Grundpraktikum, t Go ttingen, Fakulta t fu r Physik Universita

Versuch 1: Der Pohlsche Resonator

Praktikant: Kevin Juandi Mitarbeiter: Oliver Roland Karnbach Marcel Schr oder E-Mail: kevin.juandi@stud.uni-goettingen.de Betreuer: Florian Rusteberg Datum: 21st August 2013 Testat:

Contents
1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 The undamped oscillator 2.2 The damped oscillator . 2.2.1 Weak Damping . 2.2.2 Aperiodic Case . 2.2.3 Strong Damping 2.3 Forced Oscillation . . . . 2.4 Maximum Amplitude . . 3 Experimental Method 4 Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Annex 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6

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1 Introduction
Oscillations are among the most fundamental phenomena in physics. With them many properties of solids can be modeled. They serve in many experiments as valuable tool, important material parameters aect the industry and must be mastered by every architect. Due to incorrectly assessed oscillatory systems, there are already bridges collapsed 1 . Therefore, there should be a way to investigate Oscillations at the simplest level with adjustable parameters. This is exactly what the trial of Pohls resonator, named after its inventor, the former G ottingen physics professor Robert Wichard Pohl.

2 Theory
The Pohlsche resonator consists essentially of a ywheel with a return spring, an eddy current brake, and a stepping motor which serves as an agent.

2.1 The undamped oscillator

Consider a case in which a solid plate is rotatably mounted and connected to a spiral spring. We now direct the disk, the spring produces a restoring moment which is the greater, the greater the deection is. We use for the torque of the wheel else the denition of the moment of inertia M = J , then we nd the equation of the undamped oscillator: J = D 0=J +D 0= + D J

This is a second order homogeneous dierential equation. We would not solve this now, but generalize it rst. This leads us directly to the damped case.

2.2 The damped oscillator

Here, we continue to look at the wheel of it, but assume that it is not supported without friction. Frictional forces are directed generally proportional to the speed and to the movement. This brings us to the general formula of a free oscillatory arrangement:
1

A famous example is The Tacoma Narrows Bridge

0= +

R D + J J

Where R is a constant that characterize the friction. To solve the dierential equation, we would use simple exponential equation. := c eat
2 , we get: Substituting this to the previous equation with R/J = 2r and D/J = 0

2 0 = a2 + 2ra + 0

Solving the equation, we get a1,2 = r

2 r2 0

Here we would consider 3 dierent case, if the root is positive, zero or imaginary. 2.2.1 Weak Damping In the case r < 0 , we would have weak damping.
2 Solving 0 r2 = 2 , we get:

a1,2 = r i therefore, (t) = ert c1 eit + c2 eit (t) = Aert cos(t + ) The second equation is equivalent with the rst by considering c1 is equal with c2 . We can do this since the movement is periodic whose change depends on the natural frequency 0 of the friction. Therefore, the frequency is thus less than the natural frequency. There is an exponential prefactor which decrease the amplitude of the function with increasing time. Two successive amplitudes are compared with each other eRT where T is the period T = 2/ . So that we can the logarithmic decrement dened: ln (t) =rT = (t + T )

2.2.2 Aperiodic Case In the case of r = 0 , we would have aperiodic movement with this solution, a1 = a2 = r One could easily obtain the solution as : (t) = ct ert And therefore, the general solution of this dierential equation is: (t) = (c1 t + c2 )ert This system only swing shortly, it falls exponentialy after reaching the amplitude. 2.2.3 Strong Damping In the case of r > 0 we have the strong damping. In this case, we obtain two real solution that gives: (t) = ert (c1 ebt c2 ebt ) Where b =
2 r2 0 .

As in the limit, it is no more periodic. After a brief displacement it moves slowly towards zero.

2.3 Forced Oscillation

We do not leave the disc by themselves, but tilt them periodically, so be a cyclic torque acting on it, so our DGL extended to include a constant term: F cos(t) = + R D + J J

F in this case characterizes the exciting moment with a periodicity of omega. This is due to the constant cos-term inhomogeneous dierential equation. The solution we are again with an exponential approach. For this purpose, we consider the wave equation

in the complex number and to our advantage that we have here a linear equation in z and both the real and the imaginary are solution of the equation. Thus we immediately get 2 free integration constants:
2 z + 2r z + 0 z = F eit

z and its derivatives are complex numbers z = + i. An obvious manner the system should oscillate with the same frequency , with which it is stimulated. As a solution, this results in z = A eit and by substitution, we get: A=
2 F (0 2 2ir ) 2 (0 2 )2 + (2r )2

A = a + ib = |A| ei By rearranging, we can separate real and imaginary part of A and obtain the phase dierence .: tan = a 2r = 2 b 0 2

With decreasing damping r they should show a steeper transition in alpha - omegagraph. And the real amplitude of the oscillation is eventually: |A| = |A| = Substituting earlier equation, we got: (t) = F
2 (0 + 2 )2 + (2r )2 2 (0

a2 + b2 F + (2r )2

2 )2

cos t arctan

2 0

2r + 2

Where is again the current deection of our wheel. It should be noted that if one were to determine all solutions, here the solution of the homogeneous dierential equation

would have to be added up. As seen in, but these are all falling exponentially for large times and thus show the same behavior. Consider our wheel so by the so transient, so this is the correct description. 2.3.1 Maximum Amplitude

3 Experimental Method 4 Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Annex