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Introduction
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
organized the known elements,
and predicted some unknown
elements, by grouping according
to similar properties.
We’ll simulate the methods Mendeleev used to make
the modern periodic table. First, we’ll organize
playing cards by suit order (hearts, spades, diamonds)
and numerical value (aces low to kings high). Separate
card group #1 from your stack of playing cards. The
big green number 1 on the back indicates the card
Summary
belongs to group #1. Group cards in a rectangular In the first part of the activity,
you will group playing cards by
pattern by suit and numerical value. Compare your
their “properties,” that is by suit
results to your neighbor’s. Make a and rank. In the second part of
table in your lab journal to the activity, you will group
elements by chemical properties
summarize your results. and atomic weight. Finally,
you will graph selected periodic
trends.
More inside!
Find group #2 and arrange the cards in the same
manner. Do you notice a gap? Predict the value and
suit of the missing card. Once you make your
prediction, remove the missing card from the envelope
marked “Undiscovered Elements.” Did your
prediction match the unknown card? Make a table in
your lab journal to summarize your results.
On to card group #3! Repeat the ordering sequence Graphing Periodic Trends
you used for groups #1 and #2. Again, look for
patterns and gaps. Identify where in your table a Use internet resources to find the
atomic radius, electronegativity and
missing element should appear. Predict its properties first ionization energy for elements 1-
(suit and value). Record your predictions and find the 56.
missing card in the Undiscovered Elements envelope. Create a spreadsheet with atomic
Make a table in your lab journal to summarize your number, element name, element
symbol and the properties listed above.
results.
Use your spreadsheet to create three
graphs showing the relationship
between:
Based on what you know about Mendeleev’s work,
what are the connections between what you did with Atomic radius and atomic number
the playing cards and what Mendeleev did when First ionization energy and atomic
making his periodic table? Discuss with you lab number
partners and write a brief statement comparing the card Electronegativity and atomic number.
activity with Mendeleev’s work.
Look for patterns. How can you use
the periodic table to predict properties?
2
Create your own periodic table!
Mendeleev predicted the existence What do the gaps represent? Make predictions about
1.
of several undiscovered elements. the properties of the missing elements. Write your
“Eka-silicon” was discovered in predictions in your lab journal, and “discover” the
1886 by Winkler. The properties missing elements. How close were your predictions?
predicted by Mendeleev match the
actual properties closely.
3
Henry Moseley’s Contributions
Henry Moseley (1887-1915): A British chemist, Henry Moseley studied under Rutherford and brilliantly developed
the application of X-ray spectra to study atomic structure; Moseley's discoveries resulted in a more accurate
positioning of elements in the Periodic Table. In 1913, almost fifty years after Mendeleev, Henry Moseley published
the results of his measurements of the wavelengths of the X-ray spectral lines of a
number of elements which showed that the
ordering of the wavelengths of the X-ray
emissions of the elements coincided with the
ordering of the elements by atomic number.
With the discovery of isotopes of the elements, it
became apparent that atomic weight was not the
significant player in the periodic law, but rather,
the properties of the elements varied periodically
with atomic number.
Look at the original elements. Ideally, they will still be arranged by increasing atomic weight from left to
right and top to bottom. Find where you can insert the “transition” part of the table into the original table
while maintaining the order of increasing atomic weight.
Your table should now look familiar. Compare your table to the modern periodic table. Discuss with your
partners—see if you can find similarities and differences. Make a table in your lab journal to summarize
your results.
Problems?