Wastewater Design Manual

OMAN WASTEWATER SERVICES COMPANY S.A.O.C. Haya water P.O. Box No. 1047 Postal Code 133 Al Khuwair Sultanate of Oman Tel No. (968) 24 693412 Fax No. (968) 24 601291 Web: www.hayawater.com.om

The content of this document material is a property of Haya Water. No part of this document in whole or in part, may be reproduced in any form, by photocopy, microfilm, scanning or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of Haya water management.

Wastewater Design Manual

7. TREATED EFFLUENT SYSTEMS

7.1 THE TREATED EFFLUENT SYSTEM
Treated effluent is the water discharged after treatment from sewage treatment plants generally to be used for irrigation purposes. To be suitable for re-use as irrigation water the treated effluent must meet the quality standards defined in the OWSC Concession Agreement as outlined later in this Section. Treated effluent systems are defined as: Treated effluent storage at the STP Transmission pumping stations Treated effluent distribution reservoirs Tanker Filling stations Local irrigation systems

7.2 TREATED EFFLUENT DESIGN

For the design of Treated Effluent systems the design consultant is required to: Establish the design horizon Assessment of the consumers and flows to sewer Demand calculation Estimation of the losses Assessment of the demand variation Sizing and design of various system components Phasing and cost estimates

7.3 DESIGN HORIZON

The design horizon of the treated effluent system is to be 20 to 40 years. The availability of long term development plans and implementation strategies may allow longer periods. If such plans are not available and unplanned developments are unavoidable, shorter periods or higher safety factors for sizing the components should be considered. Final design horizons for specific systems shall be agreed with OWSC.

7.4 CONSUMER CATEGORIES

The main consumers of the treated effluent would be; Public consumers: Beautification of the highways and main roads Beautification of the secondary road Beautification of Interchanges and roundabouts Public parks

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Private consumers: Community parks Golf courses Private gardens Nurseries & farms

7.5 WATER DEMAND CALCULATION

7.5.1 General The demand for water is the basis for the planning, design and sizing of the treated effluent system. The demand should take account of the variables discussed below, but the following guidelines can be considered. As discussed elsewhere, the irrigation demand varies significantly during the year. The water demand design figures shown below correspond to the summer period.

Plant Shrubs Trees Hedges Ground Cover Seasonal Flowers Grass

Daily Water Requirement 20 - 40 40 120 10 10

Unit 1/plant/day 1/plant/day 1/m/day 1/m/day

10

1/m/day

12

1/m/day

Therefore the water demand of the locations depends on the type of plant and level of beautification. For demand calculations, the following guidelines should be used to establish the intended areas for specific planting arrangements: Gap between; Trees (e.g. Palm trees) Shrubs Other plants

15 m 3m Depends on actual areas

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7.5.2 STP and System Losses Treated effluent losses occur both at the treatment plant and during transmission and distribution. As a result of evaporation, sludge dewatering and operation & maintenance needs (washing, etc.), it should be assumed that 10% of the flow entering the sewage treatment plant will be lost. Further losses of water will be encountered in the treated effluent transmission and distribution network. For modern treated effluent distribution systems, the losses should be comparatively low since there will be less leakage (due to use of modern pipe systems), fewer meters, fewer illegal connections etc, and the total transmission and distribution losses are to be taken about 10 % of the total treated effluent supplied from the STP depending on the size of the system. 7.5.3 Variation of Water Demand During the Year The water demand of the irrigation system varies significantly throughout the year. In the summer months, (June, July & August) the demand will be at the highest. During winter months of December, January & February, the demand will be at the minimum. The higher demand for water in the summer months is in order to satisfy higher rates of evaporation and plant evapo-transpiration. The variation of irrigation water demand throughout the year can be summarized in the following table. 100% represents the summer months demand.

MAR

MAY

AUG

NOV

OCT

DEC

APR

SEP

FEB

JUN

JAN 50

JUL

MONTH

Demand

50

75

75

75

100

100

10 0

75

75

75

50

7.6 TREATED EFFLUENT QUALITY

The treated effluent quality shall be in accordance with the Standard A1 or A2, stipulated in Royal Decree No. 115/2001, depending on the application. In case, the treated effluent is to be discharged in to the marine environment, the quality standard stipulated in Ministerial decision No. 159/2005 of MRMEWR shall be followed. (The Royal Decree 115/2001 and the Ministerial decision 159/2005 are included as Annexes 1 & 2).

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7.7 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

7.7.1 GENERAL The treated effluent storage, transfer and distribution system has the following main components: Pipe wor Transmission system Distribution system Reservoirs for storage at STP Transmission stations Distribution stations Tanker Filling Stations Pumping stations & pumps Transfer stations Distribution stations Booster stations Tanker Filling Stations Local irrigation systems Re-chlorination stations 7.7.2 PIPE WORK
7.7.2.1 General Design rules

To allow for flexibility of installation and reduce vulnerability towards other excavation works, the whole TE system shall be with self-restrained joints. No thrust blocks shall be necessary at any place. For treated effluent systems, HDPE and GRP pipes are the preferred materials for treated effluent systems. Depending on the required pressure rating, PN 25, 16 or 10 type pipes should be used. When deciding on the pressure rating, surge pressure must be taken into account. As the pipes are pressurized, the depth of cover shall be limited to within 1-2.5 m. The cover at a road crossing shall be as per the Specifications. A minimum service pressure of 1.5 bars shall be maintained throughout the treated effluent distribution systems. The distribution systems may be single or zoned. Single systems are preferred if the variation in the topography of the area to be serves is not significant and consequently the minimum pressures can be readily maintained. If the ground level however significantly varies zone distribution shall be designed. For zoned systems a transmission system shall be provided to feed the feeder tanks of each system. A transmission system may be required to transfer the required quantities to different locations at any given period. This is an important factor for consideration during design because of fluctuating demands during the seasons. In addition, in (say) an
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emergency situation when one STP is unable to produce the consent quality and/or quantity, a transmission system consideration should be given to having the facility to transfer at least a portion of the treated effluent demand from an adjoining source for short periods. In designing the transmission pumps and the pipes, the above situations allowance should be made to provide this interconnection.
7.7.3.1 Hydraulic Design

Design of the treated effluent distribution system should be based on equations such as Hazen Williams and pipe roughness factors should be as follows:

Material HDPE or GRP

H-W Coefficient 130 - 150

The minimum velocity of flow shall be 0.3 m/s while the maximum velocity of flow is 3m/s. The typical range of hydraulic gradient shall be 0.1-0.5%. In smaller pipes the hydraulic gradient should be considered as the main factor in design, while for larger pipes it shall be taken as the velocity. OWSC has procured the hydraulic modelling system MikeUrban for analysis of sewerage as well as TE networks. The sewer system module of MikeUrban is based on the full hydraulic equations for non-steady open channel flow in sewer pipes (St. Venants equations). The modelling system also calculates full flowing pipes under pressure. MikeUrban is used for analysis of flow conditions in the network, peak flow attenuation, low flow conditions and possible sedimentation problems, simulation of SCADA control strategies, effect of flushing of main collectors using TE water, etc. The TE pipeline system shall be designed to allow for easy emptying in case of works requirements and for limiting the spill-out out of water in case of leakage. For this purpose, the pipeline system shall be sloped with a slope of 0.3 to 0.6%. At each low point shall be placed a discharge valve with an outlet connected to the sewer system. At each high point shall be installed an air vessel to allow discharge of excess air. The distance between high points shall be chosen so that the time required to empty the relevant section is not longer than two to three hours. All modelling analyses carried out for OWSC shall be based on MikeUrban.
7.7.3.1

Surge Protection

Pipeline systems shall be designed to accommodate surge pressures due to change in flow velocity due to a sudden closure or opening of a valve, switching on or off of a pump or, similar occurrences. Use of slow opening valves is preferred. The
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surge protection system should include one or more of the following methods depending on the severity of the surge pressures;

Bypass reflux valve Discharge or balancing tank Air vessels Pressure relief valves

Computer software can be used for the design of surge control measures. Surge analysis for large pumping station with long force mains which contained several intermediate high points shall be analyzed using appropriate computer software like Surge2000 (by KY2000) or Hammer (by Haestad). Fix the minimum requirements such as: The surge pressure shall be at least 1.5 times the maximum operating pressure or maximum operating pressure plus a surge allowance of 5bars, whichever is the highest value. 7.7.3.1Valves Isolation valves shall be installed at the sections of the transmission system to control and divert flows to the locations required. Valves are also to be installed at strategic locations to enable isolation of portions of the distribution network for inspection and repair. Isolation valves shall also be provided at cross connections between primary/secondary mains, secondary/distribution mains and connections to the local irrigation systems. Isolation valves shall be of the gate valve type for smaller diameters and butterfly valves for 300 mm and above, as per the specifications. Detail design specifications/requirements (manual or motorised, local command or remote control, with or without by-pass, installation in valve chamber or buried, corrosion protection, fixing, etc.), Air Valves are installed to release/admit air from/into the pipeline during filling/emptying of the system. They are installed at crest points and abrupt changes or, long ascending moderate slopes. Washout or Blow-off Valves are installed to allow the flushing of mains at any low point in the system. Valve chambers at the connection points to the reservoirs feeding local irrigation systems shall have SCADA controlled/timer valve (with manual override) and a flow meter. 7.7.3 RESERVOIRS Covered reservoirs are to be provided to store treated effluent at STPs, transmission and distribution stations. Partly or fully below ground tanks are normally constructed in reinforced concrete. The capacity of transmission reservoirs, meant for transmitting TE from point-to-point, shall be 2 hr of the peak transmission rate. In
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the case of distribution reservoirs, meant for distributing TE to multiple end user points, the sizing shall be made based on the summer demand of the area. In general, a total of 2 days summer demand shall be stored as total distribution storage, to be used during an emergency. Reservoir operation shall be possible by telemetry, i.e. all relevant valves shall be motorised and remote controlled. All electrical and mechanical installations shall be protected against flooding from leakage. The treated effluent storage reservoirs will generally be of reinforced concrete construction. The reinforced concrete reservoirs will be designed as water retaining structures and shall be Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids, BS 1987 or equivalent Code of Practice. Properly manufactured, non porous, smooth and water tight concrete shall be used for the construction. All steel must be protected against corrosion. As the subsoil condition can be extremely aggressive due to the presence of sulphates, it may require the use of Sulphate Resisting Portland cement or Super Sulphate cement and in extreme cases the use of protective coatings. Soil covered surfaces have to be protected against soil acids and aggressive groundwater. Protective inside lining such as cement based water proofing coating or rubber based coating/membrane or epoxy resin based paint shall be used. The reservoirs should be protected against exposure to sun. Temperature variations within the structure should be kept to a minimum, roof must be protected against direct sun exposure. The walls can be protected by burying the reservoir.
7.7.3.1 Configuration

The reservoirs shall have the following configuration: Rectangular, square or circular depending on plan area of allocated site Two equal compartments (to facilitate periodic cleaning) Internal height 3 -6 metres Internal baffle walls to avoid short circuiting Roof supported on columns to suit structural design

7.7.3.2 Piping Arrangement A splitting chamber or Tee connection should be provided to separate feed to each compartment with appropriate valves and fitting. A ball float valve or a level controlled relay operated valve shall be fitted in each compartment for automatic water level control. All reservoirs shall be provided with an emergency overflow. The outlet arrangement depends on downstream requirements related to irrigation system pumps and suction head. The pipes shall be sized to suit the pumps and the downstream requirements. A flow velocity of 0.6 - 2.5 m/s shall be maintained. Separate overflow/washout pipe-work is required to each compartment with discharge to a common collection chamber. The washout shall be fitted with a
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valve. Disposal shall be to an adjacent sewer, soak-away or, by tanker removal. 7.7.3.3 Access & Ventilation Intermediate removable platform shall be provided to facilitate valve operation in inlet chamber. Covers above ball float/replay operated valves shall be provided to afford access for maintenance and possible removal. Water level check facility to each compartment and lockable covers shall also be incorporated.

Two ventilation pipes with integral de-odoriser and mosquito screen shall be provided to each compartment. 7.7.4 PUMPING STATIONS The treated effluent pump stations are to transfer treated effluent from one location to another, distribute through the systems, boost the pressure of the system or to feed to tanker filling stations. Pumps shall have 25-100% installed standby capacity, depending on the number of pumps. Treated effluent pumps are to be normally of the centrifugal variety. For low capacities end suction pumps are acceptable. For high capacities split casing pumps are preferred. The operating point of the pumps shall be within the best efficiency range. Construction materials for the parts in contact with the effluent should be resistant to corrosion from the chlorine content, in accordance with the Specifications. As the demand fluctuation of treated effluent during the day and throughout the year is within a wide range, variable speed pumps are preferred for distribution pumps. As the delivery heads of the transmission and tanker filling station pumps are normally constant, single speed head pumps are preferred. The suction head of the pumps is directly related to the reservoir level. The feeder reservoir level switches shall be included in the pump control system. In the case of a booster pump station the suction pipes may be part of the treated effluent transmission or distribution piping system. In this case the upstream pressure of the network shall be included in the pump control system. Pressure sensors/relays or level sensors/relays are required on the suction side of the pumps to signal the pumps to trip in the event of a set maximum negative pressure being exceeded or, the set values of maximum or minimum levels being reached. Pumping station operation shall be possible by telemetry, i.e. all relevant valves shall be motorised and remote controlled and all pumps shall be remote controlled. All electrical and mechanical installations shall be protected against flooding from leakage. Pressure sensing/relays should be installed on the delivery main. 7.7.5 TANKER FILLING STATIONS
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Tanker Filling Stations, with holding tanks to distribute treated effluent to consumers may be required. Tanker Filling station shall have a minimum of two bays. The number of bays shall be decided based on the number of tankers to be served, treated effluent demand and the area to be covered by tankers all as agreed with OWSC. Each bay of the tanker filling station shall have a filling capacity of 40 m3/hr and station shall be fed from a pumps sized to feed all bays simultaneously. The pump station shall be fed from a treated effluent reservoir having a minimum capacity of 3 hours related to the station demand.

7.7.6 RE-CHLORINATION STATIONS Chlorine contents of the treated effluent decreases depending on the time spent in the pipeline system and on the water temperature. For remote locations, the initial chlorination in the STP is often not sufficient or would lead to unacceptably high chlorine concentrations for the users located near the STP. For this reason, re-chlorination stations located all over the TE pipeline system are necessary to add a dose of chlorine in order to achieve compliance with the above quality requirements at delivery point. The best location of re-chlorination stations shall be determined through modelling and considerations for chlorine storage and the associated risks, which will determine the chlorination technology that will be chosen (chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, electro-chlorination).

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