and lllness, or ldenLlLy.
1hls paper wlll focus on Lhe body as Lhe ob[ecLlve of one of Lhe many Lechnologles: cosmeLlc surgery.
erfecLlon and beauLy (meanlng, a man's or a woman's body LhaL flLs ln speclflc sLandards) are no


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longer LralLs of lnherlLance, class or desLlny, buL raLher a responslblllLy. 8odles can be perfecLed,
shaped, and LreaLed, whlle Lechnlques or procedures have become more radlcal wlLh Lhe
developmenL of Lechno-sclence. 8odles are no longer someLhlng relaLlvely sLaLlc, lmmuLable, buL
raLher flexlble, reconflgurable and Lransformable. And, lf you can change lL, Lhen you musL.
Servlces offered by sclence and Lechnology are parLlcularly slgnlflcanL ln Lhe case of cosmeLlc surgery.
ln !anuary 2007, plasLlc surgery became one of Lhe new lLems Lo be processed ln Lhe Spanlsh
Consumer rlce lndex (LogeLher wlLh preservaLlves and lnsLead of fresh mllk and beef). noLe LhaL Lhe
Cl, Consumer rlce lndex ls a sLaLlsLlcal measuremenL of Lhe changes ln goods and servlces prlces
purchased by households ln Spaln, and Lhe lmporLance of each prlce ln Lhe Cl esLlmaLe ls
deLermlned by such consumpLlon (erez Sedeno, 2012). 1he facL LhaL cosmeLlc surgery has been
lncluded as a new Cl lLem ls a sLrong evldence of lLs expanslon and lmporLance as a speclallzaLlon ln
Lhe WesLern world. Mllllons of people around Lhe world, especlally women, undergo ma[or or mlnor
procedures: faclal llfLlngs, boLox LreaLmenLs, breasL enlargemenLs, llfLs or shaplng surgerles,
abdomlnal reducLlons and llposucLlons.
8lo-medlcal sclence and Lechnologles applled Lo women's bodles musL be analysed from a gender
perspecLlve, brlnglng Lo llghL Lhelr values as well as a crlLlque of Lhose dlscourses LhaL resLore Lhe
flgure of Lhe sclenLlflc experL as a neuLral and ob[ecLlve spokesman of sllenL ob[ecLs Lhrough Lhe use
of lnscrlpLlon lnsLrumenLs. And Lhe opposlLe: we musL analyse Lhe relflcaLlon of women's bodles as
conLalners of medlcal acLlons or donors of lnLeresLlng sclenLlflc resources, slnce Lhey are noL
consldered co-acLors ln such arLlculaLed pracLlces along wlLh Lhe resL of soclal acLors seen from oLher
vlewpolnLs.
8lomedlcallzaLlon esLabllshes a new order ln whlch bodles are Lransformed and new lndlvldual and
collecLlve ldenLlLles are creaLed. Medlcal research and cllnlcal pracLlce have broadened ln a way LhaL
medlcallzaLlon Lechnlques conLrol Lhe body enabllng a LransformaLlon LhaL allows lncorporaLlng new
deslred ldenLlLles and characLerlsLlcs 1hus, we musL noL only conslder Lhe body one has" (observed
from Lhe ouLslde" by Lhe experL or sclenLlflc eye), or Lhe body one ls" (self-reflexlve and
experlenced from wlLhln" by Lhe paLlenLs/consumers Lhemselves), buL also Lhe body LhaL becomes"
ln Lhe process of mlngllng Lhe dlfferenL elemenLs LhaL comprlse lL ln dally performances ln Lhe
medlcal fleld, buL also ln soclal and culLural spheres. lL ls noL abouL prlvlleglng a klnd of body over
anoLher, raLher Lo analyse Lhe lnLersecLlons beLween Lhem and Lo descrlbe how each body ls
speclflcally connecLed Lo a seL of pracLlces, Lechnologles and dlscourses and lLs relaLlonshlp Lo oLher
bodles (8erg and Akrlch, 2004).
Cur analysls wlll show Lhe domlnanL values ln corporal represenLaLlons of femlnlnlLy whlch are
Lechnologlcally medlaLed, and lL wlll presenL exlsLlng conLradlcLlons beLween bodles LhaL are
dlfferenL buL made equal wlLh Lechnology. We wlll also dlscuss how Lechnologles Lurn Lhe body lnLo a
commodlLy seen as a neuLral" ob[ecL of consumpLlon for personal self-managemenL of healLh and
llfe maklng lndlvlduals noL only responslble for whaL Lhey are, buL for whaL Lhey may become ln Lhe
fuLure, Lhus ralslng new lnnovaLlve eLhlcs of blologlcal clLlzenshlp and geneLlc responslblllLy.



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8eferences
Anderson, LllzabeLh (2003). lemlnlsL LplsLemology and hllosophy of Sclence", 5toofotJ
ocyclopeJlo of lbllosopby. hLLp://plaLo.sLanford.edu/enLrles/femlnlsm-eplsLemology/ lasL access,
!anuary 28Lh 2013.
8alsamo, Anne (1996): 1ecbooloqles of tbe qeoJeteJ boJy, uurham/London, uuke unlverslLy ress.
8erg, M. and M. Akrlch, (2004): lnLroducLlon. 8odles on 1rlal: erformances and ollLlcs ln Medlclne
and 8lology". 8oJy & 5oclety, 10 (2-3): 1-12.
Longlno, Pelen L. (2002). 1be lote of koowleJqe. rlnceLon: rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.
Mol, Annemarle (2002): 1be 8oJy Moltlple. Ootoloqy lo MeJlcol ltoctlce, uurham, London: uuke
unlverslLy ress.
erez Sedeno, Lulalla (2012): Clenclas y Lecnologlas del cuerpo: la prcLlca de la Lecnologla de los
lmplanLes mamarlos" ln Lulalla erez Sedeno and 8ebeca lbnez MarLln (eds.) coetpos y Jlfeteoclos,
Madrld-Mexlco, laza y valdes.

* * *

D2","'%,"'/.'3$,*1'./'+2"'$/+",/"+6'D,%/13,"11$/3'3"/#",'4$/%,$"1'$/'(./+"<:.,%,B'#$3$+%*'1:%("'

1anla PCnL?, hu CandldaLe
School of ArLs and Soclal Sclences
!ames Cook unlverslLy, 1ownsvllle, AusLralla
Lanla.honey[[cu.edu.au

8hlan MC8CAn, hu CandldaLe
School of ArLs and Soclal Sclences
!ames Cook unlverslLy, 1ownsvllle, AusLralla
rhlan.morgan[my.[cu.edu.au

1hls paper explores Lhe complexlLles of gendered ldenLlLy ln cyberspace, Lhrough a cross-dlsclpllnary
dlalecLlc on cyborg-sub[ecLlvlLles and experlences of dlglLal-embodlmenL ln a vlrLual world. 1he paper
ls based on conversaLlons beLween a llLerary sLudy on cyborg-femlnlsL and sclence flcLlon (Sl) Lheory,
and an eLhnographlc sLudy on llfe ln Lhe vlrLual world LnLropla unlverse (Lu). 1he dlscusslon draws
on uonna Paraway's noLlons of cyborg embodlmenL, ln addlLlon Lo Sl and posL-phenomenologlcal
Lheory, ln order Lo explore how Lhe dlglLal self, ln Lhe form of an avaLar, conLrlbuLes Lo pollLlcal and
soclal noLlons of gender ln cyberspace. ulglLal communlLles, ln vlrLual worlds, exlsL aL Lhe [uncLure of
reallLy and flcLlon, real lnLeracLlons occur beLween real humans, ln a flcLlLlous space vla
Lechnologlcally consLrucLed represenLaLlons of self. 1he noLlon of dlglLal communlLles was flrsL
formulaLed wlLhln Sl llLeraLure and Paraway refers speclflcally Lo Sl ln dlscusslng and developlng Lhe
femlnlsL verslon of Lhe cyborg because lL makes problemaLlc Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween reallLy and
flcLlon. lurLhermore, ln popular culLure, parLlcularly ln Sl, Lhe cyborg moLlf explores noLlons of


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ldenLlLy and sub[ecLlvlLy, emphaslslng fluldlLy and dlffused boundarles. We can Lherefore look Lo Sl
ln order Lo undersLand pasL vlslons and Lhe conLemporary reallLles of llfe ln dlglLal space.
1he Lerm 'cyborg' was employed by Paraway (1983), ln parL, as a meLaphor for lnvesLlgaLlng Lhe
consLrucLed naLure of gendered ldenLlLy. vlrLual worlds provlde a plaLform for eLhnographlc
exploraLlon of how Lhese processes of consLrucLlon are experlenced and how Lhey Lake place.
Paraway poses Lhe cyborg as "CLher" Lo Lhe humanlsL ldea of Lhe ordlnary human", consLrucLlng
ldenLlLy as a fluld, changlng and conLlnuous sub[ecL, opposlng Lhe humanlsL sub[ecL and decenLrlng
predomlnanL myLhs of wesLern culLure LhaL plvoL around duallsms. An avaLar ls ln facL a form of
cyborg because Lhe self ls fragmenLed and reconsLlLuLed Lhrough Lhe Lechnologlcal augmenLaLlon of
Lhe physlcal body. 1hus, ". Lhe cyborg ls Lhe flgure born of Lhe lnLerface beLween auLomaLons and
auLonomy." (Paraway, 1989, p. 139) and Lhe avaLar ls a slmulLaneous expresslon of "Lhe body as
sobject and Lhe body as object" (klev[er, 2012, p. 21). AnonymlLy and Lhe poLenLlal for "gender
swlLchlng" problemaLlse LradlLlonal gender blnarles ln vlrLual game worlds, such as LnLropla.
ConsequenLly, gendered ldenLlLy ls slmulLaneously desLablllsed and relLeraLed Lhrough players'
capaclLy Lo creaLe an avaLar of Lhe opposlLe gender, Lhrough Lhe gender blnarles wrlLLen lnLo
programmlng, and Lhrough engagemenLs wlLh oLhers "as lf", whlch enable sexuallsed readlngs of
vlrLual bodles, and so, "1hrough prosLheLlc avaLars, we geL Lo play wlLh, and play Lhrough, exLenslons
of our own belng." (klev[er, 2012, p. 20). lurLhermore, cyborg embodlmenL, ln Lhe form of an avaLar,
desLablllses gendered sub[ecLlvlLles as players galn lnslghL lnLo whaL lL ls llke when oLhers engage
wlLh Lhem as lf Lhey were a member of Lhe opposlLe sex. ConsequenLly, male players wlLh female
avaLars ofLen Lalk abouL "Lhe female advanLage," meanlng LhaL Lhey feel Lhey are LreaLed "beLLer"
when oLher players engage wlLh Lhem as lf Lhey were female, neverLheless, Lhey also clalm lnslghL
lnLo whaL lL ls llke Lo be ob[ecLlfled and sexuallsed Lhrough Lhelr 'female' dlglLal bodles. Lqually
lmporLanLly, some female players menLlon LhaL Lhe amblgulLy of gender onllne has a levelllng affecL,
as oLhers no longer LreaL Lhem "dlfferenLly" because Lhey are women and LhaL Lhls can occur when
playlng wlLh boLh female and male avaLars. 1hese somewhaL paradoxlcal accounLs ralse quesLlons
abouL how cyborg embodlmenL affecLs experlences of self, gendered ldenLlLy, and concepLs of "Lhe
oLher" wlLhln vlrLual worlds. 1hls paper addresses Lhese quesLlons Lhrough an exploraLlon of Lhe
onllne ldlom "Lhere are no glrls on Lhe lnLerneL". 1hls ldlom ls an expresslon of Lhe Lransgresslve,
amblguous, subverslve poLenLlal of Lhe female ln vlrLual space, whlch renders sexuallsed readlngs of
dlglLal bodles dangerous. 1hls expresslon slmulLaneously consLrucLs Lhe lnLerneL as a space where
gender ls rendered lrrelevanL and concepLuallses Lhe female body as an "ob[ecL" whlch enables
subverslon, whllsL, engagemenL wlLh Lhe oLher "as lf" relnLroduces gendered and sexuallsed readlngs
of Lhe dlglLal body. 1hls paper explores Lhese processes: flrsLly, by examlnlng how noLlons of cyborg
embodlmenL desLablllse duallsLlc and male-domlnanL noLlons of male and female, self and oLher, and
reallLy and flcLlon, and secondly, by analyslng how Lhls desLablllsaLlon ls experlenced by vlrLual world
parLlclpanLs. 1he paper concludes wlLh a dlscusslon of how gendered ldenLlLles are slmulLaneously
Lransgressed and relnforced Lhrough Lhe complexlLles of dlglLal embodlmenL ln vlrLual space.



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keywords: Cyborg-sub[ecLlvlLy, dlglLal embodlmenL, avaLars, onllne-gamlng, sclence flcLlon,
cyberspace, gender, MMC8C, posL-phenomenology, vlrLual worlds

8eferences
Paraway, uonna !. A Cyborg ManlfesLo: Sclence, 1echnology, and SoclallsL-lemlnlsm ln Lhe LaLe
1wenLleLh CenLury." 1983. 5lmloos, cybotqs, ooJ womeo. 1be keloveotloo of Notote. new ?ork:
8ouLledge, 1991. 149-81.
--- ltlmote vlsloos. CeoJet, koce, ooJ Notote lo tbe wotlJ of MoJeto 5cleoce. new ?ork: 8ouLledge,
1989.
klev[er, 8une. LnLer Lhe AvaLar: 1he henomenology of rosLheLlc 1elepresence ln CompuLer
Cames" 1be lbllosopby of compotet Comes. neLherlands: Sprlnger, 2012

* * *

L)*+),"C"<4"##"#'+"(2/.*.3$"16'+2"'(%1"'.0'0"+%*')*+,%1.)/#

Sllvla ul MA8CC
hllosophy ueparLmenL
unlverslLa dedll SLudl dl Mllano
ClCuL, unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
sdmarco[fc.ul.pL

ln hls keynoLe address aL Lhe 2009 8lennal MeeLlng of Lhe SocleLy for hllosophy and 1echnology,
Andrew leenberg presenLed whaL he called Len paradoxes of Lechnology".
[l]
1en proposlLlons meanL
Lo hlghllghL as many counLer-lnLulLlve aspecLs of Lechnology. Pe argued: We Lend Lo see
Lechnologles as quasl-naLural ob[ecLs, buL Lhey are [usL as much soclal as naLural, [usL as much
deLermlned by Lhe meanlng we glve Lhem as by Lhe causal laws LhaL rule over Lhelr powers."
1echnologles, he malnLalned, belong Lo an lnLerconnecLed neLwork Lhe nodes of whlch cannoL exlsL
lndependenLly poo Lechnologles."
[ll]
ln parLlcular, ln Lhe elghLh and nlnLh paradoxes (respecLlvely, Lhe
paradox of value and facL and Lhe democracy paradox), he hlghllghLed Lhe lnLerconnecLlon of culLural
values, soclal relaLlons and Lechnologlcal pracLlces.
ln Lhe lasL decades, Lhls llne of LhoughL has been wldely explored ln Lhe domaln of Sclence and
1echnology SLudles (S1S) as well as ln varlous branches of CulLural SLudles (CS). 1he problem wlLh Lhe
S1S' and CS' dlscourses, however, ls LhaL Lhey ofLen Lend Lo reduce Lhe complex lnLerplay
socleLy/culLure/Lechnology Lo lnsLlLuLlonal wars over power, where Lhe lnsLlLuLlon can be Lhe
academlc or professlonal arena, Lhe (paLrlarchal) socleLy wlLh lLs pollLlcal sLrucLures or Lhe LradlLlonal
famlly. 1hus, l read leenberg's sLaLemenL of Lhe paradox of value and facL and Lhe democracy
paradox as an exhorLaLlon Lo elaboraLe new and more arLlculaLed analyses of such complex
phenomena.


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ln my paper l would llke Lo show LhaL Lhe lnLerconnecLlons of culLural values, soclal relaLlons and
Lechnologlcal pracLlces are beLLer undersLood when we Lake lnLo accounL LhaL Lhey can be acLuallzed
ln dlfferenL forms. 1o exempllfy my polnL l wlll presenL Lhe concreLe case of feLal ulLrasound lmaglng.
renaLal ulLrasound lmaglng enLered medlcal pracLlce ln Lhe 1960s and reached wlde dlffuslon durlng
Lhe 1970s, when Lhe lnLroducLlon of Lhe scan converLer Lransformed whlLe and gray llnes lnLo
plcLorlal lmages of Lhe feLus. 1he sclenLlflc, Lechnology drlven meanlng of Lhls pracLlce goes as
follows: Lhe sonograms reveal lnformaLlon abouL Lhe feLus, Lhe medlcal speclallsL LranslaLes vlsual
daLa lnLo perspecLlve dlagnosls (healLh or dlsease of Lhe feLus) and Lhus lnLo opLlons for Lhe parenLs
(Lo conLlnue or LermlnaLe Lhe pregnancy), on Lhese grounds parenLs can Lake a raLlonal, lnformed
declslon.
1hls slmpllfled vlslon, however, falls ln glvlng an accounL of Lhe phenomena engendered by Lhe
prenaLal ulLrasound scans, whlch offers Lo all effecLs Lhe flrsL vlslble proof of Lhe lnvlslble feLus"
[lll]

boLh Lo Lhe physlclan and Lo Lhe lay people. lrom Lhls baslc facL a number of soclal uses of Lhe
Lechnology spread ouL and, accordlngly, a number of lnLerconnecLlons beLween culLure, socleLy and
Lechnology emerge.
ln my paper l wlll examlne four of Lhe posslble soclal uses of prenaLal scannlng, namely: (1) CreaLlon
of a psychosoclal evenL and phoLographlc rlLual,
[lv]
(2) LxplolLaLlon of feLal lmages ln anLl-aborLlonlsL
campalgns,
[v]
(3) ueLermlnaLlon of Lhe sex of Lhe feLus for selecLlve aborLlon of females,
[vl]
(4)
lnLegraLlon lnLo LradlLlonal maglc culLure
.
[vll]

Cn Lhese grounds l wlll defend LhaL: (1) leLal ulLrasound lmaglng ls culLurally embedded ln many,
mulLlfaceLed, confllcLlng forms and Lhe power sLruggle" LheoreLlcal framework alone cannoL
accounL for lL, (2) 1he orlglnal, medlcal purpose of feLal ulLrasound (ls Lhe feLus healLhy or lll?)
becomes relevanL only when Lhe prospecLlve baby ls deslred (aL Lhe level of socleLy or famlly). llnally,
l wlll draw some general concluslons abouL Lhe enLanglemenL of culLural values, soclal relaLlons and
Lechnologlcal pracLlces ln Lhe domaln of medlcal Lechnologles.

8eferences
[l] leenberg, A. (2010), 1en paradoxes of Lechnology, 1ecbo, 14(1)3-13.
[ll] lJ., 3.
[lll] van ul[ck, !. (2003), 1be ttoospoteot 8oJy. A coltotol Aoolysls of meJlcol lmoqloq, unlverslLy of
WashlngLon ress, SeaLLle and London, p. 103.
[lv] See van ul[ck, !. (2003), chapLer 6.
[v] See eLchesky, 8. (1987), 1he power of vlsual culLure ln Lhe pollLlcs of reproducLlon, lemlolst
5toJles, 3(2)263-292, and 8alsamo, A. (1996), 1ecbooloqles of tbe CeoJeteJ 8oJy. keoJloq cybotq
womeo, uuke unlverslLy ress, uurham.
[vl] See Sen, A, (2003), Mlsslng women-revlsed, 8tltlsb MeJlcol Iootool, 327:1297-98, Mlller, 8.u.
(2001), lemale-selecLlve aborLlon ln Asla: aLLerns, pollcles, and debaLes, Ametlcoo Aottopoloqlst,


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103(4):1083-93, !unhong, C. (2001), renaLal sex deLermlnaLlon and sex-selecLlve aborLlon ln rural
Chlna, lopolotloo ooJ uevelopmeot kevlew, 27(2):239-281.
[vll] See Muller-8ocksLroh, 8. (2009), lmagln(ln)g pregnancy ln norLhwesL 1anzanla: neLworks,
experlences, and LranslaLlons, ln 1be 8oJy wltblo. Att, MeJlcloe ooJ vlsoollzotloo, 8. van de vall and
8. Zwl[nenberg (Lds.), 8rlll, Lelden and 8osLon.

* * *
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1"++$/3'
'
Ana nunes de ALMLluA
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal

ulana CA8vALPC
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
dlana.carvalho[lcs.ul.pL

Ana uLLlCAuC
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon, orLugal
Ana.dellcado[lcs.ul.pL

nuno de Almelda ALvLS
CenLre for 8esearch and SLudles ln Soclology
unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal

uaLa has shown LhaL famllles wlLh chlldren are Lhose who mosL qulckly and lnLensely lnLroduce new
medla aL home, Lhereby hlghllghLlng Lhe lmporLance of chlldren and young people ln Lhe expanslon
of new Lechnology. Lxpresslons llke Lechnologlcal home" and dlglLal playground" have been used
Lo porLray Lhe profuslon and dlverslLy of Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs presenL ln Lhe domesLlc seLLlng.
1he lnLerneL appears ln Lhls conLexL as one of Lhe mosL promlnenL means. ln orLugal Lhe access and
use of lnLerneL by chlldren ls almosL unlversal and quleL wldespread aL home. 1hls ls malnly due Lo
Lhe comblnaLlon of a large educaLlonal moblllzaLlon and lnvesLmenL from parenLs, LogeLher wlLh
publlc pollcy programs of masslflcaLlon of access Lo Lhese Lechnologles, occurrlng ln recenL years.
neverLheless, Lhls wlde-ranglng access and use of Lhe lnLerneL by chlldren does noL necessarlly lmply
an essenLlallsL or deLermlnlsLlc vlew, on whlch concepLs llke Lhe Lechnologlcal generaLlon" rely.
lollowlng Lhe heLerogenelLy of chlldhood condlLlons, as concepLuallzed by Lhe soclal sLudles of
chlldhood, Lhe assumpLlon ls made LhaL chlldrens' approprlaLlons and uses of Lhe lnLerneL are
sLrucLurally unequal. Accordlngly, Loday lL no longer makes sense Lo concepLuallze dlglLal dlverslLy
from Lhose who have and who don'L have access Lo new Lechnologles, buL raLher Lhrough oLher


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varlables LhaL lnLroduce dlfference, llke age, sex or soclal conLexL. lL ls Lherefore cruclal Lo make
sense of Lhe dlfferenL conflguraLlons Lhese new Lechnologles can assume.
1hls paper ls based on an undergolng research pro[ecL aL Lhe lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences aL Lhe
unlverslLy of Llsbon (flnanced by lundao Culbenklan), almlng aL undersLandlng orLuguese
chlldren's uses and represenLaLlons of Lhe lnLerneL, from lLs own perspecLlve. uaLa was collecLed ln
Lhree dlsLlncL meLhodologlcal phases. 1he flrsL favoured a quanLlLaLlve and exLenslve approach wlLh
Lhe appllcaLlon of a survey Lo 3049 chlldren. 1he second sLage relled on a quallLaLlve and
comprehenslve approach, comprlslng 138 lnLervlews. llnally, 30 cases were sLudled ln a more ln-
depLh, eLhnographlc-orlenLed approach uslng a comblnaLlon of quallLaLlve meLhods lncludlng
observaLlon, collecLlon of vlsual maLerlal of Lhelr domesLlc seLLlngs (phoLographs) and favourlLes
acLlvlLles on Lhe lnLerneL (prlnL screens), and focus group dlscusslons.
ln Lhls conLexL, Lhe alm of Lhe paper ls Lo analyse gender dlfferences ln chlldren's approprlaLlons of
Lhe lnLerneL, lnserLed ln lLs prlvlleged domesLlc Lechnologlcal seLLlngs. 1he collecLed vlsual maLerlal
complemenLs and emphaslzes Lhese dlfferences.
Cur resulLs show LhaL, alLhough gender dlfferences ln lnLerneL access and use are sllghL, lL ls on how
Lhey use Lhe lnLerneL LhaL boys and glrls dlffer. Clrls Lend Lo sLress Lhelr famlly bonds, and Lhe spaces
ln Lhe house where LhaL lnLeracLlon occurs, whlle Lhe boys preferred Lo focus on more Lechnologlcal
ob[ecLs, llke Lhelr game consoles, elecLronlc games, and Lhe 1v. 1he elecLed Lechnologlcal ob[ecL for
Lhe glrls was Lhe cell phone. 1he boys reporL more ofLen havlng learnL Lo use Lhe lnLerneL alone, and
Lend Lo prefer a freer sLyle of web browslng, glrls more commonly recognlze Lhe lnfluence of soclal
neLworks, famlly and peers, boLh ln learnlng buL also ln Lhe suggesLed webslLes Lo vlslL. Clrls Lend Lo
browse soclal neLwork more ofLen, as well as educaLlon, and arLs and enLerLalnmenL webpages, and
usually use Lhe lnLerneL Lo communlcaLe, whlle boys prefer games, vldeos, and sporLs pages. 1hls
dlfference was also reflecLed ln Lhe cusLomlzaLlon of Lhelr compuLers, deskLops, and soclal lnLerneL
proflles. Clrls gave more aLLenLlon Lo deLall and colour, whlle reflecLlng more of Lhemselves, Lhelr
lnLlmacy, and Lhelr lnLeresLs, whlle boys demonsLraLed a more lnsLrumenLal bond wlLh Lechnologlcal
devlces.
1hls dlvlslon Lends Lo reflecL and reproduce LradlLlonal gender roles, boys belng assoclaLed wlLh
greaLer auLonomy, Lhe Lhrlll for Lhe game, Lhe compeLlLlveness, and a promlnence of lelsure
acLlvlLles, whlle glrls are usually recognlzed for Lhelr soclal, communlcaLlon, and sLudy ablllLles.




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1rack 16
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Chalr:8enaLo 8odrlgues klnCuCPl


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uorlen ZAnu8L8CLn
ueparLmenL of CulLural AnLhropology, laculLy of Soclal Sclences
Lelden unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
dorlen[xs4all.nl

Zane k8lL
ueparLmenL of CulLural AnLhropology, laculLy of Soclal Sclences
Lelden unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
zkrlpe[gmall.com

1oday's momenL ln Lhe global new economy" ls shaped by a crlLlcal Lenslon regardlng Lhe quesLlon
where Lo locaLe fuLure-maklng agency: Cn Lhe one hand, clLlzens are lncreaslngly expecLed Lo be
enLrepreneurlal, self---empowered shapers of Lhelr own fuLures. Cn Lhe oLher hand, boLh Lhe
organlzaLlonal processes and Lhe producLs on whlch Lhe currenL new economy" depends are ofLen
descrlbed ln Lerms of Lhelr ouL of conLrolness" and allveness", sweeplng us along Lowards a
slngularlLarlan fuLure" we cannoL plan for nor anLlclpaLe (e.g. Payles 2009, kurzwell 2003, kelly
1994). 1hls begs Lhe quesLlon: When lnnovaLlon ls consldered as lnvlLlng human agency and
dependlng upon lL" (nowoLny 2006: 14), how ls Lhls agency acLually conflgured ln new economlc
spaces of lnnovaLlon where lL depends on and ls shaped by producLs and processes LhaL are anlmaLe"
and ouL of (human) conLrol"?
ln Lhls paper we address Lhls quesLlon Lhrough a comparaLlve dlscusslon of our eLhnographlc sLudles
of slLes of new economlc lnnovaLlon" ln Lhe San lranclsco 8ay Area, AmsLerdam and Slngapore. We
undersLand Lhe slLes LhaL we selecLed for our research as glvlng expllclL expresslon Lo Lhe new
economlc sLyle of open-endedness, flexlblllLy and ouL of conLrolness" (1hrlfL 2000), boLh ln Lhelr
organlzaLlonal form and ln Lhe Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs LhaL are here produced. WlLh respecL Lo Lhelr
organlzaLlonal forms: 1hey are spaces of lnnovaLlon LhaL exlsL ouLslde Lhe conLexL of Lhe classlc,
bounded corporaLlon, consLlLuLlng a new "ecology of buslness" (1hrlfL 2000: 688) and new Lypes of
culLural lnfrasLrucLure for Lechnology producLlon (1urner 2009). 1hese are acceleraLor programs",
hacker conferences, ad-hoc meeL---ups" and uo lL ?ourself (ul?) fesLlvals. WlLh respecL Lo Lhe
Lechnologlcal producLs and concepLs here creaLed, Lhese flL wlLh Lhe larger paradlgm convenLlonally
referred Lo as lnLerneL of 1hlngs" (lo1) - lnvolvlng ob[ecLs LhaL Lalk" and sense", creaLlng anlmaLe
envlronmenLs wlLh agenLlal and communlcaLlve powers (Payles 2009: 48, Shepard 2011).
locuslng on Lhese non-classlcal slLes of lnnovaLlon ln Callfornla, AmsLerdam and Slngapore LhaL
shape and are shaped by lo1 ob[ecLs and processes, we seek Lo undersLand Lhe conflguraLlon of
agency Lhrough Lhe concepL of fuLure-maklng" (8osenberg and Pardlng 2003). We use Lhls noLlon
qulLe broadly as encompasslng all Lhose pracLlces LhaL llnk Lhe Lemporal and spaLlal frames of evenLs
Lo Lemporal and spaLlal frames ln some fuLure momenL. luLure maklng Lhen ls abouL Lhe
reproducLlon" and lnLersecLlon of lndlvldual, soclal, Lechnlcal and human, corporaLe and non-


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corporaLe schemes, whlch are slmulLaneously lnformed by boLh local and global lmaglnaLlons of
progress, lnnovaLlon and Lhe beLLer fuLure. 8aLher Lhan a-prlorl sLaLlng LhaL Lhese places of
lnnovaLlon reproduce Lhemselves Lhrough Lhe producLlon of consumer ob[ecLs LhaL generaLe fuLures
Lhrough Lhelr exchange values - we leave open Lhe quesLlon as Lo whaL lL exacLly ls LhaL ls belng
(re)produced here. ln relaLlon Lo whaL skllls, mechanlsms of agency, local conLexLs and modes of
belonglng are fuLures belng made here?
1hls research seeks Lo glve more eLhnographlc nuance Lo Lhree cenLral LeneLs of conLemporary
scholarshlp on Lhe new economy: 1) LhaL Lhe global dlsperslon of new economlc sLyles and values
should be seen as an adopLlon of a declslvely Callfornlan ldeology" (l.e. 8orsook 2000, 8arbrook and
Cameron 1993), 2) LhaL as parL of new economlc lnnovaLlon Lhe fuLure becomes ever more
unpredlcLable and ouL of conLrol" (l.e. nowoLny 2006, 1omllnson 2007), and 3) LhaL our currenL
Lechno---economlc envlronmenL calls for a reconcepLuallzaLlon of agency as lncreaslngly dlvorced
from Lhe auLonomous sub[ecL and as more and more embedded ln dlsLrlbuLed envlronmenLs beyond
human percepLlon and conLrol (l.e. Mackenzle 2010, Payles 2009). 8y comparlng slLes of lnnovaLlon
ln dlfferenL parLs of Lhe world, we sLudy how agency ls conflgured as parL of an lnLerplay beLween
global" Callfornlan ldeologles ooJ local conLexLs, as parL of posLmodern experlences of dlsLrlbuLed
agency ooJ of perslsLenL modernlsL celebraLlons of Lhe self-empowered enLrepreneurlal sub[ecL, and
as conflgured ln relaLlon Lo Lechnologlcal ob[ecLs and concepLs LhaL are experlenced as consLlLuLlng
open-ended", anlmaLe" envlronmenLs, as well as Lools LhaL faclllLaLe purposeful fuLure-maklng.

8eferences
8arbrook, 8lchard. Andy Cameron. (1996) [1993] "1he Callfornlan ldeology". 5cleoce os coltote. 26,
44-72.
8orsook, aullne. 2000. cybetselflsb. A ctltlcol komp 1btooqb tbe 1ettlbly llbettotloo coltote of nlqb
1ecb. new ?ork: ubllc Affalrs.
Payles, kaLherlne n. 2009. 8llu: Puman Agency and Meanlng ln lnformaLlon- lnLenslve LnvlronmenLs.
1beoty, coltote & 5oclety 26, no. 2-3: 47-72.
kelly, k. 1994. Oot of coottol. 1be oew bloloqy of mocbloes, soclol systems ooJ tbe ecooomlc wotlJ.
8eadlng, Mass.: Addlson-Wesley.
kurzwell, 8ay. 2003. 1be 5loqolotlty ls Neot. wbeo nomoos 1toosceoJ 8loloqy. new ?ork: vlklng.
Mackenzle, Adrlan. 2010. wltelessoess. koJlcol mpltlclsm lo Netwotk coltotes. Cambrldge,
MassachuseLLs: 1he Ml1 ress.
Nowotoy, nelqo, eJ. coltotes of 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe Ooest fot looovotloo. New otk. 8etqbobo 8ooks.
5bepotJ, Motk. 2011. 1be commoo 5eose. volome. lotetoet of 1bloqs 28, oo. 2
1btlft, Nlqel. 2000. letfotmloq coltotes lo tbe New cooomy. Aoools of tbe Assoclotloo of Ametlcoo
Ceoqtopbets 90, oo. 4. 674-692.
1omllosoo, Iobo. 2007. 1be coltote of 5peeJ. 1be comloq of lmmeJlocy. looJoo. 5oqe.


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1urner, l. 2009. 8urnlng Man aL Coogle: a culLural lnfrasLrucLure for new medla producLlon. new
Medla & SocleLy 11, no. &2: 73-94.


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Lu 8ul
unlL of hllosophy of Sclence and S1S
eklng unlverslLy, Chlna
lurul0728[foxmall.com

A soclal neLworklng servlce (SnS) appllcaLlon called WeChaL has boomed on Chlna's lnLerneL over Lhe
lasL Lwo years. now Lhls popular lnsLanL messaglng program for smarLphones ls showlng early slgns
of sLepplng onLo Lhe world sLage, wlLh Lhe poLenLlal Lo become Chlna's flrsL real conLrlbuLlon Lo a
vlbranL global lnLerneL communlLy. Such a developmenL would mark a slgnlflcanL mllesLone for
Chlna, whose mosL successful hlgh-Lech flrms have Lhrlved so far mosLly by copylng exlsLlng global
Lechnologles.
WeChaL can be used for mosL smarLphone plaLforms. lL ls now avallable for Androld, lCS (lncludlng
lhone and lad), Wlndows hone, and Symblan CS. 1he unlque feaLures WeChaL offers lnclude: 1)
L8S: by uLlllzlng Lhe acceleromeLer ln Lhe devlce, coupled wlLh CS and oLher feaLures, users can
exchange lnformaLlon llke phoLos and conLacLs wlLh oLher WeChaL users ln Lhelr vlclnlLles, 2) Pold 1o
1alk: lL serves as a greaL alLernaLlve for volce calllng slnce lL ls free Lo use and does noL counL Lowards
Lhe user's calllng credlL usage, 3) vldeo Call: uslng WeChaL, users can lnLeracL wlLh each oLher more
vlvldly Lhrough vldeo call, 4) MomenLs: WeChaL users can posL Lhelr speclal 'MomenLs' Lhrough
plcLures or LexLs and share Lhem only wlLh Lhelr selecLed frlends so LhaL Lhe conLenL remalns secure.
users can also allow Lhelr frlends Lo commenL and llke" Lhelr posLs. MosL memorable momenLs can
be shared wlLh Lhe loved ones wlLh only a few slmple sLeps.
WeChaL has been repeaLedly appeared ln Lhe headllnes slnce Lhe mlddle of lasL year, as lL soared ln
popularlLy followlng lLs launch ln early 2011. lL Look 433 days for WeChaL Lo reach 100 mllllon
subscrlbers and anoLher 172 days Lo boosL Lhe number Lo 200 mllllon, and Lhe appllcaLlon made
headllnes early Lhls year as lL passed Lhe 300 mllllon reglsLered user mllesLone, closlng ln on Lhe older
Slna Welbo whlch lLself recenLly passed 300 mllllon users. 8ecenLly, WeChaL also clashed wlLh Chlna
Moblle, whlch complalned LhaL lL was loslng LradlLlonal SMS buslness Lo WeChaL.
WeChaL, afLer galnlng wlld popularlLy ln Lhe malnland Chlna, ls harborlng hlgh amblLlons aL Lhe global
sLage. WeChaL now has more Lhan 10 mllllon overseas users, sald 1encenL, Lhe parenL company of
WeChaL, ln a sLaLemenL. 1encenL deems Lhe geographlcally ad[acenL counLrles ln Lhe Asla aclflc
reglon and lndla as Lhe gaLeway for WeChaL's global expanslon. 1he lnLerneL glanL ls also eyelng
buslness opporLunlLles ln conLlnenLs ouLslde Asla: Lurope (1he uk and Spaln), Amerlcas (uS, Mexlco,
8razll and ArgenLlna), Afrlca (SouLh Afrlca), and AusLralla. Cn lebruary 23
Lh
of Lhls year, Zhang


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xlaolong, Lhe vlce presldenL of Lhe developmenL group of 1encenL Corp., conflrmed ln an emall Lo
employees LhaL 1encenL was Lo open an offlce ln Amerlca Lhls year as Lhey sLarLed Lo focus on Laklng
WeChaL global.
1hls paper aLLempLs Lo analyze how WeChaL Lranscends Lhe Copy-Lo-Chlna model of Chlna's lnLerneL
producLs and goes global. lL polnLs ouL LhaL WeChaL caughL some lnnovaLlon opporLunlLles and made
Lhese opporLunlLles lnLo reallLy. 1) 8efore WechaL, CC domlnaLed Chlnese lM markeL. Powever, wlLh
Lhe growlng pace of Lhe users' sLeps, and Lhe eager Lo share whenever and wherever, CC, a pure
Lyplng lM, cannoL feed Lhe cusLomers' need for convenlence. 2) AL Lhe same Llme, 3C and smarL
phone enLered people's llves. eople dldn'L need Lo slL ln fronL of compuLers and chaL wlLh oLhers
anymore. 3) WeChaL dld a greaL [ob aL borrowlng all klnds of good feaLures from oLher producLs and
Lhoroughly ouL-execuLed Lhem. lor example, WaLerloo, CnLarlo-based klk lnLeracLlve lnc. and
MounLaln vlew, Callf.-based WhaLsApp lnc. offer slmllar servlces. 4) never sLopplng lnnovaLlon afLer
success, WeChaL conLlnues Lo add exLra feaLures, such as Look Around, Shake, urlfL 8oLLle, and
MomenLs, whlch make lL more lnLeracLlve and more lnLeresLlng Lhan slmllar producLs. When Lhese
feaLures lnLegraLed, WeChaL undoubLedly offers an lnnovaLlve and novel experlence. 3) 1he
lnLernaLlonal scope of moblle sofLware sLores, such as Apple's App SLore and Coogle lay, helped
WeChaL Lo reach consumers abroad.
lL ls Lhe emphasls on producL lnnovaLlon LhaL Lakes WeChaL global. 1he auLhor belleves LhaL lL could
qulckly bulld up a worldwlde audlence of mllllons of users, demonsLraLlng LhaL noL only can Chlna
play as an lnLerneL follower, buL also can her develop producLs LhaL Lhe resL of Lhe world long Lo use.

keywords: WeChaL, mlcro-lnnovaLlon, soclal neLwork servlces, global expanslon, Chlna's lnLerneL

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hlllp Serraclno lnCLC11
hu CandldaLe wlLh Lhe 31u.LLhlcs rogramme aL Lhe values and 1echnology ueparLmenL
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.serraclnolngloLL[LudelfL.nl

1he paLhways Lo Lechnologlcal soluLlons musL follow closely a wlde range of human values, wlLh
parLlcular aLLenLlon Lo morally sallenL values, lf we are Lo achleve 8esponslble lnnovaLlon. Cne way
of dolng Lhls ln pracLlce ls by adopLlng Lhe value SenslLlve ueslgn approach (van den Poven, 2007).
unforLunaLely, noL all Lechnologlcal drlven lnnovaLlon ls deslgned ln a well managed and dlrecLed
manner. 1echnologles are becomlng more modular every day. Several lnnovaLlons emerge followlng
an evoluLlonary paLh, Lhrough generaLlve collaboraLlon. 1he Cpen Source approach Lo sofLware
developmenL ls perhaps Lhe clearesL example of how deslgn and lnnovaLlon emerge symbloLlcally
Lhrough dlscurslve processes (llvarl, 2010). lnLeresLlngly, aL Lhe ldeologlcal level, Lhls process ls
dlrecLed by a shared seL of values, raLher Lhan common goals. Some of Lhese are Lechnlcal values


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(e.g. glven enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow), buL many are morally sallenL (e.g. free as ln free
speech noL free beer).
Many Cpen x lnnovaLlve pracLlces, lnsplred by Cpen Source, and reLalnlng Lhe same core values, are
now galnlng promlnence (Cpen Access publlshlng, Cpen Pardware, Cpen LducaLlonal 8esources,
Cpen uaLa, Cpen CovernmenL lnlLlaLlves eLc.). 1he rapld spread of Lhls paradlgm for lnnovaLlon calls
for Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe morally sallenL values LhaL drlve lL, as Lhese wlll end up belng reflecLed ln
any new arLefacLs produced Lhls way. lf Lhe values LhaL Lhe dlverse Cpen x approaches culLlvaLe are
of a klnd wlLh Lhe values vSu seeks Lo promoLe, Lhen we would be ln a poslLlon Lo recommend Cpen
x as a precursor Lo vSu. lf Lhe Cpen x aradlgm provldes a basellne of core deslrable values
(nlssenbaum, 2001), Lhls would go a long way ln overcomlng Lhe dlfflculLles of deploylng vSu ln
modular deslgns where dlverse componenLs brlng ln Lo play dlfferlng, even confllcLlng, values. 1he
panoply of values LhaL drlve Cpen lnnovaLlon efforLs lncludes: lreedom, uemocracy, 1ransparency,
rlvacy, MerlLocracy, Lfflclency and LffecLlveness, 8eflexlvlLy, Llegance & SmarLness, and PackablllLy
as deep user modlflablllLy. Cne lmporLanL value open approaches seem Lo neglecL, or aL leasL noL
prlorlLlse, ls LhaL of equallLy, especlally gender equallLy. 1he value of PackablllLy ls lnLeresLlng as lL
can poLenLlally reduce Lhe effecL of Lhe Colllngrldge dllemma, by delaylng Lhe black boxlng of
unexpecLedly popular Lechnologles. Where Lhe soclal lmpacL ls expecLed Lo be mlnlmal buL Lurns ouL
Lo be slgnlflcanL, deslgners wlll need Lo reLro-flL value senslLlvlLy lnLo new generaLlons of Lhe arLefacL.
PackablllLy-as-a-value makes vSu-ready" arLefacLs posslble.
Lach of Lhese values needs Lo be evaluaLed separaLely Lo flnd ouL whaL Lhey enLall preclsely for Cpen
x pracLlLloners and Lhelr arLefacLs. noneLheless, Lhe observaLlon LhaL a rlch value seL plays a
slgnlflcanL role ln Cpen x developmenL suggesLs LhaL Lhls sLyle of developmenL ls a good plaLform
upon whlch Lo bulld up furLher 8esponslble lnnovaLlon meLhods.

8eferences
llvarl, n. (2010). ulscurslve consLrucLlon of user lnnovaLlons" ln Lhe open source sofLware
developmenL conLexL. lnformaLlon and CrganlzaLlon, 20(2), 111-132.
dol:10.1016/[.lnfoandorg.2010.03.002
nlssenbaum, P. (2001). Pow compuLer sysLems embody values. CompuLer, 34(3), 120, 118-119.
dol:10.1109/2.910903
van den Poven, !. (2007). lC1 and value SenslLlve ueslgn. ln . Cou[on, S. Lavelle, . uuquenoy, k.
klmppa, & v. LaurenL (Lds.), 1he lnformaLlon SocleLy: lnnovaLlon, LeglLlmacy, LLhlcs and uemocracy
ln honor of rofessor !acques 8erleur s.[. (vol. 233, pp. 67-72). 8osLon, MA: Sprlnger uS. 8eLrleved
from hLLp://www.sprlngerllnk.com/conLenL/qvrqm64320172768/

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(.<<)/$+B'

CrlsLlna SCuSA
ulnMlA'CL1-luL
lSC1L-luL / unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
crlsLlna.sousa[lscLe.pL

Concelo LulS
lSC1L-luL / unlverslLy lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
concelcao.LlmoLeo[lsL.uLl.pL

1hls paper alms Lo sLudy Lhe process of creaLlvlLy ln lC1 companles orlglnaLlng ln academla, Lhrough
Lhe case sLudy of companles belonglng Lo Lhe lnsLlLuLo Superlor 1ecnlco (lS1) Spln-off CommunlLy.
More speclflcally, lL ls lnLended Lo assess Lhe role of organlzaLlonal aspecLs (leadershlp, sLrucLure,
cllmaLe and P8M pracLlces) ln fosLerlng Lhe creaLlvlLy process relaLed wlLh Lhe developmenL of
Lechnologlcal lnnovaLlons and Lhe success of Lhese companles.
1echnology-based companles and academlc spln-offs are currenLly ln Lhe agendas of researchers and
pollcy makers. lL ls sLressed Lhelr role ln Lhe knowledge Lransfer from unlverslLy Lo lndusLry and ln Lhe
creaLlon of hlghly quallfled employmenL (lonLes, 2003). ln orLugal, a large proporLlon of academlc
spln-offs explolLs lC1s Lechnologles (8ravo and Clbson, 2012).
1he success of Lhese companles ls sLrongly llnked Lo Lhelr lnnovaLlon capaclLy, and Lhus Lhe creaLlvlLy
managemenL of lndlvlduals and Leams ls of greaL relevance. llrms ln lC1s secLor deploy sLraLegles Lo
compeLe on Lhe basls of Lechnologlcal novelLy, conLlnuous lmprovemenL and dlfferenLlaLlon
(Aramand, 2008, Crlmaldl and 1orrlsl, 2001). 1hus, Lhe undersLandlng of Lhelr creaLlve processes ls of
uLmosL lmporLance.
ln order Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe relaLlon beLween organlzaLlonal aspecLs and creaLlvlLy ln lC1s academlc
spln-offs we draw on Lhree dlfferenL bodles of knowledge: Lechnologlcal enLrepreneurshlp,
organlzaLlonal behavlor and P8M pracLlces, and creaLlvlLy managemenL. uesplLe Lhe prollferaLlon of
sLudles ln each of Lhese areas, Lhe lnLeracLlons beLween Lhem are sLlll weak. lor example, Lhe work
developed by Amablle eL al. (1996), recognlzes Lhe lmporLance of Lhe organlzaLlonal conLexL and of
Lhe flrms managemenL ln Lhe creaLlve process, buL does noL conslder expllclLly Lhe P8M, nelLher Lhe
speclflclLy of academlc spln-offs. lor lLs parL, llLeraLure on P8M pracLlces ls focused on large
companles, whlle Lhere ls a pauclLy of sLudles on spln offs or small Lechnology-based companles.
urawlng on Lhe exLanL llLeraLure, we bulld an analyLlc framework LhaL lnLends Lo Lhrow some llnks
beLween Lhe Lree areas above menLloned and Lhus Lo conLrlbuLe Lo flll Lhe gap found ln Lhe
llLeraLure. 1he proposed analyLlcal framework lncludes dlmenslons relaLed Lo Lhe organlzaLlonal
behavlor (cllmaLe, leadershlp and sLrucLure), Lhe P8M pracLlces and Lhe creaLlvlLy managemenL
(creaLlvlLy componenLs, enhancers and lnhlblLors accordlng Lo Amablle (1998)).


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1he framework was applled Lo Lhe lS1 Spln-off CommunlLy case. 8ased on a purposefully bullL seml-
sLrucLured quesLlonnalre, 18 face-Lo-face ln depLh lnLervlews were carrled ouL. 1he lnLervlews were
conducLed ln Lhe flrsL quarLer of 2012, lnvolvlng Lhe companles' founders or CLCs. MosL of Lhese
companles (14) are explolLlng lC1 Lechnologles.
uaLa analysls was carrled ouL, lnlLlally based on crossLabs beLween varlables and Lhelr assoclaLlon
1esL (chl-square) and laLer based on clusLer analysls.
1he resulLs reveal some speclflclLy of Lhe companles ln Lerms of P8M pracLlces and oLher
organlzaLlonal aspecLs, namely ln Lerms of selecLlon, rewards, Lralnlng and developmenL and level of
formallzaLlon. 1hey also reveal Lhe P8M pracLlces relaLed wlLh Lhe creaLlvlLy componenLs of Lhese
flrms, namely ln Lerms of Lechnlcal knowledge and oLher compeLencles. lor example, lL was found a
sLrong relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe componenLs of creaLlvlLy and Lhe pracLlces assoclaLed wlLh
employees' rewards and beneflLs.
Also accordlng Lo Lhe resulLs Lhe organlzaLlonal and P8M pracLlces emerge as poLenLlal enhancers
and/or lnhlblLors of creaLlvlLy ln lC1 academlc spln-offs. lor example, some forms of recrulLmenL,
selecLlon, rewards and Lralnlng emerge as belng relaLed wlLh creaLlvlLy enhancers, whlle oLhers
emerge as belng relaLed wlLh creaLlvlLy lnhlblLors.
We have also found a relaLlon beLween Lhe resulLs of Lhe creaLlvlLy process (ln Lerms of paLenLs, sales
and exporLs) and Lhe organlzaLlonal and P8M pracLlces.
llnally, Lhe resulLs allow Lo separaLe and Lo characLerlze Lwo dlfferenL Lypes of lC1 flrms ln Lerms of
Lhe role of organlzaLlonal aspecLs Lhe creaLlvlLy process.
1hese resulLs may help Lhe formulaLlon and adopLlon of organlzaLlonal behavlor and P8M pracLlces
LhaL promoLe creaLlvlLy ln lC1s academlc spln-offs.

keywords: creaLlvlLy, P8M pracLlces, organlzaLlonal behavlor, lC1s academlc spln-offs

8eferences
Amablle, 1., ConLl, 8., Coon, P., Lazenby, !. and Perron, M. (1996), Assesslng Lhe Work LnvlronmenL
for CreaLlvlLy, Academy ManagemenL !ournal, 39(3): 1134-1184.
Amablle, 1.M. (1998), Pow Lo klll CreaLlvlLy, 8reakLhrough 1hlnklng, Parvard 8uslness 8evlew, 76(3):
76-87.
Aramand, M. (2008), SofLware producLs and servlces are hlgh Lech? new producL developmenL
sLraLegy for sofLware producLs and servlces, 1echnovaLlon, 28: 134-160.
8ravo, M. and Clbson, u.v. (Lds.) (2012), LnLrepreneurshlp & 1echnology CommerclallzaLlon:
8ulldlng orLugal's luLure, 2007-2012 rogress 8eporL, u1Ln orLugal.


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lonLes, M. (2003), 1he rocess of 1ransformaLlon of SclenLlflc and 1echnologlcal knowledge lnLo
Lconomlc value ConducLed by 8loLechnology Spln-offs, 1echnovaLlon, 23(4): 339-347.
Crlmaldl, 8. and 1orrlsl, S. (2001), Codlfled-LaclL and general-speclflc knowledge ln Lhe dlvlslon of
labour among flrms: a sLudy of Lhe sofLware lndusLry, 8esearch ollcy, 30(9): 1423-1442.






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1rack 17
1LCPnCLCC? Anu C8l1lCAL
1PlnklnC
Chalr: Langdon WlnnL8



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k%<"1'FU'L%,"B'%1'(,$+$(%*'+2".,$1+'.0'+2"'$/0.,<%+$./'%3"'

llllpa Su81lL
Plgher School of CommunlcaLlon and Medla SLudles
olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe of Llsbon, orLugal
fsubLll[escs.lpl.pL

1hls paper suggesLs LhaL Lhe LhoughL of Lhe norLh-Amerlcan crlLlcal LheorlsL !ames W. Carey provldes
a relevanL perspecLlve on communlcaLlon and Lechnology. Pavlng as background Amerlcan soclal
pragmaLlsm and progresslve Lhlnkers of Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe 20Lh cenLury (as uewey, Mead, Cooley,
and ark), Carey bullL a perspecLlve LhaL broughL LogeLher Lhe pollLlcal economy of Parold A. lnnls,
Lhe soclal crlLlclsm of uavld 8lesman and Charles W. Mllls and lncorporaLed MarxlsL Loplcs such as
commodlflcaLlon and soclo-culLural domlnaLlon. 1he maln goal of Lhls paper ls Lo explore Lhe
connecLlon esLabllshed by Carey beLween modern Lechnologlcal communlcaLlon and whaL he called
Lhe Lransmlsslve model", a model whlch noL only reduces Lhe symbollc process of communlcaLlon Lo
lnsLrumenLallzaLlon and Lo lnformaLlon dellvery, buL also pollLlcally converges wlLh caplLallsm as well
as power, conLrol and expanslonlsL goals. Concelvlng communlcaLlon as a process LhaL creaLes
symbollc and culLural sysLems, ln whlch and Lhrough whlch soclal llfe Lakes place, Carey glves equal
emphasls Lo Lhe lncorporaLlon processes of communlcaLlon. lf symbollc forms and culLure are ways
of condlLlonlng acLlon, Lhey are also lnfluenced by Lechnologlcal and economlc maLerlallzaLlons of
symbollc sysLems, and by oLher condlLlonlng sLrucLures. ln Carey's vlew, communlcaLlon ls never a
dlsembodled force, raLher, lL ls a seL of pracLlces ln whlch co-exlsL concepLlons, Lechnlques and soclal
relaLlons. 1hese pracLlces conflgure reallLy or, alLernaLlvely, can refuLe, Lransform and celebraLe lL.
LxhlblLlng senslLlveness favourable Lo Lhe hlsLorlcal undersLandlng of communlcaLlon, medla and
lnformaLlon Lechnologles, one of Lhe lssues Carey explored mosL was Lhe hlsLory of Lhe Lelegraph as
an harblnger of Lhe lnLerneL, of lLs problems and conLradlcLlons. lor Carey, lnLerneL was seen as Lhe
conLemporary helr of Lhe communlcaLlons revoluLlon Lrlggered by Lhe proLoLype of Lransmlsslon
Lechnologles, namely Lhe Lelegraph ln Lhe 19Lh cenLury. ln Lhe Lelegraph Carey saw Lhe proLoLype of
many subsequenL commerclal emplres based on sclence and Lechnology, a ploneer model for
complex buslness managemenL, an example of confllcL of lnLeresL for Lhe conLrol over paLenLs, an
lnducer of changes boLh ln language and ln sLrucLures of knowledge, and a promoLer of a fuLurlsL and
uLoplan LhoughL of lnformaLlon Lechnologles. AfLer a brlef approach Lo Carey's communlcaLlon
Lheory, Lhls paper focuses on hls semlnal essay "1echnology and ldeology. 1he case of Lhe Lelegraph",
bearlng ln mlnd Lhe prospecL of Lhe communlcaLlon revoluLlon lnLroduced by lnLerneL. We malnLaln
LhaL Lhls essay has semlnal relevance for crlLlcally sLudylng Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy. Cur readlng of lL


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hlghllghLs Lhe reach, as well as Lhe problems, of an approach whlch concelves Lhe lnnovaLlon of Lhe
Lelegraph as a meLaphor for all lnnovaLlons, announclng Lhe modern sLage of hlsLory and
deLermlnlng Lo Lhls day Lhe ma[or llnes of developmenL ln modern communlcaLlon sysLems.

* * *
'
I':,.:.1%*'0.,'(,$+$(%*'(.3/$+$5"'1($"/("'

Craham WPl1L
School of LlecLronlc Lnglneerlng and CompuLer Sclence
Cueen Mary, unlverslLy of London, uk
graham[eecs.qmul.ac.uk

1he maln goal of Lhls paper ls Lo advocaLe a crlLlcal meLhodology for cognlLlve sclence, roughly
modelled on crlLlcal Lheory. CrlLlcal Lheory, ln lLs Lurn, depends qulLe sLrongly on kanL's LhoughL:
Crlce shows how one can apply a baslcally kanLlan framework Lo Lhe problems of cognlLlve sclence,
so we wlll use hls work.
Maxlms and Laws
Crlce's Lheory of conversaLlon relles on so-called conversaLlonal maxlms" (Crlce, 1989, pp. 26ff.).
Maxlm" ls noL a word commonly used by Crlce's conLemporarles buL a kanLlan Lerm: maxlms are
precepLs or general pollcles for acLlon whlch we learn, from oLhers or from books, and whlch we use
as prlnclples Lo llve by. kuehn (2001) 1hey are consclously adopLed, and can be sLaLed ln verbal form.
kanL also LhoughL LhaL naLure was generally law-governed. lurLhermore, raLlonal belngs had, ln
addlLlon Lo Lhls physlcal rule-governedness, Lhe ablllLy Lo acL accordlng Lo represenLaLlons of laws
kanL (1968). 8uL maxlms are noL laws. 1hey are Lhe oJ boc rules whlch people follow when Lhey acL,
and Lhese rules need have no general valldlLy. 1he moral law, by conLrasL, was valld for every raLlonal
belng, accordlng Lo whlch every raLlonal belng ooqbt Lo acL. kanL (1968)
ln pracLlce, Lhe moral law Lends Lo be used as a sorL of fllLer on maxlms, and can be sLaLed ln Lhe
form: acL only accordlng Lo LhaL maxlm Lhrough whlch you can aL Lhe same Llme wlll LhaL lL should be
a unlversal law. kanL (1968)
Crlce
Crlce's vlews on meanlng Lurn ouL Lo be Lhoroughly kanLlan. Pls maxlms" are, lndeed, falrly
heLerogeneous (Lhey wlll be whaL are now called heurlsLlcs), LogeLher wlLh an overarchlng raLlonallLy
crlLerlon, Lhe analogue of kanL's moral law,
Make your conversaLlonal conLrlbuLlon such as ls requlred, aL Lhe sLage aL whlch lL occurs, by Lhe
accepLed purpose or dlrecLlon of Lhe Lalk exchange ln whlch you are engaged. Crlce (1989)


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1hls corresponds Lo kanL's moral law, and, ln boLh cases, Lhe general prlnclple polnLs ouL Lhe mosL
general posslble basls for eLhlcs (respecLlvely conversaLlon) as a pracLlce, and, by so dolng, Lo provlde
a formal sLrucLure lnLo whlch a varleLy of maxlms could flL.
An AppllcaLlon
Cur accounL of human reasonlng whlch has Lwo parLs: one ls an absLracL, general crlLerlon of
raLlonallLy, whereas Lhe oLher ls a loose collecLlon of heurlsLlcs and such. We can apply Lhls Lo Lhe
moJels of human reasonlng used ln cognlLlve sclence, asklng, for each of Lhem, whaL Lhelr maxlms
mlghL be, whaL Lhelr general prlnclples mlghL be, and how Lhe maxlms mlghL conform, or noL, Lo Lhe
general prlnclples. Such an analysls of cognlLlve sclence would be ctltlcol, ln Lhe kanLlan sense.
Pere ls an example. Suppose LhaL we had an auLomaLon bullL on Lhe basls of machlne learnlng: LhaL
ls, lL would have a seL of operaLlonallsable LesLs for good or bad ouLcomes, and lL would ad[usL lLs
behavlour so as Lo opLlmlse Lhe ouLcomes accordlng Lo Lhe LesLs. 1he LesLs would generally be raLher
oJ boc and rough. So, lf we ask wheLher Lhe resulLanL behavlour ls raLlonal, we could elLher dlrecLly
lnspecL Lhe resulLs of Lhe machlne learnlng algorlLhm - a large plle of numbers wlLhouL any obvlous
meanlng - or we could Lry Lo do some meLaLheory and predlcL whaL sorL of behavlour would emerge
from Lhe Lralnlng. lL ls hard Lo see how Lo proceed wlLh Lhe flrsL, whereas, lf you could solve Lhe
second, why would you need machlne learnlng? WhaL we have sLumbled upon ls Lhe problem of
coqoltlve peoettoblllty: glven a machlne learnlng soluLlon Lo some problem or oLher, how do we say,
ln words, bow Lhls soluLlon achleves lLs resulLs? Cne mlghL argue LhaL Lhls problem ls merely
LheoreLlcal, buL cases ln whlch Lhe resulLs of machlne learnlng algorlLhms run lnLo legal problems
show LhaL lL has pracLlcal consequences Loo.
So, ln Lhls case (and lL ls easy Lo flnd oLhers) Lhls procedure glves lnLeresLlng (buL dlfflculL)
phllosophlcal problems. 1hey are dlfflculL boLh on Lhe Lechnlcal and on Lhe phllosophlcal slde, and
lmporLanL ln pracLlce. So Lhls can be regarded as a qeoetol meLhod for flndlng good phllosophlcal
problems, and one whlch one can generally sLarL from any cognlLlve sclence research paradlgm LhaL
caLches your eye.

8eferences
P.. Crlce. Loglc and conversaLlon. ln 5toJles lo tbe woy of wotJs, pages 1-143. Parvard unlverslLy
ress, Cambrldge, MA, 1989.
lmmanuel kanL. CtooJleqooq zot Metopbyslk Jet 5ltteo, volume vll of wetkoosqobe. Suhrkamp,
1968.
Manfred kuehn. koot. A 8loqtopby. Cambrldge unlverslLy ress, 2001.


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9.8'<%11'$/0.,<%+$./'0*.8'(2%**"/3"1'+,)+2'

1lm MCS1LLLL8
Callfornla 8apLlsL unlverslLy, uSA
LmosLell[calbapLlsL.edu

lf we wanL Lo know lf someLhlng ls Lrue, we can go and look. lf l wanL Lo know lf lL ls Lrue LhaL my keys
are on my desk, l can go Lo my offlce and look on my desk Lo see lf Lhe keys are Lhere. lf reallLy found
by means of my percepLual experlence maLches my bellef, Lhen l can see LhaL my bellef ls Lrue. 1ruLh
ln Lhls common sense example ls a maLLer of Lhe correspondence of bellef Lo reallLy.
WlLh Lhe rlse of mass lnformaLlon flow and Lhe ublqulLy of lnformaLlon, Lhe very ldea of a
correspondence vlew of LruLh ls challenged. When we go onllne Lo look for Lhe LruLh, we are faced
wlLh mulLlple overwhelmlng phenomena. 1he sheer volume of lnsLanLaneously avallable lnformaLlon
can be overwhelmlng. 1he pace aL whlch lnformaLlon lncreases on a dally basls seems Lo challenge
Lhe sLablllLy of LruLh for a "flow" of LruLh. We can add Lo Lhese phenomena Lhe reallLy LhaL for every
proposlLlon p LhaL ls asserLed onllne, lL ls posslble for Lhere Lo be a conLradlcLory proposlLlon noL-p
also asserLed.
Clven Lhese phenomena lL ls easy Lo see why one would slmply glve up on Lhe ldea of LruLh as
correspondence Lo reallLy and accepL one of several alLernaLlve vlews of LruLh. 1hls paper conslders
flve ways ln whlch mass lnformaLlon flow challenges Lhe ldea of LruLh as correspondence of a mlnd Lo
reallLy.
llrsL, l conslder how mass lnformaLlon flow can lead Lo skepLlclsm abouL LruLh. 1hls vlew would
malnLaln LhaL slnce Lhere ls so much conLradlcLory lnformaLlon, and slnce lnformaLlon ls consLanLly
changlng, LruLh (correspondence of LhoughL Lo reallLy) ls unaLLalnable. 1he correcL posLure should
noL be Lo seek LruLh Lo flnd lL, buL Lo be skepLlcal of all LruLh clalms.
Second, l conslder how mass lnformaLlon flow can lead Lo relaLlvlsm abouL LruLh. 1hls vlew would
malnLaln LhaL (unllke skepLlclsm) Lhere ls such a Lhlng as "LruLh" buL lL ls slmply relaLlve Lo Lhe onllne
communlLy ln whlch lL ls asserLed. Clven Lhe mulLlpllclLy of bellefs expressed onllne, LruLh ls slmply
relaLlve Lo an lndlvldual or group.
1hlrd, l conslder how mass lnformaLlon flow challenges Lhe LradlLlonal noLlon of reallLy as someLhlng
dlsLlncL from human mlnds ln an onllne envlronmenL. 1he creaLlon of onllne communlLles enLalls LhaL
a "vlrLual world" can be creaLed where ldeas are muLually afflrmed by members of LhaL world. 1hls
lmplles LhaL LruLh ls a maLLer of coherence of Lhe bellefs wlLhln an onllne communlLy. 1hls ls a clear
exempllflcaLlon of a coherence Lheory of LruLh.
lourLh, l conslder how mass lnformaLlon flow glves lndlvlduals and members of a communlLy Lhe
pracLlcal Lools needed Lo ldenLlfy Lhelr own lnLeresLs and how Lo achleve Lhem. ln Lhls scenarlo, LruLh
becomes a maLLer of pragmaLlc success. 1ruLh ls noL undersLood as correspondence Lo reallLy, buL as
successful leadlng.


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l conclude Lhe paper wlLh crlLlcal ob[ecLlons Lo each of Lhese Lheorles of LruLh as Lhey relaLe Lo mass
lnformaLlon flow. l argue LhaL whlle mass lnformaLlon flow challenges Lhe LradlLlonal noLlon of LruLh
as correspondence, lL ls noL sufflclenL for undermlnlng lL.

* * *

7.+'1.'0%1+h'9.8'JI(("*",%+$./M'0%$*1'+.'#"1(,$4"'(./+"<:.,%,B'%#5%/("#'1.($"+$"1'

8afael MA8CuLS
lSLC - School of Lconomlcs and ManagemenL, 1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon
SCCluS - 8esearch CenLre on Lconomlc and CrganlzaLlonal Soclology, orLugal
rmarques[lseg.uLl.pL

Cver Lhe pasL LhlrLy years, especlally wlLh Lhe wldespread use of Lhe so-called lnformaLlon
Lechnologles and Lhe rlse of a neLworked socleLy, Lhe parallel ldeas of Llme compresslon and
acceleraLlon became wldely accepLed ln Soclal 1heory. And yeL, we should ask ourselves whaL does lL
mean Lo Lalk abouL acceleraLlon ln soclal llfe" or acceleraLlon ln culLure and socleLy"? Pow can we
measure Lhls acceleraLlon? Where does lL Lake place? WhaL klnd of daLa can we use Lo prove or
[udge Lhls polnL? ln Lhe absence of daLa, Lhe evaluaLlon of Lhe acceleraLlon effecL ls elLher deflnlLlonal
or con[ecLural. ln Lhe flrsL sense we are [usL poslLlng LhaL socleLy ls experlenclng more change
because we can come up wlLh many examples of new producLs wlLh decreaslng llfe spans and we
know we have Lo adapL Lo an lncreaslng number of ob[ecLs or gadgeLs LhaL permeaLe our dally llfe
and our rouLlnes. Slnce mosL of Lhese Lechnologles also lnLerfere wlLh our soclal relaLlons, we'll have
Lo conclude LhaL every slngle Lhlng ln our llfe ls changlng ln a raLher dramaLlc way. 8uL looklng
carefully, we'll also be able Lo reporL many areas ln whlch counLer examples abound - be lL ln Lerms
of Lhe Lechnology acLually conLrlbuLlng Lo slower Lhe pace, or slLuaLlons ln whlch Lhe reflnemenL of
Lhe Lechnology ls noL assoclaLed wlLh lncreaslng speed or pace of change. 1hls way we can only say
LhaL Lhere ls an lmporLanL LransformaLlon ln soclal Llme and lLs paLLernlng ln Loday's advanced
socleLles. lf Lhe communlcaLlon sysLems operaLe ln real Llme, Lhus maklng lL posslble Lo access new
lnformaLlon ln a spllL second, lL cannoL be lgnored LhaL we are slowlng down ln oLher areas. ln some
of Lhe secLors ln whlch complexlLy ls a declslve quesLlon, deceleraLlon (and noL lncreased speed)
seems Lo preslde. lf we compare Lhe Llme spenL on launchlng new producLs ln Lhe pharmaceuLlcal
lndusLry or ln Lhe avlaLlon secLor, lL ls noLhlng buL clear LhaL Llme beLween Lhe flrsL Lrlals and Lhe
commerclal lncepLlon ls lncreaslng. ConLrolllng and LesLlng become so pervaslve LhaL Lhe safeLy
measures and rlsk assessmenL lmpose Lhelr rullng over Lhe needs and Lhe pressures for acceleraLlon.
AL Lhe same Llme, even lf Lhe changes are posslble or even exlsLenL, Lhelr posLponemenL resulLs from
soclal pressures LhaL conslder Lhe flnanclal advanLages of Lhe delays. lf ln Lhe areas of compuLaLlon
and lnformaLlon, Lhe llfe span of Lhe producLs ls decreaslng, Lhe same cannoL be sald abouL Lhe
sLellar ob[ecLs of Lhe prevlous generaLlon of lndusLrlallzaLlon ln whlch we can flnd very long llves -
especlally planes. 1he sense of speed always resulLs from a raLlo LhaL compares Lhe parallel evoluLlon
of requlremenLs/demands and capaclLles/quallLles. When boLh Lerms of Lhe raLlo evolve aL Lhe same


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raLes lL ls dlfflculL Lo say LhaL an acceleraLlon Lrend ls belng esLabllshed. 1o conclude, ln Lhls paper, l'll
argue LhaL Lhe concepL of acceleraLlon ls a poor descrlpLor of Loday's advanced socleLles on four
dlfferenL grounds: a) lLs use of a mlsleadlng physlcs meLaphor, b) lLs lack of clarlLy and concepLual
rlgor (Laklng speed for acceleraLlon), c) lLs represenLaLlon of a unllaLeral, and someLlmes Leleologlcal
vlew of change, permeaLed by a seL of omlsslons of counLer Lrends and, d) lLs leanlng Lowards a
chronocenLrlc blas, obllvlous of boLh PlsLory, and relevanL comparlsons wlLh Lhe experlence of oLher
pasL and presenL socleLles.

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Charalampos u. kCkklnCS
ueparLmenL of PumanlLles
Pellenlc Cpen unlverslLy, ALhens, Creece
chared[cenLral.nLua.gr

lL goes wlLhouL saylng LhaL Lhe change we experlence Loday, whlch ls fuelled by a serles of new
Lechnologles, dlffers from oLher profound changes LhaL have deflned our culLure ln Lhe pasL. 1he
currenL change affecLs our everyday llves, buL Lhe new Lools lL offers us can be seen as an exLenslon
of our senses, of our varlous modes of communlcaLlon and, Lo a cerLaln exLenL, of our bralns (slnce
Lhe quesLlon abouL wheLher one regards machlnes as exLenslons of llvlng organlsms or llvlng
organlsms as complex machlnes seems Lo be a Loplc of exploraLlon as well). nowadays, Lhe
prollferaLlon of Lhe flelds of knowledge, Lhe ofLen vague dlsLlncLlon beLween arL, Lechnology and
sclence, and Lhe lmmaLerlal" form of Lhe new Lechnologles compel us Lo wlden Lhe fleld of our
LradlLlonal research dlsclpllnes, and mosL cruclally Lhe fleld of eLhlcs. 1he debaLe around Lhe morallLy
of Lechnology has glven rlse Lo speclal moral caLegorles -regardlng for example Lhe lssues of
responslblllLy, safeLy and rlsk- whlch had noL been as lmporLanL ln premodern moral phllosophy.
1he sLarLlng polnL of Lhls paper ls Lhe facL LhaL whaL ls aL sLake for Lhe fuLure of our own socleLy
lncludes, ln lLs core, aspecLs of Lechnology - seen as a whole and noL ad hoc. We refer Lo Lechnology
as speclflc pracLlces, arLefacLs and declslon maklng processes and noL as an lnLanglble and absLracL
fleld LhaL proceeds auLonomously, deLermlnlsLlcally and lndependenLly of Lhe wlder soclal conLexL. ln
Lhls llghL, we suggesL LhaL Lechnology can only mean all Lhe Lhlngs LhaL deflnlLely parLake (wlLhouL
belng able Lo explaln Lhe reasons why) ln Lhe shaplng of llfe and conLrlbuLe ln Lhe sLaLus quo of a
world LhaL Lrles Lo dlscover ways and meLhods for lLs survlval and developmenL.
PlLherLo (and especlally slnce Lhe 1980s), a serles of crlLlcal flelds have been developed, buL Lhese
have been cenLred only on speclflc manlfesLaLlons of new Lechnologles. WhaL ls mlsslng, Lherefore, ls
a compleLe crlLlcal perspecLlve of Lhe Lechnologlcal phenomenon LhaL wlll sLarL from Lhe lrrefuLable
facL of Lhe lnLerconnecLlon and lnLeracLlon beLween varlous flelds. 1hls crlLlque should be nelLher


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fragmenLary nor dlsconnecLed from Lhe wlder soclal developmenLs LhaL Lake place ln Lhe conLexL of
pollLlcal declslon maklng. WhaL are Lhe undeflned aspecLs of Lhe baslc characLerlsLlcs of a llfesLyle"
LhaL has been malnly based on new Lechnologles and whaL ls meanL when we refer Lo a
Lechnologlcal socleLy"? Pow are lnnovaLlve ldeas connecLed wlLh Lhe end producLs and, more
lmporLanLly, wlLh Lhe way Lhey are lncorporaLed ln our everyday llves? Are our needs real (and are
Lhey saLlsfled by Lhe uLlllzaLlon of human and naLural resources) or are Lhey arLlflclal and are creaLed
ln order Lo conceal Lhe shorLcomlngs of Lhe pollLlcal sysLem? Pow ls globallzaLlon connecLed wlLh Lhe
Lechnologlcal phenomenon?
ln Lhe presenL paper we wlll Lry Lo address only some of Lhese quesLlons wlLhln a conclse framework
of a crlLlcal approach Lo Lechnology. Cur goal ls Lo lay down a reference framework for a poLenLlal
exploraLlon of Lhe developmenL of our soclal sysLem based on a fuller lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe complexlLy
of Lhe Lechnologlcal realm" regardlng malnly Lhe laLLer's relaLlon Lo Lhe currenL sLaLe of affalrs".

8eferences
8l[ker, W., Pughes 1h., lnch 1. (eds.) (1987). 1be 5oclol coosttoctloo of 1ecbooloqlcol 5ystems,
Cambrldge (Mass.) & London: 1he Ml1 ress.
8rey, . (2010). hllosophy of 1echnology afLer Lhe Lmplrlcal 1urn, 1ecbo: 14/1.
leenberg, A. (2002). 1toosfotmloq 1ecbooloqy. A ctltlcol 1beoty kevlslteJ, new ?ork & Cxford:
Cxford unlverslLy ress.
leenberg, A. (2010). 8etweeo keosoo ooJ xpetleoce, Cambrldge (Mass.) & London: 1he Ml1 ress.
leenberg, A. (2010). 1en aradoxes of 1echnology, 1ecbo: 14/1, 3-13.
kokklnos, Ch. (2006). Soclal 8eallLy and 1echnlcal" 8aLlonallLy: 1owards a CrlLlcal 1heory of
1echnology ln Lhe roceedlngs of Lhe 10
Lh
lnLernaLlonal Conference: lbllosopby of 5cleoce (Au1P-
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and Creek hllosophlcal SocleLy, 1hessalonlca, 06-08/03/2006), 427-433.
kokklnos, Ch. (2013). 1he SlgnlflcaLlon of Cb[ecLs ln Lhe ConLexL of a CrlLlcal LxamlnaLlon of
1echnologlcal ClvlllzaLlon: An lnLerdlsclpllnary Approach, lotetootloool Iootool of nomooltles ooJ
5oclol 5cleoce, forLhcomlng.

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Alexander l. S1lnCL
Medlcal PumanlLles, Soclal SLudles of Sclence and 1echnology, and CrlLlcal 1hlnklng, Cermany
alexandersLlngl[hoLmall.com




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l plan Lo crlLlque blomedlcal lnLeracLlve pracLlces LhaL employ medlcal lmaglng Lechnologles as medla
among pracLlLloners or among researchers as well as beLween Lhese and Lhelr lay publlcs and
paLlenLs. 8y crlLlque, l mean LhaL old-fashloned mode of lnqulry lnLo Lhe condlLlons of posslblllLy and
my endeavor, Lhus, ln modern speak, falls ln wlLh Lhe fluld fleld of medla-arche-ology Arche sLands
for 'reasonlng', 'foundaLlon', 'ground', and my lnqulry ls lnLo Lhe quesLlon how medlcal reasonlng and
publlc reasonlng on medlclne ls shaplng as well as shaped by Lhe use of medlcal lmaglng and lmages
as medla, such as produced ln fM8l or L1. llrsL, M8l (fM8l, L1, eLc.) as a Lool ls, as l wlll argue, a
persuaslve Lechnology and, Lherefore, eplsLemlcally defecLlve. Secondly, any serlous medla-arche-
ology would have Lo conclude LhaL ln Lhe process of Lhe affecLlve telotloo scope beLween Lhe
apparaLuses, Lhe ob[ecLs and lnLerlocuLors, Lhere exlsLs whaL l have called elsewhere Lhe oottotlve
Jlolectlcs of scleotlflc seeloq. a problem aL Lhe concepLual and semanLlc level or, as l argue, on Lhe
level of eplsLemlc dlsagreemenLs[over dlfferlng onLologles]. lf sLaLemenLs are Lrue only relaLlve Lo Lhe
person who makes Lhem, because people do dlsagree [whlle Lhey conLlnue Lo (lnLer)acL successfully]
afLer all, we can lnfer LhaL a mlnlmum of eplsLemlc relaLlvlsm exlLs beLween beLween Lhe evenLs of
maklng and lnLerpreLlng sLaLemenLs for as long as Lhey Jlsoqtee teosooobly. 8easonable
dlsagreemenL exlsLs because because concepLs do noL uncondlLlonally represenL ln more Lhan one
onLology. ln pracLlce, however, Lhe funcLlonal hypoLheses of pracLlLloners are LreaLed as sLrucLural
ones and Lhe condlLlonal use of concepLs ls neglecL and concepLs become LreaLed as uncondlLlonal.
8egardless lf we ldenLlfy as relaLlvlsLs or bald naLurallsLs now, lf we can aL leasL poLenLlally accepL
Lhe aforesald expllcaLlon of eplsLemlc dlsagreemenL as a credlble accounL, we can also acknowledge
LhaL lL follows from aul 8oghosslan's work LhaL ln Lhls case uncondlLlonal concepLs are lnherenLly
eplsLemlcally defecLlve ln confuslng facL and enLlLlemenL. ln LreaLlng concepLs, or ln Lhls case
(concepLual) lmages as uncondlLlonal , lnLerlocuLors do Lrade noL facLs buL enLlLlemenLs Lo
knowledge, whlch ls where Lhe mottet of petsoosloo comes ln: worklng knowledge ls shaped by
tecboo-oestbetlcs of persuaslve Lechnologles. When we are noL deallng wlLh facLs buL enLlLlemenLs ln
Lhe form of eplsLemlcally defecLlve concepLs, Lhe Lools LhaL produce and govern Lhe referenLs of Lhe
concepLs unfold vlLal maLerlal dlalecLlcs and lo-fotm Lhe enLlLlemenLs.
1be Jlolectlcs of seeloq, Lhe noLlon LhaL seelng ls a medlaLed lnLer-relaLlonshlp LhaL affecLs boLh sldes
ln lLeraLlve ways, has for Lhe pasL decade been Lhe sub[ecL ln Lhe dlscusslon of whaL has been named
Lhe 'lconlc', 'vlsual' or 'plcLorlal' Lurn and as such assoclaLed wlLh 8ourdleu, and, more lmporLanLly, ln
Lhe dlscourses of blopower wlLh loucaulL and 8en[amln LhaL are lnherenLly pollLlcal". 1he pollLlcs
of lmages" ls noL Lhe focus on one medlum or one sense, buL a Lurn Lo undersLandlng LhaL Lhere are
medla ln Lhe plural and LhaL humans have more Lhan one or Lwo senses (hearlng and seelng), and
LhaL full-bodled, sensual humans cannoL be reduced by Lhe humanlLles Lo LexL, nor Lo CarLeslan
mechanlzlsm by reducLlonlsm ln blomedlclne.

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D2"' J>.($%*' F"4M' (./0,./+"#' 8$+2' +2"' <"+%:2B1$(%*' %/#' 1.($%*' (,$+$N)"' 4B' H"*")R"&' i)%++%,$' %/#'
>+$"3*",'?'!(E)2%/'$/'+2"'4%(='

MarLln SLL8
lnsLlLuLe of !ournallsm, uep. of CommunlcaLlons and Medla Sclences
1echnlcal unlverslLy of uorLmund, Cermany
marLln.speer[Lu-dorLmund.de

1he afLermaLhs of Lhe hyperLexL euphorla (see e.g. !ay uavld 8olLer: wtltloq 5poce, 2001) can sLlll be
wlLnessed ln Lhe euphorla of Lhe lasL years accompanylng Lhe so-called soclal medla": everyone wlll
be auLhor and reader, everyone produces and consummaLes communlcaLlon, whlch seems Lo be
proven ln Lhe vldeo messages of Lhe soclal movemenLs and upheavals ln Lhe Arab and erslan world
dlsLrlbuLed Lhrough [ournallsLlc medla. 1here's an alleged free exchange of expresslon and culLure ln
Lhe global neLworks of Lhe plaLforms of companles llke 1wlLLer, lacebook or ?ou1ube. 1hls hlghly
poslLlve lmage comlng up ln medla professlons and [ournallsm as well as ln Lhe sclences of medla
(LhaL geL huge amounLs of Lhlrd-parLy funds for LhaL research) geLs dark spoLs by hlghly caplLallsL
lndusLrles ownlng Lhe so-called Web 2.0" plaLforms LhaL cuL Lhe free neLwork of Lhe World Wlde
Web lnLo pleces. lor long years, Lhe sLrucLural approach of Lhe meLaphyslcal Lheory of Lhe rhlzome"
- a fluld neLworked form of leader-free Lhlnklng" wlLhouL relgnlng slgnlflers - by Cllles ueleuze and
lellx CuaLLarl (see A 1boosooJ lloteoos, 1987, pp. 3-28) was applled Loo easlly Lo Lhls Lechnologlcal
neLwork, wlLhouL recognlzlng Lhe laLe crlLlque of boLh phllosophers, ueleuze on Lhe reglme of
company" replaclng Lhe free fabrlc of rhlzomaLlc deslres" (lostsctlpt oo tbe 5ocletles of coottol, ln
Octobet, vol. 39, 1992, pp. 3-7) and CuaLLarl on Lhe CaplLal" LhaL ls geLLlng globallzed wlLhln Lhe
lnLegraLed World CaplLallsm" afLer Lhe breakdown of Lhe communlsL counLrles as a flxed form of
8elng . smashlng all oLher modes of valorlzaLlon" (CuaLLarl, cboosmosls, 1992, p. 28). ueleuze and
CuaLLarl anLlclpaLed Lhe caplLallsL Web 2.0 and wlLh lL Lhe neo-llberal Lurn ln many of Lhe sclences
dedlcaLed Lo Lhose medla, be lL medla Lheory or communlcaLlons, and Lhe same caplLallsL Lurn ln
pracLlcal sclences llke [ournallsm - crlLlcal [ournallsm, as a consequence ln [ournallsm Lheorles, now
ends beLween Lhe walls of soclal medla", buL does noL reflecL Lhe medlum (Lhe new Web 2.0")
lLself. lrench phllosopher 8ernard SLlegler, on Lhe grounds of Mlchel loucaulL, ueleuze and CuaLLarl,
sLopped referrlng Lo Lhese plaLforms as a mere sofLware, buL Lhe Lools of a new hyper maLerlallLy"
LhaL ls changlng Lhe Lechnologlcal dlsLrlbuLlon and producLs as well as Lhe sofLware and ls bullL Lo
esLabllsh a new psycho power" of caplLallsm LhaL replaces loucaulL's governmenLal socleLy of Lhe
blopollLlcs lnLo a conLrol socleLy, and LhaL on a meLaphyslcal as well as on a maLerlal basls wlLhln Lhe
new Web 2.0" (see varlous of SLlegler's essays ln 1ecbolcs ooJ 1lme). As McLuhan sLaLed, Lhe
medlum forms Lhe message, and web 2.0 forms a neo-llberal Lhlnklng ln all socleLles around Lhe
globe. lL ls Lhe old warnlng by McLuhan, ralsed slnce Lhe 1930s, as lL was clear LhaL Lhe elecLronlc
revoluLlon wlll Lurn socleLles compleLely: WhaL could have been a global communlLy (see e.g.
McLuhan's lloyboy-lnLervlew, 1969), now easlly geLs compeLlLlon among lndlvlduals forced lnLo llne
or hyper-equallzed, a new form of compllanL people Lhlnklng conformably LhaL could be lasL found ln
lndusLrlallsm (e.g. fashlon) and Lrends of Lhe laLe 19
Lh
cenLury. As McLuhan sLaLed: 1he more you
make people allke, Lhe more compeLlLlon you have. CompeLlLlon ls based on Lhe prlnclple of absoluLe


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conformlLy." (1be 8ook of ltobes, 2003, p. 134-133). 1hls lecLure wlll Lhus be a reflecLlon on four
medla LheorlsLs on Web 2.0" who also had Lo be phenomenologlsLs Lo explaln Lhe changes of soclal
consclousness ln Lhe age of elecLronlc medla.

8eferences
McLuhan's Clobal vlllage 1oday. 1ransaLlanLlc erspecLlves on Medlum and Message (hllllpps
unlverslLy Marburg, Cermany, May 12-14, 2011), lecLure: 1he ComplemenLary AspecLs of McLuhan's
Clobal vlllage 1heory and Luropean osLmodernlsm ln Lhe SLudy of Lhe lnLerneL
McLuhan's hllosophy of Medla. CenLennlal Conference (vrl[e unlverslLelL 8russel, 8elglum, CcLober
26-28, 2011), lecLure: 1he lree Wlll. McLuhan's Compared Lo Luropean osLmodern 1houghL
McLuhan 1hen - now - nexL. lnLernaLlonal Conference/uLW Llne lesLlval (unlverslLy of 1oronLo,
Canada, november 07-10, 2011), lecLure: Lllul ConnecLed Lo McLuhan. 1he Clobal vlllage and Lhe
ropaganda roblem wlLhln 1echnologlcal SocleLles
LducaLlonal Medla Lcologles. 1ransaLlanLlc erspecLlves (unlverslLy of aderborn, Cermany, March
27-28, 2012), lecLure: 1he MeLhod of Marshall McLuhan and Lhe Chaosmosls 1heory of lellx CuaLLarl
Comblned ln lnLerneL SLudles
1he Crossroads of Lhe Word. 13
Lh
Annual Conference of Lhe Medla Lcology AssoclaLlon (ManhaLLan
College, new ?ork, uSA, !une 07-10, 2012), lecLure: 1he ulalecLlcal vlew on Lhe resence of Lhe
Word. Marshall McLuhan's ConcepLlon ConnecLed Lo Lzra ound's vorLex

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"/2%/("<"/+'+"(2/.*.3$"1'

leLer C. LLMMLnS, hu
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and Sclence SLudles
8adboud unlverslLy nl[megen, 1he neLherlands
p.lemmens[sclence.ru.nl

1here seems Lo be general agreemenL LhaL Lhe new and emerglng human enhancemenL Lechnologles
- belng ttoosfotmotloool Lechnologles ln Lhe sense of havlng Lhe capaclLy Lo lnLervene lnLo Lhe mosL
baslc, l.e., blomolecular and neurologlcal mechanlsms underlylng human exlsLence and evoluLlon -
have Lhe capaclLy Lo fundamenLally reshape Lhe human, lmplylng LhaL noLhlng less Lhan 'human
naLure' as such ls aL sLake ln Lhe comlng human enhancemenL revoluLlon. Many auLhors clalm LhaL
Lhls revoluLlon - exempllfled by Lhe so-called n8lC-convergence - somehow announces Lhe end of
humanlLy as we know lL and lnauguraLes Lhe postbomoo condlLlon.
lL ls noL sure, however, wheLher Lhls noLlon of Lhe posLhuman capLures whaL ls really aL sLake ln Lhe
currenL Lechnologlcal muLaLlon. lf posLhumanlsm ls Lhe recognlLlon of a profound lnLerwoveness of
Lhe human and Lechnology, Lhen we could argue LhaL we have always been posLhuman. 1he human
ls a belng LhaL owes - and has always owed - lLs very belng Lo Lechnology because lL has come lnLo


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belng as a resulL of a process of Lechno-evoluLlon. As Lhe lrench phllosopher 8ernard SLlegler has
shown, Lhe human ls a Lechnlcal form of llfe ln Lhe sense of belng based on an exLra-blologlcal, l.e.,
Lechnlcal lnherlLance sysLem LhaL lncessanLly forces lL Lo negoLlaLe wlLh and (re-)conflgure lLself wlLh
respecL Lo a process of Lechnlcal exLerlorlzaLlon LhaL perlodlcally puLs Lhe belng of Lhls belng lnLo
quesLlon. WhaL ls aL sLake ln Lhe currenL Lechnologlcal LransformaLlon, accordlng Lo SLlegler, ls noL so
much Lhe Lranscendence of 'Lhe human' - Lhrough lLs LechnlclzaLlon - as a wholly new way of belng
puL lnLo quesLlon - by Lhe new LransformaLlonal Lechnologles - of Lhe human - and more
fundamenLal even of Lhls belng's very oblllty of belng puL lnLo quesLlon, whlch ls Lhe prlvllege of Lhls
belng LhaL we are ourselves and LhaL Peldegger called 'uoselo', characLerlzed by lLs ablllLy of
quesLlonlng lLs own belng.
uslng a largely forgoLLen Lerm from Lhe MarxlsL LradlLlon, SLlegler proposes LhaL Lhe quesLlon posed
by Loday's Lechnologlcal slLuaLlon ls noL LhaL of a supposed posLhuman condlLlon buL lnsLead Lhe
LhreaL of an age of bypetptoletotloolzotloo. roleLarlanlzaLlon, ln SLlegler's vlew, essenLlally conslsLs
ln Lhe loss of knowledge and know-how and Lhe eroslon of auLonomy and agency ln humans
resulLlng from a shorL-clrculLlng of processes of sub[ecLlvaLlon by Lechnlcal dlsposlLlves. Puman
evoluLlon and hlsLory, accordlng Lo SLlegler, should be undersLood otqoooloqlcolly ln Lhe sense of a
Lhree-Llered process of co-loJlvlJootloo lnvolvlng psychlc, soclal and Lechnlcal organs whlch
conLlnuously co-consLlLuLe each oLher. roleLarlanlzaLlon, whlch lnexLrlcably belongs Lo Lechno-
evoluLlon as such and Lherefore needs Lo be counLered conLlnuously by deproleLarlanlzaLlon, occurs
when Lechnlcal organs replace psychlc and soclal organs (l.e., organlzaLlons) wlLhouL belng
lnLerlorlzed and approprlaLed. 1hls leads Lo psychlc and soclal JlsloJlvlJootloo.
1he novelLy presenLed by Lhe LransformaLlonal Lechnologles of human enhancemenL ls Lhe facL LhaL
Lhey devlaLe, for Lhe flrsL Llme ln Lhe hlsLory of Lhe human specles, from Lhe age-old paLh of Lechnlcal
extetlotlzaLlon and open lnsLead a process of Lechnlcal lotetlotlzaLlon. 1hls new slLuaLlon glves Lhe
lssue of proleLarlanlzaLlon a radlcally new LwlsL and makes lL more pregnanL Lhan ever. lor SLlegler,
Lhls noL only lmplles a puLLlng-lnLo-quesLlon of Lhe human LhaL ls LoLally unprecedenLed, lL also
endangers - especlally ln Lhe currenL slLuaLlon of markeL-led lnnovaLlon - our very ablllLy of
quesLlonlng ourselves, whlch ls rooLed ulLlmaLely ln our orlglnal LechnlclLy or accldenLallLy
undersLood as our orlglnal Jefoolt of otlqlo. 1he new LransformaLlonal Lechnologles, or so lL seems,
could somehow close off Lhe openness - and crlLlcallLy - of human exlsLence grounded ln Lhls
orlglnary defaulL.
ln my paper l wanL Lo explore and quesLlon Lhls raLher apocalypLlc vlew by lnvesLlgaLlng how
Lechnlcal lnLerlorlzaLlon mlghL affecL our Lechnlcal condlLlon sensu SLlegler buL also by looklng aL
some of Lhe posslble human enhancemenL Lechnologles LhaL can lndeed be undersLood as Lechnlcal
lnLerlorlzaLlons, llke geneLlc englneerlng, braln lmplanLs, neuroprosLheses, deep braln sLlmulaLlon,
nooLroplcs, arLlflclal senses and llmbs, buL also braln-compuLer lnLerfaces - Lhereby expllclLly
conslderlng Lhem pbotmoco-loqlcolly, followlng SLlegler's conLenLlon LhaL Lechnlcal organs should be
concelved as pbotmoko ln Lhe sense of belng slmulLaneously polsonlng and remedylng wlLh respecL
Lo Lhe funcLlons Lhey supporL and/or replace. 1he ulLlmaLe alm of Lhls exerclse wlll be Lo develop an
organologlcal and pharmacologlcal vlew of human enhancemenL Lechnologles.



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keywords: cognlLlve enhancemenL, Lechno-evoluLlon, 8ernard SLlegler, proleLarlanlzaLlon,
posLhumanlsm, organology, pharmacology

8eferences
Agar, n. 2004. llbetol oqeolcs. lo uefeoce of nomoo oboocemeot. 8lackwell, Malden.
Agar, n. 2010. nomooltys oJ. wby we 5boolJ keject koJlcol oboocemeot. Ml1 ress, Cambrlgde.
8alnbrldge, W.S. 2009. 'CognlLlve Lxpanslon 1echnologles' ln Iootool of volotloo ooJ 1ecbooloqy,
vol. 19, lssue 1, SepLember 2008, pp. 8-16
8osLrom, n. & Sandberg, A. 2006. 'Converglng cognlLlve enhancemenLs' ln Aoools of tbe New otk
AcoJemy of 5cleoces, 1093, pp. 201-207.
8osLrom, n. 2007. '1he luLure of humanlLy' ln New woves lo pbllosopby of tecbooloqy, ed. !. 8. Clsen,
L. Sellnger and S. 8lls, algrave McMlllan, new ?ork, pp.186-216.
8uchanan, A. 8. 2011. 8eyooJ nomoolty? 1be tblcs of 8lomeJlcol oboocemeot. Cxford unlverslLy
ress, Cxford.
8uchanan, A. 8. 2011. 8ettet tboo nomoo. 1be ltomlse ooJ letlls of oboocloq Ootselves. Cxford
unlverslLy ress, Cxford.
Cabrera, L. 2011. 'Memory LnhancemenL: 1he lssues We Should noL lorgeL AbouL' ln Iootool of
volotloo ooJ 1ecbooloqy ,vol. 22 lssue 1, uecember 2011, pp. 97-109.
Carr, n. 2010. 1be 5bollows. now tbe lotetoet ls cbooqloq tbe woy we 1blok, keoJ ooJ kemembet.
ALlanLlc, London.
Churchland, .S. 2002. 8tolo-wlse. 5toJles lo Neotopbllosopby. Ml1 ress, Cambrldge.
Clark, A. 2000. MloJwote. Ao lottoJoctloo to tbe lbllosopby of coqoltlve 5cleoce. Cxford unlverslLy
ress, Cxford/new ?ork.
Clark, A. 2003. Nototol 8oto cybotqs. MloJs, 1ecbooloqles, ooJ tbe lotote of nomoo lotelllqeoce.
Cxford unlverslLy ress, Cxford/new ?ork.
Clark, A. 2008. 5opetslzloq tbe MloJ. mboJlmeot, Actloo, ooJ coqoltlve xteosloo, Cxford unlverslLy
ress, Cxford/new ?ork.
ueacon, 1.W. 1998. 1be 5ymbollc 5pecles. 1be co-evolotloo of looqooqe ooJ tbe 8tolo. W.W. norLon
& Company, new ?ork.
ueacon, 1.W. 2011. locomplete Notote. now MloJ metqeJ ftom Mottet. W.W. norLon & Company,
new ?ork.
uonald, M. 1993. Otlqlos of tbe MoJeto MloJ. 1btee 5toqes lo tbe volotloo of coltote ooJ coqoltloo.
Parvard unlverslLy ress, Cambrlge.


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uonald, M. 2002. A MloJ 5o kote. 1be volotloo of nomoo cooscloosoess. W.W. norLon & Company,
new ?ork.
lukuyama, l. 2002. Oot postbomoo fotote. coosepoeoces of tbe blotecbooloqy tevolotloo. larrar,
SLraus & Clroux, new ?ork.
luller, S. 2011. nomoolty 2.0. wbot lt Meoos to be nomoo lost, lteseot ooJ lotote. algrave
McMlllan, new ?ork.
Carreau, !. 2006. koJlcol volotloo. 1be ltomlse ooJ letll of oboocloq oot MloJs, Oot 8oJles - AoJ
wbot lt Meoos to 8e nomoo. 8roadway 8ooks, new ?ork.
Paraway, u. 1991. 'A cyborg manlfesLo: sclence, Lechnology, and soclallsL-femlnlsm ln Lhe laLe
LwenLleLh cenLury' ln 5lmloos, cybotqs ooJ womeo. 1be teloveotloo of ootote. 8ouLledge, new ?ork.
Pansell, C.8. & Crassle, W. 2010. n-/-. 1toosbomoolsm ooJ lts ctltlcs. MeLanexus lnsLlLuLe,
hlladelphla.
Parrls, !. 2007. oboocloq evolotloo. 1be etblcol cose fot mokloq bettet people. rlnceLon unlverslLy
ress, rlnceLon.
Payles, n.k. 1999. now we 8ecome lostbomoo. vlttool 8oJles lo cybetoetlcs, lltetotote, ooJ
lofotmotlcs. unlverslLy of Chlcago ress, Chlcago.
Payles, n.k. 2012. now we 1blok. ulqltol MeJlo ooJ cootempototy 1ecbooqeoesls. Chlcago
unlverslLy ress, Chlcago.
Malabou, C. 2008. wbot 5boolJ we uo wltb Oot 8tolo? lordham unlverslLy ress, new ?ork.
naam, 8. 2003. Mote 1boo nomoo. mbtocloq tbe ltomlse of 8loloqlcol oboocemeot. 8roadway
8ooks, new ?ork.
Savulescu, !. &8osLrom, n. 2008. nomoo oboocemeot. Cxford unlverslLy ress, Cxford.
Savulescu, !, 1er Meulen, 8. & kahane, C. 2011. oboocloq nomoo copocltles. Wlley-8lackwell,
London.
SloLerdl[k, . 2012. oo Most cbooqe oot llfe. ollLy, London.
Sorgner, S.L. 2010. '8eyond Pumanlsm: 8eflecLlons on 1rans- and osLhumanlsm', ln Iootool of
volotloo ooJ 1ecbooloqy ,vol. 21, lssue 2, CcLober 2010, pp. 1-19.
SLlegler, 8. 1998. 1ecbolcs ooJ 1lme 1. 1be loolt of plmetbeos. SLanford unlverslLy ress, SLanford.
SLlegler, 8. 2009. 1ecbolcs ooJ 1lme, 2. ulsotleototloo. SLanford unlverslLy ress, SLanford.
SLlegler, 8. 2009. Actloq Oot. SLanford unlverslLy ress, SLanford.
SLlegler, 8. 2010. 1okloq cote of ootb ooJ tbe Ceoetotloos. SLanford unlverslLy ress, SLanford.
SLlegler, 8. 2010. lot o New ctltlpoe of lolltlcol cooomy. ollLy, London.
SLlegler, 8. 2010. ce pol folt po lo vle voot lo peloe Jtte vcoe. ue lo pbotmocoloqle. Calllee, arls.


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Wolfe, C. 2009. wbot ls lostbomoolsm? unlverslLy of MlnnesoLa ress, Mlnneapolls.
?oung, S. 2003. ueslqoet volotloo. A 1toosbomoolst Moolfesto. romeLheus 8ooks, new ?ork.

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I'1B<4.*$('8.,*#'%/#'+2"'1B<4.*'%*$"/%+$./'

Ll 8ocong
School of PumanlLles and Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna
llbocong[ucas.ac.cn

AllenaLlon ls an lmporLanL phllosophlcal caLegory. AlLhough some anclenL phllosophers, lncludlng
Chlnese phllosopher Zhungzl, found ouL Lhe phenomenon of allenaLlon, Lhey dld noL use Lhe Lerm
allenaLlon. lL was karl Marx who flrsL puL Lhe allenaLlon as a phllosophlcal caLegory of Lngllsh
LranslaLlon. Marx analyzes Lhe labor allenaLlon. ln Lhls essay, anoLher klnd of allenaLlon, Lhe symbol
allenaLlon, wlll be analyzed.
As for Lhe deflnlLlon of human belngs, dlfferenL from 8. lranklln who calls human belngs Lool-maklng
anlmals, LrnsL Casslrer calls human belngs symbollc anlmals.
arallel Lo LrnsL Casslrer, Lewls Mumford advanced a slmllar vlew. Mumford ob[ecLed LhaL human
belngs are deflned as Lool-maklng or Lool-uslng anlmals. Mumford says, [1]here was noLhlng
unlquely human ln early Lechnology unLll lL was modlfled by llngulsLlc symbols, soclal organlzaLlon,
and esLheLlc deslgn, AL LhaL polnL symbol maklng leaped far ahead of Loolmaklng and, ln Lurn,
fosLered neaLer Lechnlcal faclllLy." Accordlng Lo LrnsL Casslrer and Lewls Mumford, lL ls noL Lool-
maklng buL symbol-maklng LhaL ls essenLlal Lo Lhe deflnlLlon of Lhe human belng. Puman belngs
make a symbol world and llve ln lL. ln addlLlon Lo LrnsL Casslrer and Lewls Mumford, several scholars
focused Lhelr aLLenLlon on symbol, whlch leads Lo Lhe esLabllshmenL of semloLlcs.
lrom my polnL of vlew, lL ls noL necessary Lo oppose Casslrer Lhesls Lo lranklln Lhesls as human
belngs have Lo make Lools and symbols aL Lhe same Llme.
Slnce Lhe lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon human ablllLy Lo make Lools and machlnes has been developed
unprecedenLed. Powever, Lhe phenomenon of allenaLlon ln work become sLrlklng whlch leaded karl
Marx Lo crlLlclze caplLallsm sharply. Some phllosophers, especlally MarxlsL phllosophers, make an
exLenslve sLudy of Lhe allenaLlon of man. ln Lhe ensulng paragraphs, Lhls klnd of allenaLlon ls also
called maLerlal allenaLlon ln some conLexL.
ln 1946, Lhe compuLer was lnvenLed. ulfferenL from a machlne Lool LhaL processes maLerlal, a
compuLer processes symbols. ln Lhe 1970s, lL ls sald LhaL Lhe posL lndusLrlal socleLy came whlch
means Lhe world enLered lnLo Lhe age of lnformaLlon.


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1he compuLer and Lhe lnLerneL have become Lhe mosL powerful devlce Lo help human belngs engage
ln symbol-maklng and symbol- spreadlng.
WlLh Lhe rapld developmenL of sclence, Lechnology and economy, alLhough Lhe old problem of
allenaLlon ln work ls noL solved compleLely, sufferlngs from allenaLlon ln work are relleved Lo some
exLenL. Powever, anoLher klnd of allenaLlon, symbollc allenaLlon, bulges ouL ln Lhe age of
lnformaLlon.
1here are Lwo klnds of allenaLlon, maLerlal allenaLlon and symbol allenaLlon. 1he former exlsLs
malnly ln Lhe lndusLrlal socleLy and Lhe laLLer exlsLs malnly ln Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy or Lhe age lf
lnformaLlon. 1haL ls Lo say Lwo klnds of allenaLlon come lnLo belng ln dlfferenL Lechnologlcal,
economlc, culLural, psychologlcal and soclal conLexLs.
lL musL be emphaslzed LhaL Lhe domlnanL characLerlsLlc of symbol allenaLlon ls replacemenL Lhe LruLh
wlLh Lhe false and replacemenL Lhe false wlLh Lhe LruLh, whlle Lhe domlnanL characLerlsLlc of maLerlal
allenaLlon ls a klnd of soclal phenomena whlch conslsL of Lrue elemenLs. More speclflcally, as for
maLerlal allenaLlon, a Lrue worker experlences Lhe Lrue allenaLlon wlLh a Lrue machlne Lool. 8uL when
symbollc allenaLlon Lakes place, every now and Lhen, Lhe false ls wrongly LhoughL Lo be Lrue and Lhe
Lrue ls wrongly LhoughL Lo be false because many meLhods of dlsLlngulshlng beLween Lhe Lrue and
Lhe false whlch can be used ln acLual world cannoL be used ln Lhe cyberspace. 1o make maLLer worse,
some people dellberaLely make Lhe false Lrue and Lhe oLhers cannoL flnd ouL and expose Lhe Lrlcks,
because people experlence ln a symbollc world.
1he phenomena of symbollc allenaLlon are complex, whlch should be lnvesLlgaLed ln hlsLorlcal, soclal,
phllosophlcal, pollLlcal, culLural and lnLerdlsclpllnary perspecLlves.

8eferences
8orgmann, A., 1984. 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe cbotoctet of cootempototy llfe. A lbllosopblcol lopolty.
Chlcago: 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress.
Ll Zehou., 2009. nlstoty of oocleot cbloese tbooqbt. 8el[lng: Sux !olnL ubllshlng Company.
Marx, k., 1939. cooomlc ooJ lbllosopblc Mooosctlpts of 1844. Moscow: rogress ubllshers.
MlLcham, C. and 8. Mackey, eds, 1972. lbllosopby ooJ 1ecbooloqy. new?ork: 1he lree ress.
Casslrer, L., 1962. An Lssay on Man. new Paven: ?ale unlverslLy ress.



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><%,+'+"(2/.*.3$"1'%/#'*.1+'*$0"'

Mlchele 8ACC81
1el Avlv unlverslLy, lsrael
mlchalrr[posL.Lau.ac.ll

lor Lhe bllnd man, Merleau-onLy clalms, Lhe walklng cane ls a bodlly auxlllary, an exLenslon of Lhe
bodlly synLhesls". Slmllarly, 8rey polnLs ouL how Lechnlcal ob[ecLs exLend Lhe human organlsm by
repllcaLlng or ampllfylng bodlly and menLal ablllLles. lndeed, many readlngs on Lechnology see lL as
an exLenslon, expanslon, and addlLlon Lo Lhe human, ulLlmaLely an 'addlng-on'- wheLher Lo Lhe body
(McLuhan,kapp), Lhe mlnd (Clark), or even Lo llfe lLself (kurLzwell). ArLlflclal lnLelllgence Lechnologles
LhaL are conLexL-aware and self ad[usLlng embody Lo Lhe uLmosL Lechnology's ablllLy Lo enhance
lndlvldual skllls and capaclLles as Lhey Lransform Lhe very essence of belng human. As Lhese
lnLelllgenL Lechnologlcal apparaLuses become more ublqulLous, namely embedded wlLhln Lhelr
envlronmenL, omnlpresenL and unobLruslve, Lechnology's apLlLude for exLendlng Lhe human and for
belng lncorporaLed lnLo Lhe human are all Lhe more pronounced.
lndeed 'smarL', ublqulLous Lechnologles expand one's physlcal presence and senses, as well as one's
cholces and deslres Lo mulLlple locaLlons, enabllng assorLed Lasks Lo be performed slmulLaneously.
Powever, ln addlLlon Lo performlng as auxlllarles vls-a-vls Lhe human, Lhese Lechnologles are also
maLerlallzaLlons of LhaL whlch ls absenL. ln Lhem ls ascrlbed a promlse of unanlmlLy and an lmage, a
'memory', of compleLeness LhaL supersedes human fragmenLaLlon, lnepLlLude and morLallLy. 1hey
serve as subsLlLuLes for whaL has been losL buL also as generaLors of loss. lL ls on Lhe embodlmenL of
absence LhaL parLakes ln Lhe consLlLuLlon of smarL Lechnology onLology LhaL Lhe currenL dlscusslon
wlshes Lo focus.
As a means of creaLlvely deplcLlng deslres, fears and hopes perLalnlng Lo Lechnology, fllms allows one
Lo glean lnslghLs lnLo our conLemporary Lechno-human condlLlon. lndeed, phllosophlcal querles
perLalnlng Lo arLlflclal lnLelllgence are Lhe focus of much lnLeresL ln currenL clnemaLography: roboLs,
cyborgs and vlrLual reallLy are aL Lhe forefronL ln malnsLream and lndependenL clnema. SmarL,
ublqulLous Lechnologles have slmllarly found Lhemselves addressed and have played leadlng roles ln
fllms such as nomewtecket (1992), uteom noose (1998), cbeloo coospltocy (2009), and oLhers, ln
whlch Lhey are porLrayed as omlnous and poLenLlally leLhal. CLher fllms, such as 5mott noose (1999)
and cllck (2006) offer a more complex, amblvalenL readlng. ln Lhese Lwo fllms, Lhe onLology of smarL
Lechnology ls bound Lo unfllled deslres, lack and loss: ln 5mott noose Lhe smarL home serves Lo
replace Lhe moLher who passed away four years earller. As lL converses wlLh Lhe maln characLers - a
faLher and hls Lwo chlldren - ln a warm woman's volce, Lhe house holds a maLernal appeal as lL
nurLures, comforLs and cares. As lL Lechnologlclzes memory and subsLlLuLes for Lhe human, Lhe house
embodles Lhe famlly's longlng and loss. ln cllck, a smarL, unlversal remoLe enables lLs owner Lo
conLrol hls llfe as Lhough lL were a Lelevlslon program, [oyfully he sklps, pauses and fasL-forwards
Lhrough llfe's Ledlum and unpleasanLness. 1hrough use, Lhe remoLe 'learns' whlch occurrences are Lo
be passed over, perpeLuaLlng Lhe owners mlsgulded preferences and renderlng hlm lncapable of


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growLh or change. Pavlng sklpped mosL of hls llfe (excludlng mllesLone evenLs), Lhe hero flnally
'awakens' on hls deaLhbed only Lo dlscover LhaL he has losL all LhaL he cared for.
1he Lwo movles, caLerlng Lo large, young audlences, ralse profound quesLlons regardlng smarL
Lechnologles. ln addlLlon Lo Lhe correlaLlon Lhey draw beLween Lhese Lechnologles and Lhe loss of llfe
and of llvlng, Lhey hlghllghL Lhe flne llne LhaL Lhese Lechnologles embody beLween persuaslon and
compulslon, and beLween llfe ln Lhe vlrLual realm and lLs real llfe consequences. 8oLh draw aLLenLlon
Lo quesLlons perLalnlng Lo Lhe conLrol of space and Llme as agency shlfLs from Lhe human Lo Lhe
machlnlc. ln Lhelr fanclful porLrayal of smarL Lechnologles, Lhese Lwo movles deplcL Lhe lure and perll
embodled ln Lhese Lechnologles as Lhey permeaLe Lhe everyday and are bound Lo llfe and lLs loss.

* * *
'
i,"%+',"0)1%*'.,'*./3'<%,(26'9.8'+.'+2$/='%4.)+'+2"'$/+",/"+'

Andrew lLLn8L8C
School of CommunlcaLlon
Slmon lraser unlverslLy aL Parbour CenLre, Canada
feenberg[sfu.ca

8ecenLly, pollLlcal economlsLs have drawn a very negaLlve plcLure of Lhe lnLerneL as Lhe slLe of
advanced forms of explolLaLlon of free affecLlve labor. 1hey denounce Lhe supposed
commodlflcaLlon" of Lhe users of lacebook and oLher soclal slLes. ln Lhls paper l challenge Lhese
crlLlques of Lhe lnLerneL from Lhe sLandpolnL of a dlfferenL lnLerpreLaLlon of Marx. 1hls crlLlcal
consLrucLlvlsL lnLerpreLaLlon generallzes from four meLhodologlcal prlnclples found ln Marx. Marx
applled Lhese prlnclples Lo Lhe facLory, Lhe maln slLe of Lechnologlcal medlaLlon ln hls day. now LhaL
Lechnology medlaLes a much wlder varleLy of soclal relaLlon, Lhese prlnclples musL be generallzed Lo
cover Lhe whole surface of socleLy.
1he ldea of caplLallsL deskllllng as deLermlnlng a Lra[ecLory of Lechnologlcal developmenL ls
generallzed ln Lhe Lheory of Lechnlcal codes as sLandardlzaLlon of acLors' goals ln deslgn and Lechnlcal
dlsclpllnes. 1he ldea of Lhe concreLe ob[ecL as a synLhesls of deLermlnaLlons ls generallzed ln Lhe
genealoglcal noLlon of Lhe layerlng of Lechnologlcal deslgn wlLh dlfferenL soclal demands ln Lhe
course of developmenL. 1he ldea of Lhe ob[ecLlflcaLlon of human capaclLles ln producLlve forces ls
generallzed by relaLlng Lhe growLh of capaclLles Lo a wlde varleLy of Lechnologles. 1he lnLerpreLaLlon
of Lhe meanlng of soclal ob[ecLs Lhrough Lhelr economlc funcLlon ls generallzed Lhrough mulLlplylng
Lhe conLexLs wlLhln whlch ob[ecLs Lake on meanlng and funcLlon. 1ogeLher, Lhese generallzaLlons lay
ouL Lhe basls of Lhe crlLlcal consLrucLlvlsL approach.
1hese four MarxlsL prlnclples supporL a flnal generallzaLlon. Marx shows LhaL lnLeresLs arlse from
Lechnlcal lnvolvemenLs. Pe sLudled Lhls ln Lhe case of Lhe class lnLeresLs of Lhe proleLarlaL ln lLs
relaLlonshlp Lo producLlon Lechnology. 8uL ln a world where Lechnology ls everywhere we can


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generallze Lhe noLlon of class lnLeresLs ln a concepL of parLlclpanL lnLeresLs" LhaL would apply
wherever lndlvlduals are lnvolved wlLh Lechnologles. 1hls enables us Lo reconcepLuallze soclal
sLruggle as sLruggle over Lechnology, speclflcally ln Lhe case of Lhe lnLerneL.
1he ob[ecL of Lhe sLruggle ln Lhe case of Lhe lnLerneL ls mosL fundamenLally Lhe naLure and meanlng
of Lhe lnLerneL lLself. 1wo maln alLernaLlves are ln conLenLlon, a consumpLlon model and a
communlLy model. Lach represenLs a Lechnlcal code LhaL may someday deLermlne Lhe overall deslgn
of Lhe lnLerneL. 1he consumpLlon model follows Lhe loglc of consumer socleLy ln ob[ecLlfylng human
capaclLles ln commodlLles. 8y conLrasL Lhe communlLy model supporLs new forms of soclablllLy
Lhrough whlch Lhe lndlvlduals may approprlaLe allenaLed aspecLs of Lhelr llves. 1he sLruggle beLween
Lhese models plays ouL ln many venues LhaL are noL normally consldered pollLlcal", buL whlch do
lndeed have pollLlcal slgnlflcance. 8oLh Lhe meanlng of Lhe lnLerneL and whaL lL ls Lo be an lndlvldual
ln an lnLerneL enabled socleLy are aL sLake. A crlLlcal Lheory of Lhe lnLerneL musL acknowledge Lhe
sLruggle raLher Lhan assumlng lL has already ended wlLh Lhe vlcLory of buslness or governmenL or
some lll deflned noLlon of e-democracy" as do many currenL approaches.
1he currenLly fashlonable one-slded crlLlques of commodlflcaLlon on Lhe lnLerneL supporL a sLraLegy
Marcuse once called Lhe CreaL 8efusal." 1hls ls an aesLheLlc sLance he exLended ln Lhe 1960s Lo one-
dlmenslonal socleLy as a whole. uncompromlslng and absoluLe crlLlque was plauslble ln Lhe conLexL
of a socleLy rlch enough Lo coopL almosL every demand. ln Lhe conLemporary conLexL, Lhe crlLlque of
Lhe lnLerneL lnsplres a slmllarly uncompromlslng refusal. 8uL lL overlooks Lhe slgnlflcanL pollLlcal
usages and sLruggles Laklng place on Lhe lnLerneL Loday.
SlgnlflcanLly, once condlLlons changed Marcuse dld noL perslsL ln Lhe CreaL 8efusal. A new
conflguraLlon emerged ln Lhe 1970s, whlch Marcuse called Lhe prevenLlve counLer-revoluLlon".
CoopLaLlon conLlnued buL supplemenLed by recesslon and represslon. 1he new LefL dlslnLegraLed,
buL lL had creaLed a large crlLlcal publlc and a sense of suppressed posslblllLles. Marcuse now echoed
Lhe Cerman slogan LhaL called for a Long March Lhrough Lhe lnsLlLuLlons." ln a Llme of pollLlcal
ecllpse, lL ls sLlll posslble Lo brlng conLesLaLlon Lo bear on Lhe lnsLlLuLlons, accepLlng Lhe llkely
amblgulLy of Lhe ouLcome. 1oLal refusal ls Lhen no longer Lhe LouchsLone of a revoluLlonary sLance.
1he Lask of crlLlque Loday ls noL Lo condemn Lhe lnLerneL as a whole buL Lo lnform agency as lL ls
found ln Lhls new Lechnologlcal conLexL, Lo, ln Marx's words, explaln Lo Lhe world lLs own acLs,"
showlng LhaL acLual sLruggles conLaln a Lranscendlng conLenL LhaL can be llnked Lo Lhe concepL of a
raLlonal soclal llfe.

* * *
K,.="/',"(.,#'

aul uu88ln
unlverslLy of uelaware, uSA
pdurbln[udel.edu



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l argue here LhaL we need some rules or sLandards, for example abouL how Lo [udge whaL we see on
Lhe lnLerneL, or else, ln a conLenLlous world llke ours, we wlll drown ln a sea of unrellable oplnlon.
Pere l offer some LenLaLlve rules: non-experL advlce -- mlne - on how Lo evaluaLe lnLerneL daLa, how
Lo be a wlse" (or prudenL) user of Lhe Loo-readlly avallable lnformaLlon LhaL one flnds, for example,
on Coogle. lL would be non-experL ln Lwo senses (1) LhaL lL applles Lo any lnLelllgenL readlng of any
LexL, noL [usL LhaL provlded by compuLers or on Lhe lnLerneL, and (2) Lhere ls no Lrue experLlse here -
we are all ln Lhls LogeLher, as equals ln a democracy. 1he paper ls based on my verslon of Amerlcan
ragmaLlsm, wlLh lLs demand for acLlvlsm ln a democracy. 8eLurnlng Lo Lhe locus of several of my
recenL wrlLlngs - on compuLer professlonals and acLlvlsL causes - lL concreLlzes Lhe lssue ln Lerms of
evaluaLlng daLa, on Lhe lnLerneL or elsewhere. 1hls for me represenLs a Lrue soclal responslblllLy
compuLer-relaLed lssue aL a more common" level - one LhaL affecLs Lhe llves of ordlnary clLlzens ln
our hlghly compuLerlzed socleLy. lL ls an lssue LhaL geLs some ordlnary clLlzens rlled up enough Lo
Lurn Lhem lnLo acLlvlsLs, hopefully alongslde whom compuLer professlonals can work. 1he paper ls
also non-experL ln Lhe sense LhaL lL applles Lo any lnLelllgenL readlng of any LexL, noL [usL LhaL
provlded by compuLers or on Lhe lnLerneL. 1hls represenLs a new beglnnlng for me - hence Lhe LlLle,
"8roken 8ecord" - buL one LhaL l have begun, ln prellmlnary ways, ln papers on Lhe soclal
responslblllLles of compuLer professlonals. lf Lhls seems Lo be way Loo common-senslcal" for an
lssue such as how Lo make beLLer consumers of lnLerneL overload (lncludlng sLudenLs aL all levels), lL
may noneLheless be Lhe klnd of Lhlng LhaL ls needed ln publlc dlscusslons of such lssues. SomeLlmes
compuLer professlonals need Lo Lhlnk aL Lhe level of common sense. ln Lhe end, you have Lo [udge for
yourself. lf you don'L llke my rules, sLlll, you need some rules or sLandards. CLherwlse, ln a
conLenLlous world llke ours (as l sald aL Lhe ouLseL), you wlll drown ln a sea of unrellable oplnlon.

* * *
G"%11"<4*$/3'+2"'1.($%*'-'!U'9"$#"33",g1'%/#'KU'E%+.),Z1':,.d"(+1'
Marla kCS1?SZAk
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
Wroclaw unlverslLy, oland
synLropla7[gmall.com

ln my presenLaLlon l would conslder Lwo pro[ecLs of soclal arrangemenLs ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon.
8runo LaLour, Lhe proponenL of AcLor-neLwork 1heory, crlLlclzed Lhe so called Modern ConsLlLuLlon
LhaL had separaLed pollLlclans and sclenLlsLs. Pls ldea ls Lo reassemble socleLy (collecLlve) from anew
due Lo balanced parLlclpaLlon and cooperaLlon of Lhe four soclal groups: sclenLlsLs, pollLlclans,
economlsLs and eLhlclsLs. LaLour hlmself remalns a blL skepLlcal abouL Peldegger's poslLlon, buL l
would rlsk comblnlng Lhelr Lwo pro[ecLs. Peldegger posLulaLed LhaL declslve dlscusslon wlLh Lhe
essence of Lechnology (concelved noL ln essenLlallsL way) should be underLaken from Lhe area of Lhe
essence of arL. AlLhough ln Peldegger's works LhaL dlscusslon was lnlLlaLed, lL was also blurred
because of hls sophlsLlcaLed, poeLlc language. 8uL lL ls exacLly lnvenLlveness of Lhe ldlomaLlc local


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namlng of Lhlngs and slLuaLlons, creaLlvlLy ln assoclaLlng shared, collecLlve experlences LhaL may
prove Lo become a sLrong sLlmulus of human agency. 1echnology ls an overpowerlng way of
dlscoverlng Lhe world and connecLlons wlLhln lL, buL lL may also be shaped (consLrucLed ln meanlng
and ln reallLy) by human lnvenLlveness. 8esldes, Lhe rlcher developmenL of alLernaLlve ways of
relaLlng Lo Lhe envlronmenL, Lhe less aggresslve lnfluence of Lechnologlcal deLermlnlsm. Accordlng Lo
me, cooperaLlon of Lhe four groups LhaL LaLour enumeraLes, wlLh people connecLed wlLh arL: arLlsLs
as well as arL crlLlcs may creaLe even beLLer opporLunlLy Lo reassemble Lhe soclal. ln such a
perspecLlve boLh pro[ecLs could help Lo reallze ln soclal llfe, whaL Lhe ollsh researcher, Andrze[ W.
nowak, calls pbtooesls (ln Creek: pracLlcal wlsdom) ln a sense of human agency ln Lhe soclal sphere.
nowak refers Lo l. WallersLeln, . 8ourdleu, 8. LaLour and A. LLzlonl Lo expose poLenLlallLles
conLalned ln Lhelr Lheorles. ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon, Lhe Lask Lo compose soclal llfe accordlng Lo
reflecLlve and lmaglnaLlve axlology, seems Lo be of prlmary lmporLance. Modern raLlonallLy excluded
Lhe dlmenslon of Llme and of conLlngency. Accordlng Lo LaLour we should acL ln a nonmodern or
reflecLlve modern way. uesLrucLlve facLor - LhaL domlnaLed posLmodern LhoughL -undermlnes all so
far celebraLed spheres of subsLanLlal raLlonallLy. 8uL such acLlvlLy produces even more chaos because
lL blurs Lhe borders beLween necesslLy and freedom ln Lhe soclal sphere. Puman agency demands
consLanL acLlve recognlLlon of Lhe hlsLorlcal as well as sysLem-funcLlonal necesslLles. Cnly when
properly dlscerned, Lhey may offer Lhe dlmenslon of freedom for Lhe human sub[ecLs.
Also Lhe dlmenslon of posslblllLles. l. WallersLeln's and rlgoglne's self-organlzlng onLology may help
Lo quesLlon some hlsLorlcal as lf necesslLles. Cn Lhe oLher hand, LaLour's pro[ecL reveals Lhe necesslLy
of Laklng lnLo accounL and deallng wlLh reslsLance and dynamlc of Lhe lnhuman. . 8ourdleu's Lheory
of symbollc vlolence and Lhe lmporLance of Lhe soclal flelds" and of hablLus" conLrlbuLes Lo
consLrucL dynamlc model of conLemporary pbtooesls. AnLagonlsLlc forces have Lo be exposed and Lhe
soluLlons dlscovered. A. LLzlonl ln 1be Actlve 5oclety develops Lhe ldea LhaL posLlndusLrlal phase of
modernlLy creaLes chances for new forms of soclal organlzaLlons due Lo new communlcaLlonal
faclllLles. All menLloned here soclologlcal Lheorles sLrlve Lo descrlbe adequaLely complexlLy of soclal
neLworks and Lo polnL Lo Lhe frameworks of posslble human agency. Chosen LheoreLlcal aspecLs and
pracLlcal lmpllcaLlons of Lhese pro[ecLs wlll be presenLed and dlscussed ln deLall.

* * *
D2"'$/0.,<%+$./'%3"'%/#'+2"':.11$4$*$+B'.0'"+2$(1'

8[rn S!S18Anu
uppsala and SderLrn unlverslLy, SLockholm, Sweden
b[orn.s[osLrand[Lella.com

1he ongolng culLural revoluLlon" characLerlzed by Lhe LranslLlon from a paper culLure Lo an
elecLronlc culLure can be descrlbed as a geo-Lechno-loglcal shock or an earLhquake wlLh a number of
afLershocks. 1hls geo-Lechno-loglcal shock deeply affecLed Lhe promlnenL lrench phllosopher


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!acques uerrlda (1930-2004). uerrlda, Lhe faLher of Jecoosttoctloo, ls commonly regarded as a
phllosopher of language who also deconsLrucLed llLerary LexLs. Powever, uerrlda dld noL only
perform deconsLrucLlve analyses of language and LexL, he was also, l argue, an exclLlng phllosopher
of Lechnology. uurlng Lhe second half of hls professlonal llfe he wroLe a loL abouL Lechnology and
especlally abouL Lhe new lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles. My lecLure wlll focus on
uerrldas deconsLrucLlon of Lhese new Lechnologles. WhaL happens when a wotlJ of popet ls
subordlnaLed Lo all Lhe new machlnes for vlrLuallzaLlon? WhaL wlll happen Lo Lhe book, Lhe [ournal,
Lhe newspaper, ln Lhe forms we know Lhem? Cr Lo Lhe Lechnlcal otcblve ln general? WhaL wlll
happen Lo our llbrarles? Cr even Lo llLeraLure and phllosophy: wlll Lhey survlve wlLhouL paper books?
1hese and slmllar quesLlons necessarlly open Lhe eLhlcal dlmenslon: Pow should we acL ln Lhls new
envlronmenL? WhaL does eLhlcs mean ln Lhls conLexL? l wlll argue LhaL uerrldas deconsLrucLlve
approach ls an eLhlcs for Lhe lnformaLlon age, provlded LhaL Lhe word eLhlcs" ls undersLood, noL as
applled eLhlcs", buL as Lhe condlLlon of posslblllLy of such eLhlcs.
uerrldas eLhlcs ls noL a tbeoty of eLhlcs, buL raLher an etblcs of etblcs, whlch means LhaL lL ls noL an
eLhlcs ln Lhe LradlLlonal sense of Lhe word. LLhlcs, for uerrlda, precedes all moral lssues and even all
moral laws, lL ls an orlglnal eLhlcal expetleoce from whlch moral lssues may - or may noL - be derlved.
1hls experlence ls Lhe experlence of tbe otbet: oLher people, oLher culLures, oLher Lechnologles, eLc.
lor uerrlda, lL ls all abouL a ceaseless engagemenL ln Lhe oLher, an uncondlLlonal responslblllLy for
Lhe oLher, an eLhlcal lmperaLlve Lo be open Lo whaL ls new and wbolly otbet.
lor uerrlda Lhe experlence of Lhe wholly oLher ls malnly dlrecLed Lowards Lhe fuLure. noL Lowards
Lhe fuLure LhaL we know of ln advance, based on our knowledge of Lhe pasL, buL, on Lhe conLrary,
Lowards a fuLure LhaL ls unpredlcLable, LhaL comes Lowards us from an unknown place, suddenly, and
compleLely unexpecLed. WhaL comes Lowards us ln Lhls way ls oo eveot. Such an unpredlcLed and
unexpecLed evenL ls, for uerrlda, always Lechnologlcally medlaLed. 1here ls no real evenL LhaL ls
lndependenL of Lhe maLerlal supporLs and Lhe Lechnologles LhaL are avallable aL Lhe Llme of Lhe
evenL. ln oLher words, Lhere are no 'pure' evenLs unaffecLed by Lechnology, evenLs are always
Lechnologlcally medlaLed. Lxamples of such (posslble) evenLs are: Lhe use of commerclal planes as
deadly weapons, Lhe use of blologlcal, chemlcal or nuclear weapons of mass desLrucLlon, cyber wars
almlng aL Lhe desLrucLlon of global communlcaLlon sysLems and - Lhe lnvenLlon of new lnformaLlon
and communlcaLlon Lechnologles.
now, accordlng Lo uerrlda, Lhe lnvenLlon of all Lhe new lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles
cannoL be regarded as belng merely a Jevelopmeot of a former paper-based Lechnology (paper,
prlnLlng machlnes, mechanlcal and elecLrlcal LypewrlLers, eLc.). We musL undersLand LhaL all Lhls new
- Lhe vlrLuallzaLlon, Lhe enormous change of Lempo, Lhe globallzaLlon - represenLs someLhlng
compleLely new. lL ls someLhlng wbolly otbet. As an evenL lL represenLs noLhlng less Lhan anoLher
Lechnologlcal sLage ln Lhe evoluLlon of humanlLy.
1here are, as we know, long llsLs of pros and cons, LhreaLs and posslblllLles, assoclaLed wlLh Lhese
new Lechnologles. ln Lhe end, whaL ls declslve for uerrlda ls LhaL Lhese Lechnologles have a llbetotloq
effecL, LhaL Lhey save Llme and space, and Lhus faclllLaLe Lhe sLorage, archlvlng, communlcaLlon, and
debaLes beyond soclal and naLlonal fronLlers, a hyperacLlve clrculaLlon of ldeas, lmages, and volces,


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democraLlzaLlon, and unlversallzaLlon, lmmedlaLe and LransparenL globallzaLlon. 1herefore, uerrlda
ls ready Lo afflrm, noL only Lhese new Lechnologles, buL all new Lechnologles LhaL mlghL come from
Lhe fuLure!
We should noL yleld Lo Lhe LempLaLlon Lo be elLher pesslmlsLlc or opLlmlsLlc lo oJvooce. We musL
accordlng Lo uerrlda be vlgllanL, buL on Lhe same Llme open Lo Lhe fuLure and afflrm whaL comes
from Lhere, wbotevet tbls ls, Lo afflrm whaL mlghL come ls oot a poslLlve Lhesls buL Lhe baslc
condlLlon for all openlng of Lhe fuLure. 1o say yes" Lo Lhe absoluLely unpredlcLable fuLure ls Lo
respond, Lo be responslble for Lhls fuLure, lL ls, for uerrlda, Lo acL eLhlcally.
8eferences
uerrlda, !acques, Atcblve levet. A lteoJloo xptessloo, Lrans. Lrlc renowlLz, 1he unlverslLy of
Chlcago ress, 1993
- , 'LLhlcs and ollLlcs 1oday' ln Neqotlotloos: lotetveotloos ooJ lotetvlews,
1971-2001, SLanford unlverslLy ress, 2002
- , 1be lost cotJ, Lrans. Alan 8ass, 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress,1987
- , lopet Mocbloe, Lrans. 8lchard 8owlby, SLanford unlverslLy ress, 2001

* * *
D2"')/$5",1$+B&':"",',"5$"8&'%/#'+2"',$1"'.0'<"+,$(1'
'
8oberL l8CuLMAn
CenLer for Lhe SLudy of lnLerdlsclpllnary
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and 8ellglon SLudles
unlverslLy of norLh 1exas, uSA
frodeman[unL.edu

Accordlng Lo Lhe Creeks, Lhe good llfe ls Lhe llfe of conLemplaLlon or Lheorla, Lhlnklng LhaL ls
lnLrlnslcally valuable and pursued for lLs own sake. ln Lhe neollberal unlverslLy, however, lncreaslng
calls for accounLablllLy have led Lo a prollferaLlon of calculaLlve approaches Lo evaluaLlng research.
8lbllomeLrlcs ls lncreaslngly supplemenLlng, or ln some cases replaclng peer revlew. 1hls Lalk
dlscusses Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween peer revlew and meLrlcs, and explores Lhe recenL developmenL of
alLernaLlve sysLems of meLrlcs for Lhe evaluaLlon of academlc performance.

* * *







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D.8%,#1'%'3*.4%*'"+2$(1'.0'+"(2/.*.3B '

larldun l. SA11A8Cv
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
f.saLLarov[uLwenLe.nl

MosL LradlLlonal approaches Lo eLhlcs (uenlse eL al, 1996) have cenLred on lndlvldual behavlour,
acLlons and consequences (MlLcham & uuvall, 1999). 8ecenLly Lhere have been calls for a dlfferenL
approach - LhaL of soclal eLhlcs (uevon 1999, 2004, uevon & van ue oel, 2004). ln Lhls essay
however l am golng Lo Lake a sLep even furLher by conslderlng Lhe condlLlons of posslblllLy of a global
eLhlcs of Lechnology. l am golng Lo argue, LenLaLlvely, LhaL a global eLhlcs of Lechnology, along wlLh
Lhe soclal eLhlcs of Lechnology, form an lnLegral parL of Lhe eLhlcs of Lechnology. erhaps, Lo a cerLaln
degree, Lhls ls a maLLer of renamlng some currenL phllosophlcal acLlvlLles, buL Lhls ls also lnLended Lo
expllcaLe Lhe global eLhlcal approach Lo Lechnology as a dlsLlncL and valuable approach ln need of
furLher developmenL and consolldaLlon.
1he global eLhlcal approach advocaLed here can be deflned, sLrlcLly for currenL purposes, as an
eLhlcal approach Lowards Lhe klnds of Lechnology Lhe proper eLhlcal analysls of whlch requlres Laklng
lnLo accounL of moral and eLhlcal lssues arlslng ln Lhe conLexL of economlc, culLural and pollLlcal
globallsaLlon. 1hese may lnclude, buL are noL llmlLed Lo, lssues such as lndlgenous people's rlghL Lo
free, prlor and lnformed consenL, eLhlcal lssues arlslng from Lhe globallsaLlon of cllnlcal research and
developmenL, as well as Lhe globallsaLlon of pharmaceuLlcal Lrlals, global lnsLlLuLlonal regulaLlon and
declslon-maklng concernlng Lechnology, global redlsLrlbuLlon of rlsks, harms and beneflLs of cerLaln
Lechnology, lssues perLalnlng Lo global (soclal) [usLlce, eLhlcal problems concernlng geo-englneerlng
pracLlces, eLc. uL dlfferenLly, a global eLhlcal approach ls abouL eLhlcal lssues arlslng from Lhe
globallsaLlon of Lechnology, and Lhus concerns lLself wlLh Lhe Lechnologles Lhe effecLs and
consequences of whlch Lranscend Lhe naLlonal borders.
1he essay wlll conslsL of four secLlons. AfLer a brlef lnLroducLlon, ln secLlon one, l shall argue LhaL Lhe
scope of Lhe soclal eLhlcal approach of uevon and van de oel ls Loo narrow, because of lLs blased
and excluslve focus on Lhe arrangemenLs for declslon-maklng concernlng Lechnology, whlch, glven
Lhe co-consLrucLlon of Lechnology and socleLy Lhesls (Ceels, 2003), enLlrely leaves Lechnology ouL of
Lhe plcLure. lnsLead, whaL ls needed ls an approach wlLh a focus on boLh Lhe former and Lhe laLLer. ln
secLlon Lwo, l shall elaboraLe on Lhe relaLlon beLween eLhlcs and pollLlcs ln order Lo clarlfy Lhe
relaLlon of soclal and global eLhlcs Lo LhaL of moral and pollLlcal phllosophy. ln secLlon Lhree, l shall
conslder Lhe posslblllLy and deslrablllLy of a global eLhlcs of Lechnology ln llghL of Lhe clalm LhaL
'global eLhlcs' ln any form ls noL global, buL slmply Lhe lmposlLlon of one form of local eLhlcs - ofLen
WesLern eLhlcs - and Lhus ls a noLhlng buL a form of moral neo-lmperlallsm (Wlddows, 2007). ln
secLlon four, l shall brlefly dlscuss Lhose exlsLlng lnsLances of eLhlcs of Lechnology LhaL have a global
eLhlcal focus. lor example, some approaches Lo envlronmenLal eLhlcs, as well as research ln bloeLhlcs
wlLh lLs recenL pro[ecL of developlng global bloeLhlcs (LngelhardL, 2006) are some of Lhe exlsLlng
lnsLances of global eLhlcs of Lechnology. ln secLlon flve, l shall brlefly dlscuss exlsLlng approaches Lo


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global eLhlcs. urawlng on whlch dlscusslon, l shall ouLllne and defend my own - Lhe power relaLlons -
approach Lo Lhe global eLhlcs of Lechnology. ln Lhe flnal secLlon, l shall furLher dwell on Lhe raLlonale
for Lhe developmenL of a global eLhlcs of Lechnology, as well as Lhe lmpllcaLlons of such a pro[ecL for
fuLure eLhlcal research and pracLlce. l shall conclude LhaL a global eLhlcal approach Lo Lechnology ls a
pracLlcal necesslLy of our Lechnologlcal age ln Lhe lncreaslngly globallslng world.

8eferences

uenlse, 1. C., eLerfreund. S. . & WhlLe, n. . 1996, Cteot 1toJltloos lo tblcs (8tb eJltloo), 8elmonL,
CA: WadsworLh.

uevon, 8. 1999, '1owards a soclal eLhlcs of englneerlng: 1he norms of LngagemenL' ln Iootool of
oqloeetloq Jocotloo, (!anuary), pp. 87 - 92.

uevon, 8. 2004, 'Soclal LLhlcs of 1echnology: A 8esearch erspecLlve' ln 1ecbo. keseotcb lo
lbllosopby ooJ 1ecbooloqy, vol. 8, no. 1, hLLp://scholar.llb.vL.edu/e[ournals/S1/v8n1/devon.hLml.

uevon, 8. & van de oel, lbo, 2004, 'ueslgn LLhlcs: 1he Soclal LLhlcs aradlgm' ln lotetootloool
Iootool of oqloeetloq Jocotloo, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 461 - 469.

LngelhardL, P. 1. (ed.) 2006, Clobol 8loetblcs. 1be collopse of cooseosos, Salem, MA: M & M
Scrlvener ress.

Ceels, lrank, 2003, 'Co-evoluLlon of 1echnology and SocleLy: 1he LranslLlon ln waLer supply and
personal hyglene ln Lhe neLherlands (1830-1930)-a case sLudy ln mulLl-level perspecLlve' ln
1ecbooloqy lo 5oclety, vol. 27, pp. 363 - 397.

MlLcham, Carl & uuvall, 8. S. 1999, oqloeetloq tblcs, new ?ork: renLlce-Pall.

Wlddows, PeaLher, 2007, 'ls global eLhlcs moral neo-colonlallsm? An lnvesLlgaLlon of Lhe lssue ln Lhe
conLexL of bloeLhlcs' ln 8loetblcs, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 303 - 313.

* * *
c/'$/#$5$#)%+$./'$/'+2"'%3"'.0'$/0.,<%+$./'

uuAn Welwen
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
Chlnese Academy of Soclal Sclences, Chlna
duanwelwen[gmall.com

1he developmenL of lnformaLlon Lechnology has ma[or lnfluences on Lhe lndlvlduaLlon process of us.
8eflecLlng on Lhe aphorlsm know Lhyself" ln Lhe conLexL of daLa mlnlng dlscloses a paradox: Lhrough
lnformaLlon processlng and analyzlng one person may know more abouL anoLher Lhan Lhe oLher
knows abouL hlmself, lncludlng many Lhlngs of whlch he was never aware. Pow can we llve LogeLher


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ln Lhe lnformaLlon age when self-knowledge ls superseded by Lhe knowledge oLhers have abouL us?
Cr how can we acL as lndlvlduals or Lrue sub[ecLs when we always have Lo be aware of Lhe exLenL Lo
whlch our lnformaLlonal ldenLlLles are belng consLlLuLed and re-consLrucLed by our publlc and prlvaLe
daLa seLs.
As a phllosophlcal concepL, lndlvlduaLlon ls an ldea of how a slngle Lhlng ls ldenLlfled as an lndlvldual
Lhlng from oLhers, such as how an lndlvldual person ls LhoughL Lo be dlsLlncL from oLher lndlvlduals
and oLher parLs of Lhe world. Carl !ung argued LhaL lndlvlduaLlon ls Lhe process by whlch lndlvldual
self ls formed and dlfferenLlaLed from oLhers. Accordlng Lo Lhe CllberL Slmondon's Lheory of
lndlvldual and collecLlve lndlvlduaLlon, Lhe lndlvldual sub[ecL ls an effecL of Lhe ongolng process of
lndlvlduaLlon, whlch creaLes boLh an lndlvldual and a collecLlve sub[ecL. 8ernard SLlegler modlfles Lhe
lndlvlduaLlon Lheory of Slmondon Lhrough reflecLlon on Lhe mllleu creaLed by Lechnosclence. SLlegler
lnLroduces Lhe teteotloool oppototoses as Lhe condlLlon ln whlch lndlvlduaLlon now Lakes place,
whlle conslderlng as well Lhe lndlvlduaLlon of Lechnologlcal sysLems. lor SLlegler Lhere are Lhree
Lypes of enLangllng lndlvlduaLlons: of Lhe lndlvldual body or organs, of Lechnlcal arLlfacLs, and of
psycho-soclal lndlvlduals (lndlvldual or collecLlve sub[ecLs).
ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon, Lhe Lheory of lndlvlduaLlon can help us reflecL on Lhe consLlLuLlng process
of our lnformaLlonal ldenLlLles. 1he so-called lnformaLlonal ldenLlLles concern a person's lndlvldual
characLer, lnLenLlons, deslres, behavlor, bellefs or oLher aspecLs of a llfe LhaL are Lraced, recorded,
and analyzed. ulfferenL elemenLs ln socleLy are always creaLlng lnformaLlon proflles of persons ln Lhe
form of medlcal records, bank sLaLemenLs, lnLeracLlons wlLh Lhe sLaLe (Lax recelpLs, crlmlnal
offences), and more. 8uL Lhls slLuaLlon has been Lransformed ln Lhe lnformaLlon age ln Lwo ways.
llrsL, ln many cases you may never know who ls able Lo access Lhe lnformaLlon abouL you and whaL
klnd of lndlvldual proflle has been reconsLrucLed wlLh Lhe avallable daLa, whlch can be pleced
LogeLher llke a [lgsaw puzzle. Second, ln Lhe lnforsphere or cyberspace, you are publlc by defaulL
and prlvaLe by efforL". Cn Lhe lnLerneL, every cllck and lnpuL ls recorded. 1here ls no cholce ln Lhe
maLLer, you cannoL declde wheLher or noL Lo share some lnformaLlon abouL yourself ln order Lo
acqulre some lnformaLlon Lo saLlsfy an lnLeresL, when you seek lnformaLlon abouL someLhlng Lhls ls
slmply recorded. SocleLy used Lo [usL lnfer whaL lndlvlduals were Lhlnklng from Lhelr words or
behavlor, ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon, lnformaLlon Lechnologlcal sysLem can monlLor everyone's
lnLenLlons ln real Llme, maybe even ln Lhe near fuLure by means of Lhe bllnks of your eyes.
WhaL klnd of lnformaLlon age do we wanL Lo choose? llrsL, we need some eLhlcal consLrucLlon LhaL
emphaslzes lnformaLlon rlghLs. Such eLhlcal prlnclples as auLonomy need Lo be re-lnLerpreLed ln Lhe
conLexL of lndlvlduaLlon ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon. Second, we need a new soclal conLracL LhaL places
more emphasls on lndlvldual rlghLs and prlvacy lnsLead on Lhe lnLeresLs of corporaLlons and sLaLes.
1hlrd, we need Lo bulld a new eLhlcs and new soclal conLracL lnLo Lhe consLrucLlon of lnformaLlon
socleLy as a whole. ln all Lhree aspecLs, we wlll be acLlng eLhlcally, pollLlcally, and Lechnologlcally
slnce Lechnlcal arLlfacLs play cenLral roles ln Lhe co-evoluLlon of Lhe lndlvlduaLlon of human agenLs
and lndlvldual Lechnlcal agenLs.

* * *


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I/.+2",'2$1+.,B'$1':.11$4*"6'I)+./.<B'%/#'+,%/1("/#"/("'$/'k%(N)"1'S**)*'

!orge 8A88lLn1CS
unlversldade LsLadual aullsLa (unLS), 8razll
barrlenLos[fclar.unesp.br

1hls paper offers an lnLroducLory dlscusslon of Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe sysLem of Lechnlque ln Lhe
LhoughL of !acques Lllul. We wlll look ln parLlcular aL Lhe auLonomy, unlLy and planeLary
developmenL of LhaL sysLem, whlch have made lL global ln characLer, a phenomenon whlch Lllul calls
LoLallzaLlon." 1hls ldea can be lnLerpreLed as a compleLe soclo-pollLlcal sysLem, Lhe key elemenL of
whlch ls Lhe dlcLaLorshlp of Lechnlque.
lrench Lhlnkers avold Lalklng abouL Lechnocracy or dlcLaLorshlps of Lhe SLallnlsL, PlLlerlan or fasclsL
Lype. 1he prefer Lo envlsage a fuLure Lechnlcal dlcLaLorshlp whlch ls genLle, absLracL and benevolenL
and whlch wlll be much more LoLallLarlan ln lLs concepLlon Lhan Lhose menLloned above, because Lhls
Lechnlcal LoLallzaLlon noL only lnvolves man's subordlnaLlon Lo Lechnlque, buL also and above all Lhe
creaLlon of a new LoLallLy.
ln Lhls new slLuaLlon Lechnlque becomes a medlum, all Lhe elemenLs of llfe are assoclaLed wlLh
Lechnlque," Lhus glvlng rlse Lo a new Lype of lnLegraLlon of all human, soclal, economlc and pollLlcal
facLors" (LLLuL, 2004, p. 211). And, as a resulL, polnLs of reference whlch lle ouLslde Lhe sysLem are
abollshed, and lL becomes lmposslble Lo crlLlque lL on Lhe basls of any alLernaLlve scale of values. 1hls
ls because Lhe sysLem engulfs Lhe Lools of crlLlcal analysls and produces a dllemma: elLher Lhose Lools
are effecLlve and Lherefore of necesslLy Lechnlcal ln naLure - belng parL of Lhe sysLem and relnforclng
lL Lhrough crlLlcal analysls - or Lhey are noL Lechnlcal, ln whlch case Lhey are regarded as lneffecLlve
and worLhless.
Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lechnlque's reslsLance Lo human efforLs Lo conLrol and/or redlrecL lL produce a
mechanlcal and necessary PlsLory of a world and a socleLy whlch are on Lhe road Lo perdlLlon and for
whlch Lhere ls no way ouL. 1he only posslble way ls Lhe Lechnologlcal way. Le supreme luxe de ceLLe
clvlllsaLlon de la necesslLe esL de m'accorder le superflu d'une revolLe sLerlle eL d'un sourlre
consenLanL" (LLLuL, 1990, p. 388).
We would be wrong, however, lf we were Lo place Lllul among Lhose who posLulaLe a bllnd Lechnlcal
deLermlnlsm agalnsL whlch man can do noLhlng, because whlle Lllul's ldeas on Lhe one hand conLaln
an lnclslve crlLlque of Lhe romeLhean opLlmlsm of Lechnlcal progress whlch sub[ugaLes naLure and
man, on Lhe oLher hand Lllul's LhoughL, drawlng on Marx, ls dlalecLlcal, and so excludes pesslmlsLlc
deLermlnlsm (CL8LZuLLLL, 2011, p. 139). So one of Lhe flrsL lssues we wlll address ln Lhls paper ls
Lhls: how does Lllul's dlalecLlcal LhoughL llberaLe man from Lhe deLermlnlsm of Lhe sysLem of
Lechnlque?
ln a dlfferenL analyLlcal conLexL, lf Lllul sees any resldual hope, a posslblllLy of llfe, a way ouL oLher
Lhan sulclde, lf Lhere ls sLlll love whlch has noL been empLled of meanlng by Lechnlque, a LruLh whlch


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ls noL useful Lo Lhe sysLem, lf Lhere ls aL leasL en[oymenL, passlon, deslre and Lhe posslblllLy of
freedom, he flnds LhaL way ouL ln Lhe LranscendenL (LLLuL, 1987, p. 242).
1hls naLurally begs Lhe quesLlon, whaL klnd of Lranscendence? ls lL Lo be found ln men's hlsLorlcally
developed bellefs? ln Lhelr hlghesL LhoughLs? ln Lhe gods recognlzed by Lhelr ancesLors? ln Lhe gods
of naLure? Cr ls lL some oLher Cod who reveals hlmself so LhaL men may undersLand Plm?
ln summary, Lhe alm of Lhls proposed paper ls Lo achleve a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe LhoughL of
!acques Lllul and Lhe Lechnologlcal socleLy of whlch we are a parL, ln a search for ways of belonglng
Lo lL, leavlng lL, or reslsLlng lL.

* * *
'
c/'+2"'<B+2.3"/$(':.8",'.0'$/0.,<%+$./'+"(2/.*.3B'

uanlel CL8LZuLLLL
AuLS, lrance
danlel.cerezuelle[free.frclar.unesp.br

We are mlsLaken when we belleve LhaL Lhe advenL of modern Llmes fosLers Lhe Lrlumph of calculaLlng
reason. 1he relaLlonshlp whlch man of flesh" has developed Lowards hls Lools of lnformaLlon and
communlcaLlon ls also lnsplred by a Lechnologlcal lmaglnary" whose power ls lnsldlous because lL ls
largely unconsclous. 1he ldea of arLlflclal LhoughL and memory ls noL exlsLenLlally neuLral. lL ls rooLed
ln a very old quesL for anlmaLlon, for subverslon of Lhe onLologlcal frames of exlsLence and for a
dlslncarnaLe freedom whlch has very llLLle Lo do wlLh Lhe caLegory of uLlllLy. 1hls lmaglnary
conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe LechnosclenLlflc dynamlsm of our clvlllzaLlon and sLlmulaLes an uncrlLlcal
fasclnaLlon for lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnlques. ln order Lo prevenL Lhe lnformaLlonal
dream Lo Lurn lnLo a dlglLallzed nlghLmare, we musL de-mysLlfy and de-myLhologlze our relaLlonshlp
Lo Lhese Lechnlques.




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1rack 18
PlLCSCP? Cl 1LCPnCLCC? Anu
SCClAL SClLnCLS
Chalr: !oseph C. l11


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>+,)33*$/3'8$+2'+2"'4.#B'$/'+2"'1($"/("16'9B4,$#$+B'%/#'+2"'1($"/+$0$('"/%(+<"/+'.0'=/.8*"#3"'

kevln l!L8S, hu SLudenL
School of ManagemenL
unlverslLy of LelcesLe, uk
km[pp1[le.ac.uk

8oLh Lhe naLural and Lhe soclal sclences have been haunLed by Lhe Lendency of blfurcaLlng naLure
(WhlLehead 1920:30). SpllLLlng naLure lnLo Lwo sysLems of reallLy, Lhe sclences have been
lnsLrumenLal ln separaLlng ob[ecLlve reallLy from llved experlences ln dally llfe Lo such an exLenL LhaL
common sense and advances ln sclenLlflc knowledge can be rarely unlfled. 8lfurcaLlon of naLure
mlghL be seen as Lhe sclenLlflc aLLempL Lo conLrlbuLe Lo sclenLlflc language ln order Lo more
adequaLely capLure ob[ecLlve reallLy and make lL accesslble. ?eL, sclenLlflc language ls ofLen only
Langlble wlLhln Lhe boundarles of a cerLaln fleld. Whlle Lhls mlghL noL be a problem for Lhese speclflc
flelds per se, lL warranLs Lhe quesLlon Lo Lhe meanlng of conLemporary sclence for Lhe dally llfe of
sclenLlsLs and oLhers. Whereas exlsLenLlal phenomenology aLLempLs Lo brldge Lhe Lwo sysLems by
reLurnlng language Lo lLs rooLs ln reallLy (Peldegger 1977: 239), laLer advancemenLs ln Lhe soclal
sLudles of sclence and Lechnology have been crlLlcal abouL Lhe ablllLy of language Lo do compleLe
[usLlce Lo Lhe world as we experlence lL (LaLour 2004:206, ueleuze & CuaLLarl 1988). Acknowledglng
Lhe llmlLaLlons of Lhe descrlpLlve power of - sclenLlflc - language, Lhls paper proposes Lhe body as an
alLernaLlve for explorlng Lhe sclences and Lhe experlence of sclenLlflc sensemaklng. lL assumes LhaL
sclenLlflc research requlres maklng a connecLlon beLween whaL ls LhoughL and whaL ls ob[ecLlve ln
naLure, and LhaL boLh of Lhese Lwo sldes are lnvesLed wlLh soclal meanlng. 1he enacLmenL of Lhls
connecLlon happens by means of hapLlc lnLra-acLlons beLween a body and an lnsLrumenL or ob[ecL, ln
whlch Lhe ob[ecL of sLudy can be grasped ln a LacLlle way. urawlng on Lhe work of Paraway (1991),
Mol (2002) and Myers (2008), Lhls paper lnvesLlgaLes boLh how sclenLlflc knowledge ls enacLed
Lhrough hapLlcs, as well as how Lhe bodles of sclenLlsLs are affecLed by Lhelr ob[ecL of sLudy. 8aLher
Lhan an aLLempL Lo brldge experlence and knowledge, lL focuses on Lhe creaLlon of hybrld bodles
occurrlng as a resulL of human-machlne lnLra-acLlons by Lhe body's ablllLy Lo come Lo grlps wlLh
sclenLlflc models of lLs ob[ecLs of knowledge. 1he hybrld body goes beyond Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween
our emoLlve and embodled llfe on Lhe one hand and Lhe search for real knowledge on Lhe oLher
hand. 8y blurrlng Lhe boundarles and lnLerconnecLlng Lhese realms ln a hybrld fashlon a
LransformaLlon ls acqulred, slnce Lhe lnLroducLlon of Lhe hybrld body changes Lhe naLure of our
undersLandlng and hence of reallLy lLself. 8odles become sclenLlflc ln a soclal sense by means of Lhelr
hapLlc relaLlonallLy Lo lnsLrumenLs: connecLlons Lo vlrLual models wlLhln Lhe sclences are maLLers of
Louch and maLerlallLy. SclenLlflc progress ls a maLLer of malnLalnlng a relaLlonshlp Lo our body wlLhln
Lhe laboraLory and Lhe way our body glves rlse Lo hapLlc arLlculaLlons of embodled experlence.
Malabou's (2008:30) concepL of plasLlclLy shows Lhe braln noL as separaLe from Lhe body ln a
duallsLlc fashlon. 8aLher Lhe braln ls a maLLer of Lhe enLlre body and Lhe synapLlc connecLlons lL
forms. 1he affecLed bodles - Lhe bodles of Lhe sclenLlsLs - are cruclal ln consLrucLlng knowledge abouL
Lhese synapses and also abouL aLomlc parLlcles ln a non-represenLaLlonal sense. 1he sclenLlsLs'
bodles learn Lo be affecLed by handllng Lhe models and affecLlvely grasplng Lhem, Lurnlng Lhem


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around and Lrylng Lo connecL Lhem Lo oLhers (LaLour 2008:23, 2004:207). ln Lhls sense, Lhe
represenLaLlonal models Lhemselves exhlblL a cerLaln agency Lowards Lhe consLrucLlon of sclenLlflc
knowledge, as Lhey are Lhe maln educaLors of novlce sclenLlsLs who sLruggle wlLh Lhem (McLoughlln
1999:104). 1he ob[ecL of sLudy, as well as Lhe body aLLempLlng Lo grasp lL hence become a maLLer of
enacLmenL ln Lerms of hybrldlLy. Cb[ecLlvlLy ls enacLed, lnsLead of slmply found ln naLure by maklng
Lhe body more arLlculaLe ln maLLers of lLs ob[ecL of sLudy. 1he uncoverlng of Lhe body as an
onLologlcal basls for Lhe sclences has been whaL Mlchel Serres (1982) would call a paraslLe ln Lhe
sense LhaL Lhe body changes boLh lLself as well as Lhe composlLlon and esLabllshmenL of whaL we
generally conslder Lo be sclenLlflc.

keywords: sclence and Lechnology sLudles, hapLlcs, hybrldlLy, blfurcaLlon of naLure, body, onLology,
acLor-neLwork Lheory, plasLlclLy

8eferences
ueleuze, C. & CuaLLarl, l. (1988). A Lhousand plaLeaus: caplLallsm and schlzophrenla. London:
ConLlnuum
Paraway, u. (1991). A Cyborg ManlfesLo: Sclence, 1echnology, and SoclallsL-lemlnlsm ln Lhe LaLe
1wenLleLh CenLury. Slmlans, Cyborgs and Women: 1he 8elnvenLlon of naLure, 149-181. new ?ork:
8ouLledge
Peldegger, M. (1977). LeLLer on Pumanlsm. 8aslc WrlLlngs: MarLln Peldegger. London: 8ouLledge
LaLour, 8. (2008). WhaL ls Lhe SLyle of MaLLers of Concern? AmsLerdam: van Corckum
LaLour, 8. (2004). Pow Lo 1alk AbouL Lhe 8ody? 1he normaLlve ulmenslon of Sclence SLudles. 8ody &
SocleLy, 10(2-3), 203-229
Malabou, C. (2008). WhaL Should We uo wlLh Cur 8raln? new ?ork: lordham unlverslLy ress
McLoughlln, l. (1999). lnslde Lhe black box: soclal consLrucLlvlsm and Lechnology. CreaLlve
1echnologlcal Change: 1he Shaplng of 1echnology and CrganlsaLlons, 102-117. London: 8ouLledge
Mol, A. (2002). 1he body mulLlple : onLology ln medlcal pracLlce. uurham: uuke unlverslLy ress
Myers, n. (2008). Molecular LmbodlmenLs and Lhe 8ody-work of Modellng ln roLeln
CrysLallography. Soclal SLudles of Sclence, 38(2), 163-199
Serres, M. (1982). 1he paraslLe. 8alLlmore: !ohns Popklns unlverslLy ress
WhlLehead, A.n. (1920). ConcepL of naLure. Cambrldge: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress


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F2B'12.)*#'4"'+2"'7"+'%1'%',$32+'%/#'/.+'d)1+'%'+..*X'D2"';LD1'%/#'+2"'+,%/10.,<%+$./'.0'1.($"+B'

Penry lLAn18MSk?
8esearche of CeomLlca Croup
unlversldad lndusLrlal de SanLander, Colombla
hflanLrmsky[gmall.com

lL ls undoubLed LhaL we are llvlng ln a world characLerlzed by lnformaLlon. l am no Lalklng here abouL
whaL some people call lofospbete, a new dlmenslon of socleLy, buL l am saylng LhaL our world ls
made of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlons relaLlons, so socleLy ls essenLlally LhaL. ln Lhe LexL l wlll
show more deLalled whaL l mean wlLh LhaL and why l conslder lmporLanL Lo make a polnL of LhaL.
PereafLer l wlll presenL Lhe cenLral parL of Lhls paper whlch ls abouL why l Lhlnk LhaL Lhe neL should
be a rlghL, noL [usL a communlcaLlon Lool.
l wlll begln explalnlng whaL Lhe fundamenLal purpose of Lhe rlghLs ln socleLy ls and why some Lhlngs
are consldered as one of Lhem. AfLer LhaL l wlll show Lhe lmporLance for socleLy of Lhe neL as a rlghL,
and l wlll Lry Lo esLabllsh whaL lL would mean. 1he proposal ls based on Lhe consLrucLlon of socleLy
nowadays, we cannoL deny we are llvlng ln a dlfferenL world Lhan 100 years ago and Lhe fundamenLal
parLs of our clvlllzaLlon have been Lransformed by new Lechnologles. Pere comes anoLher lmporLanL
concepL LhaL should be analyzed ln Lhls paper, and lL ls why Lhe neL ls noL as Lhe oLher Lechnologles. l
mean, lC1s, whlch are based on Lhe properLles and poLenLlal of Lhe neL, have changed Lhe world noL
[usL as machlnes usually do lL (sLeam machlne, car and mass producLlon, eLc.) buL Lhey have done ln a
deeper way. Cne polnL of Lhls LexL ls, flrsL of all, Lo declde lf acLually Lhlngs are llke l sald before and,
lf lL so, Lo clarlfled why ls LhaL.
AfLer Lo show Lhe new characLerlzaLlon of our socleLy come Lhe analysls of Lhe convenlence for a new
concepLuallzaLlon of rlghLs and a new seL of Lhem LhaL musL be slgnlflcanL and ln accordance wlLh our
Llme.
8aslcally, whaL l wanL Lo presenL here ls LhaL our unlverse ls changlng, lf lL has no changed already,
and we need Lo redeflne Lhe core of Lhe communlLy. 1he flrsL sLep ls Lo recognlze LhaL we are ln a
polnL of no reLurn, ln whlch Lhlngs LhaL used Lo be consldered as a luxury or [usL and arLlfacL, Lhey
have fused wlLh Lhe people, wlLh Lhe real world. AfLer LhaL we musL esLabllsh new rlghLs and duLles
accordlng Lhe new ways of relaLlonshlp beLween people and Lhe Lechnology, ln Lhls case, Lhe neL.
All Lhls new way Lo see Lhe world and Lhe reallLy needs, also, a phllosophlcal analysls LhaL would help
Lo do Lhe Lhlngs rlghL, or aL leasL Lo puL Lhe pleces LogeLher Lo Lhlnk lf lL ls really llke lL looks, and Lo
propose alLernaLlves. Pere ralse a dlscusslon noL only from a pragmaLlc polnL of vlew, buL also a
dlscusslon LhaL need Lo be LhoughL from eplsLemlc, onLologlcal, pollLlcal, eLhlcal, esLheLlcal polnL of
vlews. ln Lhls paper l wlll Lalk malnly abouL Lhe pollLlcal and soclologlcal polnL of vlew and l wanL Lo
presenL Lhe reasons l Lhlnk, supporL one of Lhose alLernaLlves LhaL emerge from Lhe dlscusslon. So
whaL l wanL Lo prove here ls LhaL lnLerneL should be consldered Lhe flrsL one of new classes of rlghLs
LhaL emerges from Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy undersLood lL as a new class, a new paradlgm of socleLy.



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8eferences
AmuchsLegul, !esus C. (2002): los teotlos Je los Jetecbos bomooos. 8evlsLa de AdmlnlsLracln
ubllca, nr 103. lnsLlLuLo naclonal de AdmlnlsLracln ubllca. Mexlco.
Agullera orLales, 8afael L. (2007): uolvetsollJoJ Je los Jetecbos bomooos y ctltlco Je los teotlos Je
lo oototolezo bomooo eo el ptoqmotlsmo Je klcbotJ kotty. unlverslLas. 8evlsLa de lllosofla, uerecho
y ollLlca. nro. 3. lnsLlLuLo de uerechos Pumanos 8arLolome de las Casas". Madrld.
1agllanl, Lduardo !: 1eorla y praxls en derechos unlversales. Ms all de la amblguedad eLlca.
Lucchl, n. (2011): "Access Lo neLwork Servlces and roLecLlon of ConsLlLuLlonal 8lghLs: 8ecognlzlng
Lhe LssenLlal 8ole of lnLerneL Access for Lhe lreedom of Lxpresslon", Cardozo !ournal of lnLernaLlonal
and ComparaLlve Law (!lCL), vol. 19, no. 3.
"lnLerneL should remaln as open as posslble - un experL on freedom of expresslon". (2011): Ceneva:
un Cfflce of Lhe Plgh Commlssloner for Puman 8lghLs. 3 !une 2011.
klang, MaLhlas and Murray, Andrew (2003): nomoo klqbts lo tbe ulqltol Aqe. 8ouLledge
Alonso, Lnrlque (2011): Manual de Supervlvencla del usuarlo ulglLal. ManuscrlLo sln publlcar.
Arzoomanlan, 8lch (2009): A CompleLe PlsLory of Malnframe CompuLlng. 1om's Pardware. Avallable
aL: hLLp://www.Lomshardware.com/plcLuresLory/308-malnframecompuLer-hlsLory.hLml
(13/08/2011)
CasLells, M (2009): Comunlcacln y oder, Madrld, Spaln: Allanza LdlLorlal.
Ceruzzl, aul (2003): A PlsLory of Modern CompuLlng. 2da. Ldlcln. MassachuseLLs: Ml1 ress.
LscalanLe, Armando and lu8P1, 8orko. eds. (2010): Pandbook of Cloud CompuLlng. nueva ?ork:
Sprlnger.
PllberL, M. (2009): Iootool of lofotmotloo 1ecbooloqy & lolltlcs, vol. 6, 2
Schudson, M., ln 8arnouw, L. (ed.), lotetootloool ocyclopeJlo of commoolcotloos (Cxford unlverslLy
ress, new ?ork 1989)
ueleuze, C. and CuaLLarl, l. (1994): wbot ls lbllosopby?,Columbla unlverslLy ress, new ?ork
8yan, !. (2010): A nlstoty of tbe lotetoet ooJ tbe ulqltol lotote (8eakLlon 8ooks, London 2010)


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CPLn lan
8esearch CenLer for Sclence and 1echnology hllosophy
norLheasLern unlverslLy, Chlna
neuchen[la[163.com




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CPLn !la
8esearch CenLer for Sclence and 1echnology hllosophy
norLheasLern unlverslLy, Chlna

1hls arLlcle dlscussed Lhe develop Lrend, achlevemenL, problems and Lhe lnLendlng Lowards on LhlrLy
years of phllosophy of Lechnology ln Chlna. 8y summarlzed Lhe research Lhesls reglon of phllosophy
of Lechnology ln Chlna, we Lldy up Lhe developmenL sLaLus on varlous aspecL ln phllosophy of
Lechnology by sLaLlsLlc analysls. We comparLmenLallze Lhe research on LhlrLy years of phllosophy of
Lechnology ln Chlna lnLo elghL caLegorles, whlch are Lechnologlcal onLology, Lechnologlcal
eplsLemology ,Lechnologlcal axlology, overseas research on phllosophy of Lechnology, Lechnologlcal
lnnovaLlon, Lhe susLalnable developmenLs, synLhesls research on phllosophy of Lechnology. We hope
Lo flnd Lhe problems of phllosophy of Lechnology ln Chlna by revlew and analyLlc compare Lhese
aspecLs, Lhus polnL ouL Lhe Lhesls we need Lo furLher dlscuss, and Lhe lnLendlng Lowards on LhlrLy
years of phllosophy of Lechnology ln Chlna.

* * *

>(%00.*#$/3&'%3"/(B&'%/#'+"(2/.*.3B6'I'0,%<"8.,='0.,'"5%*)%+$/3'+"(2/.*.3$(%*'(2%/3"'

!oseph u. MA81ln
unlverslLy of MlnnesoLa, uSA
marL1901[umn.edu

CulLural scaffoldlng processes, as elaboraLed by WlmsaLL and Crlesemer (2007), supporL Lhe
acqulslLlon of parLlcular capaclLles and compeLencles on Lhe parL of lndlvldual or lnsLlLuLlonal acLors.
1hls paper lnLerpreLs scaffoldlng ln a Lechnologlcal conLexL and argues LhaL when new Lechnologles
emerge Lhey ofLen supplanL or consLraln preexlsLlng culLural scaffolds. ln some lnsLances of
Lechnologlcal change, new Lechnologles repllcaLe ablllLles LhaL were once lnsLllled ln lndlvlduals
Lhrough culLural scaffoldlng processes. ln cases when Lhese Lechnologles become wldely adopLed,
and Lhe pre-exlsLlng scaffoldlng elLher suffers or vanlshes, Lhe resulL ls LhaL agency LhaL was once
conferred Lo lndlvlduals Lhrough scaffoldlng processes becomes solely or predomlnanLly conflned
wlLhln Lhe new Lechnology. 1asks LhaL could once be accompllshed easlly by sulLably prepared
lndlvlduals become much more dlfflculL, and someLlmes lmposslble, ln Lhe absence of Lhe
Lechnologlcal sLrucLures conflnlng LhaL agency.
1hls paper conLenLs LhaL such agency cosL ls a recurrlng feaLure of Lechnologlcal change and
represenLs one cenLral mechanlsm behlnd Lhe developmenL of Lechnologlcal dependencles.
LvaluaLlng lLs role ln Lhe adopLlon of new Lechnologles, ln boLh hlsLorlcal and conLemporary conLexLs,
can ground normaLlve phllosophlcal assessmenLs of Lechnologlcal cholce. Such an analysls also
promlses hlsLorlographlcal uLlllLy by provldlng a way Lo locaLe causal efflcacy when evaluaLlng


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hlsLorlcal change. lurLher, Lhls framework offers some predlcLlve poLenLlal and suggesLs dlrecLlons
for furLher research.
1he developmenLal analysls draws on case sLudles from Lhe hlsLorlcal llLeraLure. llrsL, lL presenLs
Mark 1waln's descrlpLlon of rlverboaL plloL ln Lhe mld-nlneLeenLh cenLury and Lhe deskllllng LhaL
occurred when a unlon-sancLloned, porL-based recordkeeplng sysLem sprang up. Second, lL Lurns Lo
!udlLh Walzer LeavlLL's assessmenL of Lhe medlcallzaLlon of chlldblrLh, and Lhe rlse of Lhe LwlllghL
sleep movemenL, whlch had Lhe unlnLended consequence of deprlvlng moLhers of Lhelr capaclLy Lo
communlcaLe Lhe experlence of chlldblrLh Lo Lhelr daughLers. AfLer developlng Lhe framework ln a
hlsLorlcal conLexL, l use lL Lo commenL on conLemporary Lechnologlcal conLroversles by suggesLlng
culLural scaffoldlng processes LhaL mlghL be dlsplaced by Lechnologles such as Masslve Cpen Cnllne
Courses and smarLphones.
l propose Lwo realms ln whlch Lhls framework offers uLlllLy. llrsL, undersLandlng when and how new
Lechnologles produce agency cosLs can be a valuable Lool ln evaluaLlng Lechnologlcal change. lf we
can ldenLlfy how a Lechnology conflnes agency, we can also ldenLlfy Lhe lndlvldual capaclLles LhaL wlll
be sacrlflced as a resulL. 1he relaLlonshlp beLween scaffoldlng and agency Lhereby furnlshes a
framework for evaluaLlng Lhe consequences of Lechnologlcal change. 1hrough Lhls meLhod, Lhe
Lechnologlcal skepLlc galns some LracLlon. SkepLlclsm Lo new Lechnology can be Lled concreLely Lo an
agency cosL assoclaLed wlLh lL.
Second, Lhls framework permlLs flrsL-order deLermlnaLlon of Lhe scale aL whlch causal clalms mlghL
be made abouL a parLlcular Lechnology. PlsLorlans have engaged ln a proLracLed debaLe abouL Lhe
approprlaLe scale of causal argumenLaLlon, wlLh Lhe poles deflned on one slde by meLhodologlcal
lndlvlduallsLs, who lnslsL on Lhe power of personal agency ln shaplng hlsLorlcal processes, and on Lhe
oLher by soclal deLermlnlsLs who look Lo large scale soclal and culLural sLrucLures as Lhe effecLlve
causal agenLs. AL leasL ln Lhe case of Lechnology, ldenLlfylng Lhe Lype of agency a Lechnology conflnes
and elaboraLlng Lhe process by whlch lL came Lo conflne lL can provlde some hlnL as Lo Lhe scale aL
whlch causal argumenLaLlon mlghL be approprlaLe.
8y way of concluslon, l examlne Lhese Lwo polnLs of uLlllLy, explorlng boLh Lhelr promlse and Lhelr
llmlLaLlons. noL all Lechnologles repllcaLe exlsLlng capaclLles, and noL all of Lhose LhaL do supplanL a
scaffold ln Lhe process. ldenLlfylng Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhose LhaL do helps deflne an approprlaLe
scope for Lhls framework. Slmllarly, as a hlsLorlographlcal Lool, l provlslonally llmlL Lhls frameworks
uLlllLy Lo a clrcumscrlbed seL of examples wlLhln Lhe hlsLory of Lechnology. noneLheless, boLh areas
of uLlllLy lllusLraLe Lhe power of culLural scaffoldlng as an analyLlcal Lool, and suggesL Lhe proflLablllLy
of furLher research along Lhese llnes.

8eferences:
LeavlLL, !. W. (1986) 8tooqbt to 8eJ. cbllJbeotloq lo Ametlco, 1975-1950. Cxford: Cxford unlverslLy
ress.
1waln, M. ([1883] 1901) llfe oo tbe Mlsslsslppl. new ?ork: Parper & 8roLhers.


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WlmsaLL, W. C. (2013) LnLrenchmenL and Scaffoldlng: An ArchlLecLure for a 1heory of CulLural
Change. lorLhcomlng ln L. Caporael, !. Crlesemer and W. WlmsaLL, eds., ueveloploq 5coffolJloq lo
volotloo, coqoltloo, ooJ coltote. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress.
WlmsaLL, W. C., and !. 8. Crlesemer (2007) 8eproduclng LnLrenchmenLs Lo Scaffold CulLure: 1he
CenLral 8ole of uevelopmenL ln CulLural LvoluLlon. ln 8. Sansome and 8. 8randon, eds., loteqtotloq
volotloo ooJ uevelopmeot. ltom 1beoty to ltoctlce. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress, pp. 228-323.
'
* * *
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+.'+2"'<$#C^b+2'("/+),B'LS'

WAnC nan
School of PumanlLles and Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna
wangnan[ucas.ac.cn

Llke many domaln-speclflc subflelds of phllosophy, such as phllosophy of physlcs or phllosophy of
economlcs, phllosophy of Lechnology ls a comparaLlvely young fleld of lnvesLlgaLlon ln boLh Lhe LasL
and Lhe WesL. ln Chlna Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology dld noL begln Lo be pursued as such unLll Lhe
1980s. neverLheless, Lhere ls a Chlnese prehlsLory sLreLchlng back mlllennla, wlLh a herlLage LhaL ls as
long and rlch as ln Lhe WesL. Slmllarly, Lhese conLrlbuLlons Lo Lhe prehlsLory come noL only from
Chlnese phllosophers of dlfferenL LradlLlons such as Confuclanlsm, uaolsm, Mohlsm, and ?ln-?ang
school, and so on, buL also from non-phllosopher hlsLorlans, sclenLlsLs, crafLsmen, and offlclals and
classlc works such as ljloq, kooqooqjl, 1looqooqkolwo, and more. 1hls paper skeLches Lhelr
lndlvldual feaLures and summarlzes Lhe characLerlsLlcs of many of Lhese anclenL Chlnese vlews on
Lechnlcs.
Cne of Lhe earllesL classlc books ln Chlna (and even ln Lhe world) ls Lhe ljloq, a book of dlvlnaLlon
LhaL has been rlch ln phllosophlcal lnfluences. 1hls book also lncludes orlglnal and slmple reflecLlons
on Lechnlcs. lLs ldeas on deslgnlng and maklng arLlfacLs LhaL have been lmporLanL Lo laLer
generaLlons lnvolve prlmarlly Lwo aspecLs: flrsL, boLh Joo [unlversal prlnclples] and pl [arLlfacLs] have
equal value, second, Lhe concepL of zbl pl sbooq xlooq" [lnvenLlng or maklng arLlfacLs by modellng or
lmlLaLlng lmages]. ln addlLlon, Confuclanlsm and uaolsm, Lwo of Lhe Lhree mosL lnfluenLlal rellglons
ln Chlna, have conLrlbuLed a loL Lo Chlnese phllosophy of Lechnology, alLhough Lhey Lended Lo
promoLe opposlng vlews abouL Lechnlcs. 1he former always gave prlorlLy Lo Lhe eLhlcal-pollLlcal
perspecLlve and consldered oLher human acLlvlLles, lncludlng Lechnlcal ones, as secondary Lo lL.
Whereas lL was noL opposed Lo Lechnology, nor encouraged Confuclans geL lnvolved ln lL,
Confuclanlsm recognlzed Lhe lmporLanL role of Lechnology ln socleLy. 8y conLrasL, Lhe laLLer sLrongly
crlLlclzed Lechnlcs as a source of soclal dlsorder. 8uL along wlLh uaolsL crlLlclsm came some
rudlmenLary knowledge of Lhe naLure of Lechnlcs. 1he concepL of yl tloo wel fo" [regard Peaven as


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laws] of Mohlsm and ylo yooq - wo xloq tbeoty" of Lhe ?lng-?ang school also lncluded speclal
reflecLlons on Lechnlcs. llnally, Lhe koo qooq jl and Lhe 1loo qooq kol wo, Lhe Lwo mosL lmporLanL
anclenL Chlnese works on Lechnlcs, lnclude fundamenLal reflecLlons on Lhe characLerlsLlcs of human
Lechnologlcal acLlvlLles.
ln general, Lhrough Lhe above analysls, lL ls posslble Lo ldenLlfy Lhree key ldeas LhaL have conLlnued
Lo be cenLral ln lnfluenclng Chlnese ways of Lhlnklng abouL Lechnlcs and evenLually Lechnology. 1hese
are Lhe absence of a CreaLor god (or, more poslLlvely, Lhe sense of Lhe maLerlal world as self-
subslsLlng), an emphasls on pracLlce (and Lhe prlmacy of pracLlcal or pollLlcal affalrs ln human llfe),
and a concern for harmony beLween heaven and earLh (LhaL ls, of human belngs wlLh Lhe larger
world ln whlch Lhey llve).

* * *
F2%+'$1'$+'*$="'+.'4"'%':%,+'.0'+2"'$/+",/"+'jl]X'[)/(+$./%*'1B1+"<16'<%/'?'$/+",/"+

!erzy 8C88?k
ollsh Academy of Sclence
lnsLlLuLe of sychology, oland
!erzy.bobryk[psych.pan.pl

1. Introduct|on
1he plurallzaLlon of Lhe above LlLle resulLs from Lhe facL LhaL dlfferenL people ln a speclflc Llme use
dlfferenL parLs of Lhe lnLerneL for dlfferenL reasons. 1herefore, Lo puL lL clearly, Lhere ls a poLenLlal
for an unllmlLed number of funcLlonal sysLems:
Man
1
, ln Llme
1
- Lhe lnLerneL
Man
1
, ln Llme
2
- Lhe lnLerneL
Man
2
, ln Llme
2
- Lhe lnLerneL
.................................................
Man
n
, ln Llme
m
- Lhe lnLerneL

ln each of Lhese sysLems, ln a glven perlod of Llme, a person performs an acL wlLh Lhe use of some
parL of Lhe lnLerneL ln some way.
A funcLlonal sysLem ls a complex seL almed aL Lhe accompllshlng of a speclflc Lask. lLs acLlvlLy may be
performed ln varlous ways and may requlre an lnLeracLlon and coordlnaLlon of several dlfferenL
parLs. Whlle Lhe sLrucLure of Lhls acLlvlLy and Lhe componenLs whlch performed lL may be alLered,
Lhe resulL remalns Lhe same. A funcLlonal sysLem ls a human belng and hls/her Lool or lnsLrumenL.


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1hls funcLlonal sysLem may perform an acLlvlLy almed aL Lhe accompllshlng of a parLlcular Lask
(usually chosen by Lhe man).
1he slmplesL example of such acLlon based on human acLlvlLles and arLlflclal lnsLrumenL ls calculaLlon
whlch, alLhough posslble wlLhouL calculaLor, necesslLaLes aL leasL a plece of paper and a pencll,
LogeLher wlLh a soclally acqulred sklll of dolng arlLhmeLlc on paper". A human LogeLher wlLh hls/her
pen and paper ls a funcLlonal sysLem. A person LogeLher wlLh hls/her compuLer (or compuLer seL) ls
anoLher example here.

2. 1heorems concern|ng the funct|ona| re|at|ons between man and the Internet:
[1] 1he lnLerneL ls a very complex human producL. eople use lL for dlfferenL purposes, buL whaLever
Lhe purpose, Lhe baslc properLles of Lhe lnLerneL do noL change. 1hus, noL only Lhe man buL also hls
Lool (Lhe compuLer or Lhe enLlre neLwork) decldes how Lhe acLlon ls performed. 1he Lool dlcLaLes
how Lo perform Lhe operaLlons and someLlmes suggesLs Lhe purpose of Lhe acL (an analogy: Lhe sall
on Lhe boaL allows lL Lo sall even agalnsL Lhe wlnd, buL you musL haul lL and lL cannoL sall wlLhouL Lhe
wlnd or durlng a hurrlcane, eLc. , someLlmes salllng can be an end ln lLself).
[2] 1he ease of uslng a Lool or lLs apparenL unlversallLy changes hablLs, Lhe way of Lhlnklng, and also
Lhe way of evaluaLlng Lhe same Lool. 1he Lool addlcLs" a person ln pracLlcal and cllnlcal Lerms.
CLher Lools and equlpmenL become, aL flrsL seemlngly and Lhen acLually, less useful buL Lhe acLs of
Lhelr use dlsappear or become radlcally changed unless Lhey are connecLed wlLh Lhe aforemenLloned
unlversal Lool [ll].
[3] 1he lnLerneL as an lnLegral whole ls already Laklng care" of us, snooplng" on us and dlrecLlng
our behavlour.
[4] 1he loss of Lhe Lool or lLs malfuncLlon can lead Lo dlsasLer or effecLs proporLlonal Lo Lhe degree of
prlor dlglLlzaLlon" of clvlllzaLlon or a parLlcular area of llfe.
[3] 1he lnLerneL ls a Lool for Lhe creaLlon and perpeLuaLlon of Lhe global vlllage". Lvery vlllage, even
a global one, ls a provlnce. As 8yszard kapuclnskl (2007, p.233) wroLe: rovlnclal ls someone whose
Lhlnklng ls llmlLed Lo a marglnal space, whlch he has aLLrlbuLed unlversal slgnlflcance Lo". 8uL, 1. S.
LlloL warns agalnsL anoLher provlnclallsm - noL of space buL Llme [...] a new form of provlnclallsm
has been born..." [lll]

3. Conc|ud|ng remarks: Can "postfunct|ona|" systems ex|st?
1he LradlLlonal undersLandlng of funcLlonal sysLems ls concelved Lo be arLlflclal or naLural, buL always
complex, arrangemenLs reachlng a flxed LargeL vla a varleLy of means. (Many rouLes lead Lo Lhe same
goal). lL seems LhaL man-lnLerneL sysLems can be deflned (someLlmes) as "postfunct|ona| systems".
Lach of Lhem performs a varleLy of Lasks someLlmes ln an exLremely slmllar way, dlglLal Lechnology
lmposes Lhe only rouLe" (ln Lhls case, dlglLlzaLlon) ln almosL all areas of llfe, even ln dlfferenL areas
of experLlse.


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lL could be sald LhaL Lhe posLfuncLlonal sysLem" ls a sysLem LhaL embodles Lhe SurreallsL program:
sLrlpplng ob[ecLs of Lhelr orlglnal funcLlon and harnesslng Lhem Lo serve a compleLely dlfferenL
funcLlon and (aL flrsL glance aL leasL) lncompaLlble wlLh Lhe orlglnal one.

key words: dlglLal Lechnology, compuLer seLs, funcLlonal sysLems, human mlnd, Lechnologlcal
deLermlnlsm.

[l] 1he LlLle ls a paraphrase of a well-known LexL by 1homas nagel: WhaL ls lL llke Lo be a 8aL?,
lbllosopblcol kevlew, 1974, 83, pp. 433-31).
[ll] Lllul, !acques: 1be 1ecbooloqlcol 5ystem, ConLlnuum, new ?ork 1980, osLman, nell: Amosloq
Ootselves to ueotb, vlklng enguln, London 1983, osLman, nell: 1ecbooloqy. 1be 5otteoJet of
coltote to 1ecbooloqy, vlnLage 8ooks, new ?ork 1993.
[lll] kapuclnskl, 8yszard: loJtze z netoJotem, Znak, krakw 2007, p. 233.

* * *

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Man[arl CPAk8A8A81?
ueparLmenL of hllosophy and 8ellglon
vlsva 8haraLl unlverslLy, SanLlnlkeLan, lndla
manchakrabarLy[gmall.com

1hls lnqulry focuses on a crlLlcal yeL almosL unexplored lnLersecLlon beLween conLemporary
hllosophy of 1echnology and CognlLlve Archaeology [l] wlLh an ob[ecLlve ln vlew. 1hese rapldly
developlng dlsclpllnes lnLersecL, Lermlnologlcal dlfferences noLwlLhsLandlng, on Lhe problem
concernlng Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween maLerlal arLefacLs [ll] and human organlsm. 1he cognlLlve
archaeologlsLs are keenly lnLeresLed ln envlsaglng Lhe dynamlc relaLlonshlp beLween cognlLlon and
maLerlal culLure [lll]. 1he phllosophers (of Lechnology), Loo, for qulLe some Llme are examlnlng
varlous klnds of human-Lechnology relaLlons. 1he cenLral ob[ecLlve of Lhls paper ls Lo argue LhaL
phllosophlcal research on human-Lechnology relaLlons has much Lo offer Lo one of Lhe maln concerns
of currenL cognlLlve archaeology, namely, Lhe Lask of flgurlng ouL how maLerlal arLefacLs affecL
human cognlLlve sysLem.
1he paper dlvldes lnLo Lwo broad secLlons. 1he flrsL secLlon conslsLs of an exposlLlon of lhde's (1979,
1990) accounL of 'embodlmenL' relaLlon, a dlsLlncL Lype of human-Lechnology relaLlons, wlLh
parLlcular emphasls on Lhe key aspecL of quasl-Lransparency [lv]. 1wo posslble sources- behlnd Lhe
cognlLlve archaeologlsL's LoLal dlsregard for Lhls aspecL of quasl-Lransparency - one referrlng Lo some


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recenL cognlLlve-sclenLlflc flndlngs (8oLvlnlck 2004) relaLed Lo Lhe exLenslble naLure of human
embodlmenL and Lhe oLher polnLlng Lo Merleau-onLy's (1943) confuslng phraslng ln dlscusslng Lhe
bllnd man's use of a cane - are dlscussed flrsL. 1hereafLer l lnLend Lo explaln how crlLlcal lnslghLs
drawn from lhde's analysls would help enrlch Lhe cognlLlve archaeologlsLs' undersLandlng of Lhe
conLrlbuLlon of maLerlal culLure Lo cognlLlon.
1he second secLlon focuses on anoLher lmporLanL aspecL of embodlmenL relaLlons, namely, Lhe
exLenslble naLure of human embodlmenL and draws aLLenLlon Lo a more rlgorous dlsLlncLlon
beLween Lhe noLlons of body exLenslon and lncorporaLlon lnLo Lhe body (ue reesLer 2011) whlch ls
noL posslble Lo make ln lhde's accounL. When an arLefacL such as a bllnd man's cane lnduces an
exLenslon of Lhe sensorlmoLor body, sensorlmoLor capaclLles exLend, LogeLher wlLh a feellng of
sensorlmoLor exLenslon buL wlLhouL accompanylng changes ln body ownershlp. lncorporaLlon lnLo
Lhe body, ln conLrasL, ls noL only a maLLer of lnLegraLed mulLlsensory lnformaLlon. WhaL ls declslve
for body lncorporaLlon ls a change ln Lhe feellng of body ownershlp. 1hrough careful scruLlny of Lhls
ln-depLh dlsLlncLlon beLween body exLenslon and lncorporaLlon l would argue why lL seems lncorrecL
for Lhe cognlLlve archaeologlsL Lo hold LhaL an arLefacL llke a bllnd man's cane really becomes a
sLrucLural parL of Lhe bllnd man's llvlng body and cognlLlve sysLem, ln oLher words, LhaL lL ls really
lncorporaLed (Malafourls 2004, 2008). Pow currenL phllosophlcal analyses of human-Lechnology
relaLlons can be useful Lo cognlLlve archaeology ls explalned Lhereby.
1o conclude, Lhe paper evokes doubL on Lhe cognlLlve archaeologlsLs' observaLlon LhaL Lhe
hypoLhesls of exLended cognlLlon (Clark and Chalmers 1998) ls concepLually necessary Lo make sense
of Lhe 'relaLlonal LransacLlons' beLween cognlLlon and maLerlal culLure (Malafourls and 8enfrew
2010).

8eferences
[l] 1he fasL growlng sub-dlsclpllne of archaeology lnLeresLed ln flgurlng ouL how Lhe maLerlal remalns
of Lhe pasL could provlde lnformaLlon abouL Lhe way people LhoughL - abouL cognlLlve processes,
abouL Lhe use of symbols, abouL organlsaLlon and lnLelllgenL lnnovaLlon.
[ll] 1he Lerm 'maLerlal' ln maLerlal culLure refers Lo a broad range of ob[ecLs, buL here l focus only on
maLerlal arLefacLs whlch form a speclal klnd wlLhln maLerlal culLure.enL lnnovaLlon.
[lll] 1he Lerm 'maLerlal' ln maLerlal culLure refers Lo a broad range of ob[ecLs, buL here l focus only on
maLerlal arLefacLs whlch form a speclal klnd wlLhln maLerlal culLure.
[lv] lhde (1979, 1990) argues, ln exLendlng bodlly capaclLles, arLefacLs llke specLacles or a bllnd man's
cane also Lransform Lhem ln Lhe sense LhaL some aspecLs of our experlence, or some feaLures of Lhe
experlenced envlronmenL, are ampllfled, whereas oLhers are reduced, however subLly or mlnlmally.

1. 8oLvlnlck, M. (2004). roblng Lhe neural 8asls of 8ody Cwnershlp. 5cleoce, 303, 782-783.
2. Clark, A. and Chalmers, u.!. (1998). 1he LxLended Mlnd. Aoolysls, 38, 10-23.


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3. ue reesLer, P. (2011). 1echnology and Lhe 8ody: Lhe (lm)osslblllLles of 8e-embodlmenL.
loooJotloos of 5cleoce, 16, 119-137.
4. lhde, u. (1979). 1ecbolcs ooJ ltoxls. uordrechL: 8eldel ubllshlng Company.
3. lhde, u. (1990). 1ecbooloqy ooJ tbe llfewotlJ. 8loomlngLon: lndlana unlverslLy ress.
6. Malafourls, L. (2004). 1he CognlLlve 8asls of MaLerlal LngagemenL: Where 8raln, 8ody and
CulLure ConflaLe. ln L. ueMarrals, C. Cosden and C. 8enfrew (Lds.). ketblokloq Motetlollty. 1be
oqoqemeot of MloJ wltb tbe Motetlol wotlJ (Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe Monographs). Cambrldge:
Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal 8esearch.
7. Malafourls, L. (2008). 8eads for a lasLlc Mlnd: Lhe '8llnd Man's SLlck' (8MS) PypoLhesls and
Lhe AcLlve naLure of MaLerlal CulLure. combtlJqe Atcboeoloqlcol Iootool, 18:3, 401-414
8. Malafourls, L. and 8enfrew, C. (2010). 1he CognlLlve Llfe of 1hlngs: Archaeology, MaLerlal
LngagemenL and Lhe LxLended Mlnd. ln L. Malafourls and C. 8enfrew (Lds.). 1be coqoltlve llfe of
1bloqs. kecostloq tbe 8oooJotles of tbe MloJ. Cambrldge: Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal
8esearch
9. Merleau-onLy, M. (1943). lbeoomeooloqy of letceptloo (Lransl. C. SmlLh). London:
8ouLledge

* * *

I3"/(B'$/'1.($.+"(2/$(%*'"/5$,./<"/+1'
Sablne 1hurmel,
Munlch CenLer of 1echnology ln SocleLy
1u Munchen, Cermany
sablne[Lhuermel.de

SlmulaLlons owe Lhelr aLLracLlveness Lo Lhe elaboraLe rheLorlc of Lhe vlrLual: lL ls a quesLlon of
represenLlng a fuLure and hypoLheLlcal slLuaLlon as lf lL were glven neglecLlng Lhe Lemporal and
facLual dlmenslons separaLlng us from lL - l.e. Lo represenL lL as acLual" (8erLhler 2007, p.4).
CompuLer-based slmulaLlon envlronmenLs used for compuLaLlonal sclence and englneerlng are a case
ln polnL. 1hese vlrLual envlronmenLs offer compuLer-medlaLed cognlLlve spaces dedlcaLed Lo a wlde
varleLy of appllcaLlon flelds.
1he power and evocaLlveness of Lhe Lerm vlrLuallLy" may be besL undersLood lf lLs eLymologlcal and
phllosophlcal rooLs are unearLhed (see (1hurmel 2013)). 1he vlrLuallLy ln Lechnologlcally lnduced
conLexLs may be explalned lf Publg's Lwo-Llered presenLaLlon of Lechnology ln general as a medlum ls
adopLed. Pe dlsLlngulshes beLween Lhe poLenLlal sphere of Lhe reallzaLlon of poLenLlal ends" and
Lhe acLual sphere of reallzlng posslble ends" (Publg 2006, p. 236). Applled Lo compuLlng sysLems lL
can be sLaLed LhaL Lhelr speclflcaLlon corresponds Lo Lhe poLenLlal sphere of Lhe reallzaLlon of
poLenLlal ends" and any run-Llme lnsLanLlaLlon Lo a correspondlng acLual sphere. ln oLher words: uue
Lo Lhelr naLure as compuLaLlonal arLlfacLs Lhe poLenLlal of compuLlng sysLems becomes acLual ln a
concreLe lnsLanLlaLlon.


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Slnce purely compuLaLlonal arLlfacLs are lnLanglble, l.e. exlsLlng ln Llme buL noL ln space, Lhe slLuaLlon
becomes even more challenglng: one and Lhe same program can be execuLed ln experlmenLal
envlronmenLs and ln real-world lnLeracLlon spaces. A demonsLraLor for Lhe coordlnaLlon of
emergency response servlces (!ennlngs 2011) may go llve and coordlnaLe human and nonhuman
acLors ln genulne dlsasLer recovery scenarlos. Concernlng lLs lmpacL on Lhe physlcal envlronmenL lL
possesses a vlrLual acLuallLy ln Lhe LesL-bed envlronmenL and a real acLuallLy when lL ls employed ln
real-Llme ln order Lo conLrol processes ln Lhe naLural word. Pumans can form parL of Lhese
consLellaLlons of lnLeragency for clarlfylng lnformaLlon and/or decldlng non-formallzed confllcLs ln an
ad-hoc manner.
1he degrees of freedom bullL lnLo compuLaLlonal arLefacLs may maLerlallze ln lndlvldual acLs,
mandaLed acLlons or collaboraLlve lnLeracLlon. ConsLellaLlons of lnLer-agency and dlsLrlbuLed agency
maLerlallze. lnLeragency consLellaLlons ln such envlronmenLs sLarL wlLh relaLlvely slmple sysLems llke
swarm lnLelllgence sysLems and range up Lo loosely coupled complex adapLlve sysLems. 1he laLLer
may model so dlverse problem spaces as predaLor-prey relaLlonshlps of naLural ecologles or dlsasLer
recovery sysLems.
ln (1hurmel 2012) a concepLual framework for agency and acLlon ls lnLroduced. lL offers a
mulLldlmenslonal, gradual classlflcaLlon scheme for Lhe observaLlon and lnLerpreLaLlon of scenarlos
where humans and nonhumans lnLeracL. lL may be applled Lo Lhe analysls of Lhe poLenLlal of
dlsLrlbuLed compuLlng sysLems and Lhelr vlrLual and real acLuallzaLlons.
CompuLer-based slmulaLlons provlde a llnk beLween Lheory and experlmenL. 1hey demonsLraLe how
Lhe acLual and Lhe posslble may be llnked ln vlrLual envlronmenLs and soclo-Lechnlcal spaces ln
general.
1he above ouLllned ldeas Lo be exLended ln Lhe full paper are lnLended as a conLrlbuLlon Lo exempllfy
and clarlfy Lhe relaLlons beLween poLenLlal and acLual agency ln socloLechnlcal envlronmenLs. lL wlll
be shown LhaL Lechnology ln age of lnformaLlon no longer offers passlve Loolboxes Lo be used buL
provldes a wlde varleLy of acLlve parLlclpanLs for our socloLechnlcal envlronmenLs.

8eferences
8erLhler, uedler Oo'est-ce poe le vlttoel. hLLp://www-lor.lnL-evry.fr/~berLhler/ !8-Cu-esL-ce-que-le-
vlrLuel.pdf (2007), accessed november 20Lh, 2012
Publg, ChrlsLoph 2006 ule koost Jes Moqllcbeo l - 1ecbolkpbllosopble ols keflexloo Jet MeJlolltot.
1ranscrlpL verlag: 8lelefeld, Cermany
!ennlngs, nlcholas 2011 AlAuulN oJ of ltoject kepott, hLLp://www.aladdlnpro[ecL.org/wp-
conLenL/uploads/2011/02/flnalreporL.pdf, accessed november 20Lh, 2012
1hurmel, Sablne 2012 A MulLl-ulmenslonal Agency ConcepL for Soclal CompuLlng SysLems, ln:
roceedlngs of Lhe lACA Conference 2012 5ymposlom. 1be 5oclol 1oto - MA5, 8lrmlngham, !uly
2012



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1hurmel, Sablne 2013 1be lottlclpototy 1oto. A Moltl-ulmeosloool
Aqeocy coocept fot nomoo ooJ Noobomoo Actots, 1u Munchen, Lo appear
Wooldrldge, Mlchael 2002 Ao lottoJoctloo to Moltl-Aqeot 5ystems, !ohn Wlley & Sons LLd: London,
uk
* * *
'
D2"'+./<"$1+",6'S:$1+"<$('%)+2.,$+B'%/#'+2"':*),%*$+B'.0'%)#$.'

!oseph kLL11, hu candldaLe
CenLer for CulLural Soclology
?ale unlverslLy, uSA
[oseph.kleLL[yale.edu
1here ls a vasL neLwork behlnd Lhe maLerlallzaLlon of sound ln audlo Lechnology. users, markeLers,
manufacLurers, execuLlves, managers, englneers, and academlcs all lnfluence Lhe flow of sonlc ldeas
and Lhe acLual producLlon of sonlc maLerlal. ?eL desplLe Lhls dlverse communlLy, emergenL audlo
Lechnology conLlnues, aL some sLage, Lo pass Lhrough a slngle node of Lremendous eplsLemlc
auLhorlLy": Lhe LonmelsLer. 1he LonmelsLer ls an lndlvldual convenLlonally belleved Lo behold
perfecL" hearlng and an experLlse ln sonlc producLlon, Lhelr organlzaLlonal role ls Lhe evaluaLlon of
Lechnologles accordlng Lo a slngle, ob[ecLlve crlLerlon of sound - auLhorlzed by a collecLlve
assumpLlon of llsLenlng's ob[ecLlve posslblllLy.
Sound ls maLerlal wlLh causal power, and sLrucLurlng llsLenlng ls Lhe flrsL sLep Loward uLlllzlng Lhls
power. ?eL llsLenlng as a meanlng-maklng pracLlce remalns under-sLudled as soclally consLrucLed,
and Lhus sub[ecL Lo Lhe lnslghLs of soclal sclence. 1he lack of a general framlng of sound ln symbollc
and phenomenologlcal Lerms perpeLuaLes a rellance on experLs and ob[ecLlvlsm, desplLe a growlng
concern over Lhe llmlLs of ob[ecLlvlsm ln sensaLlon and percepLlon. 1he modern bureaucraLlzaLlon"
of Lhe senses furLher lsolaLes and reduces sensaLlon ln dlscourse. A conLemporary rlse ln mechanlcal
producLlon of sound has creaLed a crlLlcal gap for lnvesLlgaLlon.
ln Lhls paper, l conslder Lhe role of Lhe LonmelsLer ln Lhe producLlon of audlo Lechnology, and Lhe
composlLe assumpLlons abouL llsLenlng bodles whlch Lhls obllgaLory passage polnL enforces. l Lhen
lllusLraLe Lhe emerglng rlfL beLween Lhese convenLlonal modes of producLlon and new perspecLlves
on plurallsLlc Lechnology whlch are lnsplred by lnLerdlsclpllnary developmenLs ln Lhe soclal sclences,
and soclal mandaLes of Lhe publlc sphere. uslng eLhnographlc daLa from an audlo englneerlng
research and developmenL laboraLory, l dlscuss Lhe symbollsm Lhrough whlch englneers hear
goodness ln Lhe maLerlal of sound, rearLlculaLed as ob[ecLs of lncluslon.1hls culLural dlspuLe reveals
Lhe lncreaslng challenge presenLed Lo Lhe modern organlzaLlon of Lechnology, and Lhe slngular
manlfesLaLlon of Lhe LonmelsLer as a falllng model of modern aesLheLlcs ln deslgn.
1he dlscusslon blends a hlsLorlcal look aL Lhe mechanlcal ob[ecLlvlLy of dlglLal Lechnologles, on lnLo
Lhe sub[ecLlve lnpuLs of modern consumer elecLronlcs, and Lhen wlLh a vlew Loward Lhe
consequences of Lhls developmenL Loward augmenLed and vlrLual" reallLles. Lnabled by changes ln
Lhe maLerlal condlLlons of llghLer, fasLer, cheaper dlglLal compuLlng - namely, algorlLhms and


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processors - and Lhe meanlngful enculLuraLlon of Lechnology wlLh clvll values of (embodled)
dlfference and llberal lndlvlduallsm, new deflnlLlons of sound are lnscrlbed and dlssemlnaLed Lhrough
arLlfacLs and Lhelr Lechnologlcal sysLems. 1hls dlalecLlc ls broadcasL vla maLerlal culLure, and changes
slgnlflcanLly Lhe dlscourse of Lechnologlcal medlaLlon.
?eL all Lhe whlle, Lhe LonmelsLer llngers. 8eyond credenLlals, Lhese lndlvlduals presenL an
unshakeable eplsLemlc auLhorlLy whlch appeals Lo even Lhe harshesL crlLlcs. 1hus, Lhe paper
speculaLes on Lhe dlalecLlc of ob[ecLlvlLy ln human percepLlon, as lL ls challenged ln Lhe many forms
of mechanlcal ob[ecLlvlLy and pragmaLlc sub[ecLlvlLles of LasLe. 1he paper opens onLo quesLlons
posed regardlng Lhe deslre for experLlse ln Lhe maklng of Lechnologles, for reallsm ln Lhe
eplsLemology of human experlence, for Lechnologles Lo myLhologlze reproducLlon" over
producLlon", and for Lhe llmlLs of meanlngful consLrucLlvlsm ln Lhe face of lnsLlLuLlons,
organlzaLlons, and markeLs.

* * *

D2"'<%,="+'(./+$/3"/(B'.0'$/0.,<%+$./'%/#'(.<<)/$(%+$./'+"(2/.*.3$"1'P;LDQ'

Ceoff C8CCkL8
1echnology MarkeL SLraLegles
8rlsLol, uk unlverslLy
geoff.crocker[3wa.cp.uk

1hls paper examlnes Lhe dual clalm LhaL

1 lnLeracLlons beLween humanlLy and Lechnology cannoL be undersLood bllaLerally, buL only Lhrough
a mulLlvarlaLe sysLems neLwork model whlch also lncludes naLure, sclence, economy, soclo-pollLlcal
sLrucLure and markeL arLefacLs

2 a predlcLlve model can be descrlbed whlch capLures Lhe markeL conLlngency of Lechnology

1he Lwo clalms are explalned and [usLlfled, and Lhen applled Lo some real world examples of
lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnology.

1 A mu|t|var|ate systems network mode| of techno|ogy

1he followlng dlagram shows Lechnology locaLed ln a mulLlvarlaLe model. 1hls ls an essenLlal clalm,
and means LhaL blvarlaLe lnLeracLlons beLween any Lwo elemenLs of Lhe model can only be
undersLood and analysed wlLhln Lhls mulLlvarlaLe reallLy. PumanlLy and naLure are Lhe Lwo orlglnal
real elemenLs generaLlng Lhe model. WlLhouL Lhe medlaLlon of oLher developed arLefacLs, Lhls
lnLeracLlon ls more hosLlle Lhan beneflcenL. naLure ls 'red ln LooLh and claw' and llfe ls 'nasLy, bruLlsh
and shorL'. 1he arLefacLs of sclence, Lechnology, economy and socleLy medlaLe a complex new
relaLlonshlp beLween naLure and humanlLy, subsLanLlally changlng Lhe human llfe experlence. 1he
model ls Loo complex Lo be compuLable, elLher ln deLermlnlsLlc or heurlsLlc form. 1he model ls


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kaleldoscoplc, le change can be lnlLlaLed aL any node ln Lhe model, and Lhls change works lLeraLlvely
Lhrough Lhe exLenslve lnLer-relaLlonshlps of Lhe model Lo generaLe a new Lemporary sLable
equlllbrlum. 1he model ls noL unlquely predlcLlve. Lqulllbrla are dlverse: dlfferenL comblnaLlons of
Lechnologlcal producLlvlLy and soclal sLrucLure co-exlsL. 1he model kaleldoscopes regularly ln shorL
Llme scales Lo generaLe new equlllbrla. 1he assumpLlons, enLlLles, and lnLeracLlons of Lhe model are
dlscussed ln Lhe paper.



2. A predlcLlve model of Lhe markeL conLlngency of Lechnology


1echnology ls deflned boLh as poLenLlal exlsLenL, and as lmplemenLed reallsed Lechnology. 1he
Lechnologlcal poLenLlal ls conLlngenL on
Lhe conLenL of naLure
human acLlvlLy Lo lsolaLe naLural processes ln sclence and reconflgure Lhem ln Lechnology
soclal, markeL, and pollLlcal phenomena of lnvesLmenL, producLlon, prlclng and Lrade.
1he Lwo lmporLanL markeL conLlngencles of Lechnology are ln fundlng research, and ln Lechnology
lmplemenLaLlon. 1echnology markeL reallsaLlon ls deLermlned by
a poslLlve downsLream buslness case
superlor compeLlLlve prlce/performance
a vlable value chaln Lo dellver Lo user markeL
1hese deLermlnanLs can Lhemselves be lnfluenced by cognlLlve acLlvlLy of markeL parLlclpanLs.



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ln Lhls model, a Lechnology wlll be markeL reallsed lf lL can be lncorporaLed ln a producL or servlce
whlch lncreases renL ln Lhe user markeL. lL wlll also be markeL reallsed lf lL demonsLraLes a Lechnlcal
prlce/performance raLlo superlor Lo LhaL of compeLlng Lechnologles. llnally a Lechnology wlll only geL
Lo markeL lf Lhere ls a vlable acLor value chaln Lo dellver lL Lo markeL.

1hls model ls deLermlnaLlve. 1echnologles whlch pass lLs crlLerla become reallsed.


3 Lxamp|es of |nformat|on and commun|cat|ons techno|og|es |n the mode|s

Several examples of lC1 ln Lhe above models are dlscussed ln Lhe paper.

3.1 Smartcard techno|ogy

SmarLcard Lechnology ln laboraLory condlLlons has lmmense daLa sLorage and loglcal processlng
capablllLy.

AppllcaLlons lnclude
ldenLlLy, lncludlng full secure passporL funcLlonallLy
medlcal daLa eg full chesL x-rays Lo enable moblle medlcal consulLaLlon
alrllne LlckeLlng
secure credlL/deblL card flnanclal paymenL
sLored value on an elecLronlc purse
secure loyalLy cards
SmarLcard Lechnology had Lo pass Lhe deLermlnlng crlLerla of Lhe above model Lo geL Lo markeL and
engage wlLh humanlLy. 1hls requlred research Lo esLabllsh wheLher ln each appllcaLlon, Lhe 'buslness
case' was poslLlve, le LhaL consumer demand would be sufflclenL aL an above cosL prlce, LhaL
compeLlng Lechnlcal soluLlons dld noL have a beLLer prlce/performance, and LhaL a proflLable rouLe Lo
markeL exlsLed.

ln flnanclal paymenL markeLs, uS banks mlgraLed Lo real Llme on llne sysLems wlLh neural neLwork
securlLy, and so were less lnLeresLed ln smarLcard securlLy. Luropean banks had dlfferenL securlLy
proflles and so adopLed Lhe Lechnology. LlecLronlc purse had user appeal, buL no buslness case. 1he
cosL of reLall Lermlnal lnsLallaLlon, and processlng cosLs for low margln LransacLlons compeLed wlLh
cash avallable aL no cosL. 1wo dlmenslonal bar coded paper sllps proved a more cosL effecLlve
soluLlon for alrllne LlckeLs.

1hls predlcLlve model for Lhe markeL conLlngency of Lechnology proves robusL and rellable.

* * *
;LD'-'=/.8*"#3"':,%(+$("16'I::,.%(2$/3'1.($.C+"(2/$(%*'":$1+"<.*.3B'

!udlLh SlMCn
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
unlverslLy of vlenna, AusLrla
[udlLh.slmon[unlvle.ac.aL


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lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1) noL only affecL our culLure, economy and pollLlcs,
Lhey also medlaLe, shape and change our eplsLemlc pracLlces Lo profound exLenLs: lncreaslng
amounLs of personal daLa are used for proflllng, lnformaLlon geLs personallzed ln more or less
LransparenL ways, we use crowd-sourced or collaboraLlvely creaLed conLenL ln our dally quesLs for
knowledge. lC1 Lherefore offers new posslblllLles, buL also new challenges for eplsLemlc pracLlces ln
research [usL as much as ln our everyday llves. Accordlngly, we need phllosophlcal approaches LhaL
help us Lo undersLand and assess, buL also Lo deslgn and govern such soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemlc
sysLems and pracLlces.
So far, however, phllosophy has falled Lo offer parLlcularly frulLful approaches Lo undersLand
conLemporary ways of creaLlng, uslng and processlng knowledge wlLhln such soclo-Lechnlcal
eplsLemlc envlronmenLs. arL of Lhe reason for Lhls shorLcomlng may reslde ln (sub-) dlsclpllnary
comparLmenLallzaLlon. LplsLemology, whlle sLarLlng Lo acknowledge Lhe soclal dlmenslon of
eplsLemlc pracLlces and of knowledge wlLhln Lhe emerglng fleld of soclol eplstemoloqy ls for a large
parL sLlll mlsslng Lo Lake Lhe cruclal role of Lechnology ln general and lC1 ln parLlcular lnLo accounL.
MosL phllosophers of Lechnology on Lhe oLher hand do noL appear parLlcularly eager Lo Lake up
lnslghLs from (soclal) eplsLemology. llnally, as Lhe emergence and sLrengLh of flelds such as compuLer
eLhlcs lndlcaLes, Lhere seems Lo be a blas Lo phllosophlcally assess lC1 from an eLhlcal raLher Lhan
from an eplsLemologlcal perspecLlve. 1hls neglecL of eplsLemologlcal concerns ln phllosophlcal
assessmenLs of Lechnology ln general and lC1 ln parLlcular ls evldenL even ln Lhe conference call for
S1 2013: whlle lL alms aL encouraglng debaLe on Lhe culLural, soclal, economlc, pollLlcal and eLhlcal
lmpllcaLlons of advances ln lnformaLlon and medla Lechnology"[1], Lhe eplsLemologlcal lmpllcaLlons
of such Lechnologles ln Lhe age of lnformaLlon remaln unnoLlced.
1he goal of my Lalk accordlngly ls Lo shed some llghL on Lhls raLher neglecLed buL lncreaslngly
lmporLanL fleld: Lhe lmpacL of lC1 on eplsLemlc pracLlces and Lhe challenges Lhey brlng for
phllosophy. l wlll argue LhaL lnsofar as Lhe vasL ma[orlLy of conLemporary eplsLemlc pracLlces are
soclo-tecbolcol eplstemlc pracLlces, we need Lo develop a soclo-tecbolcol eplstemoloqy. ldeally such a
soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemology wlll harvesL lnslghLs from soclal eplsLemology, Lhe phllosophy of
Lechnology, compuLer eLhlcs as well as from sclence and Lechnology sLudles (S1S) Lo provlde
frameworks for assesslng as well as guldlng Lhe deslgn and governance of soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemlc
sysLems and pracLlces.
8eyond merely argulng for Lhe necesslLy of such a soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemology, l wlll propose a
speclflc framework for soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemology LhaL has been developed based upon Lhe crlLlcal
assessmenL of conLrlbuLlons from soclal eplsLemology (e.g. Coldman 2003, kusch 2002, Longlno
2002, luller 1988, klLcher 1990) as well as sclence and Lechnology sLudles (e.g. LaLour 2003, 8arad
2007, Paraway 1991, Suchman 2007). 1he core of my proposed framework conslsLs ln a LrlparLlLe
classlflcaLlon of soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemlc sysLems based on Lhe mechanlsms Lhey employ Lo close
soclo-eplsLemlc processes. 1hese Lhree closure mechanlsms are loteqtotloo, oqqteqotloo ooJ
selectloo. l argue LhaL Lhe classlflcaLlon based on Lhls lndlcaLor ls heurlsLlcally frulLful, because
sysLems employlng dlfferenL mechanlsms of closure depend on dlfferenL soclal, Lechnlcal and


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eplsLemlc prerequlslLes, have dlfferenL sLrengLhs and weaknesses and are opLlmal for dlfferenL
eplsLemlc Lasks.
ln porLraylng Lhls framework for soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemology, l wlll focus ln parLlcular on a) Lhe
enLanglemenL beLween Lhe soclal, Lhe Lechnlcal and Lhe eplsLemlc, b) Lhe noLlons of eplsLemlc LrusL
and eplsLemlc responslblllLy as well as c) Lhe llnkages beLween power and knowledge wlLhln such
enLangled soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemlc sysLems. Whlle Lhe flrsL Loplc alms a relaLlng (soclal)
eplsLemology Lo Lhe phllosophy of Lechnology and sclence and Lechnology sLudles, Lhe laLLer Loplcs
lndlcaLe Lhe lnLrlnslc relaLlon beLween eplsLemology and eLhlcs ln soclo-Lechnlcal eplsLemlc sysLems.

8eferences
[1] hLLp://www.spL2013.com/spL2013_cfp.asp (lasL daLe of access: 30.01.2013)
8arad, k. (2007). MeeLlng Lhe unlverse Palfway: CuanLum hyslcs and Lhe LnLanglemenL of MaLLer
and Meanlng. uurham, uuke unlverslLy ress.
luller, S. (1988). Soclal LplsLemology. 8loomlngLon, lndlana unlverslLy ress.
Coldman, A. l. (2003). knowledge ln a Soclal World. Cxford, Claredon ress.
Paraway, u., Ld. (1991). Slmlans, Cyborgs and Women: 1he 8elnvenLlon of naLure. new ?ork,
8ouLledge.
kusch, M. (2002). knowledge by AgreemenL: 1he rogramme of CommunlLarlan LplsLemology.
Cxford, Cxford unlverslLy ress.
klLcher, . (1990). "1he ulvlslon of CognlLlve Labor." 1be Iootool of lbllosopby 87(1): 3-22.
LaLour, 8. (2003). keossemblloq tbe 5oclol. Ao lottoJoctloo to Actot-Netwotk-1beoty. Cxford, Cxford
unlverslLy ress.
Longlno, P. L. (2002). 1be lote of koowleJqe. rlnceLon, rlnceLon unlverslLy ress.
Suchman, L. A. (2007). nomoo-Mocbloe kecooflqototloos. lloos ooJ 5ltooteJ Actloos. Cambrldge,
Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.


* * *

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1here ls a general agreemenL amongsL soclal LheorlsLs LhaL Lechnology, mosLly lC1s, ls brlnglng abouL
colossal LransformaLlons as regards Lhe uses, Lhe percepLlons as well as Lhe represenLaLlons and
lmages of Llme and LemporallLy. MosL of Lhe dlscusslon around Llme and LemporallLy - as well as
spaLlallLy- ls, ln facL, domlnaLed by Lhe debaLe abouL Lhe dlrecL effecLs of lC1s on Lhe amounLs of Llme
avallable or needed for each acLlvlLy or acLlon. ln Lhls paper we agree LhaL Lhls dlscusslon ls sLlll
fundamenLal ln order Lo undersLand how dlfferenL acLors access, use and undersLands lLs effecLs on
Lhelr llves. Powever, we also propose Lhe need Lo deepen our undersLandlng abouL Lhe lmpllcaLlons
lC1s have on Lhe whole Lemporal and phenomenologlcal sLrucLure of dally llfe, as far as Lhey are
radlcally changlng Lhe relaLlon LhaL lndlvlduals, lnsLlLuLlons and ob[ecLs used Lo have wlLh Llme and
LemporallLy, Lhus lmplylng also greaL changes on how lndlvldual behaves ln socleLy, relaLes Lo oLhers,
bullL soclal expecLaLlves and engages ln pollLlcs.
1herefore, Lhose changes do noL happen only ln whaL concerns Lhe degree of soverelgnLy Lhey have
on Llme and LemporallLy, buL, prlnclpally, Lhe naLure of Lhe relaLlon Lhey, ln facL ,had wlLh Llme and
LemporallLy (before lC1s) as a resulL of Lhe relaLlons wlLh people, ob[ecLs, evenLs and processes
around hlm/her. We are assumlng LhaL lC1s do acLually reframe noL only Laken for granLed ldeas
concernlng soclal, blologlcal, psychologlcal and organlzaLlonal rhyLhms, buL also Lhe represenLaLlon
of naLural Llme, rhyLhm and LemporallLy. uue Lo Lhe hlgh speed of varlaLlons, expressed ln an ever
lncreaslng emergence of alLernaLlves, ways and posslblllLles Lo manlpulaLe naLural Llmes and
rhyLhms, lL becomes more dlfflculL Lo map Lhe radlcalness of changes Laklng place, as well as of Lhelr
acLually effecLs on people's percepLlons and experlences of Lhe world. lL becomes, we say, more
dlfflculL Lo Lake consclence of Lhe progresslve dlsLance beLween Lhe worlds of tecootlme-spoces and
meJlostlmespoces and Lhe world of lnsLlLuLlons, rules, programs, values where, anyway, soclal llfe
develops. AddlLlonally lL ls even more dlfflculL Lo dlscern how values, norms and prlnclples do meeL
lnLo LhaL problemaLlc arLlculaLlon beLween maLerlallLy and vlslblllLy and lmmaLerlallLy, ublqulLy and
opporLunlLy as well as how are socleLles and Lhelr lnsLlLuLlons prepared Lo deal wlLh Lhe young
generaLlons whose conLacLs wlLh Lhe old Llme and LemporallLy ls almosL and lncreaslngly none. MosL
of Lhese quesLlons were already dealL wlLh by arLlsLs who, somehow, foreslghL Lhe world governed
Lhe era of tecoollves, as well as by Lhlnkers who clalmed Lhe emergence of Lhe posL-human condlLlon,
buL Lhere ls sLlll a need Lo show whaL are Lhose changes, and whaL worlds are we comparlng when
refereelng Lo changes and LransformaLlons on Llme and LemporallLles uses and percepLlons.
1he communlcaLlon ls dlvlded ln Lhree maln polnLs. llrsL we explaln Lhe LheoreLlcal framework LhaL
we may be moblllze ln order Lo have a deepen vlew as regards Lhe lnLersecLlons beLween Llme and
l1Cs. Secondly we show Lhe maln focus of change beLween old" and new" reglmes of LemporallLy.
1hlrdly we show whaL are Lhe maln lmpllcaLlons and Lhe maln Lenslons of LhaL change for Lhe
presenL. ln Lhls polnL we also use emplrlcal daLa.




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knowledge and new forms of collaboraLlon and lnLeracLlon beLween Lhe soclal and culLural
movemenLs, CulLural and Lhe 8razlllan SLaLe. 1he llvlng CulLure movemenL and Lhe culLure are
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We use ArendL (1973) ln order Lo undersLand Lhe legal and pollLlcal conLexLs ln whlch Lhese acLlons
are developed. lor her, Lhe analyzes on Lhe crlses of republlc suggesLs LhaL Lhe decay of


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represenLaLlve sysLems of governmenL ls due Lo sLrong sLaLe bureaucracy and Lhe Lendency Lhe
exlsLence of a Lwo-pollLlcal parLles sysLem.
1he analysls of ArendL (1973) daLe back Lo Lhe conLexLs of Lhe 1970s and Lhe Amerlcan pollLlcal
sysLem, however, Lhey wlll be consldered from Lhe speeches abouL Lhe democraLlzlng poLenLlal of
dlglLal Lechnologles. AlLhough much favors such poLenLlal, ofLen shrouded ln an aura of glamour, we
lnfer LhaL Lhey serve Lhe lnLeresLs LhaL seek only pralse flcLlLlous poLenLlal of lC1 Lo Lhe deLrlmenL of
effecLlve democraLlc posslblllLles ln Lhe fleld.
CLher cenLral Lhemes for our analysls wlll be Lhe exogenous guldellnes LhaL dlrecL Lhe praxls of boLh
governmenLs and Lhe populaLlon, lnLerspersed ln a rouLlne whose aesLheLlc and superfluous dlcLaLe
Lhe pace, sacrlflclng Lhe creaLlve and lnnovaLlve poLenLlal of local culLures and poLenLlaLed Lhe
effecLs suggesLed by lC1. 1hls ls because such pracLlces glve way Lo mass flows, sLrongly conLenL-
based exogenous and homogeneous, compromlslng Lhe slmple dlfferences and local slngularlLles,
LhaL go unnoLlced or are suffocaLed by a hyper connecLed and lnfluenced dally llfe ln
conLemporaneous mass medla conLexLs.
1he changes broughL abouL by lC1 ln Lhe dally llfe of lndlvlduals and organlzaLlons wlll also be
analyzed and lLs lnfluences on forms of sLaLe organlzaLlon and Lhe soclal moblllzaLlons and
demonsLraLlons, every day more lnLense and dlspossessed ln conLemporary conLexLs LhaL permeaLe
cyber culLure, agalnsL Lhe backdrop of background and Lechnlcal processes of knowledge producLlon.
We conslder only Lhe manlfesLaLlons lnLenLlonal and Lhe uses and approprlaLlons poLenLlal of
neLworks and communlcaLlon dlglLals ls lnsufflclenL Lo ensure greaLer auLonomy Lo Lhe processes of
economlc decenLrallzaLlon and access Lo lnformaLlon. Powever, Lo enable, encourage and sLrengLhen
new flows and forms of ownershlp, whlch we wlll call agalnsL hegemonlc, we use dlglLal neLworks ln a
prospecL of sLrengLhenlng clLlzenshlp and planeLary forms of soclal organlzaLlon, from a profound
revlew of Lhe foundaLlons LhaL underpln Lhe pracLlces homogenlzlng, hegemonlc and conLrolllng
lnformaLlon flow, proposlng new uses and forms of dlfferenLlaLed approprlaLlons for soclal and
culLural backgrounds.

8eferences
ArendL, P. ctlses Jo kepobllco. erspecLlva. 2. Ldlo So aulo. 1999.
Almelda, u A. keloes eotte stoJo, 5ocleJoJe e 1lc. omo oollse Jos teoses o pottlt Jo moJelo
ptoposto pelos lootos Je coltoto. 1ese de douLorado. rograma de s-graduao em Lducao.
lACLu. ul8A.. Salvador. 2011
8rasll. Coverno lederal. coltoto vlvo. Avolloo Jo ptoqtomo otte eJocoo e clJoJoolo. lrederlco
A. 8arbosa da Sllva, PerLon Lllery Arau[o: (orgs.) 8rasllla. lpea, 2010
8ocha, S. C. ltoqtomo coltoto vlvo e seo ptocesso Je estoJoollzoo oo 8oblo. ulsserLao de
MesLrado.' rograma de s-Craduao em Comunlcao e CulLura ConLemporneas. lACCM ufba.
Salvador. 2011


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1urlno, C. coltote polot. tbe coosttoctloo of opobllc pollcy. Cadernos CLnLC,v. 3, n 7 (2010),p. 24.
ulsponlvel em: <hLLp://cadernos.cenpec.org.br/lndex.php/cadernos/lssue/vlew/3> Acesso: 30 !an
2012.

* * *
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8enaLo 8odrlgues klnCuCPl
unlversldade lederal do A8C, 8razll
renaLo.klnouchl[gmall.com

1he connecLlons beLween sclence, Lechnology and economy have been emphaslzed by a wlde range
of auLhors slnce Lhe 19
Lh
cenLury, buL lL was malnly afLer 1940's LhaL sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal
acLlvlLles began Lo be sysLemaLlcally accounLed by Lhose governmenLs LhaL consldered Lhem
lndlspensable requlslLes for compeLlLlve economles. lnlLlally, sclenLomeLrlc sLudles were supporLed
almosL excluslvely by governmenLal agencles and lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlons as CLCu, buL laLer, lL
Lurned lnLo an lmpresslve lndusLry of measurlng sclence (Codln, 2008). ln Lhls conLexL, Lhe
lnformaLlon sclenLlsL and enLrepreneur Lugene Carfleld played a ma[or role. 8y Laklng advanLage of
Lhe remarkable developmenL of lnformaLlon Lechnologles ln 60s and 70s, he succeeded ln
esLabllshlng one of Lhe mosL successful companles of Lhe lnformaLlonal economy (8elra, 2010) - Lhe
lostltote of 5cleotlflc lofotmotloo (lSl) acqulred by 1homson 8euLers ln 1992. Conslderlng LhaL l5l
conLrols Lhe largesL daLabase on publlcaLlons ln almosL all areas of knowledge, Lhe company mlghL be
seen as Lhe blggesL coootloq boose (Adam, 2002) of Lhe conLemporary sclence.
As we examlne Lhe offlclal hlsLory of sclenLomeLrlcs, we usually flnd ouL Lhe clalm LhaL lL was
prlmarlly moLlvaLed by Lhe ldeal of maklng a scleoce of scleoce LhaL would evenLually lnform beLLer
sclence pollcles (8ernal, 1939, rlce, 1963). 1he so-called faLhers of sclenLomeLrlcs are ofLen
presenLed as devoLed pursuers of Lhls ldeal, buL Lhey are ln addlLlon recognlzed for susLalnlng Lhe
eplsLemologlcal assumpLlon LhaL only a quanLlLaLlve approach Lo Lhe sub[ecL would be able Lo
produce ob[ecLlve knowledge abouL lL (MerLon & Carfleld, 1986, cf. Shlnn & 8agoueL). 1haL Lhe
book of naLure ls wrlLLen ln Lhe language of maLhemaLlcs" ls one of Lhe mosL celebraLed sLaLemenLs
made by Callleo aL Lhe rlslng of modern sclence, and from Lhe second half of 19
Lh
cenLury onwards, lL
became a wldespread eplsLemologlcal LeneL LhaL pracLlcally reached Lhe sLaLus of a sclenLlflc
ldeology - summarlzed by Lhe maxlm Lo measure ls Lo know" ofLen aLLrlbuLed Lo Lord kelvln (cf.
1homson, 1889). As a maLLer of facL, Lhe book LlLLle sclence, blg sclence" of uerek !. de Solla rlce
has been elecLed Lhe mosL lmporLanL work on Lhe growLh of sclence and Lechnology (Carfleld, 2007)
due Lo lLs form, lLs conLenL, and also by Lhe number of clLaLlons - a blbllomeLrlc crlLerla pot
excelleoce, however conLroverslal (cf. Leydesdorff, 1998, WouLers, 1998). ln Lhls conLexL, Lugene
Carfleld appears as Lhe Lechnologlcal lnnovaLor who found ouL Lhe Arladne's Lhread of Lhe llvlng
labyrlnLh of sclenLlflc llLeraLure: clLaLlon analysls.


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1hls paper dlscusses such lnLellecLual [usLlflcaLlon of Lhe scleotomettlc loJostty Lhrough Lhe clalm
LhaL lL ls parL of Lhe quesL for a quanLlLaLlve scleoce of scleoce. l wlll dlscuss, ln flrsL place, Lhe
cognlLlve ldeal of concelvlng Lhe world, and sclence lLself, as a huge arlLhmeLlcal problem where
quallLaLlve dlsLlncLlons are Lransformed lnLo a sysLem of numbers (Slmmel, 2004). nexL, l wlll polnL
ouL LhaL Lhose dlsclpllnes whlch have been saLlsfacLorlly maLhemaLlzed always conLaln Lwo dlsLlncL
baslc componenLs, namely: an oxlomotlc, deflnlng Lhe operaLlons LhaL can be reallzed wlLh Lhe
avallable daLa, and an lotetptetotloo of Lhelr meanlng. CounLlng papers and clLaLlons may be
properly undersLood as a way Lo collecL sLaLlsLlcal daLa abouL sclenLlflc acLlvlLles, and Lherefore Lhe
axlomaLlc basls of sclenLomeLrlcs comes from sLaLlsLlcs. now, concernlng Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of
sclenLomeLrlcs, l wlll argue LhaL Lhe meanlng aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhelr key concepLs are almosL always
borrowed from economlcs. 1hls ls Lhe reason why Lhe quesL for a sclence of sclence becomes a Loo
well ad[usLed hlsLorlcal narraLlve LhaL apparenLly [usLlfles Lhe economlc concerns of governmenLs
and prlvaLe corporaLlons.
ln facL, several sclenLomeLrlc reporLs (e.g. unLSCC, 2010, CLCu, 2011) seem a klnd of occoootloq of
scleoce based on Lhe supposlLlon LhaL sclenLlflc developmenL can be evaluaLed llke Lhe lncreased
producLlon of a commodlLy (van 8aan, 1997). ln a general sense, a commodlLy ls any markeLable
lLem, buL ln a narrower sense, lL ls a markeLable lLem LhaL exhlblLs fooqlblllty, l.e., Lhe properLy of a
good or servlce whose lndlvldual unlLs permlL muLual subsLlLuLlon. unlLs of goods llke soybeans are
evaluaLed as equlvalenLs, so lf we wanL Lo compare Lhe producLlon of such a commodlLy by dlsLlncL
producers, lL ls enough Lo compare Lhe number of unlLs produced. Powever, Lhere are markeLable
goods LhaL are noL funglble: dlamonds, for lnsLance, are noL funglble because Lhelr varylng colors,
slzes, and cuLs make lL dlfflculL Lo esLabllsh any sLandard value. 1herefore, lL ls noL reasonable Lo
compare quanLlLles of dlamonds because Lhelr values can vary dramaLlcally. now, by analogy, when
we make sclenLomeLrlc comparlsons, are we comparlng dlamonds or soybeans?

8eferences
Adam, u. 1he counLlng house. Notote, v. 413, p. 726-729, 2002.
8elra, L. Lugene Carfleld, from lSl Lo 1homson 8euLers: a Llmellne. wotkloq popets MetcoJos e
Neqclos, 104, p. 1-17, 2010.
8ernal, !. u. 1be soclol fooctloo of scleoce. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress, 1973.
Carfleld, L. lrom Lhe sclence of sclence Lo sclenLomeLrlcs. vlsuallzlng Lhe hlsLory of sclence wlLh
nlstclte sofLware. ltoceeJloqs of l55l 2007, v. 1, p. 21-26, 2007.
Codln, 8. 1he culLure of numbers: Lhe orlglns and developmenL of sLaLlsLlcs on sclence. kcll5 -
kevlsto lettolco Je comoolcoo, lofotmoo & loovoo em 5ooJe, v.2, n.1, p. 29-37, 2008.
Codln, 8. lrom eugenlcs Lo sclenLomeLrlcs: CalLon, CaLLell and men of sclence, 5oclol 5toJles of
5cleoce, v. 37, n. 3, p. 691-728, 2007.
Leydesdorff, L. 1heorles of clLaLlon? 5cleotomettlcs, v. 43, n. 1, p. 3-23, 1998.


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MerLon, 8. k. & Carfleld, L. lotewotJ to llttle scleoce, blq scleoce. ooJ beyooJ. new ?ork: Columbla
unlverslLy ress, 1986.
CLCu. Scleoce, 1ecbooloqy ooJ loJostty 5cotebootJ 2011. CLCu ubllshlng. uCl:
hLLp://dx.dol.org/10.1787/sLl_scoreboard-2011-en
rlce, u. !. u. llttle scleoce, blq 5cleoce. new ?ork: Columbla unlverslLy ress, 1963.
Shlnn, 1. & 8agoueL, . coottovtslos sobte o cloclo. pot omo socloloqlo ttoosvetsollsto Jo otlvlJoJe
cleotlflco. So aulo: LdlLora 34, 2008.
Slmmel, C. 1be pbllosopby of mooey. new ?ork: 8ouLledge, 2004.
1homson, W. LlecLrlcal unlLs of measuremenL". ln:lopolot lectotes ooJ oJJtesses, volome l.London:
MacMlllan and Co, 1889, p. 73-136.
unLSCC. 5cleoce tepott 2010. A8lS: unLSCC ubllshlng, 2010.
van 8aan, A. l. !. SclenLomeLrlcs: sLaLe-of-Lhe-arL. 5cleotomettlcs, v. 38, n. 1, p. 203- 218, 1997.
WouLers, . 1he slgns of sclence. 5cleotomettlcs, v. 41, n. 1-2, p. 223-241, 1998.

* * *

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uanlela 8CZAuCS, hu
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rozados.danlela[gmall.com

1he dawn of modern sclence was an exLraordlnary frulLful perlod, whlch LesLlfled an amazlng
quanLlLy of dlscoverles LhaL deeply changed Lhe way of llvlng and Lhlnklng of people. lLs undenlable
LhaL whaL we denomlnaLe sclence" nowadays has acqulred aL LhaL Llme some of Lhe fundamenLal
feaLures LhaL are sLlll acLual. ln such a conLexL of early developmenL of sclence and Lechnlque, around
Lhe xvll cenLury, were wroughL values LhaL we recognlze Loday as Lyplcal of Lhe modern sclenLlflc
LhoughL.
1he recenL career of sclenLlsL LhaL emerged aL LhaL Llme was exLremely dlsLlncLlve from Lhe oLhers,
and deLermlned lLself a very speclflc seL of roles, rules, knowledges, goals and norms, llke Lhe
enLrance procedures ln Lhe sclenLlflc communlLy, Lhe evaluaLlon models and Lhe references of
excellence. 1he appearance of Lhls well marked acLlvlLy, wlLh Lhelr own speclflc rules, made posslble
for Lhe sclenLlsLs proLecL Lhemselves from Lhe pollLlcal sub[ecLs and from Lhe lnLervenLlon of Lhe
church, Lhe growLh of cerLaln values, llke Lhe adopLlon of a crlLlcal poslLlon concernlng anyone's
sLaLemenLs, Lhe keen dlsallowance of auLhorlLy's argumenLs and Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween 'humble
people' and 'enllghLened people', Lhe sLrong confldence ln Lhe sLrengLh of Lhe evldence provlded by


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Lhe experlmenLs and Lhe proofs, Lhe dlsslpaLlon of Lhe 'mysLerles and arcanum" Lyplcal of Lhe
alchemlc sLudles LhaL worshlpped an hermeLlc learnlng, Lhe adopLlon of a llngulsLlc accuracy and of a
speclflc behavlor code ln Lhe meeLlngs, Lhe seLLlemenL of one only meLhod Lo be followed, Lhe
appreclaLlon of Lransparency, communlcablllLy of Lhe Lheorles and of Lhe experlmenL's
reproduclblllLy, Lhe requlremenL of regular meeLlngs of Lhe scholars, whlch have creaLed a
cooperaLlon amblence beLween sclenLlsLs and scholars, whlch has enabled Lhe knowledge
Lransmlsslon, Lhe appearance of Lhe ldea LhaL sclence belongs Lo manklnd, noL only Lo a few elecLed
lnlLlaLes. 1hls own lnlLlaLlve of some scholars, someLhlng unprecedenLed Llll LhaL Llme, had as
fundamenLal feaLures Lhe cooperaLlon beLween researchers and Lhe publlclLy of Lhe achleved resulLs.
lL had Lhe expllclL goal of enable Lhe sysLemaLlc collaboraLlon beLween sclenLlsLs. 1he ouLbreak of
Lhls knowledge had as prlnclpal ldeals Lhe growLh and dlffuslon of learnlng, Lhe search for an
unlversal scholarshlp, comprehenslble by anyone and communlcable Lo everyone, of whlch everyone
could equally parLlclpaLe and collaboraLe.
Powever, ln Lhe lasL sevenLy years, Lhere have been deep changes ln Lhe modes of sclence's
producLlon and organlzaLlon. lL's pronounced Lhe commodlflcaLlon of sclence and Lhe emphasls on
lLs producLs. As a resulL of such changes, whaL we undersLand as sclence ls belng redeflned ln all
levels.
Cne of Lhe maln consequences resulLlng from Lhese changes ls Lhe abandonmenL of core ldeals such
as Lhe knowledge consldered as a publlc paLrlmony. lL has been observed a growlng emphasls on Lhe
noLlon of lnLellecLual properLy, whlch promoLes Lhe generaLlon of paLenLs and lndusLrlal secreLs. 1he
Lechnlques, ldeas, and sclenLlflc knowledge donL belong anymore Lo Lhe publlc realm: Lhey have
become prlvaLe proprleLy. 1hls ls Lhe adopLed sLandard by Lhe publlc pollcles of sclence and
Lechnology, llnked Lo lnnovaLlon, around Lhe world. 1hls model ls conducLed by Lhe noLlon LhaL
knowledge ls someLhlng of a prlvaLe and local quallLy, and LhaL Lhe prlmary purpose of sclence and
Lechnology (Lechnosclence) ls Lhe producLlon of markeL goods and wealLh for Lhe counLrles LhaL hold
sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal knowledge.
1herefore, Lhe hegemonlc branch of sclence and Lechnology managemenL prlvllege and relnforce
values and lnLeresLs LhaL are ln clear confllcL wlLh Lhe LradlLlonal values of modern sclence, slnce lL
elecLs economlc growLh and markeL lnLeresLs as prlorlLy goals.
Cur alm ln Lhls work ls Lo explore whlch could be Lhe posslblllLles of recovery and relncorporaLlon of
Lhls Lyplcal ldeal defended along Lhe modern sclenLlflc LradlLlon: Lhe publlc and shared by everyone
feaLure of sclenLlflc paLrlmony, and how Lhls noLlon musL be lLs essenLlal guldellne. ln oLher words,
Lhe rescue of Lhe noLlon LhaL Lhe purpose and alm of sclence musL be subordlnaLed Lo a publlc
funcLlon, and noL Lo answer only Lo prlvaLe lnLeresLs. Cur lnLenL ls Lo explore Lhe posslble lmpacL of
Lhe conLemporary Lechnologles, parLlcularly Lhe lnLerneL and Lhe open access daLabases, ln Lhe
lnsLrumenLallzaLlon, vlablllLy and adheslon Lo Lhls purpose, especlally focuslng on Lhe currenL
debaLes abouL freedom and mulLlple uses of knowledge promoLed by Lhe open sofLware communlLy
and Lhe collaboraLlon culLure, whlch conLrlbuLe largely nowadays Lo Lhe open access and clrculaLlon
of knowledge.


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8eferences
Carcla, !. L., MarLlns, P. C tbos da clncla e suas Lransformaes conLemporneas, com especlal
aLeno a bloLecnologla. 5cleotloe 5toJlo, So aulo, v. 7, n. 1, p. 83-104, Mar. 2009.
Carcla, !. L. 1ecnologla, mercado e bem-esLar humano: para um quesLlonamenLo do dlscurso da
lnovao. Allcetces. 8evlsLa de lnvesLlgao, clncla e Lecnologla e arLes, lnsLlLuLo ollLecnlco de
Llsboa, ano lll, n 3, p. 19-31, 2010.
Lacey, P., Cllvelra, M. 8. de. Clncla e 1ecnologla para a SusLenLabllldade e a !usLla Soclal e
AmblenLal, 2012. 3 p. ulsponlvel em: hLLp://dlalogos2012.org/grupos-
LemaLlcos/clenclaeLecnologla/?lang=pL. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2012.
MerLon, 8. k. cleoclo, tecooloqlo y socleJoJ eo lo loqlotetto Jel slqlo \vll. Allanza LdlLorlal: Madrld,
1984. 294 p.
______. lo socloloqlo Je lo cleoclo, 2: lnvesLlgaclones Lerlcas y emplrlcas. Allanza LdlLorlal: Madrld,
1983 [1977]. 717 p.
Cllvelra, M. 8. de. lormas de auLonomla da clncla. 5cleotloe 5toJlo, So aulo, v. 9, n. 3, p. 327-
361, 2011a.
______. C lnovaclonlsmo em quesLo. 5cleotloe 5toJlo,So aulo, v. 9,n. 3, p. 669-673, 2011b.
8ldder-Symoens, P uL. A blstoty of tbe oolvetslty lo otope, vol. ll. unlverslLles ln Lhe Larly Modern
Lurope (1300-1800). Cambrldge unlverslLy ress, 1996.
8ossl, . Os fllsofos e os mpoloos (1400-1700). So aulo: Companhla das LeLras, 1989.
______. A cloclo e o fllosoflo Jos moJetoos. So aulo: LdlLora unLS, 1992.
______. O oosclmeoto Jo cloclo moJetoo oo otopo. 8auru: LuuSC, 2001.
Shlnn, 1., 8agoueL, . coottovtslos sobte o cloclo. por uma soclologla LransversallsLa da aLlvldade
clenLlflca. So aulo: Assoclao lllosflca SclenLlae SLudla, LdlLora 34: 2008. 208 p.

* * *
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8odolfo lranco u11lnl
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unlversldade de So aulo, 8razll
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"1he symbollc power ls a form of power LhaL ls exerclsed over bodles, dlrecLly and as lf by maglc,
wlLhouL physlcal coerclon, buL Lhe maglc operaLes only on provlslons deposlLed ln deeper bodles of
<...> 1he effecLlveness of symbollc power ls reallzed ln slLuaLlons where agenLs are prepared Lo


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recelve and conLrlbuLe Lhelr verdlcLs, or over Lhelr heads agalnsL Lhelr wlll, Lo Lhelr own domlnaLlon,
accepLlng Lhe llmlLs lmposed LaclLly (lerre 8ourdleu, lo Jomlootloo moscolloe)
1o geL rld of Lhe shackles of medlcal power - whose hegemony of sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal
knowledge ls based on a supposed neuLrallLy of blomedlclne - l propose Lo examlne, from Lhe
perspecLlve of soclal medlclne (or publlc healLh fleld), Lhe place of Lhe alLernaLlve space ln healLh,
from Lhls example: ln 8razll, homeopaLhy and acupuncLure represenL alLernaLlve Lheraples LhaL acL
leglLlmaLely ln a healLh sysLem (SuS - naLlonal PealLh SysLem).
l polnL Lhe problem wlLh Lhls quesLlon: under whaL clrcumsLances are recognlzed Lhese alLernaLlve
Lheraples? 1he Soclology of Sclence from lerre 8ourdleu - whlch supporLs Lhe noLlon of fleld and
deslgnaLes a soclal unlverse of acLors and lnsLlLuLlons, creaLors of sclence and Lechnology - allows
you Lo advance Lhe dlscusslon on Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween sclence and values (proposed by Pugh
Lacey), Lhese condlLlons : once Lhe fleld ls a sLrucLure LhaL represenLs ob[ecLlve relaLlons beLween
agenLs occupylng role ln Lhls sLrucLure (by vlrLue of lnsLlLuLlons) and Lhose organlzlng Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon
of sclenLlflc caplLal ln socleLy, lL ls posslble Lo develop Lhls hypoLhesls abouL Lhe healLh fleld: falLh
heallng - a concepL LhaL ls a crlme ln 8razll - ls a symbollc producL LhaL ensures Lhe propagaLlon of
bloeLhlcal values, provldlng a consumer markeL of bloLech producLs Lo medlcallze socleLles.
l use Lhe LheoreLlcal framework of 8ourdleu, who deflnes hablLus: a sysLem of durable dlsposlLlons,
sLrucLured sLrucLures predlsposed Lo funcLlon as sLrucLurlng sLrucLures, LhaL ls, as Lhe generaLlng
prlnclple and sLrucLurlng of pracLlces and represenLaLlons whlch can be ob[ecLlvely 'regulaLed' and
'regular 'wlLhouL belng Lhe producL of obedlence Lo rules, ob[ecLlvely adapLed Lo Lhelr end wlLhouL
assumlng Lhe consclous lnLenLlon of Lhe purposes and express masLery of Lhe operaLlons necessary
Lo aLLaln Lhem and collecLlvely orchesLraLed wlLhouL belng Lhe producL of Lhe organlzlng acLlon of a
conducLor".
1he auLhor deflnes Lhe meanlng of hablLus fleld: sLrucLured spaces of poslLlons, whose properLles
depend on Lhe poslLlons ln Lhese spaces, whlch can be analyzed lndependenLly of Lhe characLerlsLlcs
of Lhe occupanLs [...]. 1here are general laws of flelds: flelds as dlverse as Lhe fleld of pollLlcs, Lhe fleld
of phllosophy, Lhe fleld of rellglon have laws operaLlng mode lnvarlanL. l say LhaL homeopaLhy and
acupuncLure leglLlmaLely operaLlng ln 8razll noL absLaln Lhls symbollc global conLexL.

8eferences
8ourdleu, lerre. 8azes rLlcas: sobre a Leorla da ao, Camplnas, So aulo: aplrus, 1996.
8ourdleu, lerre. usos soclals da clncla: por uma soclologla cllnlca do campo clenLlflco. So aulo,
2004.
lerre 8ourdleu, A domlnao mascullna. 8!: 8erLrand 8rasll, 2002.
uLLlnl, 8odolfo lranco. Curandelrlsmo e o campo da saude no 8rasll. lnLerface (8oLucaLu), 8oLucaLu,
v. 12, n. 24, Mar. 2008.



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m[acqulneL[uab.pL
m[acqulneL[gmall.com

1he paper alms aL deflnlng a cenLral lssue of sLaLe reform and soclal and publlc pollcles Lhrough Lhe
use of legal Lechnlques, managemenL Lools and Lechnology. 1he cenLral quesLlon ls Lhe deflnlLlon of a
new framework for publlc, collecLlve and lndlvldual acLlon, slmllar Lo Lhe facLory sysLem or lordlsm
of Lhe flrsL and Lhlrd lndusLrlal revoluLlons. WhaL ls aL sLake ls a complex lssue of deflnlng Lhe
framework for acLlon embedded ln Lwo Lechnologles: (1) law and lawmaklng and (2) reform of Lhe
sLaLe Lhrough Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of new managemenL Lechnlques and Lechnology and Lhe
deflnlLlons of crlLerla and benchmark Lo assess Lhe acLlon of workers, consumers (and even clLlzens,
ofLen reduced or ldeallzed Lo Lhe former), Lrade unlons, assoclaLlons, publlc servanLs, pollLlcal
parLles and declslon-makers, noL Lo menLlon sLakeholders (a keyword ln dlscourse relaLed Lo Lhe
process LhaL l Lry Lo descrlbe).
1he promlnenL legal aspecL ln Lhe presenL sLudy ls Lhreefold: (1) maklng new laws and modlfylng
exlsLlng laws dlrecLly, lL ls Lhe law maklng process, (2) Lhe modlflcaLlon of Lhe role played by courLs
and medlaLlon, and Lhe creaLlon of norms Lhrough oLher lnsLlLuLlonal lnsLrumenLs such as regulaLory
agency, rules maklng by enLlLles LhaL are noL checked dlrecLly by parllamenL or Lhe pollLlcal body,
generally ouLslde Lhe publlc sphere and Lhe democraLlc debaLe, eschewlng Lhe crlLlque.
1he sLarLlng polnL of Lhe research had Lo do wlLh Lhe promlnenL role of legal and managemenL
experLs ln sLaLe reform ln CLCu counLrles from Lhe early 1990s onwards, relaLed Lo Lhe sub[ecL of
publlc servlce reform, new publlc managemenL (nM), de-regulaLlon and regulaLlon, prlvaLlzaLlon of
publlc companles, prlvaLe consulLanLs, experLs and counselors of declslon-makers, pollcy assessmenL,
speclflc consLlLuLlonal reforms, and prlvaLe-publlc parLnershlp, among oLhers.
All Lhese aspecLs can be relaLed Lhree Lechnologles": law (Lhe creaLlon of a new legal order),
managemenL (emergence and lmplemenLaLlon of norms and managerlal pracLlces ln Lhe publlc
servlces), and Lhe speclflc Lechnlques of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon. All Lhree conLrlbuLe Lo a
resLrucLured economlc and soclal order Lo deal wlLh soclal problems, [usLlce, lnequallLy, solldarlLy,
equallLy, healLh and oLher baslc needs.
1he research ldenLlfles law, managemenL and new Lechnologles as ways Lo solve currenL and
accumulaLed problems wlLh Lhe creaLlon of a new ldeology, Lhe domlnanL ldeology, cenLered around
Lhe paradlgm of Lhe markeL as a crlLerlon for maklng declslons. 1hls ls an exLenslon of Lhe use of cosL-
beneflL analysls afLer World War ll as a Lechnlque for deflnlng whaL ls posslble or admlsslble and


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whaL ls noL. 1hls domlnanL ldeology (sysLem of ldeas and norms) deflnes Lhe fuLure, our fuLure,
sLrengLhenlng Lhe Lhere ls no alLernaLlve" or 1lnA dogma.
ln Lhe flrsL parL, afLer dellmlLlng Lhe ob[ecL of Lhe research, l wlll clarlfy Lhe concepLs used LhroughouL
Lhe paper (law, regulaLlon, publlc pollcy, managemenL, experLs, crlLlque, soclal and economlc order,
domlnanL ldeology, baslc needs, [usLlce). 1he clarlflcaLlon ls almed and excludlng some frequenL
mlsundersLandlngs. l wlll develop furLher Lhe analyLlcal Lools used here, namely Lhe noLlons of law as
Lechnlque, legal order, lnsLlLuLlons, Lechnology and managemenL.
ln Lhe second parL, l wlll revlew Lhe recenL conLrlbuLlon of Lhe reform of Lhe sLaLe, namely Lhe
pervaslve lnLroducLlon of markeL mechanlsms, wlLh Lhe lssue of soclal [usLlce and baslc needs. A
speclflc aLLenLlon wlll be glven Lo Lhe conLroverslal noLlon of susLalnablllLy. lL ls conLroverslal exacLly
because lL ls used ln conLradlcLory deflnlLlons of whaL ls aL sLake wlLh Lhe reform recenLly and
currenLly ln course of changlng Lhe world we llve ln, as Lechnology dld (Pughes 2003).
AnoLher cenLral concepL ls Lhe ftomewotk, as a cenLral lnsLlLuLlon of Lhe currenL soclal and economlc
changes whlch ls relaLed Lo Lhe noLlon of order Lo characLerlze Lhree lnLerrelaLed worlds: Lhe soclal
world (soclal order, LhaL ls boLh global and local), Lhe economy and Lhe producLlve sysLem of
commodlLles and servlces (Lhe economlc order) and Lhe law broadly consLrued as LexL and pracLlce (l
mean legal LexLs and Lhe acLlng of courLs, and Lhls ls Lhe basls for Lhe noLlon of legal order, derlved
parLlally from Lhe analysls of Alaln SuploL).
ln Lhe flnal parL, l develop Lhe analysls of Lhe lnLeracLlons beLween law, managemenL (and Lhe world
of experLs and experLlse) and Lechnology. 1he analysls relles on Lhe noLlon of lnLeresL (Plrschman).
1he resulLs focus on Lhe evlcLlon of Lhe mosL of concreLe and lmporLanL Lhe aspecLs of reforms from
Lhe publlc sphere and Lhe democraLlc debaLe showlng LhaL a sLrong concepLlon of susLalnablllLy ls noL
saLlsfled. WhaL ls favored ls a weak deflnlLlon of susLalnablllLy more convenlenL for Lhe world of
managemenL and Lhe economlc lnLeresL behlnd Lhe domlnanL ldeology of reform and Lhe lnfluence
of meLa-power (Pall and 8urns).
* * *

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1 !acques Lllul proposed as a deflnlng characLerlsLlc of Lechnology whaL can be called Lhe Lhesls of
Lhe lnseparablllLy of beneflclal and harmful effecLs of uslng Lechnologles". 1hls Lhesls has an
lmmedlaLe consequence aL Lhe eLhlcal level. lL re[ecLs ouLrlghL Lhe ldea, whlch ls baslc Loo much


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common moral Lhlnklng, LhaL Lechnology ls lnLrlnslcally neuLral, and LhaL wheLher lL ls used for good
or bad ends depends on declslons made by lLs users. 1hls ldea generaLes (whaL ls accordlng Lo Lhe
Lhesls) an llluslon LhaL we may suppose LhaL maybe Lhe bad consequences do noL exlsL or LhaL Lhey
can be cancelled by good uses", lL does noL conslder correcLly Lhe naLure of Lechnology. LeLs Lake
Lhe example of nuclear Lechnology. 8egardless of wheLher Lhls Lechnology ls used for peaceful or
mlllLary uses, lL ls lmpllcaLed ln harm (nuclear wasLe LhaL ls hlghly conLamlnaLlng for a long perlod,
and LhaL musL be keep under consLanL survelllance) LhaL cannoL be goLLen around by clalmlng LhaL lL
ls lnLrlnslcally connecLed wlLh Lhe beneflclal effecLs of Lhe uses of nuclear Lechnology, lL ls lmposslble
Lo generaLe energy for Lhe good of people wlLhouL generaLlng very harmful Loxlc wasLe.
2 l make use of Lhe Lhesls of Lhe lnseparablllLy of beneflclal and harmful effecLs Lo lnvesLlgaLe whaL ls
commonly called sLandard rlsk analysls". 1he Lhesls permlLs us Lo show LhaL boLh Lhe Lermlnology
employed - rlsk" lnsLead of harmful consequences" -, and Lhe classlflcaLlon of rlsks as poLenLlal"
or real", lnvolves Lhe presupposlLlon LhaL Lechnology ls neuLral, for lL produces manlfesL beneflLs,
and only poLenLlally occaslons rlsks (harmful consequences). 1he presupposlLlon ls agaln ln play
when manlfesLly harmful effecLs, such as Lhe deaLh of many people or Lhe demonsLraLed loss of
envlronmenLal dlverslLy are called real rlsks", lmplylng Lhe supposed lnLrlnslcally beneflclal
characLer of Lechnology, relegaLlng Lhe harmful consequence Lo Lhe level of error or bad use. 1hls
exposes Lhe uLlllLarlan characLer of Lhe concepL of rlsk", and Lhe lmpllclL reducLlon of all value Lo
economlc value. SLandard rlsk analysls ls only an organlzaLlonal or managemenL Lool LhaL serves for
calculaLlng Lhe probablllLy of economlc loss ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of a cerLaln Lechnology
(lnnovaLlon), and of Lhe correspondlng cosLs of unpredlcLed effecLs of Lhe large scale use of producLs
developed under experlmenLally conLrolled condlLlons.
3 WhaL does lL mean Lo say LhaL rlsk analysls ls sLandard? SLandardlzaLlon supposes Lhe hegemony of
reducLlonlsL, deconLexLuallzed or weakly conLexLuallzed sLraLegles, malnly of experlmenLal lmporL,
almlng aL Lhe conLrol of naLural Lhlngs and processes. Powever, Lhe Lhesls of Lhe lnseparablllLy of
beneflclal and harmful effecLs supposes lnserLlon ln a much broader conLexL LhaL lncorporaLes a
plurallsLlc perspecLlve LhaL accepLs LhaL beneflclal" and harmful" are hlghly evaluaLlve words, noL
reduclble Lo economlc proflL" or loss". lor Lhls reason, ln rlsk analysls, lL ls necessary Lo Lake lnLo
accounL Lhe several dlmenslons of lmpacL of uses of Lechnology: concernlng publlc healLh, cllmaLe,
Lhe organlzaLlon of socleLy (malnly ln lLs producLlve sysLem), and Lhe organlzaLlon of culLure.
4 1he dlscusslon of Lhe lnLrlnslc characLerlsLlc of Lechnology wlll allow a more reallsLlc) conslderaLlon
of Lhe slgnlflcance of soclal Lechnology", because even ln Lhls conLexL lL ls necessary Lo Lake lnLo
accounL Lhe lnseparablllLy of Lhe beneflclal and harmful effecLs of Lechnology, wlLhouL lmaglnlng LhaL
we can produce a soclal Lechnology wlLhouL harmful consequences.
l wlll draw Lhe followlng provlslonal concluslons: (a) Lhere does noL exlsL good Lechnology" ln an
absoluLe sense, (b) nelLher ls lL a problem of good or bad use, (c) lL ls necessary Lo uLlllze a plurallLy of
sLraLegles Lo have access Lo a broader evaluaLlon of Lhe lnLrlnslc beneflLs and harms occasloned by
Lhe varlous Lechnologles avallable, (d) 'soclal Lechnology' musL be llnked wlLh susLalnablllLy ln an
evaluaLlve framework LhaL goes beyond merely economlc conslderaLlons.


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8eferences
Lllul, !. 1he Lechnologlcal order. 1ecbooloqy ooJ coltote, 3, 4, p. 394-421, 1962.
Lacey, P. ls scleoce voloe ftee? voloes ooJ scleotlflc ooJetstooJloq. London/new ?ork: 8ouLledge,
1999.

* * *
S/",3B'#"<.(,%+$R%+$./'%/#'1.($.C+"(2/$(%*':.*$(B'

lernando 1ula MCLlnA
naLlonal unlverslLy of Culmes (CCnlCL1), ArgenLlne
fLulamollna[gmall.com

PecLor CusLavo CluLlAnC
ArgenLlne CaLhollc unlverslLy, ArgenLlne
gusLavo_glullano[yahoo.com.ar

ln Lhe recenL Lhlrd un Conference on SusLalnable uevelopmenL -8lo +20 LarLh SummlL- culmlnaLed
Lo manlfesL an essenLlal dlsagreemenL rooLed ln dlfferenL phllosophles and anLhropologles. Pow
esLabllsh a dlalogue beLween Lhose who propose LhaL markeLs lncorporaLe Lhe naLure wlLhln Lhelr
economlc calculaLlons, and Lhose who ralse Lhe posslblllLy of oLher forms of human relaLlonshlp wlLh
Lhe naLural envlronmenL recognlzlng Lhe rlghLs of MoLher LarLh? Pow agree a common noLlon of
developmenL beLween llnear and cycllcal vlslons of hlsLory? 1o escape Lhe dlscurslve paralysls, and
aLLendlng Lhe ever-lncreaslng world llmlLs, ls essenLlal Lo develop an alLernaLlve and orlglnal
narraLlve whlch allow a fllghL forward.
1hls paper alms Lo arLlculaLe Lhese dlfferenL loglcs relaLed Lo how Lo achleve susLalnablllLy and cope
wlLh cllmaLe changes. 1o do so wlll be a crlLlcal evaluaLlon of Lwo currenL narraLlves LhaL represenL
opposlLe poles LhaL sLress Lhe dlscusslon. 1he former ls Lhe ldea of a posL-carbon era promoLed by !.
8lfkln and Lhe "1hlrd lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon". 1he second ls Lhe ldea of vlLal-susLalnable-pracLlces,
accordlng Lo Lhe prlnclples of permaculLure ln Lerms of M. lukuoka. 1hls assessmenL wlll make use
recenL caLegorles such as "eco-effecLlveness" (Mcuonough) and "conLexL of lnvolvemenL" (1ula
Mollna).
ln general, Lhls paper alms Lo conLrlbuLe Lo a profound and necessary reflecLlon on our energy
consumpLlon paLLerns, and our currenL soclo-Lechnlcal pracLlces. lL seeks also updaLe Lhe dlscusslon
lnlLlaLed by l. llllch ln Lhe sevenLles abouL Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween energy and equlLy, and hls early
lnLulLlon LhaL "rlch and poor musL undersLand Lhe need Lo move Lowards a low-energy economy".

* * *


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L.<:*"@$+B' %/#' $/0.,<%+$./' +"(2/.*.3$"16' %/' "+2$(%*' $/N)$,B' $/+.' +2"' 2)<%/' ,%#$(%*' "/2%/("<"/+'
:,.d"(+'

Marla Lunlce Culllcl CCnZALLZ
unlversldade de So aulo, 8razll
gonzalezmeq[yahoo.com.br

!ose ArLur Culllcl CCnZALLZ
unlversldade lederal do A8C (ulA8C), 8razll
[ose.gonzalez[ufabc.edu.br

Marlana Claudla 88CLnS
unlversldade LsLadual aullsLa, 8razll
mbroens[marllla.unesp.br

Culou kC8A?ASPl

unlversldade lederal do A8C (ulA8C), 8razll
gulou.kobayashl[ufabc.edu.br

1he rapld developmenL of lnformaLlon Lechnologles and Lhelr appllcaLlons ln human llfe ralse
perplexlng quesLlons concernlng Lhe near fuLure noL only of our specles, buL also of Lhe oLher anlmals
LhaL surround us. ln lndusLrlallzed socleLles, declslon processes are everyday becomlng more
dependenL on arLlflclal lnLelllgenL sysLems, Lhey conLrol aeroplanes, Lralns, producLlon llnes,
elecLrlclLy power sLaLlons, and sysLems of waLer dlsLrlbuLlon, besldes many oLher aspecLs of human
soclal llfe. lurLhermore, Lhe producLlon of Lhe complex chlps lnvolved ln Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of Lhese
lnLelllgenL sysLems lLself depends on Lhe operaLlon of arLlflclal lnLelllgenL sysLems (8ussel & norvlg,
2003). ln Lhls conLexL, whaL klnd of (noL Loo dlsLanL) fuLure ls unfoldlng on Lhe horlzon of human
auLonomous acLlon? Who conLrols Lhe abundanL number of ublqulLous compuLers spread around ln
our envlronmenL ln Lhe form of lnvlslble cameras, elecLronlc Lags, and so on? WhaL are Lhe
advanLages and dlsadvanLages of Lhe growlng appllcaLlon of lnformaLlon Lechnologles Lo human
healLh and declslon-maklng processes? 1hese are Lhe quesLlons guldlng Lhe presenL paper, Lhe maln
ob[ecLlves of whlch are Lwo-fold: Cn one hand we dlscuss lmpllcaLlons of Lhe rlslng dependency
beLween human soclal/lndlvldual acLlon and arLlflclal lnLelllgenL sysLems LhaL may leave us wlLh free
Llme Lo en[oy ourselves wlLhouL havlng Lo deal wlLh heavy and, someLlmes, Llresome Lasks, buL LhaL,
aL Lhe same Llme, may slowly erode our auLonomy. 1here ls Lhe posslblllLy LhaL Lhese same
faclllLles" are already enslavlng us, reduclng our posslblllLles of cholce ln many aspecLs of our
soclal/lndlvldual exlsLence. Cn Lhe oLher hand, we lnvesLlgaLe, from an eLhlcal perspecLlve, Lhe maln
guldellnes of Lhe human radlcal enhancemenL pro[ecL lnlLlaLed by 8aymond kurzwell (2003), Aubrey
de Crey & 8ae (2007), and nlck 8osLron (2003, 2006). Speclal emphasls ls golng Lo be glven Lo Agar's
argumenL accordlng Lo whlch radlcal enhancemenL ls lndeed llkely Lo Lake our humanlLy from us
(Agar, 2010, p. 13). We conslder posslble eLhlcal lmpllcaLlons of Lhe use of lnformaLlon Lechnology


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resources Lo 'lmprove' human naLure ln a conLexL of lncreaslng soclal and lndlvldual dependency on
arLlflclal lnLelllgenL sysLems. uLlllLarlan eLhlcs, ln lLs classlcal verslon, asserLs LhaL any acLlon [...]
musL be approved or re[ecLed as a funcLlon of lLs Lendency Lo augmenL or dlmlnlsh Lhe happlness of
Lhe parLy whose lnLeresL ls ln quesLlon" (8enLham, 1907). lrom Lhe uLlllLarlan perspecLlve, Lhe
consequences of usage of enhancemenL Lechnologles should be lnvesLlgaLed ln order Lo answer Lhe
followlng quesLlon: Would lL augmenL or dlmlnlsh Lhe conLenLmenL, Lhe common good, and welfare
of people lnvolved wlLh lL? lL could be seen as eLhlcally accepLable, dependlng on Lhe groups of
people LhaL have access Lo Lhe Lechnologles requlred for human enhancemenL. lf Lhese new
Lechnologles could enable, for example, lmprovemenLs ln human cognlLlon, and lf such
lmprovemenLs were consldered a common good, accordlng Lo uLlllLarlanlsm lL would be eLhlcally
correcL Lo sLlmulaLe Lhelr developmenL, and any aLLempL Lo halL Lhe process would be deemed
wrong. A dlfflculLy wlLh Lhls uLlllLarlan vlew, Lo be lnvesLlgaLed here, ls LhaL Lhe noLlon of 'common
good' ls resLrlcLed Lo Lhe Llmeframe and convenlence of Lhe members of speclflc socleLles who may
be unable Lo foresee Lhe long-Lerm consequences of Lhe developmenL of such a radlcal enLerprlse. ln
Lhls clrcumsLance, our proposal ls Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe human enhancemenL pro[ecL from a complex
sysLem perspecLlve, whlch allows for conslderaLlon of many levels of dependency of a human
exlsLence LhaL ls noL lsolaLed from Lhe co-evoluLlonary hlsLory LhaL connecLs all organlsms and Lhelr
nlches. We argue LhaL Lhe complex sysLem perspecLlve may help us Lo foresee posslble long-Lerm
consequences of our cholces, noL only ln Lhe domaln of radlcal human enhancemenL, buL also ln
oLher areas where human auLonomous acLlon ls dlrecLly affecLed by lnformaLlonal Lechnologles.

8eferences
Agar, n. nomooltys eoJ. wby we sboolJ teject toJlcol eoboocemeot. Cambrldge-
MassachuseLLs/London: Ml1 ress, 2010.
8enLham, !. Ao lottoJoctloo to tbe ptloclples of motols ooJ leqlslotloo. Llbrary of Lconomlcs and
LlberLy. 8eLrleved !anuary 20, 2013, from hLLp://www.econllb.org/llbrary/8enLham/bnLhML.hLml,
1907.
8osLrom, n. 1he reversal LesL: LllmlnaLlng stotos poo blas ln Applled LLhlcs. tblcs 116: 636-670,
2006.
______. Puman geneLlc enhancemenL: A LranshumanlsL perspecLlve. Iootool of voloe lopolty 37: 493-
306, 2003.
Crey, de A., 8ae, M. oJloq oqloq. 1be tejoveootloo bteoktbtooqbs tbot coolJ tevetse bomoo oqloq lo
oot llfetlme. new ?ork, n?: SalnL MarLln's ress, 2007.
kurzwell, 8. 1be sloqolotlty ls oeot. wbeo bomoos ttoosceoJ 8loloqy. London: enguln, 2003.
8ussell, S., norvlg, . Attlflclol lotelllqeoce. o moJeto opptoocb. 2
nd
ed. new !ersey: renLlce Pall,
earson LducaLlon, 2003. (renLlce Pall serles ln Attlflclol lotelllqeoce).

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D2"' (2%**"/3"' .0' +2"' /"8' $/0.,<%+$./' %/#' (.<<)/$(%+$./' +"(2/.*.3B' P;LDQ' %+' K,%R$*$%/' :)4*$('
1(2..*1'.0'>o.'L%,*.1&'>UWU&'K,%R$*'''

8lLa C. 8. SAn1CS
Lscola LsLadual !esulno de Arruda, 8razll


neucldela A. S. CCLnACC

unlversldade de So aulo (uS), 8razll
nacolnago[gmall.com

?vonne . MASCA8LnPAS
unlversldade de So aulo (uS), 8razll

Sllvla 8. 8. SCA8LS

Lscola LsLadual !esulno de Arruda, 8razll



Ana . M. CC8uLl8C
Lscola LsLadual !esulno de Arruda, 8razll


AnLnlo da SlLvA
Lscola LsLadual !esulno de Arruda, 8razll


lC1 ls belng largely used ln several areas of 8razll and World socleLy. unforLunaLely Lhe use of lC1 ls
sLlll a huge challenge Lo be overcome by Lhe Leachers of Lhe ma[orlLy of 8razlllan publlc schools even
afLer Lhe acqulslLlon by Lhe SLaLe of a conslderable number of compuLers. 1here ls, ln Lhls way, an
enormous rlsk LhaL Lhe pedagoglcal space of our schools remaln excluded of our Llme and, whaL ls
worse, noL formlng educaLed clLlzens prepared Lo use Lhe new Lechnologlcal lnsLrumenLs requlred ln
Lhe modern worklng acLlvlLles and, Lhereln lmprove Lhelr quallLy of llfe and enlarge Lhelr knowledge.
WlLh Lhls perspecLlve, several pro[ecLs concernlng workshops for Lhe capaclLaLlon on Lhe use of lC1
were offered and run under Lhe supporL of Lhe 8razlllan naLlonal 8esearch Councll (Cnq) and Lhe
loundaLlon for SclenLlflc 8esearch of Lhe SLaLe of So aulo (lALS) boLh Lo Leachers and hlgh
school sLudenLs. 1hese acLlvlLles were qulLe successful and good resulLs were obLalned by Lhe
parLlclpanL Leachers who, besldes learnlng Lhe meLhodology, were very enLhuslasLlc and sLarLed Lo
use Lhe school compuLer's room Lo work wlLh Lhelr sLudenLs Lo do research on sub[ecLs of Lhelr
lnLeresL uslng Lhe lnLerneL and also presenLlng Lhe resulLs uslng Lhe programs Word, owerolnL,
Lxcel and Movle Maker and, flnally, reglsLerlng Lhe full reporLs ln a Cu-8CM and lnserLlng Lhem ln
Lhe web porLal Clencla Web (www.clenclaweb.com.br) of Lhe MulLlmedla Agency for SclenLlflc and
LducaLlonal ulffuslon of Lhe So Carlos Sesslon of Lhe lnsLlLuLe for Advanced SLudles, unlverslLy of
So aulo. 1hls work was performed aL Lhe SLaLe School !esulno of Arruda under supervlslon of
professor and an lnLegraLed mulLldlsclpllnary Leam of Leachers who cooperaLlvely orlenLed Lhe
sLudenLs ln lnLerdlsclpllnary sclenLlflc pro[ecLs. Cne of Lhe pro[ecLs, relaLed Lo Lhe Lheme of
susLalnablllLy developed durlng 2010, was selecLed by Lhe auLhors Lo be presenLed aL S12013. 1he


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pro[ecL lnvolved Lhe parLlclpaLlon of Sclence, orLuguese language, hyslcal educaLlon and PlsLory
Leachers and of several undergraduaLe unlverslLy sLudenL parLlclpanLs of Lhe scholarshlp program of
Lhls pro[ecL. A Cu-8CM conLalnlng Lhree chapLers: ower-olnL resenLaLlon, Comlc SLrlps and
ulglLal !ournal produced from Lhe sub[ecLs produced by 200 sLudenLs from 6Lh grade was produced.
1he observaLlon of Lhe sLudenL lnvolvemenL whlle uslng compuLers lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe lC1 can
conLrlbuLe effecLlvely ln Lhe educaLlonal process. Cb[ecLlve daLa regardlng Lhls poslLlve lnfluence can
be seen ln Lhe lnLeresL, parLlclpaLlon and good resulLs obLalned by Lhe sLudenLs ln conLesLs llke Lhe
8edacLlon conLesL of Lhe lnLernaLlonal ?ear of ChemlsLry (2010), naLlonal AsLronomy Clymplad
(2012) , xlv 8eglonal Sclence Clymplad(2012), and ln Lhe 8razlllan Clymplad of Lhe ubllc Schools
(2012). We also belleve LhaL Lhe pro[ecL acLlvlLles dld conLrlbuLe Lowards Lhe offlclal resulLs of Lhe
performance of Lhe school as evaluaLed by Lhe lndex of LducaLlon uevelopmenL of Lhe SLaLe of So
aulo (luLS) LhaL, lf lL ls noL fully saLlsfacLory, lL ls conslderably hlgher Lhan Lhe sLaLe average. 8uL lL
musL be consldered Lhe lmporLance of Lhe parLnershlp beLween Lhe publlc schools and Lhe
unlverslLles wlLh Lhe ob[ecLlve of wlde Lhe horlzon of Leachers and sLudenLs malnly ln sub[ecLs of
sclenLlflc, soclal and pracLlcal lnLeresL. lL musL neverLheless be recognlzed LhaL wlLhouL Lhe human
and maLerlal resources broughL by Lhls klnd of pro[ecL lL ls very dlfflculL for Lhe Leachers Lo aLLaln by
Lhemselves slmllar resulLs because of Lhe qulLe large number of sLudenLs per class (usually 40). lL may
be sLaLed, accordlng Lo Lhe manlfesLaLlon of Lhe Leachers, LhaL Lhe performance of Lhe sLudenLs ln
Lhe Lhemes and ablllLles consldered baslc (calculus, readlng and wrlLlng) lmproved subsLanLlally afLer
Lhelr lnvolvemenL wlLh lC1 regardless lf conducLed ln Lhe compuLer-room or ln Lhe classroom. lrom
Lhese resulLs lL can be concluded LhaL Lhe use of Lhe lC1s yleld conslderable poslLlve moLlvaLlonal and
behavloral effecLs on Lhe sLudenLs.

* * *

D2"'2$32'1(2..*'1+)#"/+1')/#",1+%/#$/3'.0'/%/.+"(2/.*.3B'(./(":+1'%/#'%::*$(%+$./1'

Amanda CrlsLlna Mu8CC

unlversldade lederal de So Carlos, 8razll


neucldela A. S. CCLnACC

unlversldade lederal de So Carlos, 8razll

nacolnago[gmall.com

?vonne . MASCA8LnPAS
unlversldade lederal de So Carlos, 8razll


uurlng Lhe lasL decades lmporLanL advances ln nanosclence and nanoLechnologlcal appllcaLlons were
done ln many sclenLlflc and lndusLrlal flelds and our maln lnLeresL ln Lhls work ls relaLed Lo healLh
care appllcaLlons. 1he resulLs here reporLed comprehends Lhe acLlvlLles performed ln Lhe research
neL deslgned as nano8loMed sponsored by Lhe 8razlllan agency CALS from Lhe 8razll's MlnlsLry of
LducaLlon. 1he ob[ecLlve of Lhls research was Lo acqulre lnformaLlon regardlng how Lhe publlc


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undersLands whaL ls meanL by nanosclence and nanoLechnology and lLs percepLlon of Lhe rlsks and
beneflLs ylelded from lLs appllcaLlons. A plloL sLudy was done Lo LesL Lhe lnsLrumenL produced for Lhe
lnformaLlon acqulslLlon. 1he resulL lndlcaLed Lhe need of furLher reflnemenL of Lhe lnsLrumenL LhaL
conslsLed of a quesLlonnalre wlLh seven wrlLLen answer and mulLlple-cholce quesLlons. 1he
quesLlonnalres were applled on 90 hlgh school sLudenLs of publlc schools of So Carlos Lown, So
aulo, 8razll wlLh ages from 13 Lo 18 years old. re- and posL-LesLs were applled Lo verlfy lf Lhe level
of undersLandlng of Lhe sLudenLs changed afLer a pedagoglcal lnLervenLlon. 1o 60 sLudenLs Lhe
lnLervenLlon conslsLed of waLchlng a vldeo where appllcaLlons of nanoLechnology were presenLed
and Lhe remalnlng 30 sLudenLs aLLended Lo a Lalk where baslc concepLs were presenLed. 1he
resulLlng quanLl-quallLaLlve analysls revealed LhaL Lhe sLudenLs dldn'L have a reasonable knowledge
of Lhe sub[ecL presenLlng sLereoLyped sclenLlflc concepLs LhaL are qulLe far away from Lhelr reallLy.
1he answers Lo Lhe quesLlonnalre revealed also LhaL Lhe sLudenLs have a conslderable dlfflculLy ln
relaLlng Lhe currlcular conLenLs Lo Lhelr Lechnologlcal appllcaLlons denoLlng learnlng dlsconnecLed
from lLs pracLlcal lmpllcaLlons. lL became evldenL LhaL exLracurrlcular sub[ecLs, and ln parLlcular Lhose
relaLed Lo nanosclence and nanoLechnology, were noL lnLroduced Lo Lhe sLudenLs. Causes of Lhls
resulL may be relaLed Lo Lhe 8razll's prevalllng school [ourney where Lhe sLudenLs aLLend school for
only half a day, mornlng or afLernoon, whaL may lmpede Lhe Leachers Lo broach on sub[ecLs LhaL are
noL lncluded ln Lhe mlnlmum dlsclpllne's currlculum. neverLheless, lL musL be also recognlzed LhaL
Lhe ma[orlLy of sclence Leachers don'L have Lhelr formal educaLlon updaLed regardlng Lhe
conLemporary developmenLs of sclence and Lechnology hamperlng, ln Lhls way, Lhe Leachlng and
learnlng processes of Lhese sub[ecLs. 1he analysls of Lhe answers Lo Lhe posL-LesL revealed LhaL boLh
groups, Lhe one who aLLended Lhe lecLure and Lhe one who waLched Lhe vldeo, presenLed a
slgnlflcanL lncrease of Lhelr knowledge abouL Lhe general aspecLs of nanosclence and
nanoLechnology buL noL so much when Lhe quesLlons were relaLed Lo Lhe appllcaLlons of
nanoLechnology. 1o amelloraLe Lhls condlLlon lL mlghL be suggesLed Lhe esLabllshmenL of a program
for Lhe dlffuslon of Lhls sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal sub[ecL Lo be conducLed wlLh Lhe parLlclpaLlon of
unlverslLles and/or 8esearch lnsLlLuLes where Lhere ls Lhe necessary experLlse on Lhe sub[ecL
dlrecLed noL only for hlgh school Leachers buL also Lo Lhe general publlc. 8rlnglng Lhls knowledge Lo
Lhe populaLlon cerLalnly wlll render lLs members more consclous of Lhe advanLages and
dlsadvanLages of lLs appllcaLlons ln all areas especlally ln human and anlmal healLh. lL ls lmporLanL
LhaL Lhe clLlzens become consclous of Lhe real beneflLs and rlsks of any Lechnologlcal producLs
broughL Lo Lhe markeL by Lhe local and forelgn lndusLrles rememberlng LhaL LradlLlonal belleves may
be very dlfferenL from Lhe sclenLlflc undersLandlng of any sub[ecL. 1he lndlvldual should always Lry Lo
make consclous declslons based on LrusLful sclenLlflc daLa obLalned by experlmenLaLlon, careful
analysls and evaluaLlon of resulLs. Accordlng Lo Lhese ldeas, Lhe analyses were based on phllosophlcal
llfe prlnclples, responslblllLy and eLhlcs ln order Lo Lry Lo undersLand how Lhe acqulslLlon of a sound
undersLandlng abouL Lhe advanLages and rlsks of nanoLechnology by Lhe general publlc may help Lhe
lndlvlduals Lo declde how Lo accepL Lhem desplLe Lhe posslble false or exaggeraLed promlses of Lhe
adverLlsed nanoLechnologlcal producLs.

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!$3,%+$./&'+"(2/.*.3B'%/#'<"/+%*'2"%*+2'$/'%/'",%'.0',%:$#'2)<%/'<.4$*$+B''

Sylvla uuarLe uAn1AS, hu
Advanced SLudles lnsLlLuLe
unlversldade de So aulo, 8razll
lnLerculLural[unlfesp.br
sylddanLas[gmall.com

1he purpose of Lhls sLudy ls Lo dlscuss Lhe psychologlcal medlaLlng role of Lechnology on menLal
healLh prevenLlon of mlgranLs. lL ls based on counsellng and on-llne supporL of lmmlgranLs, reLurn
mlgranLs, lmmlgranL descendanLs, and prospecLlve mlgranLs as parL of research pro[ecL developed by
Lhe auLhor aL Lwo unlverslLy seLLlngs ln 8razll. AfLer Lhe mld 1980s many 8razlllans lefL Lhe counLry
lnlLlaLlng Lhe greaLesL mlgraLlon flow Lo forelgn lands ever seen ln 8razll's hlsLory, a counLry known as
a naLlon of lmmlgranLs. unLll Lhen, emlgraLlon was lnslgnlflcanL and Lherefore never consldered
when counLlng Lhe counLry's populaLlon. 1he unlLed SLaLes, araguay, !apan and Lurope consLlLuLed
Lhe maln hosLs of LhaL emlgranL flow. 1he counLry became parL of Lhe global scenarlo boLh recelvlng
lmmlgranLs and seelng Lhelr people leave Lo oLher lands. Powever, afLer Lhe 2008 flnanclal global
crlsls many 8razlllans who had lefL Lhe counLry ln search of a beLLer llfe abroad sLarLed Lo reLurn
home.
MlgraLlon ls consldered Loday a cruclal Lheme ln Lhe globallzed world. never before so many people
moved from one place Lo anoLher. ln Llmes of modern ways of LransporLaLlon and Lechnology greaLer
and fasLer conLacL occurs beLween people of dlverse naLlonallLles and eLhnlc backgrounds. Powever,
culLural dlfferences are ln general more a facLor of confllcL Lhan of synergy (PofsLede, 1997). CulLure
ls noL a sLaLlc daLa whlch ls LransmlLLed from one generaLlon Lo anoLher, lL ls a hlsLorlcal producLlon,
lnscrlbed ln Lhe relaLlons of hlsLorlcally slLuaLed soclal groups. 1herefore, ln an analysls of a culLural
sysLem one needs Lo analyze Lhe hlsLorlcal-soclal conLexL slnce culLures are born ln soclal relaLlons
LhaL are always uneven (Cuche, 1999). MlgraLlon does noL lnvolve slmply dlslocaLlon from one place
Lo anoLher. 1here are varlous consequences of LhaL reallLy. lL ls a complex sLrucLural maLLer fraughL
wlLh deep psychologlcal lmpllcaLlons. lL ls an uprooLlng experlence LhaL can lnvolve Lhe loss of all LhaL
Lhe counLry of orlgln represenLs: naLlve language, common culLural hablLs, rules and norms, soclal
supporL of exLended or near famlly, frlends, acqualnLances, well-known envlronmenL, food, and so
on. lurLher accompanled by a process LhaL lnvolves changes ln one's ldenLlLy, value sysLem,
aLLlLudes, behavlor, way of llfe, and relaLlonshlp paLLerns ln order Lo llve ln Lhe new soclo-culLural
envlronmenL. 1hus, mlgraLlon lmplles a crlses, whlch are LranslLlon perlods represenLlng Lhe
opporLunlLy for growLh and developmenL as well as Lhe danger of lncreased vulnerablllLy, deepenlng
lndlvldual and group dlslnLegraLlon. Cn-llne and phone psychologlcal asslsLance have been provlded
based on an lnLerculLural psychodynamlc perspecLlve developed by Lhe auLhor. A psychoanallLlcal
undersLandlng of Lhe role such asslsLance represenLs enhances our undersLandlng of Lhe deep role
Lechnology acqulres ln such clrcumsLances. 1hrough sLudy cases of 8razlllans who have been asslsLed
ln our psychosoclal lnLervenLlon research pro[ecL we argue LhaL Lhrough Lechnology a LranslLlonal
ob[ecL (WlnnlcoLL, 1971) ls provlded by Lhe medlaLed asslsLance Lhrough Lechnology. 1hus provldlng
a necessary poLenLlal space beLween Lhe moLher counLry and Lhe new ouLslde world enabllng Lhe
mlgranL Lo overcome Lhe challenges and dlfflculLles mlgraLlon presenLs lnLerLwlned wlLh conLexLual


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and lndlvldual hlsLory. 1herefore Lhls sLudy lndlcaLes Lhe medlaLlon of Lechnology as a posslble
prevenLlve resource ln Lhe promoLlon of Lhe well-belng of Lhose ln moblllLy LhroughouL Lhe globe as
well as a measure of Lhelr human rlghL Lo well-belng. A world nowadays LhaL paradoxlcally ls
Lechnologlcally more and more developed alLhough wlLh greaLer uneven relaLlons, oppresslon and
subLle or expllclL demonsLraLlons of xenophobla.

* * *

G%+$./%*$+B' (.<:*"@"1' %/#' +"(2/.*.3B' $/' (./+"<:.,%,B' 1.($"+$"16' +2"' (,$+$(%*' ,.*"' .0' <.,%*C*"3%*'
%/#'%"1+2"+$(C"@:,"11$5"'1:2","1'

Alulslo Almelda SCPuMACPL8
laculLy of hllosophy and Sclence
unlversldade de So aulo, 8razll
alulsloschumacher[yahoo.com.br

WlLh world's dlsenchanLmenL and Lhe loss of leglLlmacy of rellglous concepLlons of Lhe world,
modernlLy orlglnaLes a process of culLural raLlonallzaLlon and human afflrmaLlon anchored ln Lhree
complexes of raLlonallLy: cognlLlve-lnsLrumenLal connecLed Lo sclence and Lechnology, moral-legal
relaLed Lo morallLy and law, and aesLheLlc-expresslve bound Lo arLs. A qulck look aL our dally llfe
shows LhaL socleLles developed very unequally Lhese Lhree complexes of raLlonallLy. CognlLlve-
lnsLrumenLal Lype of raLlonallLy rules soclal llfe colonlzlng moral-legal and aesLheLlc-expresslve
spheres. 1hls process ls parL of Lhe developmenL of sclence and Lechnology ln conLrolllng Lhe naLural
world and sLreLches more and more lLs way of dolng and domlnaLlng reallLy Lo Lhe oLher Lwo
spheres. ropelled by markeLs and admlnlsLraLlons dependlng more and more of economlc lncrease,
lnsLrumenLal raLlonallLy embeds all human acLlvlLles wlLh lLs lmpllclL values: proflL and power.
Meanwhlle, moral-legal and aesLheLlc-expresslve complexes conserve marglnal lnfluence ln soclal
acLlon, preservlng crlLlcal conLenL vls-a-vls lnsLrumenLal raLlonallLy. 1echnologles are presenLed by
malnsLream dlscourses as soluLlons for all klnds of problems, Lransformlng pollLlcal quesLlons lnLo
Lechnlcal. lorLy years ago we use Lo hear LhaL Lhe lncrease of producLlon wlll ellmlnaLe poverLy, whlle
Loday we hear LhaL geneLlc LransformaLlon wlll flnlsh wlLh hunger.
1he expresslon Lechno-sclence emerged Lo reporL Lhe lncreaslng fuslon of sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal
acLlvlLles conLrolled by huge global corporaLlons Lurned Lo producLlvlLy and proflLs. 1he fleld LhaL
manlpulaLes naLure ls an example of Lhls concenLraLlon of power: Len blggesL global corporaLlons
conLrol Lhe markeLs of pharmaceuLlcals, seeds, agrochemlcals, anlmal pharmaceuLlcals and blo
Lechnologles.
1o many S1S (Sclence, 1echnology and SocleLy) scholars' conLemporary consLellaLlon would slgnlfy a
blockage ln posslblllLles of human emanclpaLlon: 1he fuslon of sclence and Lechnology ln a slngle
acLlvlLy sLralghLly bound Lo economlc lnLeresLs would wlLhdraw Lhe posslblllLy of soclal conLrol over
Lechnlcal-sclenLlflc acLlvlLy. 1hls dlagnosls seems Lo forgeL LhaL once lnslde soclal processes humans
belngs galn new powers Lhey use Lo challenge Lhe sysLem LhaL domlnaLes Lhem. Cur alm ls Lo dlscuss


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posslblllLles of change comlng from Lwo oLher complexes of raLlonallLy: moral-legal and aesLheLlc-
expresslve.
We hope Lo ad a small conLrlbuLlon Lo democraLlzaLlon of Lechno-sclence brlnglng ln crlLlcal
argumenLs, (sub[ecLlve and lnLersub[ecLlve) experlences and alLernaLlves concernlng Lechnologles. So
LhaL Lhe soclal consLrucLlon and use of Lechnologles would conslder Lhe parLlclpaLlon of affecLed and
posslbly affecLed persons ln Lhe enacLmenL of pollLlcal and legal regulaLlons.

* * *
7"8'8%B1'.0'4"$/3'($+$R"/12$:6'D2"'"<$3,%/+'1+%+"':,.:.1%*'

Adrlana Capuano de CLlvLl8A
unlversldade lederal do A8C, 8razll
adrlana.ollvelra[ufabc.edu.br

8razll has always been known as a counLry of lmmlgraLlon, slnce lLs flrsL beglnnlng when Lhe
orLuguese sLarL Lhe colonlzaLlon process, and moreover especlally afLer Lhe Lurnlng of Lhe 19Lh-20Lh
cenLury, when Lhousands of lmmlgranLs arrlved from Lurope, Mlddle LasL and Asla Lo work aL Lhe
coffee planLaLlons flelds of Lhe souLheasL and Lhe souLh of Lhe counLry, once Lhe slavery sysLem had
come Lo an end. neverLheless Lhls LradlLlon, sLarLlng on Lhe 1980's, Lhe lnLernaLlonal mlgraLlon
paLLerns of Lhe counLry suffered and lnverse paLh and dlrecLlon. 1he 8razlllan populaLlon sLarLed
leavlng lLs homeland counLry, seeklng beLLer opporLunlLles of llfe ln Lhe Luropean counLrles, u.S.A.
and even Asla (!apan speclally). We were looslng our lmmlgraLlon PlsLory for an emlgraLlon one,
Lowards Lhe developed world.
8y LhaL same perlod, an amazlng revoluLlon on Lhe communlcaLlon and lnformaLlon Lechnologles
Look place on Lhe world. lnLerneL, MSn, cell phones, soclal neLwork, and slmulLaneous
communlcaLlons of many klnds changed for compleLe Lhe ways of belng ln somewhere. now, you
could be Lhere (anywhere) wlLhouL belng Lhere (physlcally). Such posslblllLles had Laken a huge
lmpacL on mlgraLlon. And wlLh Lhe 8razlllan emlgranLs lL wasn'L dlfferenL.
Slnce Lhe lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon, communlcaLlon and LransporL Lechnologles have Laken parL ln Lhe
modern world. 1elephone, Lraln, sLeamshlp, Lelegraphy and so on, all Lhose Lechnologles had had a
huge lmpacL on Lhe perlod LhaL was known as 1he Age of MlgraLlon" from whlch 8razll had Laken a
large parL, as exposed above (Lurnlng of Lhe 19Lh-20Lh cenLury). AL Lhe end of Lhe 20Lh cenLury, new
Lechnologlcal revoluLlons had a even blgger, acLually Lremendous lmpacL on people's mlgraLory
condlLlons. Such flow of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles based on lnsLanL conLacLs
have Lransformed lmmlgraLlon lnLo a new poLenLlal LhaL has never been seen by manklnd. lL broken
all Lhe chalns of physlcally consLralns of belng somewhere. lL changed Lhe plcLure of leavlng ones
homeland.
1he paper proposal submlLLed here ls a resulL of a research LhaL analyses a very new form of
clLlzenshlp clalmed by 8razlllan populaLlon emlgranL around Lhe world, made posslble only Lhanks


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Lhese new Lechnologles menLloned above. ln oLher words, made posslble Lhanks Lechnology - and,
by consequence - sclence, resLrucLurlng models of belng somewhere, and as we may seen l am
Lalklng abouL Lhe 28 8razlllan sLaLe, Lhe Lm|grant State (8razll has 27 sLaLes).
1he LmlgranL SLaLe ls, lndeed, a neLwork of 8razlllan communlLles spread all over Lhe world LhaL
communlcaLes on everyday bases by Lhese new dlglLal and lnsLanLaneous Lechnologles. lL Look greaL
lmpulse slnce a campalgn sLarLed by a 8razlllan [ournallsL, emlgranL hlmself, for Lhe recognlLlon of
Lhe auLomaLlc and fully 8razlllan clLlzenshlp rlghLs for Lhe chlldren of 8razlllan moLher or/and faLher
born ouLslde 8razll. 1hls auLomaLlc clLlzenshlp rlghL had been losL ln 1994, and was recovered Lhanks
Lhls movemenL. Slnce Lhe success of Lhls campalgn, LhaL recovered Lhe rlghLs of Lhelr chlldren born
ouLslde 8razll, Lhese communlLles organlzed Lhemselves around a very new form of belng clLlzens of
a LerrlLory: llvlng ouLslde lL. 1hey clalmed for a regular and formal pollLlcal sLaLus, Lhe 28 8razlllan
sLaLe, pollLlcally organlzed, wlLh represenLaLlve members ln 8rasllla (caplLal of Lhe counLry), buL llvlng
abroad. A sLaLe wlLh people and culLure, buL lacklng of LerrlLory. A new form of belng full clLlzen of a
counLry Lhousands of mlles away.
1he sLudy emphaslzes Lhe role of Lechnologlcal communlcaLlons Lo form a pollLlcal communlLy self
called LmmlgranL SLaLe, polnLs ouL Lhe relevance of Lhe communlcaLlon neLs as well as Lhe concepLs
whlch are lnvolved ln Lhls lssue.

* * *

LB4",C"/5$,./<"/+%*$1<'$/'!"@$(.6'+2"')1"'.0'1.($%*'/"+8.,=1'$/'#"0"/1"'.0'/%+),%*',"1.),("1'%/#'
+2"'"/5$,./<"/+'

Ana lsabel lCn1LClLLA-CA88CnLLL
lnsLlLuLo de lnvesLlgaclones PlsLrlco-Soclales
unlversldad veracruzana, Mexlco
afonLecl[hoLmall.com

ln Mexlco, numerous popular movemenLs have emerged ln defense of naLural resources and Lhe
envlronmenL, many of whlch use soclal neLworks as Lhe only safe medla" Lo wldespread Lhelr
demands. 1he Asamblea naclonal de AfecLados AmblenLales (AnnA, naLlonal Assembly of eople
AffecLed by LnvlronmenLal uamages) brlngs LogeLher more Lhan 130 local sLruggles presenL ln almosL
half of Lhe sLaLes of Lhe Mexlcan 8epubllc. arLlclpanLs of AnAA belong Lo urban and rural local
groups LhaL are ln Lhe process of defendlng Lhelr LerrlLorles, LradlLlonal producLlon pracLlces and Lhe
areas Lhey lnhablL, agalnsL Lhe aggresslons of large lndusLrles and lnfrasLrucLure pro[ecLs LhaL
LhreaLen naLural resources and Lhe local envlronmenL (dams, mlnlng, roads, landfllls, Loxlc wasLe
landfllls, farms, eLc.), as well as agalnsL Lhe prlvaLlzaLlon of publlc goods such as: waLer, energy and
food. Cnce a year, members of Lhe AnAA meeL ln person Lo exchange experlences, Lo make
arrangemenLs and Lo prepare reporLlng documenLs. ln 2012, AnnA celebraLed lLs elghLh annual
naLlonal meeLlng, wlLh more Lhan 1300 aLLendees, who expressed solldarlLy wlLh Lhe communlLy of


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Cheran, an lndlgenous communlLy locaLed ln Lhe wesL of Lhe counLry and whose lnhablLanLs have
suffered for more Lhan Lwo years of aggresslon by crlmlnal groups who for years have lllegally felled
communlLy foresLs, besldes kllllng several communlLy members. ln response, resldenLs Lhemselves
have generaLed self-defense mechanlsms. Slmllarly, oLher sLruggles have emerged ln Lhe counLry
agalnsL Lhe prollferaLlon of open-plL mlnes by LransnaLlonal companles. 1he 8ed Mexlcana de
AfecLados por la Mlnerla (8LMA, Mexlcan neLwork of eople AffecLed by Mlnlng) ls a neLwork of
communlLles, movemenLs, organlzaLlons and lndlvlduals affecLed and concerned abouL soclal and
envlronmenLal lmpacLs of mlnlng ln Mexlco. 8LMA was born ln !une 2008, derlved from Lhe Mexlcan
MovemenL of eople AffecLed by uams and ln uefense of 8lvers (MAuL8). Pundreds of people
came LogeLher ln 2008 from 12 sLaLes Lo organlze 8LMA. lour years laLer, sLruggles of Lhe members
of 8LMA have glven place Lo Lhe deaLhs of a dozen of Lhelr acLlvlsLs.
8oLh movemenLs have used Lhe mechanlsm of ubllc consulLaLlon", whlch ls a governmenLal
plannlng Lool deslgned Lo promoLe Lhe parLlclpaLlon of socleLy and esLabllsh a communlcaLlon
beLween lL and Lhe governmenL, ln prlorlLy areas of envlronmenLal publlc pollcy. ln Lhls sense, a
speclal occaslon occurred when Lhe la Asamblea veracruzana de lnlclaLlvas y uefensa AmblenLal
(LAvluA, Assembly of lnlLlaLlves and LnvlronmenLal uefense from veracruz) convoked a publlc
consulLaLlon Lhrough soclal neLworks, brlnglng LogeLher oplnlons from acLlvlsLs and academlcs, ln
order Lo sLop Lhe works of Lhe Canadlan Company Coldgroup Mlnlng lnc., ln Caballo 8lanco, a Lown
close Lo Lhe cosLs of Colf of Mexlco. 1hey accompllshed Lhelr ob[ecLlve by Lhls way.
ln Lhls paper, we analyze Lhe use of soclal neLworks by AnnA and 8LMA, uslng daLa from Lhelr
webpages, as well as from a small onllne survey clrculaLed wlLhln some of lLs members ln order Lo
know how Lhe use of soclal neLworks and publlc consulLaLlons has allow Lhem Lo achleve ob[ecLlves
and goals, preservlng a sense of "collecLlve proLecLlon".

* * *

D"(2/.*.3$(%*'1)45",1$./&'%3,."(.*.3B'%/#'0%<$*BC4%1"#'%3,$()*+),"6'+2".,"+$(%*'/.+"1'%4.)+'1.($%*'
+,%/10.,<%+$./1'$/'E%+$/'I<",$(%'

Marcla Marla 1alL LlMA
Sclence and 1echnology ollcy ueparLmenL
unlversldade LsLadual de Camplnas (unlcamp), 8razll
marcla.LalL[gmall.br

vanessa Marla 8rlLo de !LSuS
Sclence and 1echnology ollcy ueparLmenL
unlversldade LsLadual de Camplnas (unlcamp), 8razll
vmb[esus[lge.unlcamp.br

8enaLo elxoLo uACnlnC
Sclence and 1echnology ollcy ueparLmenL
unlversldade LsLadual de Camplnas (unlcamp), 8razll
rdagnlno[lge.unlcamp.br


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1he arLlcle addresses Lhe Lechnologlcal subverslon phenomenon ln lamlly AgrlculLure Lhrough
Agroecology. 8esearches by docLoral Lheses ln Lhe fleld of Soclal SLudles of Sclence and 1echnology
and hllosophy of 1echnology suggesL LhaL Lechnologles, whlle ln LranslLlon from one agrlculLural
paradlgm Lo anoLher, conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe formaLlon of an eplsLemology lLself wlLhln soclal movemenLs
llnked Lo agroecologlcal farmlng, formed ln opposlLlon Lo Lhe Lechnologles promoLed by Lhe Creen
8evoluLlon.
Agroecology can be undersLood as an eplsLemology LhaL denles Lhe sclenLlflc and values pracLlcal Lhe
lnLeracLlon of knowledge and pracLlces. ln Lhls sense, lL ls dlspuLlng space and values wlLh
agrlculLural pracLlces gulded by Lhe use of new agrlculLural bloLechnologles. lleld research ln famlly-
based properLles llnked Lo soclal movemenLs demonsLraLed Lhe process of re-slgnlflcaLlon and
approprlaLlon of agronomlsL LhoughL, conLrlbuLlng Lo Lhe consLrucLlon of values and pracLlces LhaL
opposes Lhe loglc of Lechnologlcal dependence.
AgrlculLural Lechnologles ln Lhe fleld of Agroecology can also be undersLood as Soclal 1echnology, a
Lerm LhaL afflrms Lhe need Lo redlrecL Lhe Lechnologlcal developmenL ln order Lo conLrlbuLe Lo
reduclng soclal lnequallLy, enabllng soclal emanclpaLlon of soclal groups hlsLorlcally excluded.
1he LrlangulaLlon of quallLaLlve research meLhods allowed lnferrlng LhaL, ln Lhe cases analyzed,
Agroecology demonsLraLed lLs poLenLlal for creaLlng dlaloglcal and plural knowledge from LaLln
Amerlca, drlvlng deep culLures changes ln socleLy. 8oLh areas conLrlbuLe wlLh LheoreLlcal and
pracLlcal elemenLs LhaL can asslsL ln deflnlng acLlons and reflecLlon of paLhs of developmenL and
Lechnologlcal Lra[ecLorles more approprlaLe Lo Lhe conLexL of LaLln Amerlcan counLrles.
ln Lhe flrsL parL of Lhe arLlcle, we wlll dlscuss Lhe crlLlcs abouL Lechnology from Lhe Agroecology
perspecLlve, parLlcularly ln relaLlon Lo Lhe dlscourse surroundlng agrlculLural bloLechnology. 1hen, we
hlghllghL Lhe elemenLs of Lhe Soclal SLudles of Sclence and 1echnology and Lhe hllosophy of
1echnology abouL Lechnologlcal subverslon. 8oLh concepLs conLrlbuLe Lo undersLand of Lhe changes
broughL by Lhe Agroecology ln Lhe shaplng of eplsLemology based ln oLher values. llnally, we dlscuss
Lhe cases sLudled, seeklng Lo geL deep ln Lhe analysls, lncorporaLlng ecofemlnlsL crlLlcal Lhlnklng.


* * *


[*)@&':.+"/+$%*$+B&'%/#'"/",3B'/")+,%*$+B6'c/'"/",3B'(./(":+$./1'%/#'1)1+%$/%4$*$+B''

8oberL-!an CLL81S, hu CandldaLe
Sub-deparLmenL CommunlcaLlon, 1echnology and hllosophy: CenLre for lnLegraLlve uevelopmenL
MeLhodlcal LLhlcs & 1echnology AssessmenL (ML1A)
Wagenlngen unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
roberL-[an.geerLs[wur.nl




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8arL C8LMMLn
Sub-deparLmenL CommunlcaLlon, 1echnology and hllosophy: CenLre for lnLegraLlve uevelopmenL
MeLhodlcal LLhlcs & 1echnology AssessmenL (ML1A)
Wagenlngen unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands

!oseLLe !ACC8S
Sub-deparLmenL CommunlcaLlon, 1echnology and hllosophy: CenLre for lnLegraLlve uevelopmenL
MeLhodlcal LLhlcs & 1echnology AssessmenL (ML1A)
Wagenlngen unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands

Cne of Lhe blg challenges of Lhe momenL ls Lhe LranslLlon Lowards a susLalnable energy reglme.
CllmaLe change, Lhe sLeady depleLlon of LradlLlonal fossll fuels, and geo-pollLlcal Lenslons make
dlfferenL aspecLs of currenL pracLlces problemaLlc, and lnduce a pleLhora of lnnovaLlons. 1hese
lnnovaLlons however, ranglng from efflclency lmprovemenLs Lo auLarklc bulldlngs and from blofuels
Lo cycllng lnfrasLrucLure, are noL all soluLlons Lo Lhe same problem. 1hls ls ofLen undersLood as a
good Lhlng, as a range of lnnovaLlons ls expecLed Lo be necessary, raLher Lhan one 'sllver bulleL'
Lechnology (e.g. Mackay 2009). Powever, an uncrlLlcal appralsal of anyLhlng and everyLhlng called
'green lnnovaLlon' lacks meLhods for LesLlng boLh necesslLy and sufflclency of Lhese developmenLs.
1hls lnslghL opens up a phllosophlcal Lask Lo explore and clarlfy Lhe space ln whlch Lhe so called
energy LranslLlon Lakes place. 1he foundaLlons of our Lhlnklng abouL energy are Lhe concepLlons of
whaL acLually ls energy and how Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween dlfferenL forms of energy. 1hese foundaLlons
change over Llme, due Lo new Lechnologles, sclenLlflc lnslghLs, phllosophlcal developmenLs, eLc.
ulfferenL concepLlons lead Lo dlfferenL soluLlon spaces, and lf a varleLy of dlfferenL concepLlons ls
used ln a debaLe, Lhls leads Lo mlsundersLandlngs and mlscommunlcaLlons. As parL of a larger pro[ecL
focused around a number of apparenL duallsms ln energy concepLlons and Lhelr connecLlon Lo Lhe
energy LranslLlon, Lhls paper connecLs undersLandlng energy as elLher flox or poteotlollty wlLh Lhe
undersLandlng of 'energy neuLrallLy'.
Accordlng Lo PeracllLus' dlcLum 'anLa rhel', everyLhlng changes. Cause of Lhls change ls energy,
undersLood as someLhlng flowlng, eluslve, unconLrollable and omnlpresenL - flox ln shorL. ln Lhe
lndusLrlal revoluLlon, ways were developed Lo dellver energy on demand, whlch led Lo a dlfferenL
concepLlon of energy. 1he work of Peldegger explores Lhls concepLlon mosL expllclLly: for Peldegger,
ln Lhe Lechnologlcal age naLure ls LhoughL of as a 'sLandlng reserve', walLlng Lo be puL Lo work
(Peldegger 1977). Lnergy ls Lhe poteotlollty LhaL can be puL Lo use aL Lhe fllck of a swlLch. 8uL Lhls
new concepLlon dld noL exacLly replace Lhe older flux concepLlon, boLh Lhese undersLandlngs are
clearly vlslble ln our Lechnologles. 1he sLandlng reserve of Peldegger ls Lo be found ln energy carrlers:
subsLances LhaL release energy lf we make Lhem change Lhelr sLaLe. oLenLlallLy comes ln dlfferenL
forms: poLenLlal energy ln Lhe case of a hydropower reservolr, chemlcal energy for peLroleum and
blomass, nuclear energy ln uranlum. 8uL as soon as we declde Lo use Lhls poLenLlallLy, Lhe energy ls
released and becomes flux. 1hls ls mosL vlslble ln Lhe elecLrlc sysLem, whlch always needs Lo be ln
balance. Lnglneers have come up wlLh ways Lo sLore and release energy Lo cope wlLh flucLuaLlng
demand, and more recenLly, wlLh flucLuaLlng lnpuL from solar and wlnd sources as well. MosL
common are hydropower baslns LhaL are fllled and empLled on demand, a sysLem already used ln Lhe


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beglnnlng of Lhe 20Lh cenLury (Pughes 1993). So raLher Lhan Lwo dlfferenL worldvlews, Lhese Lwo
undersLandlngs of energy are ln close connecLlon, and we consLanLly converL energy beLween Lhe
Lwo klnds.
1hls lnslghL helps us uncover an lssue ln Lhe undersLandlng of 'energy neuLrallLy' - Lhe ldea LhaL lf an
enLlLy produces and consumes Lhe same amounL of energy ln a cerLaln Llmeframe, lL ls energy
neuLral. CurrenLly, Lhls ls tbe sLaLus for green players Lo asplre (e.g. Mel[er eL al 2011). Lnergy
neuLrallLy ls based on a poLenLlallLy concepLlon of energy: energy ls undersLood as someLhlng
conLrollable, exchangeable and lnLerchangeable. 1hls undersLandlng allows us Lo see a solar paneled
house as belng elecLrlclLy neuLral, even when Lhe llghLs aL nlghL are powered by convenLlonal
elecLrlclLy producLlon. Powever, Lhe naLure of Lhe elecLrlclLy neLwork makes Lhls undersLandlng of
energy neuLrallLy problemaLlc as soon as lL becomes Loo popular: on Lhe neLwork level, producLlon
and consumpLlon do noL [usL have Lo level ouL over Lhe year, buL also aL every momenL ln Llme. ln
solar panel dense Cermany, Lhls already resulLs ln dumplng solar generaLed elecLrlclLy on sunny days
(n8C 2012).
A flux undersLandlng of energy would resulL ln a very dlfferenL concepLlon of energy neuLrallLy: an
enLlLy would need Lo have a neuLral energy flow aL every momenL ln Llme. 8ecause Lhe pracLlce of
Lhe elecLrlclLy neLwork can be only parLly undersLood ln Lerms of poLenLlallLy, 'energy neuLrallLy' as lL
ls currenLly undersLood can be seen as noL more Lhan a sLep ln Lhe rlghL dlrecLlon.

8eferences
Peldegger, M. (1977). Ooestloo coocetoloq 1ecbooloqy ooJ Otbet ssoys. (W. LovlLL, 1rans.) (LaLer
prlnLlng.). Parpererennlal.
Pughes, 1. . (1993). Netwotks of lowet. lecttlflcotloo lo westeto 5oclety, 1880-19J0 (new Ld.). 1he
!ohns Popklns unlverslLy ress.
n8C (2012, 10 november). uoe heL groen - maar doe heL dan wel sllm. (newspaper arLlcle)
Mackay, u. (2009). 5ostolooble oetqy - wltboot tbe bot olt. Cambrldge, Lngland: ul1.
Mel[er, M., Adrlaens, l., van der Llnden, C., & Schlk, W. (2011). A nexL sLep for susLalnable urban
deslgn ln Lhe neLherlands. cltles, 28, 336-344.


* * *
'
I/' $/5"1+$3%+$./' $/' +2"' "00"(+' .0' $/+",/"+' 0.,)<1n0%("4..=' ./' +2"' $#"/+$+B' (./1+,)(+$./' .0' 9./3'
f./3'B.)+21'4%1"#'./'+2"'"@:",$"/("'.0'+2"'JLB4",'`.)+2'c)+,"%(2$/3'W$*.+'W,.d"(+M'

LAu ka ?eung
CarlLas-Pong kong Cyber ?ouLh CuLreachlng lloL ro[ecL, Pong-kong
cyberyouLhhk[gmall.com



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WCnC Lok Man
CarlLas-Pong kong Cyber ?ouLh CuLreachlng lloL ro[ecL, Pong-kong


CPLunC Slu Chlng,
CarlLas-Pong kong Cyber ?ouLh CuLreachlng lloL ro[ecL, Pong-kong

WCnC Chlng ?l
CarlLas-Pong kong Cyber ?ouLh CuLreachlng lloL ro[ecL, Pong-kong

nowadays, almosL all of Lhe youLhs ln Pong kong parLlclpaLe ln Lhe cyber world. 1he cyber world has
been changed from web 1.0 Lo web 2.0. Many youLhs noL only search lnformaLlon or surf on Lhe
lnLerneL, Lhey also express Lhemselves and lnLeracL wlLh oLhers a loL on Lhe lnLerneL. 1herefore, lL
makes Lhe cyber youLh ouLreachlng work posslble.
ln Pong kong, lnLerneL forums or bulleLln boards are very popular. 8esldes Lhose lnLernaLlonal
webslLes and search englnes, lncludlng Coogle, ?ahoo, lacebook, eLc., among Lhe Lop flve webslLes
LhaL Pong kong people mosLly vlslL, 3 of Lhem are forums -- uwanLs.com, dlscuss.com.hk and
hkgolden.com.
Among all of Lhe famous local forums, our dlscusslon are golng Lo focus on hkgolden.com., as lL ls a
very unlque forum and has a greaL lnfluence on Lhe Pk youLh culLure. llrsLly, when comparlng wlLh
Lhe oLher forums all over Lhe world, only Lhe very famous uS forum 4Chan.org"users' dally Llme on
slLe ls slmllar Lo hkgolden.com. When comparlng wlLh Lhe number of audlence of Lhese Lwo forums,
4chan.org audlences are 3 Llmes more Lhan hkgolden.com. Powever, 4chan.org .org audlences are
only around 1/363 of uS populaLlon, whlle 1/70 Pong kong populaLlon are Lhe audlences of
hkgolden.com. (llg 1)
Cn Lhe oLher hand, mosL of Lhe audlences of hkgolden.com are Lhe youLhs beLween 13-29 year's 13-
29 populaLlon, around 1/13 are hkgolden.com audlences. And when excludlng Lhose lnLernaLlonal
webslLes and search englnes, Pkgolden.com ls Lhe mosL Llme-consumlng local webslLe. Pong kong
people used more Lhan 33,000 hours ln Lhls forum every day. 1herefore, we can see LhaL how Lhls
webslLe has such a greaL lnfluence on Lhe young people.
CLher Lhan forums, youLhs express Lhelr emoLlon a loL Lhrough lacebook. Powever, lacebook and
forums are qulLe dlfferenL ln Lerms of ldenLlLy dlsclosure. lf we dlvlde Lhe ldenLlLy dlsclosure lnLo 2
levels, Lhe flrsL level ls compleLely anonymous". lL means LhaL people who parLlclpaLe ln Lhe
communlcaLlon or dlscusslon are sLrangers Lo each oLher. 1hls slLuaLlon happens ln mosL of Lhe
bulleLlns and forums. And Lhe very famous forum 4Chan.org also operaLes ln Lhls way.
Powever, under such a compleLely anonymous relaLlonshlp, Lhe depersonallzed" phenomenon can
easlly happen. Suler (2002) explalned, ln real llfe Lhey have needs Lhey can'L express, buL Lhrough
onllne Lhey have a vehlcle and an envlronmenL where Lhey can unleash, and Lhey do lL.and when
you are depersonallzed you can do Lhlngs you wouldn'L do."


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As Lhe youLhs under anonymous relaLlonshlp can do Lhlngs Lhey wouldn'L do", Lhey also can say
someLhlng Lhey wouldn'L say", Lherefore, lL ls a good chance for Lhe youLhs Lo seek help Lhrough
Lhose forums. And Lhey Lend Lo ask some embarrasslng quesLlons LhaL Lhey would noL ask ln face-Lo-
face slLuaLlon, such as sex-relaLed quesLlons.
1he second level ls anchored relaLlonshlp. Accordlng Lo Zhao (2006), Lhe onllne world ls noL enLlrely
anonymous. lL ls because facebook requlre people Lo use a legal name for reglsLraLlon. AlLhough
facebook communlcaLlon ls based on anchored relaLlonshlp, mosL of Lhe ldenLlLy dlsclosure on
facebook ls noL Lhe now self" menLloned by Markus and nurlus (1986). 1hls means LhaL Lhe ldenLlLy
LhaL dlsclosed on facebook ls dlfferenL from Lhe ldenLlLy known Lo Lhe oLhers ln normal dally llfe.
?ouLhs are dlscloslng Lhelr hoped-for posslble selves" on facebook. Accordlng Lo Plgglns (1987),
hoped for posslble selves" ls ln beLween Lhe Lrue self" and Lhe ldeal self". And Zhao, Cramsmuck
& MarLln (2008) also sLaLed LhaL, hoped-for posslble selves are soclally deslrable ldenLlLles an
lndlvldual would llke Lo esLabllsh and belleves LhaL Lhey can be esLabllshed glven Lhe rlghL condlLlon."
ln summary, all Lhose plaLforms derlved a chance for Lhe youLh Lo consLrucL a new ldenLlLy, and lL ls
an excellenL enLry polnL for Lhe soclal worker Lo bulld up relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhem. Pong kong CarlLas
has been funded by Pong kong Soclal Welfare ueparLmenL for a 3-year Cyber ?ouLh CuLreachlng
lloL ro[ecL", whlch alm aL carry ouL a new form of cyber ouLreachlng and web-based counsellng
servlce for Lhe Pong kong youLhs.


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llg 1.

8eferences
Alexa - 1he Web lnformaLlon Company (2012). 8eLrleved uecember 28, 2012 from
hLLp://www.alexa.com
8oyd, 8. (2010). Mokloq 5eose of ltlvocy ooJ lobllclty. AusLln: 1exas, March 13.
Llllson, n., Pelno, 8., & Clbbs, !. (2006). Managlng lmpresslons onllne: Self- presenLaLlon processes ln
Lhe onllne daLlng envlronmenL. Iootool of compotet- MeJloteJ commoolcotloo, 11(2) (arLlcle 2)
Plgglns, L. 1. (1987). Self- dlscrepancy Lheory.lsycboloqlcol kevlew, 94, 1120-1134.
!arvls, !. (2009). MotJocb ooJ tbe lotetoet. 1beo ooJ Now.
!arvls, !. (2011). lobllc potts. now sbotloq lo tbe Jlqltol oqe lmptoves tbe woy we wotk ooJ llve. new
?ork, n?: Slmon & SchusLer.
Markus, P., &nurlus, .(1986). osslble selves. Amerlcan sychologlsL, 41(9), 934-969.
Md, L. A. (2012). vlttoolly oo. 1be uooqetoos lowets of tbe - letsooollty. 1alpel: WealLh ress.
nledzvleckl, P. (2012). 1be leep ulotles. 1alpel: new CenLury ublslhlng Co., LLd.
ope, k. S. & vasquez, M. !. 1. (2007). tblcs lo lsycbotbetopy ooJ coooselloq. A ltoctlcol ColJe. San
lranclsco :!ossey-8ass.
8osenberg, M. (1986).coocelvloq tbe self. Malabar, lL: 8oberL L. krleger.
Sobh, 8. & MarLln, 8. (2008). Poped-for Selves and leared Selves: Pow oslLlve and negaLlve
8eference values ln Self8egulaLlon ModeraLe Consumer Coal-ulrecLed LfforLs. otopeoo AJvooces lo
coosomet keseotcb, 8 330-332.
Country Iorum G|oba| kank Aud|ence
er Day
1|me on s|te
per cap|ta
(m|nutes)
1ota| 1|me spent on
s|te per day
(nour
Chlna www.sohu.com 49 10,636,000 6:19 1121840
!apan 2ch.neL 373 1,602,000 6:39 177333
Chlna www.Llanya.cn 146 2,832,000 8:12 387040
lndla www.skyscraperclLy.com 1,718 396,000 10:00 66000
1alwan www.eyny.com 1,066 304,000 12:01 100940
1alwan hLLp://gamer.com.Lw/ 1,076 346,000 12:02 109303.33
1alwan www.ck101.com 2,410 263,400 13:43 60362.3
Pk Pkgolden.com 8,398 100,200 19:11 32036.17
uS 4chan.org 938 338,000 20:04 186620
Source: hLLp://www.alexa.com on 28/1/2012


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Solove, u. !. (2007). 1be fotote of tepototloo. qosslp, tomot, ooJ ptlvocy oo tbe lotetoet. new Paven:
?ale unlverslLy ress.
Suler, !.8. (2002). ldenLlLy managemenL ln cyberspace. !ournal of Apllled sychoanalyLlc SLudles, 4(4),
433-439.
?ln, 8. k. (2003).cose stoJy teseotcb. ueslqo ooJ metboJs (3rd ed.). 1housand Caks,CA: Sage.
?ln, 8.k., (1984). Case SLudy 8esearch: ueslgn and MeLhods. 8everly Pllls, Callf: SageubllcaLlons.
?urchlsln, !., WaLchravesrlngkan, k., & McCabe, u. 8. (2003). An exploraLlon of ldenLlLy re-creaLlon ln
Lhe conLexL of lnLerneL daLlng. 5oclol 8ebovlot ooJ letsooollty, 33(8), 733-730.
Zhao, S. (2006).Cyber-gaLherlng places and onllne-embedded relaLlonshlps. ln lopet pteseoteJ ot tbe
oooool meetloqs of tbe eosteto socloloqlcol soclety ln 8osLon.
Zhao, S., Crasmuck, S. & MarLln, !. (17 March 2008). ldenLlLy consLrucLlon on lacebook: ulglLal
empowermenL ln anchored relaLlonshlps. compotets lo nomoo 8ebovlot.

* * *
'
f/.8*"#3"&'$3/.,%/("&'%/#'$/+"**"(+)%*':,.:",+B',$32+16'+2"'(%1"'.0'i!'1""#1'
!usLln 8. 8luuLL
School of ubllc ollcy
Ceorgla lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, uSA
[usLln.blddle[pubpollcy.gaLech.edu

lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs -- parLlcularly paLenLs -- are playlng an lncreaslngly lmporLanL role ln
many areas of sclence and Lechnology, lncludlng bloLechnology. Whlle Lhere are a number of
poLenLlal [usLlflcaLlons for paLenLlng, lncludlng Lockean labor-based [usLlflcaLlons and Pegellan
personallLy-based [usLlflcaLlons, Lhe mosL plauslble [usLlflcaLlon ls consequenLlallsL ln naLure. Cn Lhls
accounL, paLenLlng lncenLlvlzes research and Lhereby promoLes Lhe generaLlon of sclenLlflc
knowledge, whlch ln Lurn faclllLaLes boLh Lechnologlcal and soclal progress. 8ecenLly, however, a
number of commenLaLors have quesLloned Lhe consequenLlallsL [usLlflcaLlon, on Lhe grounds LhaL
paLenLlng ls acLually lnhlblLlng research. ln Lhls paper, l wlll make a sLronger argumenL. ln some areas
of bloLechnology, paLenLlng ls noL only lnhlblLlng research, lL ls ptoblbltloq lL. ln parLlcular, l wlll argue
LhaL lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs are belng used Lo prohlblL research on geneLlcally modlfled (CM)
seeds.
1here are powerful moral reasons for ensurlng LhaL paLenLlng does noL prohlblL research. 1here are
aL leasL some poLenLlal healLh and envlronmenLal rlsks assoclaLed wlLh some CM crops. Whlle Lhe
exLenL of Lhese rlsks remalns a maLLer of conLroversy, lL ls unllkely LhaL such a Lechnologlcal
conLroversy would be seLLled adequaLely lf only paLenL-holders are free Lo perform Lhe necessary


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research. ln Lhls way, Lhe ablllLy Lo prohlblL research on CM seeds could farmers, Lhe publlc, and Lhe
envlronmenL Lo unnecessary rlsks.
ln addlLlon Lo Lhese moral reasons, Lhere are also eplsLemologlcal reasons for ensurlng LhaL paLenLlng
does noL prohlblL research. 8ecenL work ln soclal eplsLemology has emphaslzed Lhe lmporLance of
Lhe organlzaLlon of research ln Lhe producLlon of knowledge. 1he case of CM seeds provldes an
lmporLanL lllusLraLlon of Lhls. More speclflcally, an examlnaLlon of Lhls case furLhers boLh Lhe ctltlcol
pro[ecL and Lhe mellototlve pro[ecL ln soclal eplsLemology. 1he crlLlcal pro[ecL, whlch has rooLs ln Lhe
work of karl Marx, karl Mannhelm and oLhers, ls Lhe pro[ecL of ldenLlfylng feaLures of Lhe
lnsLlLuLlonal envlronmenL of research LhaL lmpede Lhe producLlon or dlssemlnaLlon of knowledge.
1hls pro[ecL, ln oLher words, exposes how soclal sLrucLures glve rlse Lo lgnorance. 1he melloraLlve
pro[ecL, based on Lhe work of hlllp klLcher, Alvln Coldman, and oLhers, ls Lhe examlnaLlon of how
Lhese soclal sLrucLures can be redeslgned Lo lmprove our eplsLemlc slLuaLlon. ln Lhls paper, l show
how currenL lnLellecLual properLy laws and pollcles allow for paLenL holders Lo prohlblL oLhers from
dolng research on CM seeds, and l examlne ways ln whlch Lhese laws and pollcles can be changed ln
order Lo promoLe furLher research and faclllLaLe Lhe dlssemlnaLlon of knowledge.

* * *

D%,3"+$/3'+"(2/.C1($"/+$0$(',"1"%,(2'+.8%,#1'+2"':)4*$('3..#'

1orsLen WlLPCL1
lnsLlLuLe of hllosophy
Lelbnlz unlverslLy of Pannover, Cermany
LorsLen.wllholL[phllos.unl-hannover.de



lL has ofLen been argued LhaL research ln appllcaLlon-relaLed areas should be sysLemaLlcally dlrecLed
aL problems whose soluLlon ls expecLed Lo be ln Lhe publlc lnLeresL-especlally ln publlcly flnanced
research lnsLlLuLlons such as unlverslLles (see krlmsky 2003, ch. 13, Carrler 2011 and Wlse 2011 for
Lhree recenL examples). 8uL proposals ln Lhls veln have long meL wlLh deLermlned reslsLance.
CpponenLs have clalmed boLh LhaL upsLream research sboolJ noL be LargeLed aL speclflc problems
deflned by Lhe publlc lnLeresL and LhaL lL coo noL be Lhus LargeLed. Concernlng Lhe flrsL polnL, lL has
been clalmed LhaL (1) dlrecLlng research aL speclflc LargeLs confllcLs wlLh Lhe freedom and
lndependence LhaL researchers aL publlc lnsLlLuLlons should en[oy (see for example Craham 1978).
Concernlng Lhe second polnL, crlLlcs have Lrled Lo make Lhe case LhaL (2a) sclenLlflc dlscoverles of
pracLlcal use are unpredlcLable and can Lherefore noL be broughL abouL by means of plannlng and
conLrol and LhaL (2b) aLLempLs Lo noneLheless do so sLlfle Lhe moLlvaLlon and creaLlvlLy of
researchers and Lhus LhreaLen Lo brlng Lhe flow of Lechno-sclenLlflc lnnovaLlon Lo a halL (Lhe locus
classlcus of Lhls crlLlque ls olanyl 1962, slmllar argumenLs pervade Lhe lnfluenLlal 8ush 1960). ln Lhls
Lalk, l wlll engage wlLh Lhese crlLlclsms and alm Lo show LhaL Lhelr force agalnsL Lhe enLerprlse of
LargeLlng Lechno-sclenLlflc research Lowards Lhe publlc good remalns very llmlLed.


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WlLh regard Lo (1), l wlll granL LhaL researchers ln publlc lnsLlLuLlons should ldeally en[oy a cerLaln
degree of freedom of research. Powever, l wlll argue LhaL Lhe preclse naLure of Lhe researchers'
clalm Lo freedom can only be undersLood by looklng aL Lhe argumenLs LhaL supporL lL (cf. WllholL
2010). 1he clalm resLs prlmarlly on an eplsLemologlcal argumenL Lo Lhe effecL LhaL freedom of
research creaLes opLlmal condlLlons for our collecLlve search for knowledge. l wlll argue LhaL Lhls sorL
of argumenL ln essence supporLs meLhodologlcal freedom (free cholce of meLhods and approaches
Lo Lackle a glven research quesLlon) buL ls compaLlble wlLh consLralnLs on Lhe Loplcs of research.
Also, Lhe argumenL esLabllshes only a hypoLheLlcal lmperaLlve, premlsed on Lhe assumpLlon LhaL Lhe
klnd of resulLs produced by our collecLlve search for knowledge" are useful or oLherwlse deslrable
for us". 1herefore, LargeLlng research aL Lhe publlc lnLeresL can even lncrease lnsLead of dlmlnlsh
Lhe researchers' clalm Lo freedom.
Concernlng (2a) and (2b), l wlll confronL Lhe crlLlclsms wlLh observaLlons from Lhe recenL hlsLory of
research. (2a) ls lLself ofLen supporLed by appeal Lo hlsLorlcal examples of serendlplLous dlscovery.
8uL Lhe mere exlsLence of such eplsodes ls noL sufflclenL Lo supporL Lhe clalm. llrsL of all, Lhey sLand
vls-a-vls many examples of dlscoverles LhaL resulLed from LargeLed research (Lhe developmenL of
pollo vacclnes, Lhe lnvenLlon of Lhe LranslsLor aL 8ell Labs, Lo name [usL Lwo parLlcularly promlnenL
examples). Secondly, whlle lL ls Lrue LhaL lncldenLal dlscovery has ofLen been of conslderable
advanLage Lo our pracLlcal alms, serendlplLy does noL happen excluslvely ln curloslLy-drlven research:
Alexander llemlng's dlscovery of Lhe anLl-bacLerlal effecLs of penlclllln occurred ln an appllcaLlon-
orlenLed research conLexL aL London's SL. Mary's hosplLal. And lrederlck CrlfflLh was sLudylng
pneumonla for Lhe 8rlLlsh MlnlsLry of PealLh when he observed Lhe puzzllng capablllLy of heaL-kllled
stteptococcos poeomooloe bacLerla of Lhe dangerous 5-Lype Lo converL Lhe (usually harmless) k-Lype
speclmens lnLo vlrulenL bacLerla (by gene Lransfer, as we know Loday). When Lhls process was
sLudled more closely (by Cswald Avery and oLhers), lL led Lo Lhe paLh-breaklng dlscovery LhaL geneLlc
lnformaLlon ls sLored ln Lhe unA. PlsLory provldes no reason Lo fear LhaL more LargeLed research wlll
lead Lo less serendlplLous dlscovery.
Some of Lhe same examples also casL doubL on Lhe argumenL (2b) LhaL LargeLlng research Lowards a
concreLe alm wlll of necesslLy curb Lhe researchers' creaLlvlLy and moLlvaLlon. Work on Lhe polnL
LranslsLor aL 8ell Labs led Lo lmporLanL modlflcaLlons ln Lhe Lheory of semlconducLors and won 8ell
Labs employees !ohn 8ardeen, WalLer 8raLLaln and Wllllam Shockley a noble prlze. Agaln, lL ls cruclal
Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween dlfferenL levels aL whlch consLralnLs on Lhe freedom of research mlghL
operaLe. ConsLralnLs on Lhe Loplc of research are conslsLenL wlLh conslderable meLhodologlcal
freedom, whlch ls arguably Lhe mosL lmporLanL facLor for creaLlvlLy and moLlvaLlon. 1herefore,
LargeLlng Lechno-sclenLlflc research Lowards Lhe publlc good does noL have Lo be anLlLheLlcal Lo Lhe
researchers' need for auLonomy.

8eferences:
8ush, vannevar (1960): 5cleoce, tbe oJless ltootlet. A kepott to tbe lteslJeot oo o ltoqtom fot
lostwot 5cleotlflc keseotcb, reprlnL, WashlngLon: naLlonal Sclence loundaLlon.


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Carrler, MarLln (2011): knowledge, ollLlcs and Commerce. Sclence under Lhe ressure of racLlce",
ln: MarLln Carrler, Alfred nordmann (Lds.), 8ostoo 5toJles lo tbe lbllosopby of 5cleoce, vol. 274:
5cleoce lo tbe cootext of Appllcotloo, uordrechL: Sprlnger, 11-30.
krlmsky, Sheldon (2003): 5cleoce lo tbe ltlvote lotetest. nos tbe lote of ltoflts cottopteJ 8lomeJlcol
keseotcb? Lanham: 8owman and LlLLlefleld.
olanyl, Mlchael (1962): 1he 8epubllc of Sclence. lLs ollLlcal and Lconomlc 1heory", ln: Mloetvo 1,
34-73.
WllholL, 1orsLen (2010): SclenLlflc lreedom. lLs Crounds and 1helr LlmlLaLlons", ln: 5toJles lo nlstoty
ooJ lbllosopby of 5cleoce 41 (2), 174-181.
Wlse, norLon (2011): 1houghLs on ollLlclzaLlon of Sclence Lhrough CommerclallzaLlon", ln: MarLln
Carrler, Alfred nordmann (Lds.), 8ostoo 5toJles lo tbe lbllosopby of 5cleoce, vol. 274: 5cleoce lo tbe
cootext of Appllcotloo, uordrechL: Sprlnger, 283-299.

* * *

D"(2/.*.3B'%/#'4%1$('1($"/("6'+2"'*$/"%,'<.#"*'.0'$//.5%+$./'

Marcos 8arbosa de CLlvLl8A
laculLy of LducaLlon
unlversldade de So aulo, 8razll
mbdollve[usp.br

1he concepL of llnear model of lnnovaLlon (LMl) came lnLo belng ln Lhe 1980s wlLh a crlLlcal purpose,
namely, Lo frame a cerLaln vlew abouL Lhe relaLlonshlps beLween baslc sclence and Lechnologlcal
appllcaLlons ln order Lo re[ecL lL. (kllne & 8osenberg 1986, Mlrowskl 2011, p.47ff.) 1haL vlew ls Lhe
one whlch prevalled ln Lhe Colden ?ears of Lhe 20
Lh
C, roughly from Lhe end of WWll Lo Lhe end of
Lhe 60s. lL ls sLrongly assoclaLed wlLh vannevar 8ush's reporL 5cleoce, tbe eoJless ftootlet, whlch
exerLed a greaL lnfluence on Lhe way sclenLlflc research was organlzed ln LhaL perlod (8ush [1943]
1990, SLokes 1997, lreeman 1996). Accordlng Lo 8ush's reporL, 8aslc research ls performed wlLhouL
LhoughL of pracLlcal ends. lL resulLs ln general knowledge and an undersLandlng of naLure and lLs
laws. 1hls general knowledge provldes Lhe means of answerlng a large number of lmporLanL pracLlcal
problems, Lhough lL may noL glve a compleLe speclflc answer Lo any of Lhem. 1he funcLlon of applled
research ls Lo provlde such compleLe answers." (8ush 1990, p.18) 1hls passage expresses Lhe core of
Lhe re[ecLed model, lL ls called llnear because lL posLulaLes an unldlrecLlonal flow, devold of feedback
loops, from baslc research Lo Lechnologlcal appllcaLlons. Cne of Lhe reasons presenLed ln lLs favour ls
whaL may be called Lhe rlnclple of SerendlplLy, accordlng Lo whlch one can predlcL nelLher whlch
baslc sclence researches wlll yleld Lechnologlcal appllcaLlons, nor Lhe Lype of pracLlcal problems, lf
any, Lhey wlll conLrlbuLe Lo solve. (MerLon & 8arber 2006)
arL of Lhe llne of sLudy known as looovotloo 1beoty lnvolves crlLlque of Lhe LMl (lagerbeg, Mowery
& nelson 2003). lnnovaLlon 1heory ls lnLerpreLed ln Lhls paper as Lhe foundaLlon, ln Lhe domaln of


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ldeas, of Lhe movemenL - whlch may be called looovotloolsm - almed aL esLabllshlng Lhe producLlon
of lnnovaLlons as Lhe prlmary alm of sclenLlflc research. lL ls essenLlal for undersLandlng Lhe splrlL of
lnnovaLlonlsm Lo have ln mlnd LhaL Lhe concepL of lnnovaLlon lL assumes ls noL Lhe general one glven
ln dlcLlonarles as Lhe meanlng of Lhe Lerm. ln lnnovaLlon 1heory's llLeraLure, an lnnovaLlon ls an
lnvenLlon LhaL ls proflLable, l.e., LhaL may be lmplemenLed by prlvaLe enLerprlses, and conLrlbuLe Lo
Lhe maxlmlzaLlon of Lhelr proflLs. (lreeman 1974) Slnce lL ls Lhe markeL LhaL deLermlnes whaL ls and
whaL ls noL proflLable, lnnovaLlonlsm Lends Lo puL ln Lhe hands of Lhe markeL Lhe deflnlLlon of
sclence's research programme. lL can be sald Lherefore LhaL lnnovaLlonlsm promoLes a process of
commodlflcaLlon of sclence and, for LhaL and oLher reasons, LhaL lL ls a faceL of Lhe rlse neollberallsm,
undersLood as Lhe phase of caplLallsm ln whlch Lhe sysLem's Lendency Lo commodlfy everyLhlng ls
exacerbaLed. (Cllvelra 2012)
Cne of Lhe pleces LhaL conLrlbuLed mosL Lo Lhe lncorporaLlon of Lhe crlLlque of Lhe LMl ln Lhe domaln
of lnnovaLlon 1heory ls kllne & 8osenberg (1986). WheLher valld or noL, Lhe arLlcle presenLs
argumenLs for Lhe re[ecLlon of Lhe LMl (as well as Lhe descrlpLlon of an alLernaLlve, Lhe Chaln Llnked-
Model). AfLerwards, however, Lhe crlLlque Lurned lnLo a sorL of dogma, or manLra, very ofLen
repeaLed ln Lhe llLeraLure as a LruLh so concluslvely demonsLraLed LhaL Lhere ls no reason Lo
recaplLulaLe Lhe argumenLs ln lLs favour. (lreeman 1996, p.27) Cnly recenLly Lhe cogency of Lhe
crlLlque sLarLed Lo be quesLloned. (8alconl, 8rusonl & Crsenlgo 2010, Mlrowskl 2011)
ln a slmllar veln, and noL advocaLlng a reLurn Lo Lhe way of conducLlng sclence characLerlsLlc of Lhe
Colden ?ears, Lwo ob[ecLlons wlll be ralsed Lo lnnovaLlon 1heory's crlLlque of Lhe LMl. 1he flrsL ls LhaL
lL lnvolves a serlous anachronlsm, slnce Lhe Lerm lnnovaLlon" was almosL never used ln Lhe
commerclal sense ln LhaL perlod. 1he crlLlque unduly assumes LhaL Lhe sclence pollcles Lhen
prevalllng had Lhe same lnnovaLlonlsL goal, and only dlffered as regards Lhe concepLlon of how Lo
achleve lL.
1he second ob[ecLlon ls LhaL Lhe crlLlque does noL Lally wlLh Lhe rlnclple of SerendlplLy, whlch,
alLhough noL unlversally valld as lL ls clalmed ln 8ush's reporL, has some valldlLy, and Lhus de-
leglLlmlzes Lhe anLl-baslc sclence drlve presenL ln Lhe lnnovaLlonlsL movemenL.

8eferences
8alconl, MargherlLa, 8rusonl, SLefano & Crsenlgo, LulCl. ln defense of Lhe llnear model: an essay.
keseotcb lollcy 39, 2010 p.1-13.
8ush, vannevar. 5cleoce, tbe eoJless ftootlet. WashlngLon: naLlonal Sclence loundaLlon, [1943] 1990.
lagerberg, !an, Mowery, uavld C. & nelson, 8lchard 8. (eds.) 1be OxfotJ nooJbook of looovotloo.
nova ?ork: Cxford unlverslLy ress, 2003.
lreeman, ChrlsLopher. 1be ecooomlcs of loJosttlol looovotloo. ParmondsworLh: enguln 8ooks,
1974.
lreeman, ChrlsLopher. 1he greenlng of Lechnology and models of lnnovaLlon. 1ecbooloqlcol
lotecostloq ooJ 5oclol cbooqe 33, 1996, p.27-39.


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kllne, SLephen !. & 8osenberg, naLhan. An overvlew of lnnovaLlon. ln 8. Landau & n. 8osenberg
(eds.) 1be posltlve som sttoteqy. botoessloq tecbooloqy fot ecooomlc qtowtb. WashlngLon, uC:
naLlonal Academy ress, 1986. p. 273-304.
MerLon, 8oberL k. & 8arber, Lllnor. 1be ttovels ooJ oJveototes of seteoJlplty. o stoJy lo socloloqlcol
semootlcs ooJ tbe socloloqy of scleoce. rlnceLon: rlnceLon u. ., 2006.
Mlrowskl, hlllp. 5cleoce mott. ptlvotlzloq Ametlcoo scleoce. Cambrldge (Mass.): Parvard unlverslLy
ress, 2011.
Cllvelra, Marcos 8. de. Cn Lhe commodlflcaLlon of sclence: Lhe programmaLlc dlmenslon. 5cleoce &
Jocotloo. hLLp://www.sprlngerllnk.com/conLenL/q762360331g2714[/, uCl 10.1007/s11191-012-
9433-7, 2012.
SLokes, uonald L. losteots pooJtoot. boslc scleoce ooJ tecbooloqlcol looovotloo. WashlngLon:
8rooklngs lnsLlLuLlon ress, 1997.

* * *

>%0"+B'%/#'1"(),$+B'$/'%<4$"/+'%11$1+"#'*$5$/3'"/5$,./<"/+1'?'%/'"+2$(%*'"5%*)%+$./'.0':,.+.+B:"1'

karsLen WL8L8
8randenburg unlverslLy for 1echnology ln CoLLbus, Cermany
karsLen.weber[Lu-coLLbus.de
Slnce 2008 Lhe Cerman lederal MlnlsLry of LducaLlon and 8esearch ls fundlng Lhe developmenL of
so-called AmblenL AsslsLed Llvlng" (AAL) sysLems whlch shall supporL healLh care parLlcularly for
elderly people llvlng ln Lhelr own home (see www.aal-deuLschland.de). 1he reason for Lhls declslon ls
LhaL Cerman socleLy, as well as many oLher socleLles, currenLly experlences a severe LranslLlon LhaL
commonly ls called demographlc change". ln case of Cermany and many oLher counLrles, Lhls means
LhaL socleLy's composlLlon rapldly ls changlng Lhreefoldly:
1) 1he percenLage of elderly people ls growlng.
2) 1he absoluLe numbers of Lhe elderly are growlng.
3) 1he average llfe expecLancy ls conLlnuously lncreaslng.
lor Lhe growlng number of aged and very old people care and healLh care musL be provlded whlch ls
an economlc challenge: CosLs of care and healLh care provlslon are rlslng buL slmulLaneously Lhe
number of Lax payers and lnsured persons ls descendlng (cf. Weber & Paug 2003). AddlLlonally, lL has
Lo be expecLed LhaL ln Lhe fuLure Lhe slze of workforce for care and healLh care wlll also be shrlnklng.
1oday, ln Cermany abouL Lwo ouL of Lhree elderly persons needlng care are supporLed by Lhelr
relaLlves ln Lhelr own home. 8uL Lhe number of slngles as well as people wlLhouL offsprlng ls
consLanLly growlng (uepner eL al. 2010) - lL ls Lo be expecLed LhaL ln Lhe fuLure mosL of Lhe elderly
cannoL rely upon Lhe help and supporL of relaLlves. 1hey wlll need professlonal help whlch ls cosLly,


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as already menLloned, and lL mlghL be lmposslble Lo provlde for Lhls supporL due Lo prospecLlve lack
of workforce.
1hese socleLal challenges shall be meL by uslng Lechnology ln general and lC1 ln parLlcular Lo reduce
Lhe need for human labor, Lo lessen or aL leasL Lo sLablllze Lhe cosLs of provldlng for care and healLh
care, and Lo allow elderly people Lo longer sLay and llve lndependenLly ln Lhelr own homes wlLhouL
Lhe need for human supporL. Slnce Lhe expenses of lnvenLlon, lnnovaLlon, developmenL, and
dlssemlnaLlon of such Lechnology seems Lo be so hlgh LhaL prlvaLe enLerprlses refraln from enLerlng
Lhe markeL wlLh Lhe resulL of a markeL fallure, ln 2008 Lhe Cerman governmenL declded Lo provlde
for fundlng aL leasL for Lhe lnvenLlon, lnnovaLlon, and developmenL of AAL sysLems. AddlLlonally,
pro[ecLs Lo evaluaLe Lhe economlc poLenLlal, Lhe legal aspecLs concernlng prlvacy and daLa
proLecLlon, and Lhe eLhlcal aspecLs of such sysLems were funded.
1he evaluaLlon of eLhlcal aspecLs ldenLlfled several poLenLlal confllcLs LhaL could be caused by Lhe
deploymenL of AAL sysLems. 1he paper parLlcularly shall hlghllghL confllcLs beLween safeLy and
securlLy provlslon on Lhe one hand and prlvacy, auLonomy, and soclal [usLlce on Lhe oLher. AL flrsL,
Lhe concepL of AAL shall be brlefly lnLroduced. Secondly, some of Lhe funded pro[ecLs Lo develop AAL
proLoLypes wlll be presenLed. As a Lhlrd sLep, Lhe eLhlcal evaluaLlon and Lhe meLhods used shall be
roughly descrlbed. ln Lhe maln parL of Lhe paper Lhe above menLloned confllcLs beLween safeLy and
securlLy provlslon on Lhe one hand and prlvacy, auLonomy, and soclal [usLlce on Lhe oLher, Lhe causes
of Lhese confllcLs, and some poLenLlal remedles and soluLlons shall be skeLched. As a LenLaLlve
concluslon lL musL be sald LhaL currenL proLoLypes of AAL sysLems lack a worklng buslness model, do
noL solve or even mlghL aggravaLe Lhe above menLloned problems and challenges, and ralses heavy
concern wlLh regard Lo prlvacy, auLonomy, and soclal [usLlce.

8eferences
uepner, P., ulnkelacker, ., Lrdmann, 8., lachlnger, u., koslnskl, u., kLL, A., krger, k., kunemund,
P., LlenerL, k., LuLherdL, S., Mollenkopf, P., Ckken, .-k., Schnelders, M., Schnfeld, P., SusL, C. A.
(2010): Crundlegende uaLen zu poLenzlellen AAL-nuLzern: uaLen und lakLen. ln: Meyer, S.,
Mollenkopf, P. (Prsg.): AAL ln der alLernden CesellschafL. Anforderungen, AkzepLanz und
erspekLlven. Analyse und lanungshllfen. 8erlln, Cffenbach: vuL, 6-39.
Weber, k., Paug, S. (2003): uemographlsche LnLwlcklung, 8aLlonlerung und (lnLergeneraLlonelle)
CerechLlgkelL - eln roblembundel der CesundhelLsversorgung. ln: !oerden, !. C., neumann, !. n.
(Prsg.): MedlzlneLhlk 3. SLudlen zur LLhlk ln CsLmlLLeleuropa, 8d. 8. lrankfurL am Maln eL al.: eLer
Lang, 43-74.


* * *
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;/0.,<%+$./'1.($"+B'%1'%'8"**C4"$/3'.0'"5",B./"U'!B+2'.,'+,)+2X'?'I/'"@%<:*"'.0'/"+'1.($"+B'./'
W.*$12',),%*'%,"%1'

Anna Sl1Lk
ueparLmenL of 8ural Soclology
nlcolaus Copernlcus unlverslLy, oland
anla-slLek[wp.pl

1here ls no doubL LhaL ollsh rural socleLy ls characLerlzed by facLors slgnlflcanLly deparLlng from Lhe
baslc paLLern of lnformaLlon socleLy. 1hls slLuaLlon causes Lhe change Lo develop and lmplemenL Lhe
ldea of web socleLy.
lL has Lo be menLloned LhaL ldea of lnformaLlon socleLy was creaLed noL so far ago, buL rlghL now Lhls
Lerm ls sLlll very capaclous and supporLlng sLrucLure, ls noL only LheoreLlcal consLrucLlon LhaL ls noL
reflecLed ln reallLy. 1oday ls one of Lhe mosL popular ldea of soclal Lheorles of developmenL.
1herefore ln my arLlcle l would llke Lo move from Lheory Lo acLlon, l would llke Lo show some daLa.
MosL of sLaLemenLs wlll be based on Lhe researches whlch were conducLlng by Lhe MlnlsLry of
AgrlculLure and 8ural uevelopmenL and nlcolaus Copernlcus unlverslLy.
nowadays we llve ln Lhe neL/web socleLy, whlch Lhe speclflclLy and phenomenon ls based on ablllLy
of uslng new Lechnology ln everyday llve. lurLhermore socleLy of Lhe xxl cenLury, lnformaLlon
socleLy, ls noL only a modern Lechnology and lnLerneL, above all lL ls a new Lype of soclal formaLlon,
ln whlch lnformaLlon and knowledge are Lhe mosL valuable resources. 8ecause, llke uanlel 8ell sald,
tbe most lmpottoot foctots lo o post-loJosttlol soclety ote tbe koowleJqe ooJ lofotmotloo tbot
become tbe sootce of soclol cbooqe (1).
1herefore Lhls work wlll be an expresslon of Lhe bellef LhaL oland, aL Lhe beglnnlng of new
mlllennlum, along wlLh oLher Luropean counLrles, ls faclng Lhe challenge of global compuLerlzaLlon
process. And ln Lhls case lL could be a background for Lhe developmenL of neL socleLy.
1he maln goal of Lhls arLlcle ls Lo show Lhe condlLlon of Lhe lnformaLlon socleLy on rural areas ln
oland and Lo descrlbe lLs speclflcs (among oLhers new Lype of soclal sLraLlflcaLlons). All analyses wlll
be based on survey daLa of Lhe MlnlsLry of AgrlculLure and 8ural uevelopmenL and research
conducLed under L-8uralneL pro[ecL. lL also wlll be Laken an aLLempL Lo lndlcaLe how process of
compuLerlzaLlon lnfluenced on Lhe quallLy of rural resldenLs llve. lL wlll be also shown Lhe process of
spreadlng of lC1 lnLo all aspecLs of llfe, and changes ln Lhe soclal sLrucLure whlch appeared.
llnally l wlll Lry Lo show, LhaL lnLerneL and modern lnformaLlon Lechnology are Lhe greaLesL lnvenLlon
of Lhe LwenLleLh and LwenLy-flrsL cenLury, whlch creaLe unllmlLed opporLunlLles for developmenL ln
all spheres of llfe.
1he lnformaLlon socleLy, as already lmpllclL menLloned, lL also lnfluences Lhe face of Lhe ollsh
counLryslde. Makes Lhlngs, whlch seemed far dlsLanL and unaLLalnable, posslble Lo geL. 8uL we have
Lo remember, LhaL unforLunaLely vlrLual reallLy doesn'L brlng only beneflLs. AlLhough Lhe lnLerneL


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seems Lo be lmporLanL for Lhe rural populaLlon, whaL ls reflecLed by lncrease number of Lhelr use,
buL ollsh map sLlll flnd a loL of black spoLs, places where people are deprlved access Lo Lhls medlum.
1o sum up, oland has a greaL chance of clvlllzaLlon developmenL. Powever, ln order Lo maLch Lhe
level of developmenL of lnformaLlon socleLy of oLher WesLern Luropean counLrles, musL adopL
Lechnologles LhaL are well-known as a global Lrends, and furLhermore musL ensure access Lo Lhem all.
keywords: web socleLy, lnformaLlon socleLy, new Lechnology, lnLerneL and compuLer Lechnology,
developmenL, compuLerlzaLlon, soclal sLraLlflcaLlon, dlglLal llllLeracy.
(1)hLLp://www.lLLhlnk.pl/arLykul/blznes/nauka/spoleczensLwo-lnformacy[ne-marzenla-l-obawy/

* * *
!$(,.C:.*$+$(%*'%/%*B1$1'.0'"/3$/"",$/3'"#)(%+$./'$/'K,%R$*''
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!ose A8AvLnA-8L?LS
Lnglneerlng laculLy
unlversldade lederal de !ulz de lora, 8razll
[ose.aravena[uf[f.edu.br

ln 8razll, as probably ln oLher parLs of Lhe planeL, Lhe formaLlon of sLudenLs lnslde englneerlng
schools are based on solld Lechnlcal knowledge acqulslLlon, wlLh Lhe maln ob[ecLlve of Lo enable
sLudenLs on deslgnlng, produclng and operaLlng Lechnlcal sysLems, as lL ls descrlbed, for example, ln
varlous Lechnlcal 8razlllan MlnlsLry of LducaLlon documenLs, LhaL deflne guldellnes for Leachlng ln
englneerlng courses of Lhls counLry.
Powever such guldellnes may seem neuLral and ob[ecLlve, Lhere are cerLaln Leachlng pracLlces LhaL
make Lhe Lask of educaLlon Lo be rouLed, quleLly, ln a dlrecLlon Lo consolldaLe a soclo-pollLlcal model
whlch, by way of ensurlng Lhe developmenL of Lhe Lechnlcal background necessary for Lhe progress
of sclence and Lechnology, lnclude perverse lngredlenLs (many of Lhem declared as abuses of power)
as parL of Lhe career lLself.
1hls flrsL reflecLlon leads us Lo observe crlLlcally cerLaln procedures of Lhe educaLlonal process LhaL
seems Lo agree wlLh Lhe needs and demands of Lhe professlonal formaLlon (because Lhe macro-
pollLlcal analysls show us Lhe correspondence beLween Lhe educaLlonal model and Lhe currenL
developmenL model), buL Lhey are noL verlfled ln Lhe mlcro-pollLlcal dlmenslon, because ln Lhls one,
lL was esLabllshed a vlew of reallLy LhaL poLenLlaLes perverse aspecLs of caplLallsL socleLy LhaL have no
dlrecL relaLlon wlLh Lhlnklng and Lechnlcal acLlng. 1hls can be seen, for example, on Lhe hlsLorlcal and
lnvarlable pracLlce of decrease power Lo Lhe llves of low-skllled workers, whlch, once emanclpaLed,
can play a fundamenLal role ln Lhe pollLlcal relaLlonshlps of Lhe secLor.
Several pracLlces lnslde Lhe classroom show LhaL Lhe Lype of sub[ecLlvlLy LhaL ls produced on
englneerlng sLudenLs consolldaLe a seL of fuLure behavlors LhaL ofLen resulL ln Lhe producLlon process


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of Lechnlcal ob[ecLs, whlch do noL pay proper aLLenLlon Lo Lhe sub[ecLlve, soclal and envlronmenLal
lmpacLs Lhey can. 1hls facL conLlnues wlLhouL crlLlcs, because Lhe classroom and Lhe pracLlces of
lnsLlLuLlonal power really are Lhe lasL bunker" LhaL an lmporLanL parL of Lhe LradlLlonal academy has
used as pollLlcal fleld, Lo malnLaln Lhe "sLaLus quo" and Lhe conLrol of Lhe explalners" abouL Lhe
undersLandlng of Lechnology producLlon processes, englneerlng and flnally, abouL reallLy.
lL ls noL enough Lo [usLlfy LhaL Lhe englneerlng educaLlon ls based on Lhe need of developlng a
pracLlcal LhoughL, on whlch proper use of sclenLlflc and Lechnologlcal knowledge ls made, wlLh Lhe
ob[ecLlve of deslgnlng and produclng Lechnlcal sysLems. ln llghL of Lhe lmpacL of Lechnlcal sysLems ln
soclal dynamlcs, lL ls necessary a fundamenLal change ln Lhe way of readlng academlc llfe lnslde
englneerlng schools, because Lhere are a seL of professlonal pracLlces LhaL are consolldaLed Lhrough
domlnaLlon relaLlonshlps, whlch are already presenL ln Lhe process of Leachlng and learnlng, LhaL
wlLhouL crlLlclsms and wlLh subLleLy, lmposes a domlnanL sub[ecLlvlLy Lo englneerlng sLudenLs.
1he neuLral naLure of academlc dlscourse of englneerlng schools obvlously lnhlblLs any opporLunlLy
Lo dlscuss Lhe producLlon of domlnanL sub[ecLlvlLy as an lmporLanL parL ln Lhe formaLlon of Lhe
englneers LhoughL. Lven, Lhe worshlp Lo Lhe sclenLlflc neuLrallLy ls Lhe very procedure LhaL allows
removlng any quesLlonlng of Lhe sub[ecLlve condlLlons upon whlch Lhe explalners" power sLrucLure
ls based.
1hus, ln Lhls paper lL ls proposed LhaL, raLher Lhan Lo deflne macro-educaLlonal pollcles Lo deal wlLh
Lhe englneers educaLlon, lL ls urgenL Lo develop a parallel analysls, whlch allows Lo brlng Lo llghL Lhe
way accordlng Lo whlch Lhe domlnanL sub[ecLlvlLy creaLes lLs professlonal ldenLlLy condlLlons, Lo
enhance or Lo lnhlblL, from lLself, Lhe appearance of enunclaLes of sub[ecLlve, soclal or envlronmenLal
alLernaLlves LhaL could be creaLed as parL of professlonal llfe. ln facL, an lmporLanL parL of Lhe
posslble worlds are already poLenLlaLed or suppressed lnslde Lhe producLlon of Lhe professlonal
ldenLlLy Lo englneerlng sLudenLs.
lL wlll be argued LhaL lL ls really necessary Lo make a mlcro-pollLlcal analysls abouL Lhe mode of
producLlon of Lhe englneers sub[ecLlvlLy durlng Lhe educaLlonal process, because Lhe elemenLs LhaL
glve form and llmlLs Lo Lhe sub[ecLlvlLy of englneerlng sLudenL, do noL appear ln Lhe macro-pollLlcal
analysls of Lhe educaLlonal process, malnly because Lhe sub[ecLlvlLy producLlon pracLlces becomes
evldenL wlLhln Lhe mlcro-pollLlcal dlmenslon, where, afLer esLabllshlng a framework for sub[ecLlve
undersLandlng of Lhe reallLy, Lhe englneer's human body asslmllaLes Lhe feellngs of Lhe educaLlonal
process, forclng Lhe LhoughL and acLlon Lo Lake refuge ln ldenLlLy graLlflcaLlon as a way of absorblng
Lhe nuances and anxleLles of Lhe professlonal llfe. AfLer have embodled Lhe domlnanL sub[ecLlvlLy, ls
pracLlcally lmposslble Lo promoLe, ln any consclous level condlLlon, a crlLlque of currenL Lhlnklng on
englneerlng educaLlon.

8eferences
ueleuze, C., 8ergsonlsmo, LdlLora 34 LLda., 8rasll, 1999.
ueleuze, C. CuaLLarl, l., Mll laLs: CaplLallsmo e Lsqulzofrenla, vol. 3, LdlLora 34 LLda., 8rasll, 1996.


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loucaulL, M., A Arqueologla do Saber, LdlLora lorense unlverslLrla, 8. Ldlo, 8rasll, 2012.
CuaLLary, l. 8olnlk, S., MlcropollLlca: CarLograflas do uese[o, LdlLora vozes, 8rasll, 2003.
CuaLLary, l., As 1rs Lcologlas, LdlLora aplrus, 20 edlo, 8rasll, 1990.
LazzaraLo, M., ollLlcas do AconLeclmenLo, LdlLora 1lnLa Llmn, ArgenLlna, 2006.
MaLurana., P., varela, l., Ll rbol del ConoclmlenLo: Las bases blolglcas del enLendlmlenLo humano,
LdlLora unlverslLarla, Chlle, 1984.
elberL, ., vlda CaplLal: Lnsalos de 8lopollLlca, LdlLora llumlnuras, 8rasll, 2011.
8olnlk, S., CarLografla SenLlmenLal: 1ransformaes ConLemporneas do uese[o, LdlLora ul8CS,
8rasll, 2006.

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L1PlCAL lMLlCA1lCn
Chalr: PCnuA ko[lro

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>.($%*'$<:*"<"/+%+$./'.0',.4.+$(1'$/'k%:%/'%/#'$+1'"+2$(%*'$<:*$(%+$./'

ln Lhe 2003 World LxposlLlon, Alchl, !apan, Lhey were very surprlsed when Lhey saw so many roboLs
ln !apan booLh. 1he roboLs had human-llke faces and Lhey walked, Lalked, and even smlled. 8ecause
of culLural background of some sorL, research and developmenL of humanold has become prevalenL
ln !apan. Applylng Lechnlcs of lndusLrlal roboL Lo humanold, Lhe developmenL moves ahead aL a fasL
pace now.
Cn !anuary 21sL of 2013, "8oboL SulL PAL" (Pybrld AsslsLlve Llmb), whlch ls a cyborg-Lype roboL
developed by rof. Sankal and hls group (1sukuba unlverslLy), and LesLed by rof. naka[lma and hls
group (nllgaLa naLlonal PosplLal), was approved as a medlcal devlce, and goL llcense of lSC13483.
lrulLs of Lhls research wlll be lmplemenLed lnLo !apanese socleLy any Llme now.
ln such a slLuaLlon, !apanese phllosophers and eLhlclsLs of Lhe younger generaLlon begln Lo
communlcaLe wlLh roboLlc englneers. lL ls necessary for us Lo predlcL eLhlcal lssues whlch wlll be
provoked by lnLroducLlon of roboL Lechnology Lo Lhe socleLy. Clvll socleLy has Lo dellberaLe wheLher
Lhey accepL Lhe new Lechnology, or noL. And for Lhe dellberaLlon, we should know eLhlcal polnL of
vlew abouL Lhe consequence of roboLlcs. now we sLarL Lo dlscuss 4 caLegorles of problems as
followlng.
1) 1he problem of roboLs' undersLandlng of people: Lo whaL exLenL should Lhe roboLs undersLand
human belngs Lo be accepLed as soclal acLor, who should keep and supervlse Lhe prlvaLe lnformaLlon
whlch roboLs gaLhered, should we glve roboLs Lhe feellngs of llkes and dlsllkes abouL human conducL
or Lhe ablllLy of [udgmenL beLween rlghL and wrong?
2) 1he problem of human undersLandlng of roboLs: whaL ls Lhe condlLlon for us Lo predlcL roboLs'
conducL, ls lL posslble or noL, Lo make roboLs our peL or companlon, can we LreaL roboLs as a moral
paLlenL, can abuslve LreaLmenL agalnsL roboLs be accepLed?
3) 1he problem of reLhlnklng whaL 'human' ls: whaL alLeraLlon wlll developmenL of humanold glve us
abouL our undersLandlng of ourselves, whaL ls Lhe meanlng Lo become posL-human by uslng roboLlc
Lechnology and 8Ml Lechnology, whaL wlll happen lf Al more lnLellecLual Lhan human belngs
appears?
4) 1he problem of soclal responslblllLy of roboLlcs: 1o whaL exLenL should roboLlcs be applled ln our
socleLy, ls lL necessary for us Lo make a speclal Lype of eLhlcs code for roboLlcs, who should Lake
responslblllLy for Lhe fuLure of roboLlcs (sclenLlsLs, englneers, or consumers?), whaL klnd of
responslblllLy should each soclal acLor Lake?
ln Lhls panel dlscusslon, we wlll lnLroduce Lhe !apanese slLuaLlon abouL roboLlcs, and argue eLhlcal
lmpllcaLlon of lL.

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k%:%/"1"'"/3$/"",$/3'"+2$(1'%/#',.4."+2$(1'

PCnuA ko[lro
kanazawa Medlcal unlverslLy, !apan
nrd21774[nlfLy.com

WhaL fuLure vlslon do Lhe !apanese roboLlclsLs have? 1here ls an academlc roadmap for !apanese
roboLlclsLs, whlch was publlshed ln 2007. lL was made by A8M (Academlc 8oad Map) board aLLended
by members of 3 academlc socleLles ln !apan (1he 8oboLlcs SocleLy of !apan, 1he !apanese SocleLy
for ArLlflclal lnLelllgence, !apan Lrgonomlcs SocleLy). We can see Lhe fuLure vlslon of 2030 concelved
by !apanese roboLlclsLs ln Lhls roadmap.
1he Lechnologles whlch should be obLalned ln Lhe fuLure, Lhey Lhlnk, are as followlng.
! Self-reference, self-evaluaLlon, self-resLoraLlon sysLem: uevelopmenL of Lhe roboLs' ablllLy of
MeLa-CognlLlon" Lo undersLand Lhelr own sLaLe and cognlLlve conLenLs, Lhen, Lo modlfy Lhelr
own acLlon.
! CognlLlve developmenL sysLem: uevelopmenL of Lhe sysLem whlch can sponLaneously exLend lLs
own cognlLlve faculLy vla lnLeracLlon wlLh ouLwards and oLhers.
! Comprehenslon of human ob[ecLlve and lnLenLlon: uevelopmenL of roboLs' ablllLy Lo undersLand
oLhers' lnLenLlon and ob[ecLlve for maklng a good communlcaLlon wlLh people.
! AuLonomy: uevelopmenL of Lhe roboLs' ablllLy Lo declde Lhelr own acLlon wlLhouL ouLer
command.
! 8Cl (8raln-CompuLer lnLerface)/8Ml (8raln-Machlne lnLerface)/Cyborg: 8eallzaLlon of
comblnaLlon beLween machlne and human belng, whlch could noL only supporL our ablllLy, buL
also exLend lL.
! ArLlflclal body organs: uevelopmenL of human-made body parLs.
! WeL roboLs: uevelopmenL of roboLs made of blologlcal maLerlals.
! CommunlLy-asslsL 8oboLs: uevelopmenL of roboLs whlch can acLlvaLe and malnLaln our
communlLy wlLh comblnlng a member and oLhers who have same commonallLy.
! lnLellecLuallzed Space: uevelopmenL of roboLlzed commodlLles whlch gaLher lnformaLlon abouL
human lnLenLlon and soclal need Lo supporL socleLy.
Are Lhese Lechnologles permlLLed Lo be reallzed lf only Lhey were conflrmed as safe? We can lmaglne
LhaL Lhese Lechnologles wlll provlde us a mulLlple of eLhlcal problems. lor example, wheLher we
should accepL Lhe roboLs as person or noL, ls a compllcaLed problem and lL would noL be only
concerned wlLh Lhe problem of safeLy. 1he englneerlng eLhlcs for roboLlcs should Lake a proacLlve
sLance Lo avold soclal Lurmoll whlch wlll arlse from soclal lmplemenLaLlon of roboLlcs. ln Lhls Lalk, Lhe
currenL slLuaLlon of roboeLhlcs ln !apan and a range of predlcLable problems wlll be dlscussed.

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9.8'<.,%*'$1'$+'+.'*"+',.4.+1'%(+'<.,%**BX'

kukl1A Mlnao
Csaka unlverslLy, !apan

Some researchers have proposed Lo creaLe arLlflclal auLonomous sysLems whlch can make moral
declslons or acL morally, wlLh a vlew Lo elLher reduclng Lhe posslblllLy of fuLure dlsasLers or
dlscharglng human workers of some of Lhelr moral burdens. Wallach and Allen (2009) argues ln deLall
for Lhe necesslLy of lmplemenLlng moral funcLlons lnLo machlnes and Lhereby maklng Lhem arLlflclal
moral agenLs, AMAs. Mlchael and Susan Anderson have already launched pro[ecLs Lo make sysLems
whlch wlll Lake over moral Lasks from human workers (cf. Anderson and Anderson, 2007).
AlLhough some people feel sLrongly agalnsL Lhese aLLempLs, ln some slLuaLlons AMAs are useful and
seem noL Lo ralse any serlous concern. Powever, Lhere are oLher slLuaLlons ln whlch we should noL
leL machlnes Lake over a Lask of moral consequence from human agenLs. As an example, we wlll
conslder a concreLe and exLreme case ln whlch uslng roboLs would be of conslderable use buL seems
lnLulLlvely lmmoral: execuLlon of caplLal punlshmenL.
ln !apan, caplLal punlshmenL has noL been abollshed elLher formally or effecLlvely. ln facL, Lhe lasL
decade has seen a slgnlflcanL lncrease ln Lhe number of boLh Lhe deaLh senLences and Lhe
execuLlons. A recenL survey showed LhaL more Lhan 83 percenL of !apanese supporL caplLal
punlshmenL. Meanwhlle, lL ls of course an exLremely unpleasanL [ob Lo execuLe a condemned person.
1hen, why noL employ a roboL Lo do Lhe [ob? lL would noL be especlally hlgh Lech. ueslgned properly,
lL would greaLly lessen Lhe emoLlonal burden of Lhose engaged ln Lhe execuLlon. unllke klller roboLs
ln a baLLle fleld, lL would be unllkely Lo klll mlsLakenly a person whom lL ls noL supposed Lo. So, why
noL?
1he ldea of roboL execuLloner aL leasL goes agalnsL our moral lnLulLlon. 8uL exacLly whaL ls wrong? ln
Lhls Lalk we wlll Lry Lo arLlculaLe reasons agalnsL roboL execuLloners, and Lhereby supporL Lhe clalm
LhaL Lhere are slLuaLlons ln whlch lL ls lmmoral Lo delegaLe roboLs Lo do morally slgnlflcanL Lasks on
behalf of human agenLs. A maln reason ls LhaL moral acLlons should be reclprocal lnLeracLlons. 1he
noLlon of morallLy ls noL rlgld or flxed, buL always flucLuaLlng. We commlL a morally slgnlflcanL acL,
see Lhe ouLcome, and Lhen relnforce or modlfy our prlnclples. ln Lhls lnLeracLlon, psychologlcal
dlsLance makes all Lhe dlfference. Cur sense of morallLy ls dlscounLed by how much psychologlcal
dlfference lles beLween us and Lhem. Allowlng roboLs Lo lnLervene beLween our moral lnLeracLlon
wlll mean greaLer psychologlcal dlsLance, whlch ln Lurn may lead Lo greaLer rlgldlLy of our moral
pracLlce. And we clalm LhaL rlgldlLy ln moral pracLlce ls noL deslrable.

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'
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kobe unlverslLy, !apan

1hls sLudy ls almed aL conslderlng Lhe experlence of emoLlonal lnLlmacy" beLween companlon
roboLs (roboL companlons) and humans. Companlon roboLs are expecLed Lo play Lhe role of our
companlons such as a frlend (peL), asslsLanL, and servanL (Cf., uauLenhahn eL al., 2003), offerlng
people Lhe feellng of companlonshlp. 1he sLudles for developlng a companlon roboL Lry Lo esLabllsh
and keep Lhe emoLlonal relaLlonshlp ln Puman-8oboL lnLeracLlon (P8l).
now, we can ralse a quesLlon LhaL Lhe emoLlonal relaLlonshlp ln P8l lLself can produce a cerLaln
eLhlcal problem. 1haL ls because we see, on one hand, researchers who acLlvely propose emoLlonal
lnLeracLlon experlences ln P8l, whereas, on Lhe oLher hand, Lhere are researchers who sLaLe LhaL
such experlences wlll harm a cerLaln slgnlflcanL naLure of human belng.
1here are some good examples ln Lhe rapldly developlng fleld of care roboL or Lherapy roboL sLudles.
Along Lhe Lechnologlcal developmenL of uslng roboLs ln elderly care, some researchers say, Lhere wlll
be accompanylng problems. Sharkey and Sharkey (2010) dlsLlngulshes posslble eLhlcal concerns ln
uslng roboLs ln elderly care lnLo slx parLs, among Lhem [1] Lhe poLenLlal reducLlon ln Lhe amounL of
human conLacL" and [2] Lhe decepLlon and lnfanLlllsaLlon" are dlrecLly concerned ln Lhls
presenLaLlon. 1he former dlscusses Lhe posslblllLy LhaL Lhe elderly person wlll be neglecLed by her/hls
famllles or Lhe socleLy because of roboLs' lnLerposlLlon ln human-human soclal communlcaLlon or
because of roboLs' replacemenL of humans. Accordlng Lo Lhe laLLer, decepLlon" refers Lo Lhe harm
caused Lo Lhe elderly's correcL undersLandlng of Lhe world by decelvlng Lhem lnLo Lhlnklng LhaL Lhe
roboL ls someLhlng whlch Lhey could have a relaLlonshlp wlLh, lnfanLlllsaLlon" ls a mallgnanL way of
carlng for demenLla paLlenLs ln whlch a paLlenL ls LreaLed as an lnfanL, especlally by uslng roboL Loys.
ln Lhls presenLaLlon l wlll analyze Lhese Lerms carefully, and ldenLlfy whaL ls aL sLake ln Lhe
poslLlve/negaLlve reacLlons ln sLudles Loward Lhe emoLlonal relaLlonshlp wlLh companlon roboLs. 1hls
sLudy wlll also presenL a hypoLhesls: aL Lhe very rooL of Lhe confllcL of vlews, Lhere ls a cerLaln
LerrlLorlal dlspuLe ln Lhe plane of whaL l call emoLlonal lnLlmacy." 8y Lhls phrase, l mean a form of
seemlngly fundamenLal emoLlonal experlences such as: someLhlng LhaL ls bellevable, a frlend or
parLner, someLhlng you are famlllar wlLh, and a parL of one's exlsLence. 1he emoLlonal lnLlmacy ls
vlewed, expllclLly or LaclLly, as a posslble fundamenLal form of human's llvlng ln and experlenclng Lhe
world. lor some people, Lhls form ls essenLlal Lo llve a llfe as humans, and handlng lL over Lo roboLs
can draw negaLlve reacLlons.


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9.8'12.)*#'8"'4"2%5"'+.8%,#',.4.+1X'I'(%1"'1+)#B'$/'k%:%/"1"'I/$<"

CkAMC1C Shlmpel
Plroshlma unlverslLy, !apan

lL ls lmporLanL for us Lo esLlmaLe how wlll our socleLy change by Lhe appearance of soclal roboLs"
LhaL play varlous roles among an unspeclfled number of people. ConLemporary roboLs can nelLher, of
course, Lhlnk nor feel as well as a person can, nor communlcaLe wlLh us on an equal basls. Powever,
Lhe recenL advances ln roboLlcs belng so remarkable, roboLs can already lnLeracL wlLh us ln some
polnLs. uo we have any moral obllgaLlons Lo Lhem? Moreover, lf roboLs are able Lo communlcaLe
wlLh us perfecLly ln Lhe fuLure, how should we behave Lowards Lhem? Cr, can we regard Lhem as
members of our moral communlLy?
ln conslderlng such lssues, Sclence-llcLlon provldes a good example for eLhlclsLs, because Scl-ll
sLorles descrlbe fuLure socleLles where human belngs llve wlLh roboLs. And forLunaLely, ln Lhe
!apanese Anlme and Manga, Lhere are loLs of examples of rlch lnslghLs abouL such a roboLful-fuLure.
Some scholar holds LhaL !apanese roboLlclsLs who promoLe Lhe developmenLs of Lhe soclal- and
personal-roboLs are under Lhe sLrong lnfluence of Lhe Anlme LhaL descrlbes Lhe roboL as a parLner of
human belngs. lor example, Csamu 1ezuka's AsLro-boy" and lu[lko l. lu[lo's uoraemon" are
Lyplcal works of Lhese Anlme or Manga. Powever, my alm of Lhls sLudy ls nelLher Lhe culLural sLudles
conslderlng how much effecLs have Lhese sub-culLures on !apanese roboLlclsLs, nor Lhe research of
Lhe orlgln or Lhe background of such ldeas on roboLs, LhaL !apanese people have been had. lnsLead,
my purpose ls Lo LreaL Lhe roboLful socleLy descrlbed by Anlme as a model of our socleLy llvlng wlLh
roboLs, for predlcLlng soclal changes of Lhe fuLure. lor Lhls alm, l wlll classlfy Lhe roboLful-fuLure
socleLy lnLo Lhree sorLs by Lhe characLers' aLLlLudes Lowards roboLs ln Lhe Anlme serles. llrsL, Lhe
socleLy where human belngs LreaL roboLs as mere lnsLrumenLs". Second, Lhe socleLy where human
belngs LreaL roboLs as Lhe ouLslders of Lhelr moral communlLy, alLhough roboLs have an lnLellecL
enough for Lhelr communlcaLlon. 1hlrd, Lhe socleLy where human belngs regard roboLs as equal
parLners.
l wlll compare each socleLles and examlne how we should behave Lowards roboLs ln Lhe fuLure.



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kAnZAkl nobuLsugu
Shlga unlverslLy, !apan

1he quesLlon LhaL ln whaL sense roboLs are (can/wlll be) moral belngs ls Lhe eLhlcally-mosL-baslc-
quesLlon of roboL eLhlcs. usually Lhls quesLlon ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo parLs: "Can roboLs acL morally?"
and "Are roboLs morally conslderable?" As uavld Cunkel (2012: pp. 94-93) polnLed ouL, phllosophers
someLlmes LreaL Lhese Lwo quesLlons as lf Lhese are vlrLually one, because lf we answer "yes" Lo Lhe
flrsL, Lhen we also geL "yes" for Lhe second. 8uL we can ask Lhese quesLlons separaLely. lor example,
mosL senLlenL anlmals seem noL Lo have capaclLles Lo acL morally, buL are consldered noL Lo be
LreaLed cruelly. 1hls means LhaL developed moral capaclLles (e.g. Lhe capaclLy for moral lnference)
are noL Lhe necessary condlLlon for belng morally consldered. 1herefore noL only Lhe morally-
developed roboLs ln fuLure buL also Lhe presenL roboLs can be morally consldered by us. 1hls ls
conslsLenL wlLh Lhe reporLs on how people LreaL roboLs and reacL Lo lncldenLs occurred Lo Lhem.
1hen, whaL ls Lhe condlLlon for belng morally consldered?
ln Lhls Lalk, l wlll show a LenLaLlve soluLlon Lo Lhe quesLlon: Lhe condlLlon for x's belng morally
consldered ls "Wlll any person cry (or feel sorrow) for x." lL ls a very weak requlremenL because one
person's Lears ls enough. And Lhe reporLs on affecLlve aLLlLudes people someLlmes have Loward
roboLs show LhaL Lhls condlLlon can be and (someLlmes) ls fulfllled. nexL, l wlll glve Lhe reason why
Lhls ls Lhe condlLlon. 1haL ls LhaL when someone feel sorrow for whaL happened Lo x, we are morally
requlred Lo respecL for Lhe person's sorrow. Such respecL ls requlred even when ourselves never
seem x Lo be morally consldered. lor example, l should respecL Lhe sorrow whlch a person feels for a
blologlcal specles' exLlncLlon, even lf l have no lnLeresL ln Lhe conservaLlon of blodlverslLy, or
empaLhy Loward Lhe specles.
l wlll also dlscuss a slgnlflcanL lmpllcaLlon whlch my soluLlon wlll have for Lhe roboLlcs lf lL ls rlghL.
1haL ls Lhe gap beLween Lhe Lask of developlng companlon roboLs or soclal roboLs and LhaL of
developlng morally conslderable roboLs. lf my soluLlon ls rlghL, Lhe recepLlveness of empaLhy from us
or communlcaLlon capaclLles are noL Lhe necessary condlLlon for roboLs' belng morally conslderable.
lf so, lL wlll affecL our vlew on Lhe morallLy and Lhe developmenL of Lhe morallLy of companlon
roboLs and soclal roboLs.

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Luclano lLC8lul
unlverslLy of PerLfordshlre, uk
luclano.florldl[phllosophy.ox.ac.uk

!ean-Cabrlel CAnASClA
unlverslLy lerre and Marle Curle, lrance

ugo ACALLC
laculLy of Law
unlverslLy of 1urln, lLaly

eLer-aul vL88LLk
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
unlverslLy of 1wenLe, 1he neLherlands
p.p.c.c.verbeek[uLwenLe.nl

leLer vL8MAAS
ueparLmenL of hllosophy
uelf unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.e.vermaas[LudelfL.nl

1he posL-WesLphallan naLlon SLaLe developed by becomlng more and more an lnformaLlon SocleLy.
Powever, ln so dolng, lL progresslvely made lLself less and less Lhe maln lnformaLlon agenL, because
whaL also made Lhe naLlon SLaLe posslble and Lhen predomlnanL, as a hlsLorlcal drlvlng force ln
human pollLlcs , namely lnformaLlon and CommunlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s), ls also whaL ls now
maklng lL less cenLral, ln Lhe soclal, pollLlcal and economlc llfe across Lhe world.
lC1s fluldlfy Lhe Lopology of pollLlcs. 1hey do noL merely enable buL acLually promoLe (Lhrough
managemenL and empowermenL) Lhe aglle, Lemporary and Llmely aggregaLlon, dlsaggregaLlon and
re-aggregaLlon of dlsLrlbuLed groups around shared lnLeresLs across old, rlgld boundarles
represenLed by soclal classes, pollLlcal parLles, eLhnlclLy, language barrlers, physlcal barrlers, and so
forLh.
1hls ls generaLlng a new Lenslon beLween Lhe naLlon SLaLe, sLlll undersLood as a ma[or organlsaLlonal
lnsLlLuLlon, yeL no longer monollLhlc buL lncreaslngly morphlng lnLo a mulLlagenL sysLem lLself, and a
varleLy of equally powerful, lndeed someLlmes even more pollLlcally lnfluenLlal and powerful, non-
SLaLal organlsaLlons. Ceo-pollLlcs ls now global and lncreaslngly nonLerrlLorlal, buL Lhe naLlon SLaLe
sLlll deflnes lLs ldenLlLy and pollLlcal leglLlmacy ln Lerms of a soverelgn LerrlLorlal unlL, as a CounLry.
1he panel wlll dlscuss how new lnformaLlonal mulLlagenL sysLems (MAS) be deslgned ln such a way as
Lo Lake full advanLage of Lhe soclo-pollLlcal progress made so far, whlle belng able Lo deal
successfully wlLh Lhe new global challenges (from Lhe envlronmenL Lo Lhe flnanclal markeLs) LhaL are
undermlnlng Lhe legacy of LhaL very progress. lL ls noL an easy Lask. 8uL Lhe hope ls LhaL Lhe panel wlll

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conLrlbuLe Lo ldenLlfy soluLlons, resolve problems, and anLlclpaLe dlfflculLles ln Lhls vlLal area of
human lnLeracLlons.

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ane| C
1PL CnLllL MAnllLS1C: 8LlnC
PuMAn ln A P?L8CCnnLC1Lu
L8A
Chalr: nlcole uLWAnu8L

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D2"'./*$0"'<%/$0"1+.6'K"$/3'2)<%/'$/'%'2B:",(.//"(+"#'",%'

nlcole uLWAnu8L
uC CCnnLC1 aL Luropean Commlsslon, 8elglum
nlcole.dewandre[ec.europa.eul

Luclano lLC8lul
unlverslLy of PerLfordshlre, uk

Charles LSS
ennsylvanla SLaLe unlverslLy, uSA
unlverslLy of Cslo, norway

ugo ACALLC
laculLy of Law
unlverslLy of 1urln, lLaly

!udlLh SlMCn
karlsruhe lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology
unlverslLy of vlenna, AusLrla
[udlLh.slmon[unlvle.ac.aL


^U'H"1(,$:+$./'.0'3"/",%*'+.:$('
1he deploymenL of lnformaLlon and communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s) and Lhelr upLake by socleLy
radlcally affecL Lhe human condlLlon, lnsofar as Lhese phenomena modlfy our relaLlonshlps Lo
ourselves, Lo oLhers and Lo Lhe world ln manlfold ways. 1he ever-lncreaslng pervaslveness of lC1s
challenges esLabllshed concepLual frameworks Lhrough Lhe followlng LransformaLlons:
1. Lhe blurrlng of Lhe dlsLlncLlon beLween reallLy and vlrLuallLy,
2. Lhe blurrlng of Lhe dlsLlncLlons beLween human, machlne and naLure,
3. Lhe reversal from lnformaLlon scarclLy Lo lnformaLlon abundance, and
4. Lhe shlfL from Lhe prlmacy of enLlLles Lo Lhe prlmacy of lnLeracLlons.
1he currenL seL of concepLs and analyLlcal frameworks are Lhus no longer well sulLed Lo address new
lC1-relaLed challenges. ln parLlcular, because we fear and re[ecL whaL we fall Lo make sense of and
glve meanlng Lo, Lhe mlsflLs beLween currenL frameworks and concepLs and our evolvlng
lnformaLlonal reallLles ofLen lead Lo negaLlve pro[ecLlons abouL Lhe fuLure. 1hese mlsflLs and fears
Lhen furLher lmpacL on pollcy-maklng ln unhelpful ways.
ln order Lo acknowledge Lhese lnadequacles and explore alLernaLlve concepLuallsaLlons, Lhe
Luropean Commlsslon has lnvlLed a group of scholars ln anLhropology, cognlLlve sclence, compuLer
sclence, englneerlng, law, neurosclence, phllosophy, pollLlcal sclence, psychology and soclology Lo

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[oln Lhe Cnllfe lnlLlaLlve, whlch can be descrlbed as a collecLlve LhoughL exerclse Lo explore Lhe
pollcy-relevanL consequences of Lhese changes.
1he group has drafLed a ManlfesLo LhaL wlll be presenLed Lo Lhe publlc on leb 8
1
.

8eferences
1
hLLps://ec.europa.eu/dlglLal-agenda/en/onllfe-lnlclaLlve

'
TU';11)"1'+.'4"'%##,"11"#'

nlcole uLWAnu8L wlll presenL Lhe ManlfesLo. 1hls ManlfesLo draws Lhree proposals for pollcy-
relevanL concepLual shlfLs: (l) Lo pollLlclze Lhe noLlon of a relaLlonal self, (ll) Lo shlfL from a rlsk-based
approach Lo a llLeracy-based approach and (lll) Lo proLecL and nurLure aLLenLlon capablllLles.

Luclano lLC8lul wlll propose a new undersLandlng of how we are Lransformlng reallLy lnLo an lC1-
frlendly envlronmenL (enveloplng Lhe world) and how Lhls drlves us ouL of hlsLory and lnLo
hyperhlsLory. 1he focus wlll be on Lhe naLure of such LransformaLlon and some of lLs consequences.

Charles LSS wlll focus on Lhe evolvlng noLlon of selfhood ln a hyperconnecLed age Lhrough Lhe lenses
of Medlum Lheory, phenomenology, kanLlan and femlnlsL eLhlcs, and more globally Lhrough
WesLern" and Confuclan vlslons of lC1s, democracy, and equallLy.

!udlLh SlMCn shall explore Lhe dlfflculLy of aLLrlbuLlng responslblllLy and locaLlng accounLablllLy ln
ever-more dlsLrlbuLed and enLangled soclo-Lechnlcal sysLems. She wlll suggesL ways Lo reframe Lhe
concepLs of responslblllLy and accounLablllLy ln a hyperconnecLed era.

ugo ACALLo shall conslder Lhe arLlculaLlon of Lhe lnformaLlon revoluLlon and pollLlcs wlLh Lhe
concepL of governance", polnLlng Lo Lhe facL LhaL ln addlLlon Lo Lhe LradlLlonal hard and sofL law-
Lools of governance, Lhe governance of a complex mulLl-agenL sysLem ln facL lncreaslngly hlnges on
Lhe LechnlcallLles of deslgn mechanlsms.

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ane| D
uLSC8l1lvL lnCul8? Cl
1LCPnCLCC?: CCnl8Cn1lnC
L8SLC1lvLS A8Cu1 lukuSPlMA
Chalr: kAnLMl1Su Pldekazu

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ln our Llme, Lechnology produces new Lype of acLlon and brlngs a subsLanLlal change Lo our socleLy.
So, we need crlLlcal polnL of vlew whlch can casL a reflecLlve eye on Lhe sLaLe of Lechnology.
Lspeclally, afLer Lhe lukushlma nuclear AccldenL, Lhere ls a compelllng need for such crlLlcal eye on
Lechnology. ln Lhls panel, we wlll Lry Lo descrlbe Lhe acL of Lechnology, especlally Lhe lukushlma
nuclear AccldenL ln llne wlLh Lhe evenL. 1hls wlll be a premlse of crlLlcal polnL of vlew on Lechnology.

* * *
D2"'1$3/$0$(%/("'.0'#"1(,$:+$5"'$/N)$,B'.0'+"(2/.*.3B

kAnLMl1Su Pldekazu
kanazawa lnsLlLuLe of 1echnology, !apan
kane[nepLune.kanazawa-lL.ac.[p

Pe wlll Lalk abouL lnLenL and purpose of Lhls panel. Pe wlll conflrm Lhe lmporLance of descrlpLlve
lnqulry as Lhe premlse of crlLlcal polnL of vlew on Lechnology.

* * *
I(%#"<$('*$4",+B'%/#'%(%#"<$(',"3)*%+$./6'[)=)12$<%'#$1%1+",'$/5.=$/3'+2"'.*#'%/#'/"8':,.4*"<''

PCnuA ko[lro
kanazawa Medlcal unlverslLy, !apan
nrd21774[nlfLy.com

1he lukushlma dlsasLer revealed an exlsLence of soclal sLrucLure of !apan, where a conglomeraLe of
bureaucracy and blg elecLrlc company domlnaLes small buslnesses and academlc communlLy. 1hey
call lL nuclear vlllage". Where dld Lhe sLrucLure come from? When was lL consLrucLed? WhaL klnd of
LhoughL ls domlnanL ln lL? 1hese quesLlons musL be solved lf !apanese people really wanL Lo make
radlcal Lransparency of rlsk lnformaLlon and rebulld soclal LrusL agalnsL naLlonal lndusLry or 'blg
sclence'. ln Lhls presenLaLlon, skeLchlng Lhe hlsLorlcal background, he wlll argue LhaL Lhe !apanese
regulaLlon pollcy of sclence and Lechnology, whlch was made ln lmlLaLlon of sclence pollcy of nazlfled
Cermany, came Lhrough World War ll. Such an analysls ls necessary Lo crlLlclze !apanese slLuaLlon of
posL-lukushlma era.

* * *

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;/+",/%*'*.3$('.0'.,3%/$R%+$./1'%/#'+2"'[)=)12$<%'/)(*"%,'%(($#"/+
nACL klyoLaka
1ohoku unlverslLy, !apan

1wo years have passed slnce Lhe lukushlma nuclear AccldenL Look place. SLlll 160 Lhousand people
are obllged Lo leave Lhelr land and famlly. 1he causes and Lhe backgrounds of Lhe accldenL are sLlll
noL fully known.
errow polnLed ouL LhaL Lhe 1Ml was a Lyplcal example of a normal accldenL ln Plgh-8lsk sysLems
resulLlng from an unanLlclpaLed lnLeracLlon of mulLlple fallures ln a complex sysLem. ln Lhe
lukushlma accldenL we can also polnL ouL Lhe role of "lnLernal loglc" or "sense-maklng" ln
(governmenLal, lndusLrlal, academlc eLc.) organlzaLlons and ln our socleLy. Many warnlngs for Lhe
posslblllLles of some serlous accldenLs are made before Lhe accldenL. 8uL Lhere ls no denylng LhaL
such warnlngs were lneffecLlve: Lhey dld noLhlng (or posLponed Lhelr declslons) Lo prevenL ma[or
dlsasLers LhaL we know, from a rellable sclenLlflc source, wlll Lake place. lL ls raLher by evoklng Lhe
lnevlLablllLy of dlsasLers, LhaL ls, by referrlng preclsely Lo whaL glves Lhem Lhelr dlsasLer dlmenslon,
LhaL we were able Lo avold Lhem.
ln Lhls presenLaLlon, he wlll make an analysls of Lhese eplsLemlc slLuaLlons, whlch shows essenLlal
llmlLaLlons ln Lhe LradlLlonal modes of deallng wlLh uncerLalnLy. Pe wlll argue LhaL Lhese Lyplcal
cognlLlve barrlers lead Lo Lhe paralysls of acLlon.

* * *
G"1:./1$4*"'/)(*"%,'"/",3B'+"(2/.*.3B'#"5"*.:<"/+'?'F2%+'%,"'8"'"@:",$<"/+$/3'8$+2X'

!an eLer 8L8CLn
ueparLmenL of values and 1echnology
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
[.bergen[LudelfL.nl

1he accldenL aL Lhe lukushlma uallchl nuclear power planL ln March, 2011 has sparked renewed
crlLlcal aLLenLlon for nuclear power and how Lo deal wlLh Lhe rlsks Lhereof (e.g. Pale, 2011).
Accordlng Lo van de oel (2011), a dlscusslon of Lhe moral accepLablllLy of nuclear energy Lechnology
(nL1) and lLs rlsks ls acLually slgnlflcanLly more dlfflculL Lhan ofLen LhoughL due Lo Lhe llmlLed
predlcLablllLy of Lhe acLual rlsks connecLed Lo nL1 once Lhey are acLually employed ln socleLy.
uncerLalnLy and lgnorance abouL posslble rlsks are lnherenL Lo Lechnologlcal developmenL, boLh for
power generaLlon and for nuclear wasLe. van de oel Lherefore proposes LhaL we recognlze Lhe
experlmenLal naLure of such Lechnologles and Lhelr lmplemenLaLlon ln socleLy from Lhe very sLarL. ln
dolng so, Lhe cenLral quesLlon ls no longer .wheLher nuclear energy Lechnology as such ls
accepLable, [buL] abouL Lhe condlLlons under whlch experlmenLs wlLh nuclear energy Lechnology are
or mlghL be accepLable" (p. 288). ln oLher words, a dlscusslon of Lhe moral accepLablllLy of nL1

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should Lranscend a dlscusslon focussed prlmarlly on rlsk Lowards a dlscusslon on Lhe seL-up of a
responslble soclal experlmenL wlLh nL1.
Powever, lL ls quesLlonable wheLher such an experlmenL and Lhe responslblllLy condlLlons under
whlch lL should be performed can be fully appreclaLed lf Lhe concepLuallsaLlon of Lechnology
underlylng Lhe dlscusslon ls noL sufflclenLly lncluslve. ln oLher words, whaL are we experlmenLlng
wlLh? Lspeclally ln Lhe early phases of Lechnology developmenL and appllcaLlon, more ls golng on
Lhan slmply Lhe deslgn of maLerlal arLefacLs. lndeed, as one experlmenLs wlLh maLerlal arrangemenLs,
lnsLlLuLlonal and dlscurslve experlmenLs are also performed. Cn an lnsLlLuLlonal level, sLandards of
pracLlce, measures of success, organlsaLlonal arrangemenLs, eLc. are belng formallzed. Cn a
dlscurslve level, a speclflc language ls developed and symbollc llnkages are esLabllshed. Such
lnsLlLuLlonal and dlscurslve experlmenLaLlon has profound affecLs on Lhe developmenL of a
Lechnology. ln llghL of Lhls, l propose a concepLuallsaLlon of Lechnology LhaL ls able Lo Lake accounL of
Lhese mulLl-levelled, experlmenLal processes of Lechnology developmenL: tecbooloqy os tbe
sttoctototloo of bomoo ospltotloos. 8ulldlng on Lhe dynamlc ln Lhe duallLy of sLrucLure ln
sLrucLuraLlon Lheory (Clddens, 1984), augmenLed wlLh lnslghLs from Lhe soclology of expecLaLlons
(e.g., 8orup eL al., 2006) Lhls paper presenLs Lechnology as a resulL and, ln Lurn, medlaLor of
processes of soclal sLrucLurlng of human hopes and amblLlons lnLo Lhe llfeworld. Such sLrucLuraLlon
Lakes place on aL leasL Lhe abovemenLloned Lhree levels (Lhe maLerlal, Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal and Lhe
dlscurslve levels), whlch are lnexLrlcably lnLerdependenL.
1o show how Lhls broad concepLuallzaLlon of Lechnology can be of added value ln analyzlng Lhe
responslblllLy of soclal experlmenLs wlLh nL1, a hlsLorlcal analysls ls presenLed of Lhe developmenL of
Lhe lndlan nuclear energy program beLween Lhe 1940's and Lhe 1980's. lL ls based on Lhe Lhree levels
of Lechnology as presenLed above (maLerlal, lnsLlLuLlonal and dlscurslve). Lach level ls dlscussed and
llnked Lo boLh oLhers, as Lhe mosL baslc asplraLlons LhaL lay aL Lhe basls of Lhe program (naLlonal
prlde, lndependence and developmenL) are woven lnLo all Lhree levels of Lechnology. 1hey were
embedded ln concreLe sLrucLures LhaL gulde agency and can glve Lhe asplraLlons a slgnlflcanL degree
of normalcy. nexL Lo Lhls, Lhe program shows a number of 'self-proLecLlve' feaLures LhaL could help lL
survlve opposlLlon. 1he resulLs of Lhls descrlpLlve analysls are subsequenLly mlrrored Lo one of van de
oel's proposed condlLlons for morally responslble experlmenLaLlon: Lhe posslblllLy of sLopplng Lhe
experlmenL or, ln oLher words, avoldlng lrreverslblllLy. lL ls found LhaL lrreverslblllLles goL sLrucLured
lnLo lndlan nL1 on all Lhree levels, and LhaL Lhese sLrucLural feaLures LhaL cause lrreverslblllLy ln Lhe
lndlan experlmenL wlLh nL1 relnforce one anoLher across Lhe levels.
1hese resulLs supporL Lhe ldea LhaL experlmenLaLlon wlLh Lechnology lnvolves experlmenLlng noL only
wlLh maLerlal buL also lnsLlLuLlonal and dlscurslve sLrucLures. As such, Lhlnklng of Lechnology as Lhe
sLrucLuraLlon of human asplraLlons could serlously conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe analysls and posslbly Lhe deslgn
of morally responslble soclal experlmenLaLlon wlLh nL1.

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8eferences
8orup, M., 8rown, n., konrad, k., and van LenLe P. 2006. 1he Soclology of LxpecLaLlons ln Sclence
and 1echnology." 1echnology Analysls SLraLeglc ManagemenL 18 (3-4): 283-298.
Clddens, A. 1984. 1he ConsLlLuLlon of SocleLy: CuLllne of Lhe 1heory of SLrucLuraLlon. 8erkeley, CA:
unlverslLy of Callfornla ress.
Pale, 8. 2011. lukushlma uallchl, normal AccldenLs, and Moral 8esponslblllLy: LLhlcal CuesLlons
AbouL nuclear Lnergy." LLhlcs, ollcy and LnvlronmenL 14 (3): 263-263.
van de oel, l. 2011. nuclear Lnergy as a Soclal LxperlmenL." LLhlcs, ollcy & LnvlronmenL 14 (3):
283-290.

* * *

9.8'+.'$<:,.5"'(.<<)/$(%+$./'%4.)+'/)(*"%,'%(($#"/+1'

Cellne kL8MlSCP
CenLre de 8echerches lnLerdlsclpllnalres en 8loeLhlque (C173/01)
unlverslLe Llbre de 8ruxelles, 8elglum
ckermlsc[ulb.ac.be

lerre-LLlenne LA8LAu
unlverslLe Llbre de 8ruxelles, 8elglum

lL ls nowadays wldely acknowledged LhaL communlcaLlon ls a crlLlcal parL of rlsk and accldenL
managemenL. A clear and prompL communlcaLlon ls even more cruclal for Lechnologles poLenLlally
leadlng Lo caLasLrophlc damage such as nuclear power. ln Lhls fleld, several communlcaLlon Lools
have been deslgned, such as Lhe lncldenL 8eporLlng SysLem (l8S), Lhe luel lncldenL noLlflcaLlon and
Analysls SysLem (llnAS), Lhe lncldenL 8eporLlng SysLem for 8esearch 8eacLors (l8S88), and Lhe
lnLernaLlonal nuclear and 8adlologlcal LvenL Scale (lnLS). 1he laLLer ls a Lool speclflcally concelved Lo
faclllLaLe a prompL communlcaLlon wlLh Lhe medla and Lhe publlc ln case of nuclear evenLs. lnLS
provldes a seL of crlLerla, whlch allows Lo classlfy Lhese evenLs from 1 Lo 7 accordlng Lo Lhelr severlLy
- 1 belng an anomaly" and 7 belng a ma[or accldenL". Powever, Lhe recenL lukushlma dlsasLer
showed LhaL Lhls scale ralses several lssues and ls noL a sLralghLforward Lool.
1he alm of Lhls paper ls Lo proceed Lo a crlLlcal analysls of lnLS and lLs use, boLh from an eplsLemlc
and from an eLhlcal/pollLlcal perspecLlve, ln order Lo provlde suggesLlons whlch should conLrlbuLe Lo
lmprove Lhls Lool and, more generally, communlcaLlon abouL nuclear evenLs. As very few papers
have been dedlcaLed Lo Lhls sub[ecL, our research ls malnly based on Lhe lnLS 2009 user's Manual
(lALA, 2009), and on Lechnlcal lnformaLlon lssued by assoclaLlons such as Creenpeace (Plrsch, 2011)
and by nuclear agencles such as Lhe lnLernaLlonal ALomlc Lnergy Agency or Lhe !apanese nuclear and

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lndusLrlal SafeLy Agency (lALA, 2011, nlSA, 2011, Nl5A/M1l, 2011).
1hree maln eplsLemlc lssues assoclaLed wlLh Lhe deslgn of Lhe scale can be hlghllghLed. llrsL, we
show LhaL several dlfferenL crlLerla may lead Lo asslgn Lhe same lnLS raLlng, whlch can cause an
lnsufflclenL dlfferenLlaLlon beLween evenLs. ln order Lo avold Lhls lssue, we suggesL Lo speclfy Lhe
crlLerla used Lo assess Lhe level of Lhe evenL (1). 1hen, we argue LhaL Lhe level 7 of lnLS ls lll-deflned
as lL does noL allow Lo properly Lake lnLo accounL severlLy dlfferences beLween dlsasLers. ln Lhls
regard, we recommend Lo use an open scale lnsLead (2). AfLerwards, we hlghllghL Lhe facL LhaL lnLS ls
unable Lo adequaLely Lake lnLo accounL evenLs wlLh long-Lerm evoluLlon or lnvolvlng mulLlple
lnlLlaLors. We suggesL Lo provlde addlLlonal guldellnes ln Lhls respecL (3). lrom an eLhlcal and pollLlcal
perspecLlve, Lwo lmporLanL lssues llnked Lo Lhe use of lnLS can be emphaslzed. llrsL, confuslon and
LrusL lssues are suscepLlble Lo arlse whenever Lhe publlc ls faclng dlsparlLles beLween lnLS raLlngs.
1hls leads Lo ask who should be raLlng a nuclear evenL. ln Lhls regard, we recommend LhaL, for severe
evenLs, an lndependenL and plural agency should be ln charge (4). Secondly, as lnLS only glves
lnformaLlon abouL an evenL aL a speclflc Llme, updaLes of raLlngs are requlred for evolvlng accldenLs
such as lukushlma. 1hese updaLes may also cause confuslon and LrusL lssues. ln Lhls respecL, we
suggesL Lo glve oLher lnformaLlon ln parallel, ln order Lo provlde an assessmenL of Lhe rlsks aL sLake
and of Lhe posslble evoluLlon of Lhe slLuaLlon (3). 1hese flve suggesLlons should conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe
lmprovemenL of lnLS and Lhereby Lo a beLLer communlcaLlon abouL nuclear evenLs.

8eferences
Plrsch (2011) Plrsch P, lokosblmo - loes scole totloq (2J/0J/11), 2011,
hLLp://www.greenpeace.org/lnLernaLlonal/en/publlcaLlons/reporLs/lukushlma--lnLS-scale-raLlng/
lALA (2009) lAA, lN5. 1be lotetootloool Nocleot ooJ toJloloqlcol veot 5cole. usets mooool, 2009,
hLLp://www-pub.laea.org/mLcd/publlcaLlons/ubueLalls.asp?publd=8120
lALA (2011) lALA, lAA 8tlefloq oo lokosblmo Nocleot AcclJeot (12 Aptll 2011, 14.J0 u1c), 2011,
hLLp://www.laea.org/newscenLer/news/2011/fukushlma120411.hLml
nlSA (2011) nlSA, kepott of Iopooese Covetomeot to tbe lAA Mlolstetlol coofeteoce oo Nocleot
5ofety. 1be AcclJeot ot 1lcO's lokosblmo Nocleot lowet 5totloos, 2011,
hLLp://www.nlsa.meLl.go.[p/engllsh/
Nl5A/M1l (2011) Nl5A/M1l, lN5 kotloq oo tbe veots lo lokosblmo uol-lcbl Nocleot lowet 5totloo
by tbe 1oboko ulsttlct - off tbe loclflc Oceoo ottbpooke, 2011,
hLLp://www.nlsa.meLl.go.[p/engllsh/flles/en20110412-4.pdf


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[)=)12$<%'$/',"#: Unpred|ctab|||ty and nuc|ear threat
!ose Luls CA8ClA
lnsLlLuLe of Soclal Sclences
unlverslLy of Llsbon (lCS-uL), orLugal
[lgarcla[lcs.ul.pL

Pelena MaLeus !L8CnlMC
School of Lconomlcs and ManagemenL
1echnlcal unlverslLy of Llsbon (lSLC-u1L) & SCCluS, orLugal
[eronlmo[lseg.uLl.pL

1he accldenL ln Lhe lukushlma nuclear power planL whlch sLruck !apan early 2011 ls llke someLhlng
ouL of MounL lu[l ln 8ed," one of Lhe elghL fragmenLs ln Lhe 1990 fllm uteoms by Lhe brllllanL
!apanese fllm-maker Aklra kurosawa. 1he secLlon aL lssue lmaglnes Lhe exploslon of a nuclear power
planL LhaL lnlLlaLes an erupLlon of MounL lu[l, one of Lhe naLlonal symbols of !apan. lL beglns wlLh
lmages of exploslons on Lhe mounLaln, followed by chaos and panlc and people seek Lo flee. 1he
flery, aggresslve colors of Lhe sky show how vlolenL Lhe exploslons have been. lL subsequenLly
emerges LhaL slx reacLors ln a nuclear power planL have been explodlng one afLer Lhe oLher. ln
MounL lu[l ln 8ed" Lhere ls an lmpllclL quesLlonlng of Lhe overconfldenL bellef LhaL lL ls posslble Lo
domesLlcaLe" uncerLalnLy and chance and achleve domlnlon over naLure - a bellef whlch serves as
Lhe foundaLlon of aLLempLs Lo esLabllsh a Lechnologlcal order. 1hls fragmenL shows Lhe resulL of a
cerLaln arrogance, whlch devalues uncerLalnLy and belleves LhaL lL has forever removed Lhe rlsk of
Lragedy, buL only provldes a basls for Lhelr re-emergence ln oLher horrlflc forms.
1he denlal of uncerLalnLy and unpredlcLablllLy enables Lhe currenL noLlon of rlsk Lo prevall when
welghlng up Lhe posslblllLles of Lechnologlcal accldenLs and dlsasLers. 1he language of rlsk, wlLh lLs
scenarlos of advanLages and dlsadvanLages!" #$%" &'#()*'&'$+" +,*-).," /*-0#0121+3" #(('((&'$+(!"
!"#$%!&'()"*+%,"+$&%#&$+&-+,(./$+0(1$"!/2#1#%3+2(%+4#%,+/+*(55!"**#&$+&-+($)"!%/#$%36+7,"+*3*%"./%#)+
!"#$ %&$ "'(')"')*(+$ &%,#*("'"$ *(-$ .#$ "##-$ ("$ ($ ,#"/%-"#$ '%$ '0#$ 1%2#,-$ 3!#"'$ &%,$ *#,'()-'45$ )-"%&(,$ !"#
!"#$%!"#&'() "*+) (#"#&(#&'() $",%) -%'.!%) #/"+%!"/0() .1) #/2%) 0*.34%+5%) &*) "4!.(#) %,%/6) "/%".
lorecasLs always lnclude sLaLlsLlcal probablllLles, lf noL, Lhey are devalued, regarded as useless
speculaLlve exerclses. 8uL a sLaLlsLlcal relaLlonshlp ls only valld ln a closed sysLem, and Lhen only Lo
Lhe exLenL LhaL lL would be posslble Lo lgnore all facLors LhaL cannoL be expressed ln maLhemaLlcal
Lerms. ln a world of soclal lnLeracLlon, however, lL ls lmposslble Lo remove or deny unknown,
random, or radlcally uncerLaln facLors LhaL ls, unpredlcLable evenLs LhaL can arlse from complexlLy
or freedom. 1he llLeraLure on Lechnologlcal accldenLs shows LhaL, wheLher Lhey are prlmarlly
aLLrlbuLable Lo naLural causes, Lechnologlcal breakdowns, or human error, Lhey always derlve from
mulLlple facLors, noL all of whlch have been preclsely ldenLlfled. roblems, dangers, and fallures are
aL Lhelr mosL lnLerdependenL ln crlLlcal slLuaLlons. 1hls does noL mean underesLlmaLlng Lhe value of
sLaLlsLlcal forecasLs or lgnorlng Lhe experLs who make Lhem. 8uL lL ls one Lhlng Lo see sLaLlsLlcal
forecasLs as necessary, qulLe anoLher Lhlng Lo see Lhem as belng pracLlcally lnfalllble.

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1he lukushlma dlsasLer demonsLraLed LhaL ln conLemporary socleLles, vulnerablllLles and LhreaLs are
dlfflculL Lo locaLe or predlcL, belng boLh lncalculable and lmposslble Lo offseL!"#$%$&'()*"+,-+./$0,&"
!"# $# %$&'(# )*$%(# $# )+&!"'# +&(",# -"# ,-)$)+(&)# -"# +.(# +(*."!-!"#"$!"$%& '()*"%*"'& (+& %(!,-.& $,%/0,1&
!"#$#%&'#( %&)!( %*( +$,&( -$.$/"%*0#( -*)#&10&)-&#( 2"%+( !"33&'!"#$ %!&!%'$ ()$ *+,-"$ ."#!/-0#.("1$ !"#$
!"#$%"&' #($!")*' #+"#' %","-./' 0"1"!' 2"(' "&(3' "' #.4+!3&3-*4"&' #($!")*' 2*#+' .43&3-*4"&5' (34*"&5'
!"#$#%&"'( )$*( +#,&-&"),( "#$.!/0!$"!.1! !"#$ %&'&(")*+$ ,)(+(-#.$ *+/$ 0#$ -"1&2"-$ 13$ 41-$ 5&(-$ +($ +$
!"#$#%&'()*'(+$,$-.(/0%()*'(%1&(%&21-*3*4"2$3(*'!&'5(
Cur analysls of Lhe March 11
Lh
dlsasLer beglns wlLh a slmple narraLlve showlng how a naLural dlsasLer
ln a counLry aL Lhe forefronL of Lechnologlcal developmenL preclplLaLed an accldenL ln a nuclear
power planL LhaL ln Lurn led Lo a chaln of calamlLles aL mulLlple levels. Pow dld we become
consLrucLors of a world wlLh such caLasLrophlc poLenLlal? Pow ls lL posslble Lo conLlnue Lo lnslsL on
Lhls form of energy? SecLlon Lwo responds by conslderlng how Lhe nuclear LhreaL ls played down as a
resulL of Lhe euphorlc noLlon LhaL human vulnerablllLy can gradually be overcome by Lhe lncreaslng
ablllLy of sclence, Lechnology and probablllLy analysls Lo conLrol and predlcL evenLs. 1he flnal secLlon
reLrleves Lhe ldea of foreslghLedness" as Lhe basls of a pollLlcal and soclal approach LhaL can Lake on
noL only Lhe uncerLalnLles of Lhe world, buL also Lhose generaLed by Lechnlcal sysLems, ln order Lo
lllumlnaLe our cholces and declslons. When faced wlLh calamlLles and damages LhaL appear Lo arlse
ouL of Lhe blue buL are, ln Lhe flnal analysls, Lhe ouLcomes of our Lechnologlcal sysLems, Lhelr
lnLeracLlons, and our dependencles, foreslghLedness emerges as a response boLh raLlonal and
vlrLuous, however dlfflculL.

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ane| L
LAnCuACL Anu 1LCPnCLCC?
Chalr: hlllp nlCkLL

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L.<:)+",'(./+,%(+1'%,+$0$($%*'1:""(2''

hlllp !. nlCkLL
School of lnnovaLlon Sclences
Llndhoven unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.[.nlckel[Lue.nl
'
8ecenL work ln legal Lheory has Laken up Lhe lssue of conLracLs made by compuLers (8ellla 2001,
SarLor 2009). ln general, Lhls work Lakes a soclal consLrucLlvlsL approach Lo Lhe quesLlon of wheLher
compuLers have Lhe soclal and normaLlve sLandlng Lo engage ln Lhe acL of conLracL-maklng. Pere, l
deflne soclal consLrucLlvlsm as Lhe vlew LhaL someLhlng has soclal and normaLlve sLandlng [usL ln case
people convenLlonally aLLrlbuLe soclal and normaLlve sLandlng or Lhe characLerlsLlcs LhaL underlle
LhaL sLandlng.
1wo maln argumenLs are used Lo supporL Lhls vlew. 1he flrsL ls LhaL Lhe behavlor of conLracLlng
compuLers can be besL undersLood by adopLlng Lhe lnLenLlonal sLance (SarLor 2009, adapLlng an ldea
from uenneLL 1989). 1he second ls LhaL such conLracLs are a wldely-accepLed pracLlce generally
accepLed by Lhe law.
8oLh argumenLs beg Lhe quesLlon agalnsL skepLlcs who flnd we should resLrlcL agenLlal sLaLus Lo real
and arLlflclal (legal) persons such as adulL humans and corporaLlons. lor, flrsL of all, Lhe lnLenLlonal
sLance can usefully be adopLed Loward enLlLles of whlch we know LhaL Lhey do noL have genulne
lnLenLlonal sLaLes, for example slngle-celled organlsms and lnsLlLuLlons. Secondly, Lhe sLaLus of a
legal person as Lhls ls soclally consLrucLed (Searle 1993, Marmor 2009) ls clearly dlsLlncL from Lhe
sLaLus of havlng genulne lnLenLlonal sLaLes. CorporaLlons have legal personhood buL no genulne
lnLenLlonal sLaLes. And Lhlrdly, Lhe facL LhaL conLracLs are ofLen made by compuLers ln pracLlce can
be explalned ln oLher ways Lhan by aLLrlbuLlng normaLlve sLaLus Lo Lhe arLlflclal agenLs LhaL arrange
Lhem, as l wlll go on Lo explaln. lor Lhese reasons, Lhose skepLlcal of Lhe leglLlmacy of arLlflclal
conLracLs are unllkely Lo be persuaded by Lhese argumenLs.
ln Lhls paper l ouLllne an alLernaLlve approach more llkely Lo wlLhsLand skepLlclsm abouL Lhe agenLlal
capaclLy of compuLers. l place compuLer conLracLs ln Lhe broader caLegory of speech acLs carrled ouL
by compuLers. naLural language generaLlon (nLC) Lechnologles enable compuLers Lo creaLe
somewhaL orlglnal messages and dellver Lhem ln conLexL as speech acLs (Searle 1969). Such speech
acLs lnclude promlses, asserLlons and LhreaLs, all of whlch have eLhlcal and legal dlmenslons. l puL
forward Lhe Lhesls LhaL compuLers need noL have full soclal and normaLlve sLandlng, nor genulne
lnLenLlonal sLaLes, ln order Lo carry ouL speech acLs on behalf of Lhose who do have full sLandlng. l
call Lhese proxy speech acLs. Cn Lhls alLernaLlve vlew, we do noL need Lo granL full soclal and
normaLlve sLandlng Lo compuLers ln order for Lhem Lo carry ouL somewhaL lndependenL proxy
speech acLs on behalf of oLhers (lncludlng arLlflclal legal persons such as corporaLlons).
l conclude by showlng LhaL we need noL resolve Lhe lssue wheLher compuLers LhaL make conLracLs
have cognlLlve sLaLes or lnLenLlonallLy ln order Lo accounL fully for Lhe normaLlve sLaLuses creaLed by
such conLracLs. locuslng on Lhe speech acLs of asserLlon and promlslng, l conslder how norms for Lhe

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funcLlonlng of arLlflclal speakers (whlch l call speech acLanLs) make lL posslble for Lhem Lo lle,
decelve, and make false promlses. l explaln how laws and lnsLlLuLlonal norms can relnforce Lhls
posslblllLy.

8eferences
8ellla, A.!. 2001. ConLracLlng wlLh elecLronlc agenLs. Lmory Law !ournal 30: 1047-1092.
uenneLL, u.C. 1989. 1he lnLenLlonal sLance. Cambrldge, MA: Ml1 ress.
Marmor, A. 2009. Soclal convenLlons: from language Lo law. rlnceLon, n!: rlnceLon unlverslLy
ress.
SarLor, C. 2009. CognlLlve auLomaLa and Lhe law: elecLronlc conLracLlng and Lhe lnLenLlonallLy of
sofLware agenLs. ArLlflclal lnLelllgence and Lhe Law 17: 233-290.
Searle, !.8. 1969. Speech acLs. new ?ork: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
-. 1993. 1he consLrucLlon of soclal reallLy. London: Allen Lane.

* * *

I,+$0$($%*'1:""(2'%(+1'

AnLhonle W. M. MLl!L8S
School of lnnovaLlon Sclences
Llndhoven unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
a.w.m.mel[ers[Lue.nl

CompuLers lncreaslngly speak Lo us. 1hls ls parL of a fundamenLal change ln Lhe lnLeracLlon beLween
human belngs and Lechnologlcal arLefacLs. lL ls becomlng 'naLural', l.e., analogous Lo Lhe lnLeracLlon
beLween humans. hyslcal buLLons, vlsual represenLaLlons, mouse cllcks, or keyboard lnpuLs are
belng replaced by communlcaLlon and conLrol vla naLural language (elLher wrlLLen or spoken). ln
addlLlon, Lhese arLefacLs wlll be more and more lnLelllgenL and self-conLrolled, and wlll be able Lo
adapL Lo new slLuaLlons wlLhouL Lhe need Lo be reprogrammed. 1hey wlll also be able Lo generaLe
conLexL-senslLlve uLLerances more or less auLonomously, l.e., wlLhouL lnLervenLlon by human belngs.
LlngulsLlc uLLerances generaLed by arLefacLs could be slmllar Lo ordlnary speech acLs. lmage a devlce
LhaL ls used Lo manage flnanclal LransacLlons and whlch has a llngulsLlc lnLerface. lL could generaLe
senLences LhaL predlcL LhaL Lhe sLock exchange wlll go up, LhaL advlse Lo sell sLocks, LhaL warn for
cerLaln rlsks, LhaL promlse Lo collecL lnformaLlon, or even LhaL apologlze for a connecLlon fallure.
Pow should we undersLand Lhls? 1he paper addresses Lhe quesLlon Lo whaL exLenL Lhese so-called
arLlflclal speech acLs can be analysed ln Lerms of Searle's Lheory of speech acLs ((Searle 1969), (Searle

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1983), (1sohaLzldls 2007)). undersLandlng arLlflclal speech acLs ls lmporLanL glven LhaL Lhey wlll
become an lnLegral parL of our Lechnologlcal world.
1he concepLual framework of speech acL Lheory conslsLs of several elemenLs: speech acLs are
analysed ln Lerms of Lhelr lllocuLlonary polnL (Lhe purpose a speaker has ln mlnd wlLh uLLerlng a
senLence), Lhelr dlrecLlon of flL, Lhelr expressed psychologlcal sLaLe and a number of condlLlons for
successfully performlng Lhem (lncludlng normal communlcaLlon condlLlons and an approprlaLe
lnsLlLuLlonal and soclal conLexL).
ln my paper l wlll dlsLlngulsh Lwo dlfferenL Lypes of cases: (l) cases ln whlch Lechnologlcal arLefacLs
generaLe prefabrlcaLed senLences LhaL are used ln well-deflned conLexLs (for example a hoLel room
booklng sysLem wlLh closed quesLlons), and (ll) cases ln whlch arLefacLs are able Lo generaLe more or
less auLonomously conLexL-senslLlve senLences. l wlll argue LhaL Lhe flrsL Lype of cases can be under-
sLood ln Lerms of Searle's speech acL Lheory, uslng noLlons such as derlved lnLenLlonallLy (lnLenLlo-
nallLy LhaL ls lmposed by agenLs on non-lnLenLlonal phenomena) and delegaLlon (acLlng on behalf).
1hls ls ln llne wlLh Lhe so-called dual naLure Lheory of Lechnlcal arLefacLs (kroes and Mel[ers 2006).
1he second Lype of cases, however, ls much harder. ALLrlbuLlng purposes, a flrsL-person perspecLlve,
psychologlcal sLaLes and undersLandlng Lo arLefacLs ls a conLroverslal lssue. lL Lranscends Lhe conLexL
of arLlflclal speech acLs and belongs Lo Lhe domaln of arLlflclal lnLelllgence. lL wlll noL be solved easlly.
WhaL l propose ln my paper ls a pragmaLlc approach slnce lssues concernlng arLlflclal speech acLs are
knocklng on our door. We need answers Lo such quesLlons as: 1o whaL exLenL can Lechnologlcal
sysLems enLer agreemenLs or esLabllsh commlLmenLs by uLLerlng speech acLs? 1o whaL exLenL can
Lhey be held (morally) responslble or llable when Lhey auLonomously 'speak' and perform speech
acLs? 1o whaL exLenL are Lhelr deslgners and owners responslble or llable?
l wlll call speech acLs of Lhe second Lype pseudo-speech acLs, slnce Lhey are sLrucLurally dlsslmllar Lo
ordlnary speech acLs. l wlll Lhen lnvesLlgaLe Lhe usefulness of uenneLL's lnLenLlonal sLance and Lhlrd-
person approach (uenneLL 1993) for analyslng Lhese speech acLs and answerlng Lhe above quesLlons.
1he analysls wlll puL a heavy welghL on Lhe lnsLlLuLlonal and legal envlronmenL for successfully
performlng pseudo speech acLs. 1he normaLlve force of Lhese speech acLs has Lo reslde ln Lhls
envlronmenL - noL ln Lhe menLal make-up of arLlflclal agenLs - glven LhaL we are lgnoranL abouL Lhe
menLal make-up of Lhese agenLs or do noL wanL Lo make clalms abouL lL. 1he analysls lmplles LhaL ln
Lhe deslgn of Lechnologlcal sysLems LhaL generaLe arLlflclal speech acLs we need Lo deslgn Lhe
lnsLlLuLlonal and legal envlronmenL for Lhese sysLems as well.


8eferences
uenneLL, uanlel C. 1993. 1he lnLenLlonal sLance. Cambrldge, Mass. [u.a.]: Ml1 ress.
kroes, eLer, and AnLhonle Mel[ers, ed. 2006. Speclal lssue: 1he uual naLure of 1echnlcal ArLefacLs."
SLudles ln PlsLory and hllosophy of Sclence arL A 37 (1) (March): 1-183.
Searle, !ohn 8. 1969. Speech AcLs: an Lssay ln Lhe hllosophy of Language. London: Cambrldge
unlverslLy ress.

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---. 1983. lnLenLlonallLy, an essay ln Lhe phllosophy of mlnd. Cambrldge [Cambrldgeshlre], new
?ork: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
1sohaLzldls, Savas L. 2007. !ohn Searle's phllosophy of language: force, meanlng, and mlnd.
Cambrldge, new ?ork: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.

* * *

S11"/+$%**B'(./+"1+"#'(./(":+1'%/#'1+%+$1+$(%*'1B1+"<1'

Craham WPl1L
LlecLronlc Lnglneerlng and CompuLer Sclence, Cueen Mary
unlverslLy of London, uk
graham[eecs.qmul.ac.uk

We llve ln a Llme ln whlch Lhe sLaLlsLlcal processlng of LexLs has become commonplace: sLaLlsLlcal
sysLems, by whlch l mean soclal and Lechnologlcal sysLems whlch can be used for Lhe purposes of
shopplng, web search, eLc., are now an lmporLanL facLor ln our llves. 8ecause of Lhls, our access Lo
LexLs ls, ln many cases, medlaLed by sLaLlsLlcal sysLems and Lhe [udgemenLs LhaL Lhey make: Coogle
presenLs Lhe resulLs of lLs searches based on relevance," markeLlng agencles [udge Lhe popularlLy of
producLs on Lhe basls of senLlmenLs" exLracLed from Lhe analysls of LweeLs, and so on (Lhe words ln
scare quoLes are concepLs lnLernal Lo sLaLlsLlcal processlng whlch are somehow relaLed Lo concepLs
expressed ln naLural language). We ask how well sLaLlsLlcal sysLems can express [udgemenLs LhaL we,
as humans, make abouL language.
We sLarL wlLh Lhe ldea of essenLlally conLesLed concepLs [Callle, 1936], namely concepLs Lhe proper
use of whlch lnevlLably lnvolves endless dlspuLes abouL Lhelr proper uses on Lhe parL of Lhelr users".
Modern uses of Lhls ldea lnvolve, for example, femlnlsL and gay argumenLs abouL Lhe proper
deflnlLlon of a human belng, or of gender, or of marrlage. Pow would sLaLlsLlcal sysLems cope wlLh
such concepLs? Cne response mlghL be LhaL Lhey would deLecL LhaL Lhe uses of such a word would
aggregaLe lnLo more Lhan one clusLer, correspondlng Lo Lhe llngulsLlc behavlour of Lhe parLles ln Lhe
dlspuLe. 8uL, Callle argues, essenLlally conLesLed concepLs are noL amblguous: amblgulLy ls when a
word ls assoclaLed wlLh more Lhan one meanlng, and Lhls plurallLy of meanlng would correspond Lo a
plurallLy of clusLers. LssenLlally conLesLed concepLs, raLher, occur when we have one concepL Lhe
deflnlLlon or arLlculaLlon of whlch ls conLesLable.
lurLhermore, Lhese concepLs are essenLlally conLesLed: Lhe dlspuLes wlll noL go away, because
decldlng on Lhelr proper use would mean resolvlng pollLlcal or soclal lssues whlch are deeply rooLed
ln our socleLy. So, how would a sLaLlsLlcal sysLem deal wlLh Lhem? Suppose LhaL lL resolved Lhe
concepL lnLo Lwo subconcepLs: Lhen lL would be denylng Lhe reallLy of Lhe dlspuLe (saylng, for
example, LhaL whaL same-sex couples mean by marrlage ls noL Lhe same as whaL heLerosexuals mean
by lL). 1hls would seem Lo bellLLle Lhe [usLlflably pollLlcal concerns of boLh sldes ln Lhe dlspuLe.
Suppose, on Lhe oLher hand, LhaL Lhls sysLem LreaLed Lhe concepL as a slngle concepL: Lhen one could

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flnd ouL abouL Lhe proper use of Lhls concepL by examlnlng Lhe [udgemenLs" made by Lhe sLaLlsLlcal
sysLem (lf lL were a shopplng sysLem, one could examlne lLs recommendaLlons on weddlng aLLlre, for
example). 8uL Lhen one would have Lhe dlspuLe resolved one way or Lhe oLher, sllenLly and wlLhouL
any expllclL debaLe or consensus formaLlon: and one can lmaglne how Lhe losers ln such a dlspuLe
would feel.
1here ls, however, a way ouL: a sLaLlsLlcal sysLem ls someLhlng Lhe [udgemenLs of whlch converge Lo
sLable values as a resulL of Lhe accumulaLlon of evldence. Such a sysLem could slmply noL converge.
We argue LhaL, flrsLly, Lhls ls a very real posslblllLy maLhemaLlcally, secondly, LhaL examlnaLlon of real
dlspuLes (edlL wars ln lacebook, for example) shows LhaL Lhls may occur, and, Lhlrdly, LhaL Lhls
posslblllLy ls preflgured by maLerlal ln Schlelermacher's lecLures on hermeneuLlcs, ln whlch he
descrlbed Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of LexLs as an lnflnlLe Lask".

8eferences
W.8. Callle. LssenLlally conLesLed concepLs. roceedlngs of Lhe ArlsLoLelean
SocleLy, 36:167-198, 1936.

* * *

Lnact|ve search: 1he semant|cs of |anguage |n the age of soc|a| med|a

Parry PALln
lnsLlLuL d'la 8echerche eL l'lnnovaLlon du CenLre ompldou, lrance
hhalpln[w3.org

Clven Lhe lncreaslng promlnence of Lechnologlcally-medlaLed communlcaLlon, Lhe quesLlon of how
Lechnology lmpacLs exlsLlng languages and forms new languages deserves a Lhorough phllosophlcal
lnvesLlgaLlon. MosL approaches Lo semanLlcs assume naLural language as a pre-glven ob[ecL of sLudy
or aL besL approach lL Lhrough Lhe lens of developmenLal psychology. ?eL Lhere has been an enLlre
separaLe llne of sLudy of semanLlcs of formal and Lechnlcal languages, prlmarlly ln Lhe sLudy of
knowledge represenLaLlon and arLlflclal lnLelllgence. Powever, Lhls work has been consldered
generally as elLher removed from human language or as a model of human language.
ln Lhe age of Coogle and 1wlLLer, Lhese phllosophlcal presumpLlons no longer hold. 1he use of human
language ls expllclLly caughL up Lhe developmenL of Lechnology. ln our approach, we wlll Lake an
expllclLly consLrucLlvlsL (enacLlve) approach Lo Lhe semanLlcs of soclal medla - ln oLher words, how
people use 1wlLLer, lacebook, Lagglng Lo leave "soclal Lralls" and how LhaL challenges LradlLlonal
cognlLlve Lheorles of memory, represenLaLlon, and even semanLlcs.

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Cur "exLernallsL" readlng of enacLlon Lakes as lLs foundaLlons Lhe LxLended Mlnd (Clark), dlsLrlbuLed
cognlLlon (PuLchlns) and relaLes Lhem expllclLly Lo MaLurana's work on auLopolesls and varela and
1hompson's laLer work on enacLlon. We would clalm LhaL under cerLaln condlLlons (Lo be explored)
enacLlve/consLrucLlvlsL approaches are lmplemenLed ln cerLaln compuLaLlonal sysLems, whlch
Lherefore lmplles LhaL conLra MaLurana enacLlve approaches can be lmplemenLed over
compuLaLlonal sysLems LhaL are (aL leasL) ln parL non-blologlcal buL may be enLlrely non-blologlcal. ln
facL, we would argue LhaL vlewlng a flrm separaLlon beLween blologlcal readlngs of
consLrucLlvlsm/enacLlon and compuLaLlonal funcLlonallsm ls lncorrecL. 1hus, we defend boLh
enacLlon and compuLaLlonallsm agalnsL even cerLaln readlngs of embodled cognlLlon (noe), Lylng
LogeLher Lheorles of semanLlcs wlLh a flrmly lnformaLlon-processlng funcLlonal paradlgm LhaL ls
noneLheless resoluLely grounded ln Lhe everyday behavlor cerLaln Lechnologlcal forms of llfe.
1hls exLernal readlng of enacLlon Lhen serves as Lhe basls of a new klnd ofsoclal semanLlcs LhaL
embeds LradlLlonal Lheorles of semanLlcs flrmly wlLhln soclal and dlsLrlbuLed processes, uslng 1wlLLer
(and lmaglned exLenslons Lhereof uslng Coogle Classes, eLc.) as a guldlng example due Lo lLs
popularlLy. ln concluslon, Lhls polnL of Lhe larger sLory abouL whaL we conslder an unhealLhy
blologlcal blas ln consLrucLlvlsL approaches Lo enacLlon as well as an equally unhealLhy problem ln
LradlLlonal non-consLucLlvlsL approaches Lo Lhe semanLlcs of compuLaLlonal "knowledge
represenLaLlon" Lo lgnore enacLlon and Lhe soclal - and Lhus mlss Lhe polnL of Lhe Lechnologlcal
revoluLlon ln human communlcaLlon LhaL we are llvlng ln Loday.

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ane| I
Cl1? 8LlC8M, lC1s Anu
8lC1LCPnCLCClCAL CLl1lCAL
C1Ln1lAL
Chalr: 8oger Andrade uu18A

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L$+B',"0.,<&';LD1'%/#'4$.+"(2/.*.3$(%*':.*$+$(%*':.+"/+$%*''

8oger Andrade uu18A
ueparLmenL of LducaLlon
CenLro lederal de Lducao 1ecnolglca de Mlnas Cerals (CLlL1-MC), 8razll
moblllLas[gmall.com

Carlos lC81unA
School of Lconomlcs and CenLer for Soclal SLudles
unlverslLy of Colmbra, orLugal

8oselane 8LZL88A
CenLer for Soclal SLudles
unlverslLy of Colmbra, orLugal

8eglna Pelena Alves da SlLvA
ueparLmenL of PlsLory
unlversldade lederal de Mlnas Cerals (ulMC), 8razll
reglna.helena[gmall.com

urban spaces are places where Lhe vlrLues and dllemmas assoclaLed wlLh new lnformaLlon and
communlcaLlon Lechnologles (lC1s) Lo acLuallze. ln Lhem, Lhe lncessanL lnLeracLlon glves an
lncompleLe and provlslonal characLer. 1hls requlres publlc auLhorlLles wlLh Lhe ablllLy Lo arLlculaLe
Lransversal phenomena LhaL ofLen are conLradlcLory. ln Lhls anel, our proposal ls Lo dlscuss Lhree
modes of percepLlon of spaLlal orders looklng aL Lhelr polnLs converglng ways Lo promoLe Lhe vlrLues
and weaken Lhe dllemmas produced by lC1s.
1 - Cur proposal ls Lo dlscuss "CommunlcaLlve ArchlLecLures of publlc space" LhaL are engendered
from a paradlgm shlfL LhaL enables Lhlnklng Lhe lnLerneL as a plaLform allled Lo Lhe percepLlon of Lhe
clLy as emergenL phenomena and Lhelr undersLandlng as parLlclpaLory creaLlon of new
lnLerpreLaLlons and approprlaLlons of urban space. Cne of Lhe maln lssues ralsed from Lhls
relaLlonshlp, and whlch ls lmporLanL closely Lo us, ls Lhe lnLroducLlon of lC1s ln convenLlonal models
of urban managemenL, whlch can noL remaln on Lhe frlnges of Lhe changes broughL abouL by new
Lechnologles. ln Lhls sense, Lhe lnLegraLlon of Lechnologles ln urban spaces poses Lwo challenges: on
one hand, Lhe dlverslLy and complexlLy of lnformaLlon sources and daLabases LhaL underpln Lhe
funcLlonlng of a clLy requlre Lhe developmenL of Lools for dlglLal daLa vlsuallzaLlon of urban spaces ln
order Lo enable users, wheLher Lhey are managers or clLlzens, Lo approprlaLe Lhe lnformaLlon ln
order Lo explore Lhe clLy and Lo make declslons abouL lL. Cn Lhe oLher hand, dlglLal urban plaLforms
reLrleve an old debaLe abouL a concepL whlch hs suffered Loo many manlpulaLlons: clLlzen
parLlclpaLlon.
2 - We sLarL from Lhe presumpLlon LhaL Lhe process of lC1s urbanlzaLlon opens up Lhe clLy Lo a
dlfferenL mode of governance, whlch ls more democraLlc and parLlclpaLlve. Powever Lhls ls noL a
sLralghLforward process for Lhe uses of lC1s, for Lhey noL only demand a glven level of soclo-Lechnlcal
capablllLles buL Lhey also convey a glven phllosophlcal loglc LhaL mlghL produce soclal enclosures

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raLher Lhan enlarge clLlzen's parLlclpaLlon. Maklng use of Almada's ongolng genLrlflcaLlon process,
we'll be looklng aL, on one hand, Lhe uses of lC1s by local offlclals as Lo promoLe urban reform, on
Lhe oLher hand, lLs crlLlcal recepLlon and feedback ln local blogs and soclal neLworks. Cn Lhls basls we
do lnLend Lo LesL Lhe lnlLlal double-edge hypoLhesls of Lhe democraLlc openlng/non-democraLlc
closure of clLy llfe broughL up by new lC1s.
3 - lC1s and bloLechnology are dlverslfylng forms of excluslon and marglnallzaLlon. Cn one hand,
crlLlclsm of Lechnosclences vla Lhelr "promlscuous uLlllLy", ln Langdon Wlnner's words, has always
been unable Lo change Lhese course of Lechnosclences. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe conformaLlon of
urban spaces, where Lhey maLerlallze dally, offers excellenL opporLunlLles for cross-moldlngs, ln
whlch LechnosclenLlflc lmperlallsm could be consLralned by: (a) Lhe sLrengLhenlng of collecLlve
ldenLlLles and (b) Lhe demand for urban spaces recepLlve Lo all modes of exlsLence and ldenLlLy. lf Lhe
mulLlculLural debaLes esLabllshed pollLlcal ldenLlLles of lmmlgranL, eLhnlc, gender or llnked Lo skln
color mlnorlLles, Lhe ldenLlLles aL rlsk Loday are Lhose Laken [usL as paLhologlcal - sufferlng from
uown syndrome, deafness, bllndness, dumbness eLc. WlLhouL neglecLlng dlfflculLles, reduclng paln or
sufferlng Lo mere dlfferences, we musL recognlze LhaL Lhe hosLlllLy of urban spaces can accenLuaLe
dlsabllng condlLlons, whaL also conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe leglLlmlzaLlon of eugenlc bloLechnology. 1he lnLenL
of Lhls lnLervenLlon ls Lo dlscuss some characLerlsLlcs and lmpllcaLlons of urban spaces LhaL serve as
deLerrenLs Lo Lhe excluslonary pracLlces of lC1s and eugenlc bloLechnology.

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ane| G
lnnCvA1lCn 8L?Cnu
1LCPnCLCC?: AL1L8nA1lvL
A8CACPLS Anu AL1L8nA1lvL
8LSCnSLS
Chalr: leLer vL8MAAS

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;//.5%+$./'4"B./#'+"(2/.*.3B6'I*+",/%+$5"'%::,.%(2"1'%/#'%*+",/%+$5"',"1:./1"1'

leLer vL8MAAS
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
p.e.vermaas[LudelfL.nl

Marlanne 8CLnlnk
1wenLe unlverslLy, 1he neLherlands
m.boenlnk[uLwenLe.nl

ueborah !CPnSCn
unlverslLy of vlrglnla, uSA
dg[7p[vlrglnla.edu

Alfred nC8uMAnn
1echnlsche unlverslLaL uarmsLadL, Cermany
nordmann[phll.Lu-darmsLadL.de

lbo vAn uL CLL
uelfL unlverslLy of 1echnology, 1he neLherlands
l.r.vandepoel[LudelfL.nl

1he classlcal framlng of Lhe developmenL of Lechnology as due Lo new Lechnlcal flndlngs LhaL flnd
Lhelr appllcaLlon ln new producLs and processes has by now losL lLs domlnance ln phllosophy of
Lechnology. 1echnologlcal developmenL, and speclflcally lnnovaLlon, ls shaped by addlLlonal facLors
and by processes more complex Lhan mere appllcaLlon of new flndlngs. new Lechnlcal flndlngs can
creaLe enabllng Lechnologles, as does n8lC convergence, and Lhen deflne a plaLform for lnnovaLlon,
raLher Lhan be LhaL lnnovaLlon lLself. ueslgn has evolved beyond solvlng seL problems ln Lerms of
Lechnlcal producLs and has become dlrecLed Lowards shaplng and reshaplng Lhe value of Lhese
producLs, addlng a new dlmenslon Lo Lhe developmenL of Lechnology.
lncludlng Lhese alLernaLlve approaches Lo Lechnologlcal developmenL ln our Lhlnklng challenges
exlsLlng responses Lo lL. laLforms and deslgn meLhods for lnnovaLlon are someLlmes recommended
for Lhelr poLenLlal Lo creaLe developmenLs LhaL cannoL be predlcLed nor anLlclpaLed, whlch means
LhaL Lhe noLlon of Lechnology assessmenL, seen as charLlng, dlscusslng and lnLervenlng wlLh
developmenLs ln Lechnology, needs revlslLlng. ?eL Lhls emergence also opens posslblllLy for
phllosophy of Lechnology Lo deflne new responses Lo lnnovaLlon and lLs unpredlcLable consequences.
ln Lhls panel we look aL lnnovaLlon Lo explore lLs alLernaLlve approaches and for surveylng new ways
of respondlng Lo lL. We open by flve plLch presenLaLlons Lo seL Lhe sLage and Lhen broaden Lhe
dlscusslon Lo a plenary one.

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lLches

Marlanne 8CLnlnk
ln recenL years, values have acqulred an lncreaslngly promlnenL role ln lnnovaLlon and lnnovaLlon
pollcles. Cn Lhe one hand, Lechnology developers and deslgners lncreaslngly frame Lhelr goal ln
Lerms of value creaLlon (ln a broad sense), someLlmes leadlng Lo expllclL 'value senslLlve' deslgn
approaches. Cn Lhe oLher hand, recenL sLraLegles for anLlclpaLory governance and 1A lncreaslngly
Lend Lo lnclude aL leasL some aLLenLlon for values. Powever, ln boLh cases values are usually seen as
sLable phenomena, whlch can be used as unequlvocal crlLerla for assesslng Lhe deslrablllLy of
lnnovaLlon. 1hls lgnores Lhe facL LhaL morallLy ls dynamlc, parLly as a resulL of Lechnologlcal change.
1he challenge for phllosophy of Lechnology, l wlll argue, ls Lwofold: (1) Lo brlng ln Lhe noLlon of
Lechno-moral change ln lnnovaLlon and lnnovaLlon pollcles, (2) wlLhouL falllng prey Lo nave noLlons
of sLeerlng such change.

ueborah !CPnSCn
1echnologlcal developmenL and lnnovaLlon are vlLally lmporLanL because Lhe Lechnologles produced
and adopLed sLrucLure Lhe world ln whlch human llves Lake place. 1echnology AssessmenL (1A) of
some klnd ls, Lherefore, lmporLanL Lhough LradlLlonal forms of 1A don'L seem Lo Lake lnLo accounL
LhaL Lhe processes of Lechnologlcal developmenL and lnnovaLlon are mulLl-dlrecLlonal, conLlngenL
and lnvolve many dlfferenL acLors and facLors. 1A doesn'L seem Lo Lake lnLo accounL Lhe conLlngency
and uncerLalnLy of Lechnologlcal developmenL, especlally Lhe fluldlLy of soclal arrangemenLs and
soclal pracLlces LhaL consLlLuLe new Lechnologles. ALLempLs Lo conLrol or sLrucLure Lhe developmenL
process - Lo make lL more efflclenL, fasLer, more value-generaLlng - are undersLandable Lhough also
problemaLlc for a varleLy of reasons.

Alfred nC8uMAnn
ulfferenL concepLs of deslgn can be conLrasLed and relaLe Lo dlfferenL approaches Lo 1echnology
AssessmenL (1A). 1here ls flrsL Lhe noLlon LhaL deslgn seeks producLlve anLlclpaLlons of Lhe fuLure
whlch corresponds Lo 1A ln Lhe soclal shaplng ldlom and whlch confronLs Lhe Colllngrldge dllemma.
1hls form of 1A Lakes Lhe fuLure as an ob[ecL of deslgn. 1here ls second Lhe noLlon LhaL ln an lLeraLlve
process deslgn aLLunes sysLem performance Lo user expecLaLlons. lL corresponds Lo 1A ln Lhe ldlom
of collecLlve learnlng from soclal experlmenLaLlon. 1he Lwo approaches are crlLlcally evaluaLed ln
Lerms of Lechnlcal hubrls of 1A.

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lbo vAn uL CLL
lnLroducLlon of Lechnology lnLo socleLy should noL be concelved of as lmplemenLaLlon buL raLher as a
form of experlmenLaLlon and on-golng developmenL. AdvanLages and dlsadvanLages of new
Lechnology can only parLly be anLlclpaLed and wlll usually become gradually known ln a process of
soclal experlmenLaLlon. 1hls perspecLlve ralses new quesLlons abouL how we should organlze
learnlng processes and how Lo experlmenL wlLh Lechnology ln a soclally and morally responslble way.

leLer vL8MAAS
ln currenL deslgn meLhods lL ls expllclLly argued LhaL deslgners spur lnnovaLlon by Laklng dellberaLe
dlsLance from Lhe Lhree oLher key-acLors lnvolved ln deslgn. CusLomers may lnlLlaLe a deslgn process
buL lL ls Lhe deslgner who formulaLes whaL acLual goals Lhese cusLomers have. Managers of deslgn
processes are seL aslde as kllllng serendlplLous lnnovaLlon by Lhelr pre-seL LargeLs. And user-cenLred
deslgn ls seen as leadlng Lo mere lncremenLal lmprovemenLs. ueslgn has become a separaLe source
of lnnovaLlon LhaL creaLes lnnovaLlve proposlLlons Lo people raLher Lhan solves Lhe problems people
formulaLe.

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ane| n
knCWLLuCL CCMMunl1lLS Anu
AC1lCn ln C?8L8SACL
Chalr: Andonl ALCnSC

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f/.8*"#3"'(.<<)/$+$"1'%/#'%(+$./'$/'(B4",1:%("'

Andonl ALCnSC
CompluLense unlverslLy of Madrld, Spaln
andonlal[ucm.es

Carl Ml1CPAM
Colorado School of Mlnes, uSA

8amon CuL8AL1C
unlverslLy of Sevllle, Spaln

Langdon WlnnL8
8ensselaer olyLechnlc lnsLlLuLe, 1roy, uSA

1hls panel wlll reporL on and explore lssues ralsed by a mulLldlsclpllnary collaboraLlon beLween
Spanlsh and Amerlcan scholars on Lhe phenomenon of communlLles belng based noL ln geography or
ln economlcs buL on knowledge producLlon and uLlllzaLlon and Lhe pollLlcal acLlvlLles LhaL such
communlLles can underLake ln cyberspace.
knowledge communlLles shaped by LelecommunlcaLlon neLworks have creaLed lmporLanL changes ln
how knowledge ls generaLed and used. llrsL, Lhese new LelecommunlcaLlon-based communlLles
make posslble alLernaLlves Lo Lhe usual lnsLlLuLlons of knowledge producLlon such as 8&u
organlzaLlons, sLaLes, and prlvaLe companles. A paradlgmaLlc case ls free sofLware, Lhe producLlon of
enLlre compuLer operaLlng sysLems such as Cnu/Llnux and oLher wldely used dlglLal uLlllLles such as
CpenCfflce or llrefox. 1elecommunlcaLlon knowledge communlLles produce noL [usL sofLware buL
also conLenL such as Wlklpedla, whlch ls a good example of free knowledge.
Second, sclence communlcaLlon even wlLhln Lhe usual lnsLlLuLlons of knowledge producLlon ls lLself
undergolng lnLernal changes. Lxamples lnclude Lhe creaLlon of open access [ournals such as LCS,
lnLerneL pre-publlcaLlon by LradlLlonal [ournals such as Sclence and naLure, and Lhe greaLer sharlng
of daLa assoclaLed wlLh prlnL publlcaLlon by means of parallel web posLlngs.
1hlrd, LelecommunlcaLlon-based knowledge communlLles Lend Lo also be based ln more democraLlc
and parLlclpaLory pollLlcal values Lhan oLher Lypes of knowledge communlLles. lL ls lmporLanL Lo Lry Lo
analyze how such values as lnformaLlon freedom, sharlng, Lransparency, and openness develop and
are manlfesL ln Lhese communlLles.
ln sum, LelecommunlcaLlon-based knowledge communlLles dlfferenL ways Lo undersLand soclal
archlLecLure and Lhelr normaLlve bonds for Lhe producLlon and sharlng of knowledge. AL Lhe same
Llme Lhere ls a vlral sLraLegy affecLlng more and more realms of knowledge. Lxamples could be
labeled hldden soclal lnnovaLlons LhaL occur ln socleLles LhaL become more lnLeracLlve and
LransparenL ln ways LhaL conLrlbuLe Lo acLlons Lo respond Lo soclal lssues. AL Lhe same Llme Lhere are
also sofL knowledge communlLles unlLed by weak bonds. 1hese belong mosLly whaL lL ls labeled as
Web 2.0. ?ou1ube, lace8ook, lkasa, 1wlLLle, MySpace, CrkuL, eLc. 1here ls a connecLlon beLween

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boLh Lypes of communlLles: Web 2.0 made popular Lhe ldea of soclal neLworklng and sLrong
communlLles have spread wlLh LhaL concepL. 8uL Lhere ls a danger of Lrlvlallzlng sLrong communlLles
LhaL represenL a valuable klnd of acLlvlsm. When corporaLlons conslder LhaL 80 of Lhe web conLenL
wlll be produced by amaLeur users lL ls lmporLanL Lo undersLand serlously whaL ls golng on wlLh Lhese
knowledge communlLles and how Lo avold Lhe enclosure of Lhe dlglLal commons.

1oplcs open Lo panel dlscusslon wlll lnclude Lhe followlng:
WhaL ls a knowledge communlLy?
Pow do knowledge communlLles dlffer from oLher Lypes of communlLles?
WhaL are Lhe relaLlonshlps beLween pre-LelecommunlcaLlon knowledge communlLles and
LelecommunlcaLlon-based knowledge communlLles?
ls a Lypology of precursors Lo conLemporary knowledge communlLles? Are rellglons knowledge
communlLles? ls sclence Lhe archeLype of a knowledge communlLy?
Are all knowledge communlLy changes lnLroduced or faclllLaLed by lC1 always good? 1o whaL
exLenL can or do Lhey have negaLlve lmpllcaLlons?
WhaL ls Lhe eLhlcs and pollLlcs of knowledge communlLles?

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ane| I
nAnC1LCPnCLCC? L1PlCS Anu
CLlC? LuuCA1lCn ln A CLC8AL
CCn1Lx1
Chalr: Carl Ml1CPAM

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7%/.+"(2/.*.3B'"+2$(1'%/#':.*$(B'"#)(%+$./'$/'%'3*.4%*'(./+"@+'

Carl Ml1CPAM
Colorado School of Mlnes, uSA
cmlLcham[mlnes.edu

Andonl l8A88A
unlverslLy of 8asque CounLry, Spaln

PannoL 8Cu8lCuLZ
unlverslLy of 8asque CounLry, Spaln

Alfred nC8uMAnn
1u uarmsLadL, Cermany

WAnC nan
unlverslLy of Chlnese Academy of Sclences, Chlna

1hls panel wlll explore nanoLechnology eLhlcs and pollcy educaLlon ln a global conLexL. anellsLs wlll
provlde a brlef overvlew of Lhe emergence of nanosclence and nanoLechnology research pollcles ln
selecL dlfferenL counLrles, along wlLh assoclaLed eLhlcs and pollcy educaLlon lnlLlaLlves and acLlvlLles.
1aklng Lhe unlLed SLaLes as an lnfluenLlal case, we wlll reflecL on Lhe emergence and expanslve
adapLaLlon of Lhe eLhlcs educaLlon componenL of Lhe naLlonal nanoLechnology lnlLlaLlve (nnl). As
one conLrlbuLlon Lo Lhls cross-cuLLlng federal program, Lhe naLlonal Sclence loundaLlon ln 2003
esLabllshed Lhe nanoLechnology undergraduaLe LducaLlon (nuL) rogram Lo lnLegraLe nanoscale
sclence, englneerlng, and Lechnology lnLo Lhe undergraduaLe englneerlng currlcula." AddlLlonally,
1he nuL program provldes fundlng for pro[ecLs LhaL wlll address Lhe educaLlonal challenges of Lhese
emerglng flelds and generaLe pracLlcal ways of lnLroduclng nanoLechnology lnLo undergraduaLe
englneerlng educaLlon wlLh a focus on devlces and sysLems and/or on socleLal, economlc, and eLhlcal
lssues relevanL Lo nanoLechnology." 8eflecLlng on Len years of developmenL, Lhe !ournal of nano
LducaLlon ls publlshlng a speclal lssue devoLed Lo Lhe nuL rogram, Lhe panel wlll begln by
hlghllghLlng some dlscusslons from Lhls speclal lssue on nano-eLhlcs educaLlon.
Cne such nuL-funded acLlvlLy ls Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary nano-Sclence, 1echnology, LLhlcs, and ollcy
(nanoS1L) pro[ecL aL Lhe Colorado School of Mlnes, whlch ls devoLed Lo lnLroduclng boundary-
crosslng socleLal, eLhlcal, economlc, and envlronmenLal (S3L) lssues aL mulLlple levels ln humanlLles
and soclal sclences course requlremenLs. nanoS1L furLher seeks Lo beLLer undersLand Lhe
effecLlveness and lnfluence of eLhlcs and pollcy learnlng ln Lhe undergraduaLe englneerlng
currlculum, uslng nanoLechnology as a framework. ln complemenL Lo Lhls educaLlonal research,
nanoS1L ls also examlnlng relaLlonshlps beLween emerglng Lechnologles and underrepresenLed
populaLlons, wlLh respecL Lo Lhe poLenLlal for envlronmenLal and soclal [usLlce deflclencles, boLh ln
access Lo opporLunlLles for research and educaLlon and ln regard Lo beneflLLlng from nano-8&u.

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CollaboraLlve connecLlons have also been made wlLh Lhe unlverslLy of Lhe 8asque CounLry and Lhe
unlverslLy of Lhe Chlnese Academy of Sclences.

1oplcs open Lo panel dlscusslon wlll lnclude Lhe followlng:
WhaL ls Lhe purpose (goal, ob[ecLlve) of nano-eLhlcs educaLlon?
ls nano-eLhlcs a dlsLlncLlve form of Lhe eLhlcs of Lechnology?
Are Lhere reasons Lo lnclude non-Lechnlcal sLudenLs ln nano-eLhlcs educaLlon?
WhaL are Lhe relaLlonshlps beLween nano-eLhlcs and Lhe humanlLles and soclal sclences more
generally?
ls nano-eLhlcs educaLlon enhanced by educaLlon regardlng nano-pollcy?
WhaL ls Lhe proper scope of lssues Lo be addressed ln nano-eLhlcs educaLlon?
Are Lhere any Loplcs ln nano-eLhlcs LhaL have noL been sufflclenLly addressed or are
underrepresenLed?
WhaL are Lhe mosL effecLlve pedagoglcal approaches Lo nano-eLhlcs educaLlon?
Pow ls nano-eLhlcs educaLlon belng pracLlced ln dlfferenL counLrles?