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Operational Amplifiers
+
+ +
+
Vin
Vout
Vin Vout
-
- - -
•Rin = Infinity,
•Voltage Gain, Av=Infinity at all frequencies
•Rout=0
Model
+ +
Vin Vout
- -
•Infinite gain means that the device is useless without adding “Feedback” to
control the overall gain to a finite value.
i+
v+ iout
iin v-
•Consider the circuit to the
right with vin=0 i- vout
vout = Av (− v − ) vin
R1 i2
v − = vout
R1 + R 2
R1
v − = − Av v −
R1 + R 2
If A v → ∞, the above equation is only satisfied for v - = 0
•Feedback forces the two input voltages to be equal! This is known as a “virtual ground”.
•R1 and R2 form a “Feedback Network”
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Inverting Amplifier
•Finite voltage gain results from an infinite voltage gain amplifier with “negative
feedback” (feedback that takes a fraction of the output voltage and mixes it back into the
negative summation node).
i+
1) vin − iin R1 − i2 R2 − vo = 0
v+ iout
2) iin = i− + i2 = i2 due to infinite input resistance
v -v iin
i in = in - v-
R1
i-
but v - = 0 due to the virtual ground vout
vin
v i2
3) i in = in
R1
Combining 1, 2 and 3,
v v
vin − in R1 − in R2 − vo = 0
R1 R1
vo R
Overall circuit gain is finite, negative (for
=− 2 this feedback configuration) and set by the
v in R1
feedback resistor network.
•Input Resistance:
vin i+
Rin = = R1 v+ iout
iin iin
v-
i-
vout
vin
i2
•Output Resistance:
v+ it
v t = i1 R 3 + i 2 R 1
i1
but,
v-
i1 = 0 since v - = 0
vt
and i2
i1 = i 2
thus,
vt = 0 + 0
vt
Rout = =0
it
v+
vin v-
i- vout
R1
v − = vout
R1 + R2
The virtual ground requires that v + = v - so,
i2
v in = v -
so,
vout vout R1 + R2 vin vin
= = Rin = = =∞
vin v− R1 iin 0
vout R
Av = = 1+ 2 Rout = 0 (Same circuit as for Non - inverting case)
vin R1
vin vin
Rin = = =∞
iin 0
•Can be used to isolate a high impedance circuit from a low impedance circuit
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Summing Amplifier
v+
iin,a v-
i2 = iin ,a + iin ,b + iin ,c
vout
v
− out =
vin ,a vin ,b vin ,c
+ + vin,a i2
R 2 R1a R1b R1c
R2 R2 R2
vout = −vin ,a − vin ,b − vin ,c iin,b
R1a R1b R1c
R2 R2 R2
vout = − vin ,a + vin ,b + vin ,c
R 1a R 1b R1c
vin,b
iin,c
•Output is a scaled sum of inputs.
•Scaling can be controlled by
ratios of resistors vin,c
v+ v+
vin,a v- vth v-
vout vout
vin,b vin,b
R2
vth = vin ,a and Rth = R1 || R2
R1 + R2
Using Superposition we can combine the results of the Inverting and Non-inverting solutions:
vin,b=0 vin,a=0
R R2 R2 R
v out = vth 1 + 2 vout = − v in,b vout = v in,a − v in,b 2
R1 R1 R1 R1
R2
v out = vin ,a
R2 R2
1 + vout = (v in,a − v in,b )
R1 + R2 R1
R1
R2 This circuit amplifies the
v out = vin ,a difference of two signals
R1
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Non-Ideal (Real World) Operational Amplifiers
Finite Open-Loop Gain
•Real op-amps do not have “infinite” “open loop (without feedback)” gain.
•Voltage gains are typically large but finite: ~104-106 V/V
•Finite gain causes a deviation from ideal amplifier behavior
R1
v − = v out = βv out
R1 + R 2 v+
R1
where β = is known as the feedback factor
R1 + R 2 v-
v out = A openloop (v + − v − ) = A openloop (v + − βv out ) vin vout
so,
v out A openloop
A v, closed loop = = , where β A openloop is the loop gain
v in 1 + β A openloop
If β A openloop >> 1
1 R2
A v, closed loop = = 1+ ⇒ approaches the infinite gain result
β R1
v+
v-
vin vout
•The Gain Error (GE) that results from the Non-infinite open-loop gain can be quantified as:
1 A openloop v+
GE = − v+ =
β 1 + β A openloop β (1 + β A openloop )
vx
Rout =
ix
i x = io + i 2
v x − Av ,openloop (v + − v − )
io =
Ro
vx
v x = i2 (R1 + R2 ) ⇒ i2 =
(R1 + R2 )
R1
v− = v = β vx
(R1 + R2 ) x
i x 1 + Av ,openloop β 1
(Rout ) −1
= = +
vx Ro (R1 + R2 )
Ro
Rout =
1+ A
(R1 + R2 )
v ,openloop β
v x − v−
ix =
R ID
Neglecting the current i x compared to i1 and i 2 (due to R ID >> R 1 or R 2 )
v − = i1 R1 ≈ i2 R1
R1
v− = vout = β vout = Av ,openloop β (v x − v − )
R1 + R2
Av ,openloop β
v− = vx
1 + Av ,openloop β
Av ,openloop β
vx − vx
1+ A
v ,openloop β = vx
ix =
R ID (1 + Av,openloop β )RID
Rin = (1 + Av ,openloop β )R ID
Georgia Tech
RID is very large so Rin is EXTREMELY large!
ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Non-Ideal (Real World) Operational Amplifiers
Finite Input Impedance: Inverting Case
R2 R2
Rin = R1 + (R ID ) ⇒ Rin = R1 + ≈ R1
1+ A 1+ A
v ,openloop v , openloop
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle