Candidate no.: .......

ENTRANCE EXAMINATION 2007 PART 1 ENGLISH EXAMINATION Time available: 50 minutes

Surname: ................................................................... First Name(s): . .......................................................... Home address: ......................................................... ..........................................................

School: .....................................................................

There are 70 questions in this paper and each question is worth one mark. Answer all the questions by doing them in the order in which they appear. If you find that you cannot answer a particular question straight away, leave it, and return to it later if you have time. It is best to use capital letters, which are easier to read. If you need to change an answer, cross it through and write the new answer clearly alongside the box. Instead of leaving blank answer-spaces, you should use any available time at the end of the examination to make the best attempt you can at questions you have not done.

A B C D E F G

Marker 1 Total number of ticks Total number of crosses Check total is 70 and initial here

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Check total is 70 and initial here

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A. In the story below, several of the words have become jumbled up. These words are underlined. You have to decide what the words should be. The first one is done for you

The tortoise and the hare Once upon a mite there was a hare who was very boastful about how fast he could run. He boasted about his speed so much that the other animals became very rangy. One day the tortoise said to the hare, Let us acre round the field and see who really is the quickest. The hare agreed. I will win by slime, he said. The other animals joined in. I will fire the starting pilots, said the fox. I will judge who wins, said the shore. The hare ran very quickly and the tortoise plodded slowly. Soon the hare was so far ahead he lay down in the sun and desert. He fell asleep, but the tortoise plodded on. When the hare woke up he saw the tortoise just drays from the winning spot. He ran as fast as he could, but the tortoise finished first. The hare had lots. I may be owls, said the tortoise, but I get there in the end. The hare never boasted again.

mite rangy acre slime pilots shore desert drays spot lots owls

time

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B. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions by writing the letter A, B, C or D in the appropriate answer-spaces The passage is reprinted on page 6 to help you when you are working on the questions on page 7. The boy who hunts alone
This story takes place in the country of Botswana, in Africa. The boy was eleven, and was small for his age. They had tried everything to get him to grow, but he was taking his time, and now, when you saw him, you would say that he was only eight or nine, rather than eleven. Not that it bothered him in the slightest; his father had said to him: I was a short boy too. Now I am a tall man. Look at me. That will happen to you. You just wait. But secretly the parents feared that there was something wrong; that his spine was twisted, perhaps, and that this was preventing him from growing. When he was barely four, he had fallen out of a tree he had been after birds eggs and had lain still for several minutes, the breath knocked out of him; until his grandmother had run wailing across the melon field and had lifted him up and carried him home, a shattered egg still clasped in his hand. He had recovered or so they thought at the time but his walk was different, they thought. The boy was more curious than the other children. He loved to look for stones in the red earth and polish them with his spittle. He found some beautiful ones which had a copperred hue, like the sky at dusk. He kept his stones at the foot of his sleeping mat in his hut and learned to count with them. The other boys learned to count by counting cattle, but this boy did not seem to like cattle which was another thing that made him odd. Because of his curiosity, which sent him scuttling about the bush on mysterious errands of his own, his parents were used to his being out of their sight for hours on end. No harm could come to him, unless he was unlucky enough to step on a puff adder or a cobra. But this never happened, and suddenly he would turn up again at the cattle enclosure, or behind the goats, clutching some strange thing he had found a vultures feather, a dried tshongololo millipede, the bleached skull of a snake. Now the boy was out again, walking along one of the paths that led this way and that through the dusty bush. He had found something that interested him very much the fresh dung of a snake and he followed the path so he might see the creature itself. He knew what it was because it had balls of fur in it, and that would only come from a snake. It was rock rabbit fur, he was sure, because of its colour and because he knew that rock rabbits were a delicacy to a big snake. If he found the snake, he might kill it with a rock, and skin it, and that would make a handsome skin for a belt for him and his father. It was getting dark, and he would have to give up. He would never see the snake on a night with no moon; he would leave the path and cut back across the bush towards the dirt road that wound its way back, over the dry river bed, to the village. He found the road easily and sat for a moment on the verge, digging his toes into the soft white sand. He was hungry, and he knew that there would be some meat after their porridge that night because he had seen his grandmother preparing the stew. He stood up and began to walk along the road. It was quite dark now, and the trees and bushes were black, formless shapes, merging into one another. A bird was calling somewhere a night humming-bird and there were night insects screeching. He felt a small stinging pain on his right arm, and slapped at it. A mosquito.
from The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith

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11. In the first paragraph (lines 1-5): A. B. C. D. the boy looked two or three years younger than he really was. the boy looked two or three years older than he really was. the boy was growing fast so that he would soon be tall, like his father. the boy was worried because he was so small.

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12. The parents were secretly afraid that there was something wrong because: A. they realised, when they saw him fall out of the tree, that his spine would be twisted. B. they thought that when he lay still and stopped breathing for several minutes, he would die. C. he had eaten an egg which he had found in the tree. D. since the accident he had not grown as quickly and he was not walking in the same way.

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13. Compared to the other children (line 13), the boy was: A. B. C. D. more excitable. more loving. more gregarious. more inquisitive.

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14. The boy picked up stones: A. B. C. D. to throw at the cattle and at other children, to annoy them. to collect, because he liked the way they looked. to rest his feet on when he tried to get to sleep in the hut. to polish up and sell to buy cattle.

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15. Because of his curiosity the boy often: A. B. C. D. stepped on a snake. went off with his parents into the bush. went looking for stray cattle in the countryside. brought back different things he had found.

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The passage on page 4 is reprinted here to help you answer the questions on page 7.

The boy who hunts alone

This story takes place in the country of Botswana, in Africa. The boy was eleven, and was small for his age. They had tried everything to get him to grow, but he was taking his time, and now, when you saw him, you would say that he was only eight or nine, rather than eleven. Not that it bothered him in the slightest; his father had said to him: I was a short boy too. Now I am a tall man. Look at me. That will happen to you. You just wait. But secretly the parents feared that there was something wrong; that his spine was twisted, perhaps, and that this was preventing him from growing. When he was barely four, he had fallen out of a tree he had been after birds eggs and had lain still for several minutes, the breath knocked out of him; until his grandmother had run wailing across the melon field and had lifted him up and carried him home, a shattered egg still clasped in his hand. He had recovered or so they thought at the time but his walk was different, they thought. The boy was more curious than the other children. He loved to look for stones in the red earth and polish them with his spittle. He found some beautiful ones which had a copperred hue, like the sky at dusk. He kept his stones at the foot of his sleeping mat in his hut and learned to count with them. The other boys learned to count by counting cattle, but this boy did not seem to like cattle which was another thing that made him odd. Because of his curiosity, which sent him scuttling about the bush on mysterious errands of his own, his parents were used to his being out of their sight for hours on end. No harm could come to him, unless he was unlucky enough to step on a puff adder or a cobra. But this never happened, and suddenly he would turn up again at the cattle enclosure, or behind the goats, clutching some strange thing he had found a vultures feather, a dried tshongololo millipede, the bleached skull of a snake. Now the boy was out again, walking along one of the paths that led this way and that through the dusty bush. He had found something that interested him very much the fresh dung of a snake and he followed the path so he might see the creature itself. He knew what it was because it had balls of fur in it, and that would only come from a snake. It was rock rabbit fur, he was sure, because of its colour and because he knew that rock rabbits were a delicacy to a big snake. If he found the snake, he might kill it with a rock, and skin it, and that would make a handsome skin for a belt for him and his father. It was getting dark, and he would have to give up. He would never see the snake on a night with no moon; he would leave the path and cut back across the bush towards the dirt road that wound its way back, over the dry river bed, to the village. He found the road easily and sat for a moment on the verge, digging his toes into the soft white sand. He was hungry, and he knew that there would be some meat after their porridge that night because he had seen his grandmother preparing the stew. He stood up and began to walk along the road. It was quite dark now, and the trees and bushes were black, formless shapes, merging into one another. A bird was calling somewhere a night humming-bird and there were night insects screeching. He felt a small stinging pain on his right arm, and slapped at it. A mosquito.
from The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency by Alexander McCall Smith

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16. On this occasion (lines 25-32), the boy found something and made a deduction: A. B. C. D. he found snake dung and deduced that the snake had eaten a rabbit. he found a dead rabbit and deduced that it had eaten a snake. he found fur balls and deduced that a rock rabbit lived nearby. he found a rock rabbit and deduced that he would find a snake lurking nearby.

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17. It would be good for the boy to find a snake because: A. rock rabbits were more delicate than snakes. B. the snake might lead him to a rock rabbit, which would be good to eat. C. the snakes skin would make a good belt. D. the snake might lead him to his father.

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18. He decided to give up looking for the snake because: A. B. C. D. it was getting dark so he wouldnt be able to see the snake. it was hard to see the snake by moonlight. he was afraid he would miss the dirt road which led through the bush. the snake had left the path and had gone into the bush.

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19. The boy was hungry (line 35) and: A. he could smell the stew that his grandmother was making. B. he was glad that he was bringing back a rock rabbit to put in the stew. C. he knew that his grandmother had put some meat in their porridge. D. he had seen his grandmother preparing meat for the stew.

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20. In the last paragraph (lines 37-40), the boy felt: A. unbearable tension, because of the dark shapes of the trees and bushes. B. fascination, because he could hear, but not see, a bird calling. C. blind fear, because he could hear the sound of screeching. D. pain, because he had been bitten.

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C. Using the information in this passage and the table of data answer the ten questions by writing A, B, C or D in the answer spaces. The information and data is reprinted on page 10 to help you when you are working on the questions on page 11.

Atoms and Sub-Atomic Particles

Exactly 200 years ago a Manchester scientist called John Dalton showed that everything in the world is made out of tiny particles which he called atoms. About 100 years later Joseph Thomson and Ernest Rutherford, who also worked in Manchester, showed that atoms were made up of even smaller components these sub-atomic particles were called electrons, protons and neutrons. During the rest of the 20th Century many other sub-atomic particles were discovered and some of these are listed in the table. They are classified into groups according to their characteristic properties such as their mass or rest energy. These groups are shown in the table. The groups called baryons and mesons together form a big group called hadrons. These hadrons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks which exist as one of three types called up, down and strange, usually abbreviated to u, d and s. Baryons contain three quarks e.g. a proton contains two up quarks and one down quark so its content is written as uud. Mesons contain only two quarks.

Name of sub-atomic

Classification

Mass

Quark content

Rest Energy

Name of person who particle Rutherford Chadwick Yukawa Yukawa Thomson

Year of

group

particle proton neutron pion kaon electron muon neutrino photon gluon baryon baryon meson meson lepton lepton lepton gauge boson gauge boson 0.98 0.94 0.14 0.49

(hadrons only) uud udd ud us 938 940 135 495 0.5

discovered Discovery

1919 1932 1947 1947 1897 1937 1956 1923 1979

0.0005 0.11 0 0 0

106 0 0 0

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21. Which lepton was the first to be discovered? A. B C. D. proton electron muon neutrino

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22. Which sub-atomic particle has the greatest rest energy? A. B. C. D. baryon proton neutron kaon

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23. Who was the first scientist to discover a sub-atomic particle? A. B. C. D. Dalton Thomson Rutherford Chadwick

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24. Which classification group contains sub-atomic particles of the greatest mass? A. B. C. D. protons baryons mesons leptons

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25. Which sub-atomic particle was discovered in the decade between the decades in which Rutherford and Chadwick made their discoveries? A. B. C. D. electron neutron proton photon

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The information on page 8 is reprinted here to help you answer the questions on page 11.

Atoms and Sub-Atomic Particles

Exactly 200 years ago a Manchester scientist called John Dalton showed that everything in the world is made out of tiny particles which he called atoms. About 100 years later Joseph Thomson and Ernest Rutherford, who also worked in Manchester, showed that atoms were made up of even smaller components these sub-atomic particles were called electrons, protons and neutrons. During the rest of the 20th Century many other sub-atomic particles were discovered and some of these are listed in the table. They are classified into groups according to their characteristic properties such as their mass or rest energy. These groups are shown in the table. The groups called baryons and mesons together form a big group called hadrons. These hadrons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks which exist as one of three types called up, down and strange, usually abbreviated to u, d and s. Baryons contain three quarks e.g. a proton contains two up quarks and one down quark so its content is written as uud. Mesons contain only two quarks.

Name of sub-atomic

Classification

Mass

Quark content

Rest Energy

Name of person who particle Rutherford Chadwick Yukawa Yukawa Thomson

Year of

group

particle proton neutron pion kaon electron muon neutrino photon gluon baryon baryon meson meson lepton lepton lepton gauge boson gauge boson 0.98 0.94 0.14 0.49

(hadrons only) uud udd ud us 938 940 135 495 0.5

discovered Discovery

1919 1932 1947 1947 1897 1937 1956 1923 1979

0.0005 0.11 0 0 0

106 0 0 0

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26. Which sub-atomic particle was discovered in the first half of the 20th Century and is neither a hadron nor a gauge boson? A. B. C. D. photon gluon muon neutrino

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27. Of the four hadrons in the table, which one has neither the greatest mass nor the greatest rest energy nor the least of these quantities? A. B. C. D. proton neutron pion kaon

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28. Which one of these statements about the sub-atomic particles listed in the table is not true? A. B. C. D. The hadron with the lowest mass is the pion. The particle which was discovered most recently is the gluon. The rest energy of a kaon is less than that of a muon. All hadrons contain at least one up quark.

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29. A lithium atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. How many down quarks are present in this atom? A. B. C. D. 7 10 11 21

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30. Which one of these statements about the sub-atomic particles listed in the table is not true? A. B. C. D. All mesons have greater masses than leptons. Only one lepton has the same rest energy as a gauge boson. Every baryon contains one more quark than a meson. All hadrons have rest energies at least twice that of any lepton.

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D. Ten words have been missed out of the following passage. Each missing word has been given a number in the passage. At the bottom of this page is a list of words, each one of which is identified by a capital letter. We want you to choose the word from the list which BEST fits the meaning of the passage in each of the ten places. In the numbered answer-spaces provided, write the capital letter which identifies the word you choose.
Was Gradus really a suitable person for the job as an assassin? Yes and no. One day in his early (31), when he worked as (32) boy for a large and depressing firm of cardboard (33) manufacturers, he quietly helped three companions to ambush a local lad whom they wished to beat up for winning a gleaming (34) at a fair. Young Gradus obtained an (35) and directed the felling of a tree. It crashed improperly, though not quite (36) the country lane down which their carefree prey was to ride in the growing dusk. The poor lad who was (37) along towards the spot where those roughs crouched was a slim delicate-looking fellow, and one must have been (38) indeed to begrudge him his harmless enjoyment of his new prize. Curiously enough, while they were lying in wait, Gradus, our future killer, fell asleep in a ditch and thus (39) the brief affray during which two of the attackers were knuckledusted and knocked out by the brave young man, and the third run over and (40) for life. A B C D E F G H blocking axe egg missed energetically crippled messenger choir J K L M N P Q R youth second motor-cycle cruel whizzing enjoyed turnip box

31 32 34 35 33

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39 40

From Pale Fire after Vladimir Nabokov

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E. Read this poem carefully and then answer the questions by writing A, B, C or D in the appropriate answer-spaces. The poem is reprinted on page 16 to help you when you are working on the questions on page 17.

The poet describes the city of London, as observed from a bridge over the River Thames. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802.

Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty: This City now doth, like a garment, wear 5 The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky; All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep 10 In his first splendour, valley, rock or hill; Neer saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still.

by William Wordsworth

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41. At what time of the day is the scene described? A. B. C. D. Early morning, shortly after sunrise. Late morning, just before noon. Mid-afternoon, at roughly 3.00 p.m. At evening just before sunset.

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42. As the word is used in the poem, fair (line 1) means: A. B. C. D. unbiased. acceptable. honest. beautiful.

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43. Which of the following comes closest in meaning to dullof soul (line 2) as the phrase is used in the poem? A. B. C. D. Corrupt in spirit. In a slight hurry. Unresponsive to beauty. Colourless and in need of a spot of paint.

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44. This sight is touching (line 3) because it: A. seems so close you think that you might be able to reach out and touch it. B. reminds the poet of the sad fate of a majestic king who has lost his throne. C. strongly affects the emotions. D. looks as if it is in need of improvement or touching up.

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45. The comparison like a garment (line 4) suggests that: A. the beauty of the morning may not last; like a piece of clothing it can be taken off. B. a pall of smoke over the city can be beautiful, like a black velvet cloak. C. the city has a touching, worn-out beauty, like a favourite old piece of jewellery. D. the poet is looking at the part of the city where the garment industry is centred.

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The poem on page 14 is reprinted here to help you answer the questions on page 17.

The poet describes the city of London, as observed from a bridge over the River Thames. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802.

Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty: This City now doth, like a garment, wear 5 The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky; All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep 10 In his first splendour, valley, rock or hill; Neer saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still.

by William Wordsworth

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46. Lines 9-10 are included to suggest: A. B. C. D. the scene is as beautiful as any you would find in the countryside. the city in 1802 contained many valleys, rocks and hills. the sun is steeply rising, creating an optical illusion. any second splendour could never be as beautiful as the first one.

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47. The movement of the river (line 12) is described as: A. spilling over its banks as though it were wilful, but in its own sweet way. B. flowing gently as though at its own contented pace. C. suggesting that God moves in mysterious ways. D. gliding the ships along, loaded with sugar, on the early morning tide.

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48. When the poet writes Dear God! the very houses seem asleep (line 13): A. he is giving a wake-up call that Londons houses need much improvement. B. he suggests the ramshackle houses are about to topple in the Thames. C. he emphasises how peaceful, like people asleep, the houses seem. D. he wants us to think of the fairy tale of the Sleeping Beauty.

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49. Which one of the following aspects of city life does not appear in the poem? A. B. C. D. Quietness and tranquillity. A magnificent kind of beauty. The brightness of the sunshine. The bustle of the crowds.

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50. that mighty heart (line 14) refers to: A. B. C. D. Dear God. the river. the city of London. the very houses.

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F. In these questions you must follow the instructions carefully and write your answers clearly. In questions 51 and 52 write down the answer as a single word. In questions 53 to 55 write down the answer as a single letter.

51. Which one of these words does not mean kind? considerate benevolent helpful generous miserly

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52. Which one of these words is the opposite of heavy? easy empty light misty white

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53. Write down the first letter of the word in this list which is not a type of book encyclopaedia novel dictionary biography observatory

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54. Write down the second letter of the word in this list which is opposite to late. time early now then never

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55. Write down the last letter of the word which is most different from all the others. foal horse calf kitten puppy cub

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In these questions you must follow the instructions carefully. In questions 56 write down the answer as a single letter. In questions 57 to 60 follow the instructions exactly.

56. Write down the middle letter of the word meaning something liked best of all, which can be made using each of these nine letters aefiortuv

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57. In this set of words place a tick in the box under the two words which are metals. marble slate silver cutlery jewellery steel

58. In this list of words underline the two words which are items of stationery. statue letterbox envelope platform paragraph postcard

59. In this list of words draw a ring around the word which means the same as the word which already has a ring round it. carton drink container joke drawing buggy

60. In this list of words cross out the two words which are not a type of animal. otter beaver bare mole dear weasel

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G. Read this passage carefully and then answer the questions by writing A, B, C or D in the appropriate answer-spaces. The passage is reprinted on page 24 to help you when you are working on the questions on page 25. Hide and Seek in a World of Colour
The simplest way in which one animal can hide from another is to be indistinguishable from its surroundings. The streaked bittern disappears among reeds, the banded adder among the undergrowth and the brown woodland snail on tree bark. Some animals are capable of changing their colours to suit the surroundings. The stoat and mountain hare moult their brown summer coats for white winter ones. However well an animal merges with its surroundings, the solidness of its body may still betray it. As light shines from above its back is highlighted, its belly put in shadow. To counteract this effect, many animals have a darkcoloured back and a light-coloured belly. In most animals the demarcation between the two is gradual, as in the trout or rabbit. In the water shrew, however, it is strongly marked. As it swims on the surface of a pond, its slatyblack body merges with the water when seen from above. Looked at from below, from water into sunlight, its white belly is almost invisible. The professionals in the camouflage act are the insects that pretend to be some inedible object. The angle shades moth has forewings patterned with angle shapes and the colour of dead leaves. When it rests by day among leaf litter, it is practically impossible to tell moth from leaves. But, to be completely successful, it must not only look like a leaf, it must act like one - fluttering when there is a breeze, remaining still on a calm day. Some animals put on a terrifying act to frighten a predator away. If a bird penetrates the camouflage of the eyed hawk-moth, the moth suddenly lifts its blotched-brown forewings to reveal two large round shapes or eye-spots on its hind wings. The startling effect on the predator gives the moth time to escape. The moth is playing on the birds fear of its own enemies, cats and owls, which it recognises by their eyes. Using colours not to camouflage but to advertise is another way of scaring off enemies. Vivid patterns of black, white, red and yellow are displayed as warning colours announcing the unpleasant taste or sting of the animal wearing them. A bird that has once eaten a cinnabar moth will avoid this foultasting insect for the rest of its life. It will associate the disagreeable taste with the distinctive crimson and black colours of the moth. The blackandyellow body of the wasp says sting to the whole animal kingdom, not just men. In the long run, it pays the species to be conspicuous. Some wasps will be eaten by young birds, but the population as a whole will survive.

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from The AA Book of the Countryside

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61. What does the writer say is the simplest way for one animal to hide from another? A. B. C. D. To appear to be something very common and unimportant. To surround itself with grass and leaves. To have colours or patterns which are very similar to its surroundings. To be nimble and quick in its movements.

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62. Which of these creatures is able to change its colour to suit its surroundings and the season? A. B. C. D. the streaked bittern the mountain hare the woodland snail the banded adder

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63. Which of these verbs is not directly connected with the idea of animals using camouflage to hide themselves? A. B. C. D. to merge to disappear to penetrate to blend

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64. What does the writer mean when he says that solidness of the camouflaged animals body may still betray it (line 7)? A. Light shining from above dazzles the animal, makes it unable to move, almost as if it were a statue. B. Other animals might signal its presence to a predator in the hope of feeding on it also. C. Light shining from above distinguishes the animal from its surroundings because its back is light and its underneath is dark. D. Light shining from above removes the shadows in which the animal is hiding, so forcing it out into the open.

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65. From the passage, it would appear that demarcation (line 10) means: A. the lack of marks on a well-camouflaged creature, so making it almost invisible. B. the process of patterns gradually disappearing under the light shining from above. C. the line or zone of separation between the dark part of an animals body and the light part. D. the gradual, hidden movement of the creature through grass or on the surface of the water.

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The passage on page 22 is reprinted here to help you answer the questions on page 25.

Hide and Seek in a World of Colour

The simplest way in which one animal can hide from another is to be indistinguishable from its surroundings. The streaked bittern disappears among reeds, the banded adder among the undergrowth and the brown woodland snail on tree bark. Some animals are capable of changing their colours to suit the surroundings. The stoat and mountain hare moult their brown summer coats for white winter ones. However well an animal merges with its surroundings, the solidness of its body may still betray it. As light shines from above its back is highlighted, its belly put in shadow. To counteract this effect, many animals have a darkcoloured back and a light-coloured belly. In most animals the demarcation between the two is gradual, as in the trout or rabbit. In the water shrew, however, it is strongly marked. As it swims on the surface of a pond, its slatyblack body merges with the water when seen from above. Looked at from below, from water into sunlight, its white belly is almost invisible. The professionals in the camouflage act are the insects that pretend to be some inedible object. The angle shades moth has forewings patterned with angle shapes and the colour of dead leaves. When it rests by day among leaf litter, it is practically impossible to tell moth from leaves. But, to be completely successful, it must not only look like a leaf, it must act like one - fluttering when there is a breeze, remaining still on a calm day. Some animals put on a terrifying act to frighten a predator away. If a bird penetrates the camouflage of the eyed hawk-moth, the moth suddenly lifts its blotched-brown forewings to reveal two large round shapes or eye-spots on its hind wings. The startling effect on the predator gives the moth time to escape. The moth is playing on the birds fear of its own enemies, cats and owls, which it recognises by their eyes. Using colours not to camouflage but to advertise is another way of scaring off enemies. Vivid patterns of black, white, red and yellow are displayed as warning colours announcing the unpleasant taste or sting of the animal wearing them. A bird that has once eaten a cinnabar moth will avoid this foultasting insect for the rest of its life. It will associate the disagreeable taste with the distinctive crimson and black colours of the moth. The blackandyellow body of the wasp says sting to the whole animal kingdom, not just men. In the long run, it pays the species to be conspicuous. Some wasps will be eaten by young birds, but the population as a whole will survive.

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from The AA Book of the Countryside

- 25 66. Which creatures does the writer say are the professionals in the camouflage act (line 15)? A. The insects which only pretend to camouflage themselves but dont really. B. The insects which pretend to object to being regarded as inedible. C. The insects whose camouflage skills are so amazing that people would pay money to see them perform. D. The insects which are shaped and patterned to look just like inedible objects.

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67. The angle shades moth is very good at camouflaging itself from predators because: A. it not only looks remarkably like the surrounding leaves, it acts like them as well depending on whether it is windy or not. B. it is able to have the colour of dull brown leaves in autumn when it is windy, and of bright green leaves in the warm, still days of summer. C. it has the uncanny ability to appear so still, whatever the weather conditions, that it appears dead. D it is able to rest all day underneath the leaf litter, so preserving its energy before fluttering away when attacked.

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68. The eyed hawk-moth will often avoid being attacked by a bird because: A. the moth confronts the bird eye-to-eye, intimidating it and so giving it time to escape. B. the eye spots on the moths hind wings startle the bird by reminding it of the eyes of its own enemies, so giving the moth time to escape. C. the moths large eyes and excellent vision spot the bird early, so giving it time to escape at startling speed. D. the bird is startled by its own eyes reflected in the moths hind wings, so giving the moth time to escape.

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69. What does the writer mean when he says that some creatures use colours to advertise (line 27)? A. They use bright colours to signal the presence of an enemy as a warning to each other. B. They use bright colours to sell themselves to a potential predator. C. They use bright colours to warn predators that they taste unpleasant or that they sting. D. They fail in the act of camouflage, their bright colours giving them away.

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70. In the last two sentences (lines 34 35) the writer suggests: A. having bright colours works for birds, on balance, because it allows them to prey more successfully on wasps. B. while the wasps warning act might work at first, even young birds come to realise that wasps can be eaten so camouflage would be a better option. C. most young wasps are eaten by birds, allowing the bird population as a whole to survive. D. having bright colours works for the wasp, on the whole, because most birds will come to realise that eating them is not a good idea.

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END OF EXAMINATION USE ANY REMAINING TIME TO CHECK YOUR WORK OR TRY ANY QUESTIONS YOU HAVE NOT ANSWERED.

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