Routing Protocol Basics

Agenda
Administrative Distances Distance-vector Routing Protocols Routing Loops RIP IGRP

Administrative Distances

Administrative Distances

Administrative distance (AD) is:

AD is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. An AD is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed via this route.

Route Source
Connected interface Static route EIGRP IGRP OSPF RIP External EIGRP Unknown

Default AD
0 1 90 100 110 120 170 255 (this route will never be used )
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Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

The distance-vector routing algorithm passes complete routing table contents to neighboring routers, which then combine the received routing table entries with their own routing tables to complete the routers routing table. Routing by rumor a router receiving an update from a neighbor router believes the information about remote networks without actually finding out for itself.

Routing Loops

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Routing Loops
Routing loops can occur because every router isnt updated simultaneously, or even close to it.

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How to Stop Routing Loops

Maximum hop count Split horizon Route poisoning Holddowns

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Maximum Hop Count

Routing loop problem counting to infinity The hop count increases indefinitely each time a packet passes through a router. Solution: define a maximum hop count. RIP permits a hop count of up to 15.

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Split Horizon

Reduces incorrect routing information and routing overhead. Routing information cannot be sent back in the direction from it was received.

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Route Poisoning

When a network goes down, a router initiates route poisoning by advertising that network as 16, or unreachable (sometimes referred to as infinite).

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Holddowns

Holddown prevent routes from changing too rapidly by allowing time for either the downed route to come back up or the network to stabilize. When a router receives an update from a neighbor indicating that a previously accessible network isnt working and is inaccessible, the holddown timer will start. If a new update arrives from a neighbor with a better metric than the original network entry, the holddown is removed and data is passed. If an update is received from a neighbor router before the holddown timer expires and it has an equal or lower metric than the previous route, the update is ignored.

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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

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RIP

Distance-vector routing protocol. Maximum allowable hop count is 15. RIP version 1 uses only classful routing all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask. RIP version 2 is classless routing send subnet mask information with the route updates.

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RIP Timers

Route update timer

Sets the interval between periodic routing updates 30 seconds. The length of time that must elapse before a router determines that a route has become invalid 180 seconds. The amounts of time during which routing information is suppressed 180 seconds. The time between a route becoming invalid and its removal from the routing table 240 seconds.
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Route invalid timer

Holddown timer

Route flush timer

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

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IGRP

Cisco proprietary. IGRP has a maximum hop count of 255 with a default of 100. IGRP metrics:

Bandwidth Delay Load Reliability

IGRP uses bandwidth and delay by default as a metric for determining the best route to an internetwork.

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IGRP Timers

Update timer

Sets the interval between periodic routing updates 90 seconds. The length of time that must elapse before a router determines that a route has become invalid three times the update period. The amounts of time during which routing information is suppressed three times the update period plus 10 seconds. Indicate how much time time should pass before a route should be flushed from the routing table seven times the routing update period.
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Invalid timer

Holddown timer

Flush timer