BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012

1. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the metabolic process termed respiration? A. B. C. D. E. Oxygen must be involved as the electron acceptor. The Krebs cycle is involved since its reactions produce the majority of the ATP. ATP is synthesized directly by transfer of electrons in the Electron Transport Chain. An organic molecule must be involved as the electron donor. The energy that is trapped is derived from redox reactions.

2. Which of the following steps is directly involved in generating ATP via oxidative phosphorylation? A. B. C. D. E. Glycolysis. Krebs Cycle. Release of CO2. Passage of protons through the ATP synthase Passage of electrons through the Electron Transport Chain.

3. A function of the Electron Transport Chain in bacteria is to: A. B. C. D. E. to link inorganic phosphate to ADP. to pump protons across the cytoplasmic membrane. to pump electrons across the cytoplasmic membrane. to reduce ADP to ATP. to reduce NAD+.

4. The coupling of the ETC Proteins and ATP synthase enables an organism to trap energy in the form of ATP. What are the principles by which this system works? 1) The formation of a concentration gradient. 2) The oxidation of the final electron acceptor. 3) A final electron acceptor will have high electronegativity. 4) A final electron acceptor with have low electronegativity. 5) The reduction of the final electron acceptor. 6) Active transport. 7) Facilitated diffusion. 8) Passive diffusion. A. B. C. D. E. All of the above. 1, 3, 5 and 7 1, 2, 4 and 6 1, 2, 4 and 8 1, 2, 4 and 7 1

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 5. ATP can be produced during Glycolysis without O2 because: A. The CO2 produced by glycolysis is broken down by a series of reactions to regenerate the O2. B. Glycolysis splits oxygen from glucose providing it to the cell. C. ATP changes the configuration of the ETC chain in a way that water provides the oxygen for the reaction allowing glycolysis to continue. D. Oxygen is not required for the reactions in glycolysis. E. The organic molecules produced by glycolysis act as electron acceptors for the electron transport chain. 6. Glycolysis begins with an energy investment phase of 2 ATP. What is the overall net gain of ATP by the end of the process? A. B. C. D. E. 2 4 6 8 1

7. Which of the following describe the role of the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration? 1) To produce ATP by chemiosmotic synthesis. 2) To produce intermediates for biosynthesis (anabolism). 3) To produce NADH for ETC. 4) To extract electrons from carbon atoms. A. B. C. D. E. 1 and 4. 2 and 3. 2, 3 and 4. 1, 3 and 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

8. In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocate protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas the chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates proton from: A. the stroma to the chlorophyll. B. the matrix to the stroma. C. the stroma into the thylakoid membrane. D. the intermembrane space to the matrix. E. the light reactions to the Calvin cycle.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 9. Which of the following statements describes the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? A. Anaerobic respiration doesnt depend on oxygen to accept electrons whereas fermentation does. B. Anaerobic respiration uses inorganic molecules as the electron acceptor whereas fermentation uses organic molecules. C. Fermentation uses organic electron donors and anaerobic respiration cannot use organic electron donors. D. Anaerobic respiration involves only oxidation reduction reactions to provide energy for ATP synthesis and fermentation involves only substrate level phosphorylation. 10. Which of the following is true with respect to fermentation? 1) During electron transport, the pyruvate reduces NAD+. 2) Fermentation takes place in the presence of oxygen. 3) NAD+ is regenerated. 4) ATP is produced via substrate-level phosphorylation. 5) Only certain inorganic ions can be transformed as electron donors in fermentation. A. B. C. D. E. All 5. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1, 3 and 5. 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4.

11. In oxygenic photophosphorylation, the electrons that move through the electron transport chain end up on: A. B. C. D. E. a light harvesting complex. reduced NADPH. oxygen reducing it to water. a reduced inorganic molecule the phosphate added to ATP.

12. A bacterium was found to synthesize ATP using nitrate (NO2-) as the energy source and O2 as an electron acceptor. This metabolism of this bacterium could be classified as: A. A chemoheterotroph respiring aerobically. B. A chemoheterotroph fermenting. C. A chemoheterotroph respiring anaerobically. D. A chemolithotroph respiring aerobically. E. A chemolithotroph respiring anaerobically.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 13. A bacterium was found to use acetic acid (CH3COOH) as an energy source when oxygen and no other electron acceptor were available. The oxidation of acetic acid by the bacterium produced methanol (CH3OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as end-product in their metabolism. The metabolism of this bacterium could be classified as: A. B. C. D. E. A chemoheterotroph respiring aerobically. A chemoheterotroph fermenting. A chemoheterotroph respiring anaerobically. A chemolithotroph respiring aerobically. A chemolithotroph respiring anaerobically.

14. ATP synthesis by substrate level phosphorylation requires which of the following? 1) An organic molecule containing a phosphate. 2) An electron transport chain. 3) An electron acceptor. 4) ADP. 5) A source of reduced NADP. A. B. C. D. E. All 5 1, 3, 5 1 and 4 1, 2, 4 2, 3, 5

15. Assume that a thylakoid membrane is punctured. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? A. the splitting of water B. the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll C. the flow of electrons from PS II to PS I D. the synthesis of ATP E. the reduction of NADP+

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 16. In a PCR reaction, what is the correct order of the three steps (shown below) during each cycle of amplification? 1) Extension of primers 2) Denaturation of the template 3) Primer annealing A. B. C. D. E. 1, 2, 3 2, 3, 1 3, 1, 2 1, 3, 2 2, 1, 3

17. In a PCR experiment, a fragment of double stranded DNA was amplified using two complimentary primers with all the other components for the reaction. If you started with 1000 fragments of this DNA, how many double-stranded copies of your PCR product would you end up with after six cycles of PCR?

PCR product A. B. C. D. E. 6000 12, 000 16, 000 32, 000 64, 000

18. In bacterial cells, establishing the proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that protons are moved from one place in the cell to another. Which of the following accurately describes this movement? A. B. C. D. E. Protons are moved from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. Protons are moved from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Protons are moved out of the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space. Protons are moved along the cytoplasmic membrane from one protein to another. Protons are moved from the nutrient to the electron acceptor.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 19. Which of the following describes the function of the enzyme DNA ligase in DNA replication? A. Formation of phosphodiester bonds between complementary base pairs during the formation of Okazaki fragments. B. Replaces RNA molecules in the primer with DNA nucleotides. C. Separation and unwinding of the strands of the DNA double-helix on the lagging strand. D. Links Okazaki fragments together by phosphodiester bonds. E. Synthesizes a RNA primer that used on the lagging strand. 20. Telomerase is an enzyme that can replicate the ends of linear DNA. Which of the following statements is false? A. The mechanism depends on having repeated sequences at the end of the DNA. B. The sequence of the ends of the DNA is determined by an RNA that is on the telomerase. C. The product of the telomerase provides sequences for enzymes to add an RNA primer to complete the lagging strand. D. Telomerase adds nucleotides in the 5 to 3 direction. E. Telomerase is active in all cells of the human body.

21. Which of the following statements describe the challenges associated with DNA replication in cells? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) A. B. C. D. E. DNA molecules are very long. The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. Both strands of DNA are used as templates. DNA polymerases can only synthesize DNA in one direction. DNA polymerases require primers to start synthesis. All 5. 4 and 5. 2, 4, and 5. 1, 4 and 5. 1, 2 and 4.

22. The interaction that sets the translation frame in bacteria involves: A. The ribosome and the tRNA. B. The RNA polymerase and the ribosome. C. The RNA polymerase and the promoter.. D. The ribosome and the mRNA. E .The tRNA and the initiation amino acid methionine.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 23. Which of the following best describes the effects of a deletion of one base in a gene? A. There is only a minimal effect as all the other bases are intact. B. There is one less codon due to the deletion and change the primary structure of the protein. C. It can alter the reading frame at the point of mutation and change the primary structure of the protein. D. The primary structure of the protein has changed which results in a loss of function. E. The structure of the mRNA is affected thus preventing translation. 24. Which of the following mutations is most likely to have the greatest impact on a protein encoded by a bacterial gene? A. B. C. D. E. Addition of a single base in the 5 UTR. A base pair deletion in the coding region. A deletion of 2 bases between the promoter and the ribosome binding site. A base pair substitution in the promoter sequence. A deletion of the transcriptional terminator sequence.

25. Deletion mutations in bacteria occur primarily because of: A. B. C. D. Deficiencies in biosynthesis of nucleotides. Treatment with UV light. Strand slippage during replication. Loss of nucleotides at the ends of the chromosome during replication.

26. From an E. coli LacZ+ wildtype strain, you find a mutant strain of that cannot make this protein (LacZ-). You use the PCR technique to check the strain and find that the length of the lacZ coding region is the same between the wildtype and mutant. However, the polypeptide sequence translated from the mutant gene is half of that of the wildtype. The type of mutation you have uncovered is most likely: A. B. C. D. A nonsense mutation. A silent mutation. A missense mutation. A deletion mutation.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 27. Primers 1 and 2 are used to amplify the template shown below (the primers are drawn so the 3 end is at the arrowhead). Which pairs of primers will NOT amplify the DNA that is obtained from the product of primers 1 and 2? Primers 5 3

A. B. C. D. E.

Primer 1 plus primer B Primer 1 plus primer D Primer 1 plus primer C Primer 2 plus primer C Primer 1 plus primer 2

28. Which of the following might result from a base pair mismatch during replication? 1) A base substitution mutation. 2) A single base pair deletion. 3) A nonsense mutation. 4) A silent mutation. 5) A conditional lethal mutation. A. B. C. D. E. 1, 2, 3, and 4 1, 3, and 4 2, 3, and 4 1, 3, 4 and 5 All of the above.

29. Which of the following components come together to form the initiation complex so that transcription can begin in eukaryotic cells? 1) Regulatory Transcription Factors. 2) Sigma factor. 3) Basal transcription factors. 4) RNA Polymerase II. 5) TATA Binding Protein. 6) Histones. A. B. C. D. E. 1, 3, 4 and 5. 1, 2, 3 and 5. 1, 3, 4 and 5. 3, 4, 5 and 6. All of the above.

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 30. The following are a list of regulatory sites that are partly identified by looking at sequences. Which of them are found in RNA as well as DNA? 1) Promoter 2) Ribosome binding site 3) Start codon A. 1 only. B. 2 and 3. C. 1 and 2. D. 1 and 3. E. All of the above.

31. When the signal molecule that binds to the regulatory protein is present, the fundamental differences in the regulatory proteins LacI and MalT can be stated as: A. LacI will bind downstream of the promoter and MalT will not bind to the promoter. B. LacI will bind upstream of the promoter and MalT will bind downstream of the promoter. C. LacI binds DNA efficiently and MalT does not. D. LacI blocks the binding of RNA polymerases to the promoter, but MalT does not. E. MalT binds DNA efficiently and LacI does not. 32. What would happen to an mRNA strand in a eukaryotic cell if during RNA processing the poly A tail is not added? A. Nothing. The tail is just a way to mark the 3 ends of the mRNA strand. B. The mRNA strand would not be able to leave the nucleus as the tail is necessary to pass through the nuclear membrane. C. The mRNA strand would no longer be protected by the poly A tail and are more easily degraded by ribonucleases. D. The mRNA strand would be transported into the mitochondria where poly A tails are not required from translation. E. The mRNA would be translated in the nucleus. 33. Consider the basic structure of an operon. Each gene within that operon would have: 1) Its own promoter. 2) Its own transcription terminator. 3) Its own start codon. 4) Its own stop codon. A. B. C. D. E. All of the above. 3 only. 2 and 3. 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 4. 9

BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012

34. Which of the following statements about alternative splicing are true? 1) 2) 3) 4) During splicing, introns are spliced out and exons are joined together. During splicing, exons are spliced out and introns are joined together. Splicing is a form of post-translational control of gene expression. Splicing reduces the number of genes needed to express different proteins. A. B. C. D. E. 2 only. 1, 3 and 4. 3 and 4. 1 and 4. 1 and 3.

35. Which one the following enzymes is used in the synthesis of the LAGGING STRAND but is NOT used in the synthesis of the LEADING STRAND? A. B. C. D. E. Primase. DNA polymerase I. Sliding Clamp. DNA Poylmerase III. The synthesis of the lagging strand and the leading strand require the same enzymes.

36. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of regulation of the lac operon? A. When lactose is present in the growth medium, LacI does not bind to the DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes the operon. B. When lactose is present in the growth medium, LacI binds to the DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes the operon. C. When lactose is present in the growth medium, LacI binds to the DNA and RNA polymerase does not transcribe the operon. D. When lactose is absent from the growth medium, LacI binds to the DNA and RNA transcribes the operon. E. When lactose is absent from the growth medium, LacI does not bind to the DNA and RNA polymerase does not transcribe the operon. 37. Which of the following is most likely to result in a permanent change in phenotype? A. B. C. D. E. A change in a nucleotide in mRNA. A change in a nucleotide in tRNA. A change in a nucleotide in rRNA. A change in a nucleotide in DNA. A change in the polypeptide sequence of the protein.

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BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 38. Which of the following is most likely to result in a permanent change in genotype? A. B. C. D. E. A change in a nucleotide in mRNA. A change in a nucleotide in tRNA. A change in a nucleotide in rRNA. A change in a nucleotide in DNA. A change in the polypeptide sequence of the protein.

39. Use the following information to answer the question. Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid. UUA GCA AAG GUU leucine alanine lysine valine UAA AAU UGC UCG, UCU nonsense (stop) asparagine cysteine serine

If the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, what is the order of bases in the corresponding DNA? A. B. C. D. E. UGUGCAAAGUUA AGACGTTTCAAT TCTCGTTTGTTA TGTGCTTTCTTA AGAGCTTTGAAT

40. Ultraviolet light may induce a mutation by: A. B. C. D. E. dissolving the cell membrane of a bacterium. preventing synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. restricting transcription of RNA molecules. binding together adjacent thymidine molecules on the DNA molecule. breaking down ATP molecules.

41. Restriction enzymes are notable for their ability to: A. B. C. D. cutting DNA molecules at specific sequences. ligate gaps in the DNA after homologous recombination. nicking the DNA to allow for repair enzymes. causing mutations in DNA molecules.

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BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 42. Like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase can make base pairing errors. Unlike DNA polymerase, however, RNA polymerase has no proof-reading function. If an error is made by RNA polymerase during the transcription of a gene encoding a rRNA molecule, what would be the LIKELY consequence to the cell in which the error occurred? A. B. C. D. E. The genotype of the cell would be changed. The cell would die. There would be no significant consequence to the cell. The cell would live but its phenotype would be changed. All of the above are likely consequences.

43. A mutant of E. coli is isolated such that the lac operon is always expressed at high levels whether lactose is present or not. This could be due to a mutation in: 1) signal molecule 2) lacI 3) the lac terminator 4) the lac operator A. B. C. D. E. Only 1. 2 and 4. 1 and 2. 3 and 4. All of the above.

44. A bacteriologist induces a mutation in a gene for a 100 amino acid protein. Upon further analysis it is found that when the mutant gene is expressed, a 50 amino acid mutant protein is made. The mutant protein consists of the first 50 amino acids of the wild type protein. This mutant could be the result of: A. B. C. D. E. a single base substitution. the deletion of 4 nucleotides. the deletion of 1 nucleotide. the insertion of 1 nucleotide. All of the above.

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BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 45. The genes for arginine biosynthesis (an amino acid) are located on a bacterial chromosome as part of an operon. If the operon is controlled negatively control by a regulatory protein ArgR, what would be the role of arginine? A. to bind to ArgR which will then bind to the operator region in the operon. B. to bind to the ArgR which will not bind to the operator region in the operon. C. to bind to the operator region and block RNA polymerase from binding to the Promoter region of the operon. D. to bind to RNA polymerase to make it capable of binding to the promoter region of the operon. E. None of the above. 46. Consider the process of oxidative phosphorylation in phototrophs. Which molecule is functionally analogous to the electro acceptor used by chemolithotrophs during oxidative phosphorylation? A. B. C. D. NADP+ H2O or H2S Light-oxidized P680 Light-reduced P700

47. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning catabolic pathways? A. B. C. D. They build up simple molecules like CO2 into more complex molecules. They usually provide energy in the form of ATP to anabolic reactions. They consume energy as they degrade complex molecules to simple molecules. NADP+ is produced.

48. Metabolism can be best described as: A. B. C. D. the synthesis of macromolecules. the breakdown of macromolecules. both 1 and 2. neither one or two.

49. A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuged the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the sediment in the test tube. The organelles took up CO2 and gave off O2. These organelles are: A. B. C. D. most likely chloroplasts most likely mitochondria a mixture of chloroplasts and mitochondria. pieces of the plasma membrane from the plant cell.

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BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 50. Which of the following relationships between cell structures in eukaryotic cells and their respective functions is NOT correct? A. B. C. D. E. Cell wall; support, protection Chloroplasts; chief site of cellular respiration Chromosomes; genetic control information Ribosomes; site of protein synthesis Mitochondria; formation of ATP

51. During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from? A. B. C. D. 52. carbon dioxide molecular oxygen glucose other inorganic molecules other an O2

According to the endosymbiotic theory, the ancestors of mitochondria were probably A. B. C. D. E. aerobic eukaryotes anaerobic bacteria aerobic bacteria cyanobacteria chloroplasts

53. Which of the following are properties of ALL life forms? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) All have heritable information in the form of DNA. The ability to do photosynthesis. The ability to transform energy from one form to another. The ability to respond to environmental stimuli. All have ribosomes for energy production. A. B. C. D. E. 1 and 3 1, 3 and 4 1, 3, 4 and 5. All of the above. None of the above.

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BIOL 112 Practice Final December 2012 54. In photophosphorylation: A. B. C. D. E. light is oxidized. light is reduced. an electron source is reduced. H+ ions are oxidized. None of the above.

55. Which of the following statements BEST represent the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? A. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi and NADP+ to the light reactions. B. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. C. The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. D. The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split. E. There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

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