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Unit 16 Datums for Positional Tolerancing

In the examples given in units 14 and 15 the position of the axis of the hole was established using dimensions from the actual surfaces of the part. These surfaces were not designated as datums. The true or mean position of the axis was therefore a line parallel to a surface line element on each of the surface from which the dimensions were drawn, as illustrated in Fig 16-1.

Fig 16-1 LINES FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE. If these sides are off square with each other or with other surfaces of the part, the true position of the axis should be similar off square, as shown in a somewhat exaggerated format in Fig 16-2. In some applications this may be the desired requirement, but in most cases it is preferable to have the hole related to other surfaces or features, or related to a full side rather than a line on the surface. It is then necessary to specify the desired datum feature or features in their required order to priority. The first consideration in such application is to decide on the primary datum feature. The usual course of action is to specify as the primary datum the surface into which the hole is produced. This will ensure that the true position of the axis is perpendicular to this surface or at the basic angle, if it is other than 90. This surface is rested on the gaging plane or surface plate for measuring purposes. Secondary and tertiary datum features are then selected and identified, if required. Fig 16-3 shows a part similar to that shown in Fig 16-1, but with the addition of a primary datum feature and the MMC modifier.

FIG 16-2 RESULT WHEN SIDES ARE OFF-SQUARE.

FIG 16-3 PART WITH ONE DATUM FEATURE SPECIFIED.

Fig 16-4 shows the same part with three datum features specified. Fig 16-5 and Fig 16-6 illustrate the differences in the gages designed to check these parts. Compare these gages with the gage in Fig 15-10.

FIG 16-4 PART WITH THREE DATUM FEATURES SPECIFIED.

FIG 16-5 GAGE FOR PART IN FIG 16-3

FIG 16-6 GAGE FOR PART IN FIG 16-4

Positional tolerancing of this type , with or without specification of datums, is equally useful for parts where the hole is not perpendicular to the surface. This principle is illustrated in Figs 16-7 and 16-8.

FIG 16-7 PART WITH ANGULAR HOLE REFERRED TO A DATUM SYSTEM

FIG 16-8 GAGE FOR PART IN FIG 16-7

Note in all these examples the gaging procedure checks not only the position of the hole , but also its angularity with the datum system as well as its roundness and straightness , all within the same tolerances. For this reason, positional tolerances are often used instead of the orientation tolerances explained in Unit 12.If closure control of form or orientation is required, separate smaller tolerances must be shown in addition to the positional tolerances. THIN PARTS Should the parts in question be very thin it is sometimes argued that it is impractical to measure the perpendicularity of the hole, and therefore not necessary to specify the face, into which the hole is produced as the primary datum. Undoubtedly this is true, but a point is reached, in considering slightly thicker parts, where there would be a significant difference between a measurement made on the surface, such as at dimension A in Fig 16-9 , and one made perpendicular to the edge as at dimension B. To avoid any such ambiguity it is recommended that the flat face of thin parts always be specified as the primary datum, as shown in Fig 16-10.

FIG 16-9 THIN PARTS

FIG 16-10 DATUM SYSTEM FOR THIN PARTS

Measuring principles Where it is not practical to check for perpendicularity and straightness of the hole in very thin parts an acceptable measuring practice, if MMC is not specified, is to use a mandrel with a tapered end. This mandrel is supported perpendicular to datum A, as shown in Fig 16-11, and measurements for location are made to its surface.

FIG 16-11 GAGE FOR PART IN FIG 16-10 ON RFS BASIS When MMC is specified a simple GO gage of the same design as in Fig 16-6 will serve to check the requirements. The gaging pin for the part shown in Fig 16-10 would be 11.79mm in diameter. LONG HOLES It is not always essential to have the true position of a whole perpendicular to the face, which the hole is produced. It may be functionally more important, especially with long holes, to have it parallel to one of the sides. Fig 16-12 is a case in point. In this example the sides are designated as primary and secondary datums. A tertiary datum is not required. Gaging is facilitated if the positional tolerance is specified on an MMC basis, as shown, so that it is not necessary to fit a long mandrel to the hole for measuring purposes. A suitable gaging principle for holes dimensioned in this manner is shown in Fig 16-13.

CIRCULAR DATUMS Circular features, such as holes or external cylindrical features, can be used as datums just as readily as flat surfaces. In the simple part shown in Fig16-14, it is quite evident that the true position of the small hole is established from the axis of the large holes. In cases like these it may not be necessary to specify one of the holes as a datum, although it would facilitate gaging if the datum was specified on an MMC basis.

FIG 16-12 DATUM SYSTEM FOR A LONG HOLE

FIG 16-13 GAGE FOR PART IN FIG 16-12

FIG 16-14 PART WHERE THE SPECIFICATION OF THE DATUM FEATURE MAY NOT BE REQUIRED In other cases, such as that shown in Fig 16-15 , it is essential to specify the datum, otherwise the origin of the true position dimension would be left in doubt. It could either be the axis of the hole or the axis of the outside cylindrical surface. In such applications a determination should be made as to

whether the true position should be established perpendicular o the surface as shown or parallel with the datum axis. In the latter case Datum A would not be specified, and it would not be necessary to ensure that the gage made full contact with the surface. In a group of holes, it may be desirable to indicate one of the holes as the datum from which all of the other holes are located. This is described in succeeding units. All circular datums of this type may be specified on an MMC basis when required, and this is preferred for ease of gaging.

FIGF 16-15 POSITION REFERENCED TO A CIRCULAR DATUM MULTIPLE HOLE DATUMS The axes of two holes are sometimes specified as a datum feature without MMC being specified for the datum reference. This practice is not recommended because of the difficulty it presents in arriving at a suitable setup for measuring purposes. Such a setup would have to provide for variations in the size of the holes , center distance between the holes, parallelism of the hole axes, and perpendicularity with the part surface. On an MMC basis, any number of holes or similar features, which form a group or pattern, may be specified as a single datum. All features forming such a datum must be related with a positional tolerance on an MMC basis. The actual datum position is based on the virtual condition of all features in the group that is, the collective effect of the maximum material sizes of the features and the specified positional tolerance. Thus the example shown in Fig 16-16 the gaging elements which locates the datum position would have four pins, 6.18mm diameter, located at true position with respect to one another, it should be noted that this setup automatically checks the positional tolerance specified for these four holes.

FIG 16-16 GROUP OF HOLE FORMING A SINGLE DATUM DATUM TARGETS The full feature surface was used to establish a datum for the features so far designated as datum features. This may not always be practical for the following reasons. The surface of a feature may be so large that a gage designed to make contact with the full surface may be too expensive or too cumbersome to use. Functional requirements of the part may necessitate the use of only a portion of a surface as a datum feature, for example, the portion which contacts a mating part in assembly. A Surface selected as a datum feature may not be sufficiently true, and a flat datum feature may rock when placed on a datum plane, so that accurate and repeatable measurements from the surface would not be possible. This is particularly so for surfaces of castings, forgings, weldments, and some sheet metal and formed parts. Such parts may be subject to bowling, warping, or other imperfections, on or adjacent to the surface. A useful technique to overcome such problems is the datum target method. In this method certain points, lines, small areas on the surfaces are selected as the bases of the establishment of datums. For flat surfaces, this usually requires three target points or areas for a primary datum, two for a secondary datum, and one for a tertiary datum. In many cases the use of such target areas will eliminate the need for costly machining which might otherwise be required to produce surfaces suitable for use as datum features. It is not necessary to use targets for all datums. It is logical, for example, to use targets for the primary datum, and other surfaces or features for secondary and tertiary datums if required; or to use a flat surface of a part as the primary datum, and to indicate fixed points or lines to the edges as secondary and tertiary datums.

Datum targets should be spaced as far apart as possible provide maximum rigidity for making measurements. At the same time they must be kept clear of parting lines, risers, rough edges, welds, and other irregularities. IDENTIFICATION OF TARGETS Each datum target is shown on a view of the part in its desired location by means of a datum target symbol. These symbols are shown in Fig 16-17.

FIG 16-17 SYMBOLS FOR DATUM TARGETS Each datum target is then identified by means of a datum target identification symbol. This symbol consists of a circle with a diameter approximately 1.75 times the frame height of the feature control symbols used on the drawing. This circle is divided into quadrant, as shown in Fig 16-18. The upper left quadrant contains a letter, which identifies the datum feature, and the lower right quadrant contains a number, which identifies that particular target in the datum system. Targets should be numbered consecutively: for example, in a three-plane six-point datum system, if the datums are A, B and C, the datum targets would be A1, A2, A3, B4, B5, and C6.

FIG 16-18 DATUM TARGET IDENTIFICATION SYMBOL

Each datum target identification symbol is, connected to its datum target, by a leader with a dot or arrowhead, except when the symbol is attached to an extension line. The datum surface may also be identified in the normal manner by using the triangular datum symbol with the identifying letter in a rectangular box, as described in Unit 9.

DIMENSIONING FOR TARGET LOCATION: The location of datum targets and the size of target areas are shown by means of datum dimensions. Each dimension is shown, without tolerances, enclosed in a rectangular frame indicating that the general tolerance does not apply. Dimensions locating a set of datum targets should be dimensionally related to one another, or have a common origin. The extension lines for these dimensions may also serve as leader lines for the target identification symbols. TARGET POINTS Each target point is shown on the surface, in its desired location, by means of a cross, drawn at approximately 45o to the coordinate dimensions. The cross consists of lines equal in length to the height of the lettering used as shown in Fig 16-19.

FIG 16-19 SYMBOL FOR A DATUM TARGET POINT

FIG 16-20 DATUM TARGET POINTS ON DARWING.

Target points may be represented on tools, fixtures and gages by spherically ended pins, as shown in Fig 16-21. The position of these locating pins is controlled by close gage-making or toolmaking tolerances.

FIG 16-21 LOCATION OF PART ON DATUM TARGET POINTS

FIG 16-22 LOCATING POINTS ON SPHERICAL OR CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

When a datum target point is located on a spherical surface it can be represented on the tool or gage by a flat surface, such as a flat-ended pin, or for a conical or cylindrical surface by the side of a pin in contact with the surface, as shown in Fig 16-22.

FIG 16-23 DATUM TARGET POINTS ON DIFFERENT PLANES TARGETS NOT IN THE SAME PLANE In most applications datum target points, which form a single datum, are all located on the same surface, as shown in Fig 16-20. However this is not essential. They may be located on different surfaces, to meet functional requirements, as shown for example in Fig16-23. In some cases the datum plane may be located in space, that is, not actually touching the part, as shown for example in Fig 1624.

FIG 16-24 DATUM OUT SIDE OF PART PROFILE

DATUM TARGET POINTS ON DIFFERENT PLANES In such applications the controlled features must be dimensioned from the specified datum, and the position of the datum from the datum targets must be shown by means of ex-datum dimensions. For example, in Fig 16-24 datum B is positioned by means of datum dimensions 9.0, 12, and 28. The top surface is controlled from this datum by means of toleranced dimension, and the hole is positioned by means of a true position dimensioned (26) and a positional tolerance.

FIG 16-25 TARGET LINE ON SURFACE TARGET LINES When a datum feature consists of a line on a surface, it is shown on the drawing by a series of crosses, as if it consisted of a series of target points, with a line drawing through the crosses, or by a phantom line, as shown in Fig 16-25. Note:- The CSA standard shows the series of crosses. The latest ANSI standard has been changed to a phantom line. ISO has not yet agreed on a standard method.

FIG 16-26 TARGET LINES ON EDGE OF PART A datum line on the edge of a part may also be shown on the plan view, by means of a single cross drawn on the line representing the datum edge, as shown in Fig 16-26. Datum target lines can be represented in tooling and gaging by the side of a round pin, as shown in Fig 16-27.

It should be noted that if a line is designated as a tertiary datum feature, it would touch the gage pin theoretically at only one point. If it is a secondary datum feature it will touch at two points, but if two lines are designated as one secondary datum each will touch at only one point.

FIG 16-27 LOCATING ON A DATUM LINE If a primary datum is, determined by two target lines on a surface, one of them must be given preference. This is because, in theory, one should touch the datum at two points and the other need only touch at one point. The two lines may be designated with two consecutive letters, as shown in Fig 16-28. They are then treated as separate primary and secondary datum features. Fig 16-28 is interpreted to mean that the true position of the hole axis is parallel to datum A, rather than perpendicular to the face of the part. For gaging purposes the part is supported in contact with three gage pins, or similar surfaces, a s shown in Fig 16-29, so that it makes contact along the line Datum A, atleast at two points, and is in contact with Datums B and C atleast at one point each , measurements are then made from Datums A and C.

FIG 16-28 PART WITH THREE DATUMS

FIG 16-29 LOCATION OF PART IN FIG 16-28 IN A GAGE DATUM TARGET AREAS Datum target areas are indicated by drawing the datum target boundary on the plan view in phantom lines, and section lining the area, as shown in Fig 16-30. The datum target symbol is drawn on an extension line, or connected to the boundary of the area by a leader with an arrowhead. The size of the target areas may be placed adjacent to the target symbol or be covered by a suitable note, such as TARGET AREAS AS 8.0 DIA. Datum target areas may have any desired shape, a few of which are shown in Fig 16-31. Target areas should be kept as small as possible, consistent with functional requirements to avoid having large section-lined areas on the drawing. When larger areas are necessary as datum features the areas should be designated by surface zone lines as shown in Fig 16-32 or by means of suitable notes.

FIG 16-30 DATUM TARGET AREAS

FIG 16-31 TYPICAL TARGET AREAS

FIG 16-32 DATUM AREA SPECIFIED BY ZONE LINE

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