Continuity Stage

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Mr . Sherif Yehia Al Maraghy https://twitter.com/Mr_Sherif_yehia
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Calculus 3
rd
secondary Continuity - 1 -
( )
a x
f x lim
BUT
Revision on Limits

Determined & unspecified and undefined Quantities

(1) a determined quantity is that which gives a fixed result
ex.
-8
5
, 3 , 0 ,
(2) an unspecified quantity is that which gives not fixed result
ex.
0
0
,
, ,
(3) an undefined quantity is that which gives for example
0
real number

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Steps to solve Limits questions
(1) first , substitute in the function :
So if f(a)

If the solution is found to be a real number , so this is a determined value
Guide Examples

1) Then the answer is 2(2) = 4 " determined value "

2)
1 x
2 3x
3 2x
lim

+
then the answer is

( )
( )
2 3 1
1
3 2 1 5
+

=

" determined value "
3)
2
2
3 x
x 1
x 5x 6
lim
+
+
then the answer is
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3 1
10
0
3 5 3 6
+
=
+

" Limit doesnt exist "

So the conclusion is , after substitution
number exist number Doesn' t exist
Limitsmaybe

What will happen if we substitute in the function and found that
0
( )
0
a x
f x lim
=
Or
Or Or any unspecified value

2
2
x
x lim

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Calculus 3
rd
x a x a
x a
x 0 x
x 0 x 0
x 0
1)lim sin x sin a 2)lim cos x cos a
3)lim tan x tan a
sin x x
4)lim 1 5)lim 1
x sin x
sin a x sin a x a
6)lim a 7)lim
x sin b x b
sin a x
8)lim
b

= =
=
= =
= =
x 0
x 0 x 0
x x 0
a b x b
9) lim
x b sin a x a
tan x tan a x a
10)lim 1 11)lim
x b x b
tan ax a b x b
12)lim 13)lim
tan b x b tan a x a

= =
= =
= =
To solve this problem , we have to use one of the following
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
3 3
2 2
usually use wewill take
1 ) common fac tor
conjugate if it soon
2 ) x y
you find
x y x y
square roots
3 ) x y
x y x xy y
4 ) trinomial
+
+
longdivision Conjugate Rules
factorization

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we can solve limits also by a rule which is

( )
n n
n m
m m
x a
x a n
lim a
x a m

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limits of trigonometric functions

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
Trigonometric function of Double the angle

(1) Sin 2A = 2 Sin A Cos A
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Cos 2A = (i) Cos
2
A Sin
2
A
(ii) 2 Cos
2
A 1
(iii) 1 2 Sin
2
A
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Very I mportant note :-
2
2
2 2 2
A A
1 ) Sin A 2 Sin Cos
2 2
A A A A
2 ) Cos A Cos Sin 2Cos 1 1 2 Sin
2 2 2 2
A
2Tan
2
3 ) Tan A
A
1 Tan
2
=
= = =
=

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
Examples

1)
2
2
3 x
7 x
x 2
lim

+

Answer
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
3 x
7 3
7 x 7 3 4 2
x 2 3 2 5 5
3 2
lim

= = =
+ +
+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2)
2
0 x
3x
x x
lim
+

Answer
2
0 x
3x 0
x x 0
lim
=
+

so x is the factor must be eliminated
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 x x
3x 3 3
3
x x 1 x 1 0 1
lim lim

= =
+ + +

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3)
2
2 x
x 4
x 2
lim

+

Answer
2
2 x
x 4 0
x 2 0
lim

=
+

so ( x + 2 ) is the factor must be eliminated
( )( )
( )
( )
2 2 x x
x 2 x 2
x 2 - 2 2 -4
x 2
lim lim

+
= =
+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
4)
2
0 x
x 9 3
x 2x
lim
+
+

Answer
2
0 x
x 9 3 0
x 2x 0
lim
+
=
+

so x is the factor must be eliminated , use the conjugate .

2
0 x
x 9 3 x 9 3
x 2x x 9 3
lim
+ + +
+ + +

( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
0
x x
x
x 9 9 x
x 2x 9 x 3 x x 2 9 x 3
1 1 1
12 0 2 9 0 3
x 2 9 x 3
lim lim
lim

+

+ + + + + +
= =
+ + +
+ + +

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5)
x 0
1 x 1 x
2x
lim
+

Answer

x 0
1 x 1 x 0
2x 0
lim
+
= , so x is the factor must be eliminated
by using conjugate :

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
x 0 x 0
x 0 x 0
1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
2x 1 x 1 x
2x 1 x 1 x
2x
1
2x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
1 1
2
1 0 1 0
lim lim
lim lim

+
+ + +

+ +
+ +

+ + + +
=
+ +

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
6)
x 4
24 5x 2
3 x 5
lim

+

Answer

x 4
24 5x 2 0
0 3 x 5
lim

=
+

so ( x 4 ) is the factor must be eliminated , use the conjugate .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x 4 x 4
x 4 x 4
x 4
24 5x 4 3 x 5
24 5x 2 24 5x 2 3 x 5
3 x 5 24 5x 2 3 x 5
9 x 5 24 5x 2
5x 20 3 x 5 5 x 4 3 x 5
9 x 5 24 5x 2 x 4 24 5x 2
5 3 x 5 5 3 4 5
30
7.5
4
24 5x 2 24 5 4 2
lim lim
lim lim
lim

+ +
+ + +

+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + +

+ +
+ + + +
= = =
+ +

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7)
6
3
x 1
( x 1) 64

( x 1) 8
lim
+
+

Answer
( )
( )
6
6
6
6 3
3 3
3
x 1 x 1
x 1 2
( x 1) 64 0 6
lim ( 2 ) 16
( x 1) 8 0 3
x 1 2
lim

+
+
= = =
+
+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8)
5
4
x 3
x 243
lim
x 81

Answer
5
4
x 3
x 243 0
lim
x 81 0
+
=

5 5 5 5
5 4
4 4 4 4
x 3 x 3
x ( 3) x ( 3) 5 15
lim lim ( 3)
x ( 3) x ( 3) 4 4

+
| |
=
|

\ .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
9)
( )
4
x 0
x 5 625
lim
x
+

Answer
( )
4
x 0
x 5 625
0
lim
x 0
+
=

( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4
3
x 0 x 0 x 0
( x 5 ) 625 ( x 5 ) ( 5 ) ( x 5 ) ( 5 )
lim lim lim = 4(5) = 500
x x x 5 5

+ + +

+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10)
5
2
x 0
( x 3) 243
lim
x 27x
+
+

Answer
5
2
x 0
( x 3) 243 0
lim
x 27x 0
+
=
+

( ) ( )
5 5 5 5
x 0 x 0 x 0
5 5
x 0 x 0
5 1
( x 3 ) ( 3 ) 1 ( x 3 ) ( 3 )
lim lim lim
x( x 27 ) x 27 x
1 ( x 3 ) ( 3 )
lim lim
x 27 x 3 3
1
5 3 15
0 27

+ +
| |

|
+ +
\ .
+
| |

|
+ +
\ .
( =

+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11)
5
1
x
2
32x 1
lim
2x 1

Answer
5
1
x
2
32x 1 0
lim
2x 1 0

5 5 5 5 5
5 1
1 1 1
x x x
2 2 2
32x 1 2 x 1 ( 2x ) ( 1) 5
lim lim lim ( 1) 5
2x 1 2x 1 ( 2x ) 1 1

= =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
12)
3
x 0
3x 8 2
lim
x
+

Answer
3
x 0
3x 8 2 0
lim
x 0
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
x 0 x 0 x 0
1
1
3
( 3x 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 3x 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 3x 8 ) ( 8 )
lim lim 3 lim 3
x 3x 3x 8 8
1 1
3 8
3 4

+ + +

+
(
=
(

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13)
( )
12
x 1
5x 4 1
lim
x 1
+
+

Answer
( )
12
x 1
5x 4 1
0
lim
x 1 0
+
=
+

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
12 12 12
x 1 x 1 x 1
12 12
x 1
12 1
5x 4 1 5x 4 1 5x 4 1
lim 5 lim 5 lim 5
5 x 1 5x 5 5x 4 1
5x 4 1
lim 5
5x 4 1
5 12 1 60

+ + +

+ + + +
+

+
(
=

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14)
x 0
Sin3x
4x
lim

Answer
x 0
Sin3x 3
4x 4
lim
=
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15)
x 0
5x
Cos x
lim

Answer

x 0
5x 0
0
Cos x 1
lim
= =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
x x
x
1 x
1 x 1
Sin x Sin x
x
1 1 1
1
Sin x
lim lim
lim
t
t t t t t
t t
t t t t t

= =
2 2
x x
Sin x
Cos x 1 1 1
2
1
2 2 2
2 x x
2 2
lim lim
t t
t
t t

| |
|
\ .
= =
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
16)
x 0
Sin5x
2Sin3x
lim

Answer
Divide both numerator and denominator by x
x 0
Sin5x
1 1 5 5
x
Sin3x
2 2 3 6
x
lim
= =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17)
2
2
x 0
Tan 2x
3x
lim

Answer
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
x 0 x 0 x 0
Tan2x
Tan 2x 1 1 Tan2x
3x 3 x 3 x
1 4
2
3 3
lim lim lim

| |

|
\ .
= =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18)
( )
1 x
1 x
Sin x
lim
t

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19)
2
x
Cos x
2x
lim
t
t

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
x x
x
Tan x Tan x
1 x 1 x
Tan x
x
lim lim
lim
t t t t
t
t
t t
t t
t t

( ) ( )
x 0 x 0 x 0
Tan Sin5x Tan Sin5x
Sin5x Sin5x
Sin5x 3x Sin5x 3x
5 5
1
3 3
lim lim lim

= =
20)
( )
1 x
Tan x
1 x
lim
t

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21)
( )
x 0
Tan Sin5x
3x
lim

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
st
1 stage
limit of a function
at a point
nd
2 stage
Continuity of a function
at a point
1
2
f ( x ) , when x a
f ( x ) , when x a
<
>
x a =
x
f ( x )
x a " a "
<
x a " a "
+
>
f ( a )
f ( a )
+
f ( a )
f ( a )
+

Continuous : a function is continuous if you can draw it without lifting your pen from the
paper. the graph is connected .

I n the opposite figures:
left figure represent a Continous function
while the right figure represent
a Dis continous function

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In this chapter , we have two stages to explain

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1
st
stage : Limit of a function at a point
This happens when a limit contains two different functions , our job is to connect them and to
discuss whether after connecting , limit exists or not

So , let f(x) = This is the domain of the function .

Steps : 1) Draw the real number line

2)
1
f ( x ) when x a < is called the left limit of x = a , and it is denoted by .

3)
2
f ( x ) when x a > is called the Right limit of x = a , and it is denoted by .
4) the function y = f(x) only has a limit at x = a , when three conditions are satisfied :
(a) left limit is defined . Not
a 0
, , .....
0 0

(b) Right limit is defined .
(c) left limit = right limit f ( a ) f ( a )
+
=
Continuity


Calculus 3
rd
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 1 ) 3
= f ( 1 ) 2x 1
+
= +
x 1
x 1
x 1
left limit : f( 1 ) lim 3 3
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim 2x 1 2( 1) 1 3
f( 1 ) f( 1 ) lim f ( x ) 3 , So limits exists
= =
= + = + =
= =
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 1 ) x 3
= + f ( 1 ) 2 3x
+
=
x 1
x 1
x -1
left limit : f( -1 ) lim x 3 ( 1) 3 2
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim 2 3x 2 3( -1) 5
f( -1 ) f( -1 ) lim f ( x ) doesn' t exists
= + = + =
= = =
=
Example (1)

The opposite figure represents the graph of

3 , when x 1
f ( x )
2x 1 , when x 1
<
+ >

Discuss the existance of limit of this function at x=1

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)


x 3 , when x -1
f ( x )
2 3x , when x -1
+ <
>

Discuss the existance of limit of this function at x= -1

Answer


Calculus 3
rd
x 2 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 2 ) 2x 1
=
5
f ( 2 )
x 2
+
=
x 2
x 2
x 2
left limit : f( 2 ) lim 2x 1 2( 2 ) 1 3
5 5
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim undefined
x 2 0
lim f(x) , doesn't exists
= = =
= = =
x 2 =
x
f ( x )
2
f ( 2 ) x 2
= + f ( 2 ) 2x 3
+
= +
2 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
left limit : f( 2 ) lim x 2 ( 2 ) 2 6
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim 2x 3 2( 2 ) 3 1
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) lim f(x) , doesn't exists
= + = + =
= + = + =
=
Example (3)


2x 1 , when x 2
f ( x )
5
, when x 2
x 2
<
=

>

Discuss the existance of limit of this function at x = 2

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
2
x -2
x 2 : x -2
let f(x) = Then, find lim f(x)
2x + 3 : x > -2
+ s

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
x 1
x 1
1
2x 5
x 6 = x 4 =
Example (5)
x 1 x 4 x 6
x 1
: 1< x < 4
x 1
if f(x) = , Then find (1) lim f(x) (2) lim f(x) (3) lim f(x)
1
: 4 x 6
2x 5

s s

Answer

( )
( )
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1
(1) for lim f(x) :
f ( x ) is defined only is the right of x 1
x 1 0
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim
x 1 0
x 1
x 1 x 1 1 1
lim lim lim
x 1 2 x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
+
+ + +
= =
+ | |
= = =
|
( + +
+ \ .

x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
(2) for lim f(x) :
x 1 1
left limit : f( 4 ) lim
x 1 3
1 1
2x 5 3
1
f( 4 ) f( 4 ) lim f(x)
3
= =
= =
= =

x 6
x 6
(3) for lim f(x) :
1 1
left limit only defined : f( 6 ) lim
2x 5 7
= =

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Calculus 3
rd
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
- x
f ( 1 )
x 2
=
+
x
f ( 1 )
x 2
+
=
+
x 1
x 1
x 1
- x 1
( 3 ) left limit : f( 1 ) lim
x 2 3
x 1
x 2 3
f( 1 ) f( 1 ) lim f(x) , doesn't exists
= =
+
= =
+
=
Example (6)
2
x -2 x 2 x 1 x 0
x x 1
if f(x) ,Then find :
x x 2
(1) lim f(x) (2) lim f(x) (3) lim f(x) (4) lim f(x)

=
+

Answer
( )( )
{ }
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
x x 1
f ( x ) The domain is R 2 , 1
x 2 x 1
x 1 : x > 1
And x 1 =
- x 1 : x < 1
x x 1
x
: x > 1 : x > 1
x 2 x 1 x 2
f ( x ) = f ( x ) =
x
x x 1
: x <1 & x -2
: x < 1
x 2
x 2 x 1
=
+

+ +

=
+
+

x 2 x 2 x 2
x 2
( 1) lim f(x) lim lim f(x) does not exist " normal limit "
x 2 zero

= =
+

x 2 x 2
x 1
(2) lim f(x) = lim = " So limit exists"
x 2 2

+

x 0 x 0
x
(4) lim f(x) = lim = 0
x 2

+
" So limit exists"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x ) f ( 2 ) 3x 1
= f ( 2 ) 4x 3
+
=
Example (7)
x 2
x 2
3x : x < 2
let f(x) = Then , find lim f (x) 2 x
4x - 3 : x > 2

Answer
( )
x 2 ,x 2 refused
for x < 2 x 2
2 x , x 2 agreed
3
4x 3 , x agreed but we will take x > 2
4
for x > 2 4x 3
3
4x 3 , x refused
4
2 x
3x 1 ,x 2 3x ,x 2
f(x) f(x)
2 x
4x 3 , x 2
4x 3 , x 2
>
=

<
>
<
< <
= =

>
>

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x 2 =
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
for lim f(x) :
left limit : f( 2 ) lim 3x 1 5
right limit : f( 2 ) lim 4x 3 5
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) lim f(x) 5 " So limit exists"
= =
= =
= =


Calculus 3
rd
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
n
x 1
f ( 1 )
x 1
2
2x x 6
f ( 1 )
x 2
+

=
Example (8)
n
2
x 1 x 2
x 1
: x < 1
x 1
let f(x) , if lim f(x) exists , then find n and lim f(x)
2x x 6
: x > 1
x 2

Answer

( )
x 1
n
n 1
x 1
2
x 1
x 2
x 2
lim f(x) exists : f( 1 ) f( 1 )
x 1
left limit : f ( 1 ) lim n 1 n
x 1
2x x 6
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim 5
x 2
n 5
for lim f(x) : Only the Right limit defined
2
f( 2 ) : lim
+
+
+
= = =

= =
=
( )( )
( )
2
x 2 x 2
2x 3 x 2
x x 6 0
lim lim 2x 3 7
x 2 0 x 2
+ +

+

= + =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
2
f ( 0 ) 3 x
= + f ( 0 ) 3a 4x
+
= +
Example (9)
3
x 0
3x x
: x < 0
let f(x) = Then , find the value of "a" if lim f (x) exists
x
3a 4x : x > 0

Answer
( )
( )
3
3
3
3 3
2
2
x ,x 0 refused
for x < 0 x
x , x 0 agreed
3x x 3x x
,x 0
,x 0
f(x) f(x)
x
x
3a 4x , x 0
3a 4x , x 0
x 3 x
3 x , x 0
,x 0
f(x) f(x)
x
3a 4x , x 0
3a 4x , x 0
>
=

<
+
<
<
= =

+ >
+ >

+
+ <
<
= =

+ >
+ >

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x 0 =
x 0
2
x 0
x 0
for lim f(x) :
left limit : f( 0 ) lim 3 x 3
right limit : f( 0 ) lim 3a 4x 3a
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) 3a 3 a 1
+
= + =
= + =
= = =


Calculus 3
rd
x 2 =
x
f ( x )
2
1 x x
2
1 x x +
x 7 = x 0 = x 2 =
x 2
x 2 2
+
Example (10)
x 1 x 0 x 2 x 7
1 x x x : -2 < x < 2
let f (x)
x 2
: 2 < x < 7
x 2 2
Find : ( 1) lim f ( x ) ( 2 ) lim f ( x ) ( 3 ) lim f ( x ) ( 4 ) lim f ( x )

Answer
2
2
1 x x , -2 < x 0
f ( x ) 1 x x , 0 < x < 2
x 2
, 2 < x < 7
x 2 2
= +

2
x 1 x 1
2
x 0 x 0
2
x 0
x 0
x 2
( 1) for lim f ( x ) : lim( 1 x x ) 1 1 1 1
( 2 ) for lim f ( x ) : left limit : f( 0 ) lim( 1 x x ) 1
Right limit : f ( 0 ) lim ( 1 x x ) 1
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) lim f ( x ) 1
( 3 ) for lim f ( x ) : left limit
= + =
= =
= = + =
= =
( )
( )
2
x 2
x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
x 7 x 7
: f ( 2 ) lim( 1 x x ) 1 2 4 3
x 2 x 2 2
x 2 x 2 2
Right limit : f ( 2 ) lim lim
x 2 4 x 2 2 x 2 2
lim( x 2 2 ) 2 2 4
So f(2 ) f ( 2 ) lim f ( x ) does not exist.
(4) lim f ( x ) lim
+ +
+

= + = + =
+ +
+ +
= =
+ + + +
= + + = + =
=
=
x 2 7 2
5
3 2 x 2 2

= =
+

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
x 1
f ( 0 )
x 2
+
=
+
5x tan 3x
f ( 0 )
x 3sinx
+

=
+
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
3x 2 ax b +
x 3 =
6 x
Example (11)
x 1 x 3
3x 2 : x < -1
let f(x) ax b : -1 < x < 3 , if lim f(x) and lim f(x) exist , find the value of a and b .
6 x : x > 3

= +
Answer

x 1
x 1
x 1
x 3
x 3
f ( -1 ) lim ( 3x 2 ) 3 2 5
f( -1 ) lim ( a x b ) - a b - a b -5 .......(1)
also lim f(x) exists : f( 3 ) f( 3 )
f( 3 ) lim ( a x b ) 3a b

+

+
=
= = =
= + = + + =
=
= + = +
x 3
f( 3 ) lim( 6 x ) 6 3 3 3 a b 3 .......(2)
By subtracting (2) (1) 4a 8 a 2 , b -3
+
+
= = = + =
= = =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (12)

Answer

x 0 =
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 1 1
left limit : f( 0 ) lim =
x 2 2
5x Tan3x
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim " divide both numerator and denominator by x "
x 3Sin x
Tan3x
5
5 3 1 1
x
lim f( 0 ) f( 0 ) , hen
Sinx
1 3 2 2
1 3
x
+
+
+
=
+
=
+

= = = =
+
+
x 0
1
ce lim f(x)
2

=
x 0
5x tan 3x
: x > 0
x 3sinx
if f(x) = Then find lim f(x)
x 1
: x < 0
x 2

+


Calculus 3
rd
-
x
2
t
=
x
f ( x )
2x
sin x
4
2cos x
3
x
2
t
=
x 0 =
Example (13)
x 0
x - x
2 2
2x
: - < x < 0
sin x 2
let f(x) , Find : (1) lim f(x) (2)lim f(x) (3) lim f(x)
4
2cos x : 0 < x <
3 2
t t
t
t

Answer

x -
2
x -
2
(1) for lim f(x) :
f ( x ) is defined only is the right of x -
2
2x
Right limit : f - lim
2 Sin x
t
t
t
t
t
+
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

x 0
x 0 x 0
x 0
x 0
(2) for lim f(x) :
2x 0 2x
left limit : f( 0 ) lim lim 2 " Rule"
Sin x 0 Sin x
4
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim 2Cos x 2
3
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) lim f(x) 2

+
= = =
= =
= =

x
2
x
2
x
2
(3) for lim f(x) :
4
left limit only defined : f lim 2Cos x 1
2 3
lim f(x) 1
t
t
t
t
| |
= =
|
\ .
=

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
9 x
f ( 0 ) Sin
x 2
=
2
1
f ( 0 ) a x 2a
2
+
= + +
x
f ( x )
f ( 0 ) Sin 4x Cot 9x
=
2
f ( 0 ) 4x a
+
= +
Example (14)
2
x 0
Sin 4x Cot 9x : x < 0
let f(x) Then find the value of "a" if lim f ( x ) exists
4x a : x > 0
=

+

Answer

x 0 x 0
2 2
x 0
2
Sin4x 4
left limit : f ( 0 ) : lim Sin 4x Cot 9x lim
Tan 9x 9
Right limit : f ( 0 ) : lim4x a a
4 4 2
f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) a a
9 9 3

+
+
= =
+ =
= = = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (15)
x 0
2
9 x
Sin : x < 0
x 2
let f(x) Then find the value of "a" if lim f ( x ) exists
1
a x 2a : x > 0
2

+ +

Answer

x 0 x 0
2
x 0
x
Sin
9 x 9
2
left limit : f ( 0 ) : lim Sin lim
x
x 2 2
9
1 1
Right limit : f ( 0 ) : lim a x 2a 2a
2 2
1 9 9 1
f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) 2a 2a 4 a 2
2 2 2 2

+
+
= =
+ + = +
= + = = = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x 0 =
x 0 =


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
Sin x
2
f ( 1 )
5
8 Tan x
4
t
t
=
2
x 3 - 2
f ( 1 )
x - 1
+
+
=
Example (16)

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x 1 =
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
x 1 x 1
2
x 1 x 1
x 3 -2 x 3 2 x 3 2
Right limit : f ( 1 ) = lim lim
x 1 x 1 x 3 2
x 3 4 x 1
lim lim
x 1 x 3 2
x 1 x 1 x 3 2

+ +
+ +
+

+ + + +
=
+ +
+
= =
( + +
+ + +

( )
x 1
x 1
1 1
lim
8
x 1 x 3 2
1 1
f ( 1 ) f ( 1 ) lim f(x) =
8 8
+
= =
(
+ + +

= =
2
x 1
x 3 - 2
: x >1
x - 1
if f(x) = , Then find lim f(x)
Sin x
2
: x < 1
5
8 Tan x
4
t
t

x 1
sin x
1 1
2 2
left limit : f ( 1 ) lim
5 5
8 8
8 tan x
4 4
t t
t t
= = =


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
1 Cos 2x
f ( 0 )
x Tan x

=
f ( 0 ) a 1
+
=
Example (17)
x 0
1 Cos 2x
: x < 0
x Tan x let f(x) Then find the value of "a" if lim f ( x ) exists
a 1 : x > 0

Answer

( )
2
2
x 0 x 0 x 0
2
2
2
2
x 0 x 0
1 1 2Sin x
1 Cos 2x 2Sin x
left limit : f ( 0 ) : lim lim lim
x Tan x x Tan x x Tan x
So, divide both numerator and denominator by x
Sin x
Sin x
2
2
x
x
lim lim 2
Tan x Tan x
x x
Right limit : f ( 0 ) : lim

= =
| |
|
\ .
= =
x 0
a 1 a 1
f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) a 1 2 a 3
+
+
=
= = =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (18)
9
6
x 3
5
x 81 3
: x < 3
x 27
let f(x) , find lim f(x) .
1
x : x 3
2

>

Answer
( )
( )
( )
( )
9
9
9
9 6
6 6
6
x 3 x 3
5
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 81 3 9 9 3
left limit : f( 3 ) lim lim 3
x 27 6 2
x 3
1 9 3
Right limit : f( 3 ) lim x
2 2
9 3
f( 3 ) f( 3 ) lim f(x)
2

+
= = = =

= =
= =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x 0 =


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x ) f ( 2 ) 1
= f ( 2 ) a x 3
+
= +
Example (19)
2
x 2
x 4x 4
: x < 2
let f(x) = Then , find the value of "a" if lim f (x) exists
x 2
a x 3 : x > 2

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (20)
x
2
x 0
Tan 2x
: x < 0
log 8
2
x : x 0
3

+ >

Answer

x 2 =
x 2
x 2
left limit : f( 2 ) lim 1 1
right limit : f( 2 ) lim a x 3 2a 3
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) 2a 3 1 2a 4 a 2
+
= =
= + = +
= + = = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
x 2 x 2
: x < 2
: x < 2
f(x) f(x)
x 2
x 2
a x 3 : x > 2
a x 3 : x > 2
x 2 , x 2 refused
for x < 2 : x 2
- x 2 , x 2 agreed
- x 2
1 :
: x < 2
f(x) f(x)
x 2
a x 3 : x > 2

= =

+
>
=

<
= =

x < 2
a x 3 : x > 2
3
2 2
x 0
Tan 2x Tan 2x
Tan 2x
: x < 0 : x < 0
x < 0
xlog 8 xlog 2
3x
f(x) f(x) f(x) ,
2
2 2
x x 0
x : x 0 x : x 0
3
3 3
Tan 2x 2
left limit : f( 0 ) lim
3x 3
Righ

= = =

+ >
+ > + >

= =
x 0
x 0
2 2
t limit : f( 0 ) lim x
3 3
2
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) lim f(x) =
3
+
+
= + =
=


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
f ( 2 ) a x b
= +
2
f ( 2 ) a x b
+
=
Example (21)
( )
7
4
x 0
1 2x 1
: x < 0
7x
let f(x) , find the value of "a" if lim f(x) exists.
1
a : x 0
2
>

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
7 7
7 7
4 4
4 4
x 0 x 0
7
7
4 7
4
1
4
x 0
x 0
x 2
1 2x 1 1 2x 1
1 2
left limit : f( 0 ) lim lim
7 x 7 2x
1 2x 1
2 2 7 1
lim 1
7 1 2x 1 7 4 2
1 1
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim a a
2 2
1 1
lim f ( x ) exists , Then f( 2 ) f( 2 ) a - a 0
2 2

= =

= = =

= =
= = =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (22)

2
x 2
a x + b : x < 2
let f(x) , If lim f ( x ) 3 , Then find a and b
a x b : x > 2

= =

Answer

x 2
x 2
2
x 2
lim f ( x ) 3 f( 2 ) f( 2 ) 3
left limit : f( 2 ) lim( ax b ) 2a b
Right limit : f(2 ) lim( ax b ) 4a b
2a b 3 .......(1) And 4a b 3 .......(2)
from (1) , (2) and by ad
+
+
= = =
= + = +
= =
+ = =
dition : a 1 , b 1 = =

x 2 =


Calculus 3
rd
Example (23)
x
2Sin x
: x <
x
1 Cos x : x
t
t
t
t

>

Answer
( )
x x
x
x
2Sin x
2Sin x
left limit : f( ) lim lim 2
x x
Right limit : f( ) lim 1 Cos x 1 Cos 1 1 2
f( ) f( ) lim f(x) 2
t t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t t

+
= = =

= = = + =
= =

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (24)
x
2
3Cot x
: x <
2
x
2
Sin x 2 : x
2
t
t
t
t

+ >

Answer
x x
2 2
x
2
x
2
3Tan x
3Cot x
2
left limit : f( ) lim lim 3
2
x
x
2
2
Right limit : f( ) lim Sin x 2 3
2
f( ) f( ) lim f(x) 3
2 2
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t

+
| |
|
\ .
= = =
| |

|
\ .
= + =
= =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
Example (25)
2
x 1
ax bx 5
: x < 1
let f(x) , if lim f(x) exists ,Then find value of a and b
x 1
3x 5 : x 1

+
+ >

Answer
( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
x 1
2
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
2 2
ax bx 5
f( 1 ) lim x 1 Must be eliminated So
x 1
x 1 ax 5
lim lim ax 5 a 5
x 1
f( 1 ) lim 3x 5 8
a 5 8 a 3
ax bx 5 x 1 ax 5 ax 5x ax 5
So , b 5x ax , so at x 1

+
+
=
+
=
+
= + = +
= + =
+ = =
+ = + = +
= =
( ) ( )
and a 3 b 5 1 3 1 2 = = =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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