OVERVIEW

This section of the report will enumerate more on what was carried on in each section of the project. The project has been divided in the following sections; Power supply and conversion Clock Programming Microcontroller Photo sensing Display

Power supply and conversion

The mains 240V power supply will be the main source of power of this project. Since this voltage supply is too much for the clock, it will be stepped down through an AC transformer to 5VAC. The digital clock only operates on a dc supply, therefore the 5Vac is converted to a 5Vdc using the process of rectification. This part of the project is divided into two main subsections; a) Rectification and smoothing b) Battery charger and voltage regulator

Rectification and smoothing

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. We will need a full wave rectifier to convert the AC drawn from the mains to DC which will be useful to our circuit as the clock will need a constant supply of 5V DC making this one of the crucial subsystems in this project.

The full wave rectifier circuit diagram as shown below.

Fig 1 Full wave rectifier

This circuit converts the AC to DC. The DC out or commonly referred to as the Rectified DC is still of not much use to us as its keeps on varying in voltage while we require a constant supply of voltage. To get this we need to pass the Rectified DC through a circuit containing a large capacitor connected in parallel with a resistor called the Smoothing circuit.

Fig 2 Smoothing circuitry

The output after passing through the two circuits looks like below. This output (referred to as Ripple voltage) is now more feasible to be used to power our clock and charge the battery.

Fig 3 Output voltage

Parts needed:
4 Diodes 1 Capacitor (very high capacitance) 1 Resistor

These parts do not need to be ordered but available from our labs (prices depend on values). Note that the values of the parts depend on the previous circuitry (if we are using a step-down transformer and what the outputs will be).

References: Fig 1:
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation_equipment/r ectifiers.html

Fig 2:
http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Physics_A2/options/Module_9/Topic_3/capacitative_sm oothing.htm Fig 3: http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Physics_A2/options/Module_9/Topic_3/capacitative_sm oothing.htm

Battery charger and voltage regulator

The rectified dc voltage will be used to charge a lithium battery when the connection to the mains supply is established. This will charge the battery and stops charging when its fully charged. The voltage regulator included in this design. A voltage regulator is a device that converts varying input voltages and produces a constant regulated output voltage. The main reason why a charged battery is needed in this project is so that the clock doesnt lose its date and time settings when its been unplugged from the main. There are many different typed of voltage regulators designed to drive different currents or to hold different voltages. Prices of voltage regulators can range from 0.50p to 35 but for the purpose of this project a maximum of 2.50 should be enough to buy a suitable voltage regulator. An example of a voltage regulator is shown below;

http://www.techlib.com/electronics/regulators.html http://www.electronicsteacher.com/circuits-and-diagrams/power-supplies-andcontrol-schematics The Clock

This clock will be made to display the time, room temperature and date on an LCD/LED 7 segment display and would be designed to fit it a small container. The circuit uses eight outputs for the segments and decimal points, and a 4 line to 10 line decoder (4028B) to select the digit via a transistor. Two buttons will be used for setting the time; the first would select the digit and the second button will be used to increment it. The orders followed will be; hours, minutes, day, month and year. When the clock is in setting mode, only the digits been set are displayed.

The programme will follow the steps below; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Initialise the PIC and set all digits to zero. Start the timer interrupts to count the seconds elapsed. When seconds reach 60 increment minutes and reset seconds. When minutes reach 60 increment hours and reset minutes. When hours reach 24 increment days and reset hours. When days reach 28 or more increment months and reset days to 1. This is dependent on the current month. 7. When months reach 13 increment years and reset months to 1. 8. When the first button is pressed stop updating the clock, reset all digits to apart from the hours. If the button is pressed again set hours to and display the minutes. Each press moves through the digits. The next press after year displays all digits and restarts the clock. 9. After the first button has been pressed the second button increments the number on the digits. When the digit reaches its intended maximum it returns back to its lowest value. For example, hours range from 00 to 23. 10. When the digit increments to 24 it returns to 00.

Programming
The programming will be done in a variant of C language. The micro controller that will be used is the Arduino atmega128 board

Microcontroller
The microcontroller used in this project is the Arduino atmega128 controller which will be used to take of functions like; Clock conversion from BCD to Decimal Date and time settings Motion sensing and Temperature readings Power supply switching

Microcontroller specification Powered by a 7.5V 500mA power supply Operating voltage of 4.5 - 5.5V EEPROM 512 bytes with a specified life of 100000 write/erase cycles. SRAM 1024 bytes

53 Programmable I/O Lines Flash 16k bytes while 2k is used for the boot loader Speed grade of 0 - 16 MHz

A diagram of an Arduino board is shown below;

Display The display will be a 16x4 LCD display. It will be able to display alphanumeric characters. Its application for this project will be to display the time and date settings, the ambient temperature reading and also the backlight functionality through photo sensing. Below is a typical 16x4 alphanumeric LCD;

http://www.tradeeasy.com/supplier/632502/products/p1099345/character-lcd16x1-16x2-16x4-20x1-20x2-20x4-8x2-40x2-40x4-monochrome-alphanumericlcd-panel.html

Photo sensing

RISK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

PROJECT CONTIGENCY PLAN

Technical Risks Backup strategies if chosen technology fails Assessing whether technical uncertainties can be Resolved Schedule Risks Use of slack increases the risk of a late project finish Imposed duration dates (absolute project finish date) Compression of project schedules due to a shortened project duration date Costs Risks Time/cost dependency links: costs increase when problems take longer to solve than expected. Deciding to use the schedule to solve cash flow problems should be avoided. Price protection risks (a rise in input costs) increase if the duration of a project is increased. Funding Risks Changes in the supply of funds for the project can dramatically affect the likelihood of implementation or successful completion of a project.

RISK RESPONSE MATRIX Risk Event Interfacing components C programming errors Reduce Response Contingenc y Plan Trigger Who is Responsibl e

Work around Not resolved A Adebayo until help withing 24hrs comes
Keep trying , Error get help form persistent programming after 3hrs support

Reduce

M Rashid

Equipment malfunctions Component mismatch Power outage

Transfer Reduce

Get a Replacement F Latif different one doesnt work Order a different match Wait till its fixed Not solved within 24 hours Call for technician after 30 minutes J MCcaul

Reduce

D Springer

Display

Reduce

A Adebayo

RISK ASSESSMENT FORM RISK EVENT Interfacing components C programming errors Equipment malfunctions Component mismatch Power loss Laboratory technician LIKELIHOOD 3 2 IMPACT 4 4 Detection Difficulty 4 4 When Building circuit Microcontrolle r programming Testing and Programming During linkage Testing Circuit design

2 3 1 1

5 5 5 4

5 4 5 4

RISK SEVERITY MATRIX On power point slide (risk severity matrix) RISK ANALYSIS MATRIX The table depicts the threats most likely to impact the project and its components management. The specific threats that are represented by (XX) are considered the most likely to occur within the project PROBABILITY OF THREATS Probability of Occurrence: Unavailability of components Technician off sick/unavailable Under-spec PC Bomb Threats Lab unavailability Cold / Frost / Snow Timescale Scope Earthquakes Fire Flooding / Water Damage Nuclear Mishaps Power Loss / Outage Storms / Hurricanes X X X X X X X X XX X High Medium XX X X X Low

PROJECT CONSTRAINT Technical constraints (e.g. Laboratory technician, Laboratory ) Resources constraints (e.g. components, computer, software, Laboratory) Physical constraints (e.g. environmental)

Technical constraints

Desig n Resources constraints

Code

Test

Implemen t

Computer

Design

Mains supply Microcontro ller Sensor

Implementati on

Physical Constraints

Design

Environm ental factors

Fire

Implementati on