INTRODUCTION An engine or heat engine can be defined as a device or machine that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into

heat energy by combustion of fuel, and utilizes this heat energy to perform useful mechanical work (usually in the form of rotation of shaft). Combustion of fuel can take place either inside the engine or outside the engine. So, heat engines are classified into two types: Internal combustion engine and External combustion engine. Of the two types, internal combustion engines are most commonly and widely used for various applications. Automobiles, aircrafts, locomotives, and many small devices are designed and powered with internal combustion engine. (a) External Combustion (EC) engine: If the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder, the engine is called external combustion engine, or simply EC engine. Examples include: steam engines, steam turbines and closed cycle gas turbine. In EC engine, the heat obtained by burning the fuel outside the engine cylinder is used to convert water into steam (vapour). The steam then by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work. EC engines are commonly used for generating power or electricity.

b) Internal Combustion (IC) engine: If the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder, the engine is called internal combustion engine, or simply IC engine. Examples include: Petrol engines, Diesel engines and gas engines. In IC engine, the burning gas inside the engine cylinder expands and exerts force to the movable component called piston. The motion from the piston is transferred to the crankshaft by intermediate mechanisms. The motion obtained at the crankshaft can be used to drive any machine or devices, or perform any other useful work.

1. How IC engines are classified? IC engines may be classified in several ways. These include: (1) According to the type of fuel used: a) Petrol engine - If the fuel used is petrol, the engine is called as petrol engine. b) Diesel engine - fuel used is diesel. c) Gas engine - gaseous fuels like bio-gas, natural gas, or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), etc., are used as fuels. d) Bi-fuel (Bio-fuel) engine - these engines use a mixture of more than one fuel. For example, mixture of diesel and natural gas, mixture of diesel and neem oil, etc. (2) According to the number of strokes per cycle: a) 4-stroke engine - if the engine completes its working cycle in four different strokes of the piston, or two revolutions of the crankshaft, it is called as 4-stroke engine. b) 2-stroke engine - if the engine completes its working cycle in two different strokes of the piston, or one revolution of the crankshaft, it is called as 2-stroke engine. (3) According to the method of ignition: a) Spark Ignition (SI) engine - If the fuel is ignited by an electric spark generated by a spark plug, the engine is called as spark ignition engine. b) Compression Ignition (CI) engine - In these engines, the fuel ignites when it comes in contact with the hot compressed air. (4) According to the cycle of combustion: a) Otto cycle engine - If the combustion of fuel takes place at constant volume, the engine is called otto cycle engine. b) Diesel cycle engine - combustion of fuel takes place at constant pressure. c) Dual combustion cycle engine - combustion of fuel first takes place partially at constant volume, and then at constant pressure. (5) According to the number of cylinders used: a) Single cylinder engine - If the engine consists of only one cylinder, it is called as single cylinder engine. b) Multi-cylinder engine - Engine consists of 2,3, 4, 6, 8 or 12 (maximum) cylinders. (6) According to the arrangement of cylinders:

a) Vertical engine - If f the cylinder r is arranged in a vertical vertical cy ylinder engine e. b) Horizon ntal engine - cylinder c is arr ranged in hori izontal positio c) Inline en ngine - cylind ders are arranged in a line. Most trucks d) Radial engine e - cylin nders are arran nged along th he circumferen e) V-engin ne - It is a combination of o two inline engines equ vehicles ha ave V-type co onfiguration. f) Opposed d type engine - cylinders are a arranged opposite o to eac (7) Accord ding to the me ethod of cooli ing: a) Air cooled engine - If I the heated cylinder walls (due to com circulating g air, the engin ne is called ai ir cooled engi ine. b) Water cooled engin ne - water is s circulated through the cylinder walls. w (8) Accord ding to their uses: u a) Stationa ary engine b) Automo obile engine c) Marine engine d) Aircraft t engine, etc. 2. . With the neat n sketch ex xplain parts of f an IC engine e? And also e