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Fassade Fassade
DIVA Day 2013 Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti July 15th, 2013, New York City, NY, USA
Fassade Fassade
Main goals: investigate process, building form & performance impact, design representations teaching of energy literacy to architecture students to facilitate interdisciplinary processes
Design research: reflect on the means, methods and procedures of design in-process; analyse artefacts from a rational, formal and phenomenological perspective
Students discussing sintered shading geometry prototypes, summer 2012
Geometric optimization Fixed materials & setpoints Balance thermal & daylight
Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd, Iran Iran
Geometric & material optimization Fixed setpoints & U-Val., custom mat. Thermal performance focus
35.962012 35.962012 N ,50.679533 N ,50.679533 E E
stersund , Sweden 63.176837 N,14.610828 E stersund Hollywood Hollywood , FL, USA , FL, USA, Sweden
Geometric & material optimization Custom setpoints, mat. & behavior Individualized performance tests
Berlin, Germany 52.498067 N Germany ,13.460864 E Berlin,
52.498067 N ,13.460864 E
35.9620
Climate: BSk
2 Hashtgerd, Iran
Climate: BWk
3 Yazd, Iran
Climate: Dfc
4 stersund, Sweden
Climate: Dfb
5 Berlin, Germany
Total and primary energy demand of idealized, bestpractice cooling, heating & lighting systems
Discomfort Hours Operative Temperature UDI 100 - 2000 lux Climate-Based Daylight Metrics for all spaces (seasonal & yearly occupancy schedules) Daylight Availability (DAv) 300 lux (office spaces) Irradiance images grid calculations (seasonal, yearly) Point-in-time luminance metrics Evalglare calculations
Yet in an unconstrained design process, technical validity of metrics only does not by default provide good design outcomes: metrics have to be seen in conjunction with design intent & other (architectural) representations
The interpretation of technically invariant metrics shifts depending on typology, climate & design goals
Student Ralitsa Georgieva presenting daylight simulations, winter 201 1/12
C. 103 H. 2 UDI 66 % C. 64 H. .1 L. 4
UDI 90 %
L. 6
DAv 20 %
DAv 84 %
DAv 300 lux, UDI 100 - 2000 lux Heating, cooling, lighting energy use development (kWh/m2) Primary energy demand
Overhang study
HAUS
HAUS
Cellular strategy
Housing Units
DIVA Day 2013 Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti July 15th, 2013, New York City, NY, USA
TOP VIEW | 1:100
> 2k 43 % 100 - 2k 38 %
Summer Winter
H. 89 19 % Baseline (~A) Unequal unit performance! Shaping Test glazing areas, materials, U-values, and unit overshadowing (conditioned & passive)
Avrg. irradiation (exposed surfaces): kWh/m2 Versioning Compare two site design variants; pick best one. Metrics: average irradiance, H/C energy demand (VIPER)
UDI 100 - 2000, > 2000 & < 100 lux comparison; Heating energy use development (kWh/m2)
In parallel to systematic tests, designs continue to develop in a heuristic & design-driven fashion, on multiple levels
> 2k 42 % 100 - 2k 40 %
Summer Winter
H. 37 18 % Baseline (~B)
Unit section
100 80
Monthly H/C/L energy demand (nal building only), glazing solar gains (all variants)
25 20 15 10 5 0 kWh (/m2)
238
223
204
153 Nat. Vent.
60 40 20 0% occ. hrs.
kWh/m
kWh/m
NORTH
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Space Use
Oces Meeting & Media Halls Auxiliary Spaces
L. 6
Courtyard ventilation
100
08 Design / Simulation Process Observations & Models Knowledge of architectural design processes (and the
implications of full integration) advances only slowly in the BPS community, compared to technological innovation Instead of aiming to standardize processes, attention is given to recurring patterns in design - specific workflows:
The basic procedures involved in the design of a commodity are the same whether it be a toaster, supersonic passenger aircraft or a building.
W. J. Batty & B. Swann (97): Integration of Computer Based Modelling and an Inter-Disciplinary Based Approach to Building Design [...], (Building Simulation 97)
Miscellaneous
Lighting
Thermal M in/M ax Tem p range diurnalTem perature variation HDD/CDD Balance point tem perature Incident Solar radiation Room Tem perature Heat storage/rem oval capacity Occupancy gains Conduction gain Direct Solar gain Lighting gain Heat gain avoidance by Daylighting Tim elag in heat transfer Heat gain/Loss Heating load Cooling Load reduction in Heating/Cooling load air change rate Infiltration gain
Energy base case end use energy breakdown proposed end use energy breakdown energy conservation m easures DL supplem ented Lighting energy Heating energy Cooling energy savings in Lighting energy reduction in Heating energy reduction in cooling energy overallenergy consum ption energy generated by PV o o o
Simulation scope improves through time, usually in phases: a Heuristic design-seed generation b Partial / explorative simulations (single / multi-domain) c Whole-building multi-domain interdependent simulations
- 1313 -
ProcessSteps A ProgrammingStage
Cloud cover analysis Daylight analysis Illum inance level analysis Daylight autonom y Glare index
Overshadowing analysis
Sunpath Analysis
Shading M ask
Architecturaldesignparameters
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
optimumorientation aspetratio,volume
2 SPACELVL optimizeenvelope
o o o
o o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
3 Passiveheating
ThermalMass Directheatgain Indirectheatgain CrossVentilation Stackventilation Mass+nightcooling Shading Daylighting Lightshelves Daylightzoning Skylights Daylightdimming Occupancysensors
o o
o o o o o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o
Area,location,thickness,heatstoragecapacity WWR,SHGC thickness,heatstoragecapacity Inlet/outletopeningarea,location stackheight,location,openingarea areaofthermalmass&openings geometry,location optimumDF,WWR Glarecontrol optimumDF
4 Passivecooling
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
5 Shading
o o o o
o o
Individual / tacit knowledge constructed through designerly making coexists with quantified, multi-domain
performance behaviours (which are objective within their evaluatory scope and, in the case studies, geometrically defined)
6 Daylighting
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
sensorlocation
7 Renewables
o o panelsizing
o o panelsizing
S. Bambardekar & U. Poerschke (09): The Architect as Performer of Energy Simulation in the Early Design Stage, (Building Simulation 09)
The performance parameters related to the design inquiries are extracted from guidebooks due to their clarity, familiarity and popularity amongst architects. The simulation tasks [...] are then defined with respect to each design stage.
09 Results : Adapted Model / A Field of Influences Hence, linear descriptions of design/simulation processes
obfuscate their real inherent complexity - but awareness of this problem is increasing in the literature Elements of an adapted process model (Doelling & 04 Multi-Domain Decision-Making & Representability Nasrollahi, Building Simulation 2013): encapsulates (performance) domains (A - D plus models? many more) domain that includes parametric performance
instance, the quantification of the insulation impact on heating loads should be compromised if the geometry of the building is completely unknown.
acceptable solutions. During this process, designers shortcuts to facilitate the constraints. In design practi The focus of simulation often related to is previous expe to solve design dilemmas. and is rarely based on quantita [...] The identification In designerly simulation, i of three main design shortcut should allow the The concern of using m stages is inputs. not neccessarily minimized as they can imp a reproduction of the Two types of [design] process. information are
Design intent decisions is intersubjectively constructed and How are design made in a multi-representational Design Synthesis is achieved byof continuously overlapping Individual domain-specific types knowledge (An etc.) are
domain states through multivalent representations) synthesized by(e.g., utilizing the semiotic flexibility their multivalent representations (e.g. derived from digital models) enable, and Domain crosstalk update influences design intent; intent thus continuously global design intent (N).modifies In return, domains resulting a non-linear process the field of intent, in newly enriched with field additional crossdomain knowledge, permanently influences the originally What are the benefits of thinking such a model? contributing domains, forming a in nonlinear knowledge flow framework that relies less on direct hybridization of design and engineering methods,design but instead drawsfrom potential from The model unburdens processes constant the synergistic possibilities rooted in the multivalence of their rational analysis synchronicity demands respective models representability. It supports holistic knowledge achieved through complex, Multivalent representations encode quantitative descriptors physically accurate, output-flexible tools (e.g., DIVA) spatially, relate form to projected performance and should be regarded as articulating one possible state of synthesis among many. The shown sections, daylight plans, radiation Building Simulation (not) in the Studio images and printed daylight models all partially fulfill these Sustainable Design Classes 2011 -2013 requirements. Max Dlling, Dipl.-Ing., Assistant Professor
Digi-Pro @ 3d-Labor (Prof. H. Schwandt)
Precedent solutions: the R. Venancio, n features extracted from p A. Pedrini, A.C. be useful in the process o n van der Linden, E. van intentions into pragmatic den Ham & R. Stouffs (1 1): The process of transferring Figure 2 Representation of designerly simulation. n sources to the model depen Think Designerly! Using Multiple Simulation Tools to The simulation of a design dilemma should adopt intended by the designer an Solve Architectural Dilemmas, (Building 1 1) of design nthat information is used in the Simulation formulation Design Problem Interlinks Chermayeff & Alexander (63): represents used as a shortcut problems. This information is strictly related to (Chermayeff / Alexander) Design Interdependencies Of course, the process of desi design constraints (Lawson, 2006) that can be strong human component. Th Domains of Inquisition pragmatic or abstract (Figure 2). Both types of An integrated process cognitive processes and ass and Representation in is dilemma constraints are intended to reduce the scope inherent part of any design act ......a dynamic field of Design Synthesis of the analysis.
Design principles: the reduce considerably the s information can be used design strategies.
........related design states OF DESIG Information generated by pragmatic constraints is EXAMPLES ...........and should not be PRO easier to implementOin models as it can be PE simulation The proposed concept was ..............represented directly input in the model. dilemmas extracted from dif ...................linearly. we present two exa The use of abstract constraints, on the other hand, is this paper, indirectly transferred to the model. This information were investigated using simul SE L B I designer and translated to N TA should be processed by the The case studies presented a be used in the model. Some examples of this pragmatic constraints, as both translation process can be mentioned: goals. Processes with mor Cost constraints related to a given dilemma M. should C. Doelling &....................... in futur be approached Design allows the elimination of solutions Intent that would be F. Nasrollahi (13) Example 1: residence in Zwo too expensive. In a similar way, the definition of Parametric Design : Thesection first case study was an on Florida design conceptual performance or design ambitions can lead Simulation13) A Case - Study goals in Design-Simulation Integration, (Building performance goals. The reside showing known thermal and daylighting to a range of acceptable solutions. the Netherlands, was intende behavior of or overhangs shelves An abstract conjecture, concept design / light energy using PV panels conne and ventilated roof performance.DIVA Day 2013 intention, such as transparency, for double instance, solar collectors for water Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti heat can generate pragmatic Daylight inputs. Amap transparent (UDIJuly 100 2000) York of City, NY, USA 15th, -2013, TheNew leading architect Jami wall would have a high final WWR design (window-to-wallvariant as multivalent architecten, Rotterdam) wa ratio). Similarly, the design of shading devices representation that clearly relates methods to simulation
SC
SS CE
IT
REPR
10 Results : Building Simulation in the Studio Continuing success in the stand-alone classes led to an
invitation to participate in the Robust design studio held by the department of Prof. Regine Leibinger, TU Berlin
Studio benefits & possibilities Students have more time to work on design variants Interest by design departments is a prerequisite to move sustainability simulations into the mainstream of practice More realistic test environment of conflicting influences Results can be more representative of integrated design & of high architectural quality (successful in this class!) Studio difficulties & pitfalls Design staff and students must both be educated Conflicts of interest can erode intensity benefits Influencing whole-building morphology can cause friction If the studio is not primarily sustainability-driven, performance concerns might become mere addenda Process, technology are ready. We need positive results!
Building Simulation (not) in the Studio
Sustainable Design Classes 2011 -2013 Max Dlling, Dipl.-Ing., Assistant Professor Digi-Pro @ 3d-Labor (Prof. H. Schwandt) DIVA Day 2013 Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti July 15th, 2013, New York City, NY, USA
Student Alan Patrick discussing simulations, Robust studio, Summer 2013
Exhibition
Section 1:200 Section East-West East-West 1:200
Section East-West 1:200
+24,00
Floor plan
9,00
3,35
Exhibition
+20,00
+14,00
+10,00
+6,00
+0,00
Research Center
Event
Research Center
01.12.
01.12.
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SOUTH
SOUTH
10
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OPENINGS [%]
Multi-Purpose
SOUTH SOUTH
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17 16 15 17 14 16 13 15 12 14 11 13 10 12 11 10
10
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114 111 113 110 112 109 111 108 110 107 109 106 108 107 106
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Chiller [kWh/m2]
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60
OPENINGS [%]
OPENINGS [%]
17 16 15 17 14 16 13 15 12 14 11 13 10 12 11 10
10
20
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40
50
60
SOUTH
10
20
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60
OPENINGS [%]
OPENINGS [%]
Chiller [kWh/m2]
Chiller [kWh/m2]
Exhibition
Exhibition
10
20
30
OPENINGS [%]
9,00
3,35
4
+20,00
4,35
9,00
3,35
Exhibition
+24,00
Exhibition
+20,00
+14,00
114
+10,00 113
NORTH
112
+14,00
+6,00
111 110
+10,00
SOUTH
+0,00 109
NORTH
+6,00
SOUTH
Cross Sections
Section North-South 1:200
10
20
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50
60
10
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OPENINGS [%]
SOUTH
NORTH
16 15 14 SOUTH
17
Chiller [kWh/m2]
13 12 11 10
NORTH
Event
16
10 20 30
SOUTH 40 50
60
OPENINGS [%]
OPENINGS [%]
15 14
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
SOUTH
Chiller [kWh/m2]
13 12 11
Chiller [kWh/m2]
Event
106
OPENINGS [%]
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
OPENINGS [%]
OPENINGS [%]
Floor plan
Lateral Section
UDI 100-2000 Lux Sommer
Floor plan
Chiller [kWh/m2]
Sustainable Design Classes 2011 -2013 Max Dlling, Dipl.-Ing., Assistant Professor Digi-Pro @ 3d-Labor (Prof. H. Schwandt)
40 50 60
DIVA Day 2013 Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti July 15th, 2013, New York City, NY, USA
25
G lightshelf
4,52
4,53
I
5,00 D1 D2
J
D3
K
5,00 D4 D5 D6
6,75
Grundriss 4 1:200
bro bro
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M M
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M M
Hochsaal Hochsaal
toilette toilette
pumi pumi
a a
a a
sommer sommer
70
2,70
5,00
13,895
5,42
8,955
5,30
8,07
equinox
besprecher besprecher
2,60
2,60
2,60
a a
2,60
workshop workshop
6,75
toilette toilette
pumi pumi
workshop workshop
lager lager
lager lager cafe cafe
a a
a a
toilette personal
Au Au ss ss te te ll ll un un gg
Hochsaal
Workshop
pumi pumi
a a
Toilett
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Pumi
toilette toilette
garderobe garderobe personal personal
Multi-metric daylight study of different facade configurations for maximum daylight depth BELICHTUNG & uniformity (500 lux)
M M a a
hrsaal hrsaal
s ro os B r B
Au Au ss ss te te ll ll un un gg
18.00 Uhr
4,52
konferenz konferenz
25
lager lager
19%
garderobe garderobe
25
62%
4,53
51%
32%
21.09
2,70
5,00
M M
konferenz konferenz
Workshops Workshops
a a
M M
lightshelf
9.00 Uhr
5,00
21.06
21.12
iii i
13,895
5,42
8,955
57% 65%
+8%
5,30 8,07
70
M M
M M
konferenz konferenz
Grundriss 4 1:200
a a
12.00 Uhr
Grundriss 4 1:200
equinox equinox
sommer sommer
5,00
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
2,60
temperatur
Au Au ss ss te te ll ll un un gg
teekche teekche
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op op Sh Sh
Pu Pu mi mi
21.09
21.06
21.12
Nutzung
Foyer Foyer Cafe Cafe
D 2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
ohne lightshelf ohne fassadeneinschnitt
9.00 Uhr
Grundriss 3 1:200
winter winter
57%
D
69%
M M
shop shop
daylight autonomy
ii
Hrsaal Hrsaal
12.00 Uhr
2,70 70 4,36
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D6
light
+2%
bro
a
winter M winter
leiter
a a
cafe cafe
Caf C af
toilette
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winter winter
19% 20%
besprecher
op op Sh Sh
+1%
iii
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Auss Au sste llun tell g ung
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temperatur
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18.00 Uhr
Pe r Ga son rd alLage erob Gar er e r o
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Nutzung
tellu
shop shop
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foyer foyer
Austellungsflche Austellungsflche Veranstaltungsflche Veranstaltungsflche Personalbereich Personalbereich Lager Lager Eingang Eingang
Au Au ss ss te te ll ll un un gg
Regular facade A 0 Schnitt Light shelf only B Shelf + plateNord-Sd cut C Shelf 10 rotated D
Frequentierung Frequentierung
La L ag ger Toil er T oile ett tte en n Ga rderob Gard erobe e Pumi Pumi
overlit
Aufenthaltsdauer Aufenthaltsdauer
Belichtung Belichtung
Lftung Lftung
lager
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konferenz
Workshops
1:200
Auss
a a
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teekche
Toil
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be
ng
Garderobe Garderobe
Ausstellung
Sommer Sommer
Foye
M
gebudestruktur
Foyer Cafe
62% 69%
2
21.09
8
51% 51%
10
0%
21.06
12
14
16
32% 36%
18
20
22
mi nek Pu r Get
+7%
+4%
ger
Shop
21.12
workshop
a
Ballsaal
Auss
shop
tellu ng
austellung
9.00 Uhr ii
Hrsaal
toilette
pumi
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Workshop Wo rkshops s
0
Auss tellu ng
M a
- 4% -12%
lager
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ng
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Toilett en Lager Pumi
workshop
hrsaal
workshop
a M
Winter Winter
12.00 Uhr
hrsaal bro
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-1% -3%
lightshelf
Bro Bro
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
Schnitt Nord-Sd 1:200
toilette
iii
M M
iiiAusstellung
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
workshop
a
pumi
konferenz
i
Konferenzraum
Workshops
0% -1%
BELICHTUNG
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
lager
lager cafe
a a
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
tell ung
point-in-glare
+2% - 5%
equinox
-5% -5%
-2% -6%
winter
Sh
op
toilette
pumi garderobe personal
cafe
Foye r
Caf
slicetest
Final South Facade (configuration C)
Ansicht Puttkamerstrae 1:200
0
Ausstellung
a
Auss
Garderobe
a
shop
foyer
Auss
Ballsaal
tell
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gebudestruktur
Frequentierung Austellungsflche Veranstaltungsflche Personalbereich
Pumi
Sommer
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0
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Hrsaal
Auss
Workshops
Sustainable Design Classes 2011 -2013 Max Dlling, Dipl.-Ing., Assistant Professor Digi-Pro @ 3d-Labor (Prof. H. Schwandt)
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
21.09 21.06
Bro
Workshops
Raumprogramm
Lager Eingang
automatisch Manuell
tell
ung
tell
ung
Auss
Winter
iii
57%
Konzeptskizzen/Diagramme
9.00 Uhr
12.00 Uhr
DIVA Day 2013 Solemma LLC @ Thornton Tomasetti July 15th, 2013, New York City, NY, USA
Konzeptskiz
daylight autonomy
19%
gebudestruktur
13 Conclusion Simulation, if used properly, has a massively positive influence on integrated processes designers undertake; it also is craft Designerly simulations do not weaken form and can be applied even in a non-sustainability driven creative context Inclusive performance research must happen in a strongly design-driven framework, to stay generally applicable In this context, individual domains should adapt: Tools: complex & usable, not simple, to mirror design reasoning Process: Fluid, adaptable, individual; with rational components Representations, Metrics: Problem-specific, spatially defined Design changes everything ...?
Not quite.
Design changes simulation, which in turn influences design. Architects deal with early-stage unstructured information in a synthetic manner, which shapes design intent and is used to gauge the social and behavioural impacts of space; this gives BPS performed by designers great future potential.
Student Majd Murad discussing simulations, Robust studio, Summer 2013
Student Philip Rust co-presenting, final crit of Robust studio, Summer 2013