Planning Environment

Population Economic Activity Physical Resources/ Transport Land Use and Physical Framework Income & Services

Vision

Development Issues, Goals, Objectives Strategies and PPAs Investment Program

PLANNING ENVIRONMENT DRIVERS SYMPTOMS

Population Economy Physical Resources

Income Services
Land Use

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES/ PROBLEMS

GOALS OBJECTIVES

STRATEGIES

PROGRAMS PROJECTS ACTIVITIES

Identifying DRR Approaches and Interventions Options

1

Eliminate or avoid remove a risk trigger or deny a risk-creating activity Reduce or mitigate reduce frequency or the severity by changing physical characteristics or operations Share or transfer shift the risk-bearing responsibility to another party Accept or retain fund potential losses with own resources

1 Risk Elimination/Avoidance
Eliminate or remove a risk trigger or risk source Avoid risk or deny a risk-creating activity by

not locating in the area of potential hazard impact

not purchasing vulnerable land or building refusing to engage in functions that could potentially be impacted

Risk Reduction / Mitigation

Reduce frequency or the severity by changing physical characteristics or operations of a system or element/s at risk

Risk or loss prevention instituting measures to reduce the frequency of occurrence of hazards adverse impact.

Risk Reduction / Mitigation

Risk or loss reduction by mitigation reducing the severity of hazard impact by improving the survivability of people, property and functions through actions completed prior to hazard impact.
Strategies and PPAs under this option include: instituting structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the negative effects of the hazard;

alleviating the socio-economic vulnerabilities or improving and enhancing coping mechanisms of communities at risk to disasters and other natural hazards that trigger them.

Risk Reduction / Mitigation

Risk or loss reduction by preparedness reducing the severity of hazard impact by improving capability to rescue, salvage, and recover through actions completed after hazard impact. Strategies & PPAs may include: the installation of early warning systems, awareness & IEC programs, evacuation plans & programs.

Risk Reduction/Mitigation Segregation of exposure by duplication or redundancy increasing system sustainability by providing back-up support for elements that may become nonfunctional after the hazard impact (concept of spare tire or stand-by generator)

Risk Reduction/Mitigation Segregation of exposure by separation increasing system capacity and robustness through geographic, physical and operational separation of facilities and functions (decentralizing services or functions)

3 Risk sharing or risk transfer shifting the risk-bearing responsibility to another party. Involves use of financial and economic measures particularly the use of the insurance system to cover and pay for future damages. In some literatures, the segregation of exposure by separation is considered as a risk spreading or risk transfer option.

Risk retention or acceptance (the do-nothing scenario)

fully accept the risks make arrangements to pay for financial losses related to the hazard impact fund potential losses with own resources

Examples of DRR Approaches and Strategies

Avoid or Eliminate Risks Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer Risks Risk Retention

Infrastructure risks

Prohibit development Buyout or relocate structure

Strengthen structures ability to resist hazard Change use or occupancy pattern of structure

Develop alternate locations for key functions Institute a geologic hazard abatement district for homeowners to share in future repair costs

Take no action Self-insure the stocks Treat physical losses as expenses

Destroy structure Enforce stricter zoning and building standards

Develop response plans and improve hazards Real estate warning systems disclosures Build redundant infrastructure systems Secure items from damage and loss

Source: EMI, 2005

Note: Options may require the combination of several approaches/strategies; the better option/s determined via benefit-cost analysis (cost of option is less than averted losses when option is implemented).

Examples of DRR Strategies

Avoid or Eliminate Risks Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer Risks Risk Retention

Social and Cultural Risks

Deny occupancy of hazardous buildings Protect cultural assets through zoning standards

Integrate sociocultural indicators into risk assessment Fund hospitals and social services mitigation Identify needs of vulnerable populations (e.g. elderly, handicapped, immigrants)

Promote incentives for homeowners, renters and businesses to purchase insurance Create mutual aid agreements

Take no action Prepare shelter plans for displaced residents

Source: EMI, 2005

Examples of DRR Strategies

Avoid or Eliminate Risks Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer Risks Risk Retention

Economic Avoid or Risks eliminate capital stock risks by mandating smart growth or avoiding high risk areas

Provide incentives to mitigate or reduce risk Diversify income sources Attract wide range of business types Mitigate risks to key income generators (base industries, large employment sectors)

Shared responsibilities between government and private / business sector

Take no action Special Funds or lines of credits for lost revenues

Develop business retention and job placement Incentives for smart programs growth

Build economic alliances and partnership

Source: EMI, 2005

Examples of DRR Strategies

Avoid or Eliminate Risks Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer Risks Risk Retention

Natural Resource/ Environmental Risks

Eliminate sources of pollution

Eliminate point sources of pollution

Launch clean-up Mandate use of efforts technologies Regulate use and (e.g. emissions storage of potential free vehicles) pollutants Enforce strict zoning Reduce densities in sensitive areas Habitat conservation plans

Develop transfer of development rights programs, or environmental land swaps Greater shared responsibilities of Indigenous Peoples in the management and protection of forests

Take no action Brownfield clean-up and reuse costs

Incentives for use of specific technologies

Incentives for good development decisions

Source: EMI, 2005

DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Control Works (Temporary) Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention

Earthquake and rainfall induced Landslide

- Cutting unstable soil & rock mass - Shaping of slope (stepping) - Vegetation - Drainage

- Cast-in-place concrete crib - Pre-cast block, ground anchor and gravity retaining wall - Concrete spraying works - Crib retaining wall - soil nailing

- Hazard resistant design of the slope & buildings - Construction of building at the toe of the slope - Risk transfer (Insurance, reinsurance, Cat bonds)*

DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) Control Works (Temporary) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention

Storm / Flood

- Sand bag dykes beside river - Diversion trenches - Artificial channels

- Mechanical land treatment of slope, such as terracing to reduce the runoff coefficient - Construction of dams/dykes - Construction of levees beside river - Construction of bridges - Other flood control structures i.e. spillways, concrete channels, drainage etc

- Hazard-resistant design and construction codes - Flood and storm forecasting - Flood evacuation training programs - Coastal zone management plan - Financial alternatives - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)*

DRR-related PPAs

Concern (Hazard)

DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) (Non-structural Measures)

Control Works (Temporary)

Restraint Works (Permanent)

Preparedness & Prevention

Volcanic Eruption

- Excavation of trench - Shaping of slope (stepping) - Vegetation - drainage

- Construction of dykes

- Volcanic resistant design (i.e. roof slope - Evacuation planning - Public awareness & training program - Delineation of buffer zones - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)*

DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Control Works (Temporary) Earthquake None Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention

For concrete structural: - Reinforce building with steel moment frame - Increase lateral support by infilling opening - Protect wall by stiffening floor For wood and other building structures: - Follow the existing building code for retrofitting of the building under threat of the earthquake impact.

- Hazard-resistant design & construction codes - Early warning system and training - Earthquake evacuation planning and training programs - Earthquake macro and micro zoning - Monitoring and evaluation of old building for retrofitting buildings - Financial alternatives - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)

Codes of Practice in Land Use Planning *

(The Case of Switzerland)

Red zones building is strictly prohibited Blue zones building is possible but with restrictions, provided certain safety requirements are met. Buildings exposed to hazards have to be designed corresponding to the hazards possible impacts

To minimize fatalities, the establishment of warning systems and evacuation plans by the communities are required. Events involving large number of people have to be avoided as much as possible
Yellow zones building is possible without restriction`
* For areas prone to natural hazards (mass movements, flooding & snow avalanches)
Source: World Meteorolological Organization (2006)

Risk Management via Land Use Planning (The Case of National Land Use Plan of Lebanon)
In zones susceptible to flooding, the rules of land development must necessarily be restrictive: reduced construction rights, banning housing projects for the purpose of real estate development no installations intended for public use no obstruction of river watercourses prohibition of closed fencing & the obligation to reserve at least 80% of the land for use as gardens, lawns, orchards or vegetable gardens.

Mainstreaming DRA Results in the Plan

DRR-enhanced Settlements Land Use Planning

PLANNING ENVIRONMENT DRIVERS Population Economy Physical Resources SYMPTOMS Income Services Land Use 2 1 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES/ PROBLEMS GOALS OBJECTIVES/ TARGETS Housing backlog Proportion of households who are informal settlers Proportion of households with makeshift housing aa houses are in high risk area A

Provide safe affordable housing for xx HH in yy areas

PROGRAMS PROJECTS ACTIVITIES

Lack of affordable housing Risk of fatality of residents in high risk area A is 1 to 10 persons per 1000 population per year
PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES

STRATEGIES

Provide access to safe new housing sites Prepare shelter plans for families that will be relocated from the high risk areas Improve sites/ services in yy areas Private sector-led development of affordable housing Provide livelihood opportunities

PROGRAMS
INVESTMENT PROGRAMMING & BUDGETING New housing road access program Livelihood Program Resettlement program

Access road construction project Skills development Microfinance Site acquisition and extension of utility lines

Development Planning Framework Matrix

Development Issues & Challenges Goal Objective/ Target Short term Sectoral Responds to a specific problem Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timebound Strategy/ Policy Short-long term Sectoral/ intersectoral Location specific States how goal/objective is to be achieved Guides PPA identification and implementation Derived by looking at drivers of problems Program/ Projects/ Activities Shortmedium term Sectoral/ intersectoral Location specific Translates strategy into action

Derived from Mediumthe matrix on long term ascertaining Intersectoral the risk Responds to issues and a general concerns problem Broad statement

See the 4 cases shown in pages 144-146 of the Guidelines

Enhancing Planning Decisions

Issues/Problems Low incomes, lack of livelihood opportunities Goals Increase incomes/ livelihood opportunities Objectives Provide employment to xx families in yy areas. Strategies Encourage export competitive industries Programs Export infrastructure program Projects Port repair project (to reduce handling costs) Regional highway project (to support export market) Skills training for export productivity program Provide microfinance High dropout rate for elementary school Decrease elementary dropout rate Improve school retention in yy areas. Improve physical access to schools Microfinance program Road to school improvement program Classroom building program in yy areas Provide subsidy for poor students Subsidized school lunch program Training for productivity project in yy areas Pilot micro-finance project Build/repair school access road project Classroom constn in yy areas Subsidized school lunch project in yy areas

Lack of affordable housing

Provide affordable housing

Provide affordable housing for xx house-holds

Provide access to new housing sites

Improve sites/ services in yy areas Private sector-led development of affordable housing

New housing road access program

CMP program in yy areas Land titling and admini-stration program

Access road construction project

CMP project in yy areas Land titling project in yy areas

Source: Table 22, page 111 of PDPFP Vol.2

Enhancing Planning Decisions

Issues/ Problems
Urban encroachment into prime agricultural lands

Goals
Mitigate indiscriminate land conversion; protect selected agricultural land

Objectives
Prevent unnecessary land conversion in yy areas

Strategies
Encourage urban expansion to environment-tally compatible areas Improve agri incomes to discourage conversion

Programs
Urban expansion road program Review and update land use plans and zoning Agricultural productivity program Watershed rehabilitation program

Projects
Access road constn project Updated land use plans and zoning for yy areas Agricultural productivity research project Tree planting project in yy areas Production forest project in yy areas

Flooding

Protect communities in flood prone areas

Protect xx households in yy areas

Protect and rehabilitate watershed

Provide protective infrastructure

Relocate or discourage settlement in flood-prone areas Environmental degradation Curb environmental degradation Significantly reduce industrial discharge into yy areas Provide alternative livelihood for residents of floodprone areas Implement existing anti-pollution regulations

Flood control program

Alternative livelihood program for flood prone communities Bantay kalikasan program

Retention pond and dike project

Port expansion project (accommodate families in flood prone areas) Environment police project in yy areas Legislation higher pollution penalties

Encourage use of environment friendly technology

Source: Table 23, page 112 of PDPFP Vol.2

Green technology program

Reduced tariffs on green technology equipment

STRATEGIES AND PPAs

PPA Summary Matrix
Goal/ Objective Strategies Program/ Proj Description Location (w/ map)

Corresponds to urgency/priority revealed in risk prioritization matrix during risk evaluation

Timeframe Lead Agency Legislative Requirements

Goal 1 Objective 1 Objective 2

Strategy 1 Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Project 1 Program 1 Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Program 2 Program 1

2006 2006-2008 2006 2007 2008 2006

Goal 2 Objective 1 Goal 3 Objective 1

Strategy 1

Project 1

2007-2010

Strategy 1 Strategy 2

Project 1 Program 1 Project 1 Project 2

2009 2010-2011 2010 2011