Steel Ec3

Program STEEL EC3 2013 Dlubal Software GmbH
Add-on Module
STEEL EC3
Ultimate Limit State, Serviceability,
Fire Resistance, and Stability Analyses
According to Eurocode 3
Program
Description
Version
August 2013
All rights, including those of translations, are reserved.
No portion of this book may be reproduced mechanically, electronically, or
by any other means, including photocopying without written permission of
DLUBAL SOFTWARE GMBH.

Dlubal Software GmbH
Am Zellweg 2 D-93464 Tiefenbach

Tel.: +49 9673 9203-0
Fax: +49 9673 9203-51
E-Mail: info@dlubal.com
Web: www.dlubal.com

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Contents
Contents Page

Contents Page

1. Introduction 4
1.1 Add-on Module STEEL EC3 4
1.2 STEEL EC3 - Team 5
1.3 Using the Manual 6
1.4 Open the Add-on Module STEEL EC3 6
2. Input Data 8
2.1 General Data 8
2.1.1 Ultimate Limit State 10
2.1.2 Serviceability 11
2.1.3 Fire Resistance 12
2.1.4 National Annex (NA) 13
2.2 Materials 17
2.3 Cross-Sections 19
2.4 Lateral Intermediate Supports 23
2.5 Effective Lengths - Members 24
2.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members 28
2.7 Nodal Supports - Sets of Members 29
2.8 Member End Releases - Sets of Members 31
2.9 Serviceability Data 32
2.10 Specifications for Fire Resistance Design 33
2.11 Parameters - Members 34
2.12 Parameters - Sets of Members 41
3. Calculation 42
3.1 Detail Settings 42
3.1.1 Ultimate Limit State 42
3.1.2 Stability 44
3.1.3 Serviceability 46
3.1.4 Fire Resistance 47
3.1.5 Other 49
3.2 Start Calculation 50
4. Results 51
4.1 Design by Load Case 52
4.2 Design by Cross-Section 53
4.3 Design by Set of Members 54
4.4 Design by Member 55
4.5 Design by x-Location 55
4.6 Governing Internal Forces by Member 56
4.7 Governing Internal Forces by Set of
Members 57
4.8 Member Slendernesses 58
4.9 Parts List by Member 59
4.10 Parts List by Set of Members 60
5. Results Evaluation 61
5.1 Results in the RSTAB Model 62
5.2 Result Diagrams 64
5.3 Filter for Results 65
6. Printout 67
6.1 Printout Report 67
6.2 STEEL EC3 Graphic Printout 67
7. General Functions 69
7.1 Design Cases 69
7.2 Cross-Section Optimization 71
7.3 Units and Decimal Places 73
7.4 Data Transfer 74
7.4.1 Export Material to RSTAB 74
7.4.2 Export Effective Lengths to RSTAB 74
7.4.3 Export Results 74
8. Examples 76
8.1 Stability 76
8.2 Fire Resistance 83
A Literature 86
B Index 87

1 Introduction

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1. Introduction

1.1 Add-on Module STEEL EC3
The European Standard Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1:2005) describes design, analysis, and con-
struction of steel structures in the member states of the European Union. With the RSTAB add-
on module STEEL EC3, DLUBAL SOFTWARE provides a powerful tool for designing steel structures.
Country-specific regulations are taken into account by National Annexes (NA). In addition to
the parameters included in the program, you can define your own limit values or create new
National Annexes.
STEEL EC3 can carry out all typical ultimate limit state designs as well as stability and defor-
mation analyses. The program is able to take into account various actions for the ultimate limit
state design. Furthermore, you can choose between the interaction formulas given in the code.
An important part of the analysis in STEEL EC3 is the categorization of the cross-sections into
the Classes 1 through 4. In this way, you can check the limitation of the design capacity and of
the rotational capacity due to local buckling for cross-section parts. Moreover, STEEL EC3 de-
termines the c/t-ratios of the cross-section elements subjected to compression and classifies
the cross-sections completely automatically.
For the stability analysis, you can specify for each member or set of members whether flexural
buckling occurs in y- and/or z-direction. Furthermore, you can define additional lateral supports
in order to represent the model close to reality. In addition, the stabilizing effect of purlins and
sheeting can be taken into account by rotational restraints and shear panels. STEEL EC3 deter-
mines the slendernesses and elastic critical buckling loads from the boundary conditions. The
elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling required for the lateral torsional buckling
analysis can be determined automatically or specified manually. In addition to this, it is possible
to take into account the load application point of transverse loads, which is affecting the tor-
sional resistance considerably.
STEEL EC3 can also perform the fire resistance design according to EN 1993-1-2. The steel
structure is designed on the bearing capacity level according to the simplified calculation
method. As fire protection, you can select encasements with different physical properties.
For structures with extremely slender cross-sections, the serviceability limit state represents an
important design. The load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be assigned
to different design situations. The limit deformations are preset by the National Annexes and
can be adjusted, if necessary. In addition, you can specify reference lengths and precambers
that are considered accordingly in the design.
STEEL EC3 also allows you to design structural components made of stainless steel according
to EN 1993-1-4.
If required, you can optimize cross-sections in the model, and then export the modified cross-
sections to RSTAB. Using the design cases, you can design separate structural components in
complex structures or analyze variants.
STEEL EC3 is integrated as an add-on module in RSTAB. Thus, the design relevant input data is
already preset when you start the module. After the design, you can use the graphical RSTAB
user interface to evaluate the results. Finally, you can document the design process in the
global printout report, from determination of internal forces to design.
We hope you will enjoy working with STEEL EC3.
Your DLUBAL Team

1 Introduction

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1.2 STEEL EC3 - Team
The following people were involved in the development of STEEL EC3:
Program coordination
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Younes El Frem
Programming
Ing. Zdenk Kosek
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal
Dr.-Ing. Jaroslav Lain
Ing. Martin Bud
Mgr. Petr Oulehle
Zbynk Zmenk
DiS. Ji merk
Cross-section and material database
Ing. Ph.D. Jan Rybn
Mgr. Petr Oulehle
Ing. Ji Kubek
Program design, dialog figures, and icons
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Dlubal
MgA. Robert Kolouch
Ing. Jan Mil
Program supervision
Ing. Martin Vasek Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Wieland Gtzler
Localization, manual
Ing. Fabio Borriello
Ing. Dmitry Bystrov
Eng. Rafael Duarte
Ing. Jana Dunkov
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ren Flori
Ing. Lara Freyer
Alessandra Grosso
Bc. Chelsea Jennings
Jan Jebek
Ing. Ladislav Kbrt
Ing. Aleksandra Kocioek
Ing. Roberto Lombino
Eng. Nilton Lopes
Mgr. Ing. Hana Mackov
Ing. Tc. Ind. Jos Martnez
MA Translation Anton Mitleider
Dipl.-. Gundel Pietzcker
Mgr. Petra Pokorn
Ing. Michaela Prokopov
Ing. Marcela Svitkov
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl
Ing. Marcin Wardyn
Technical support and quality management
M.Eng. Cosme Asseya
Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Markus Baumgrtel
Dipl.-Ing. Moritz Bertram
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Steffen Clau
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Faulstich
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ren Flori
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Stefan Frenzel
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Frhlich
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Bastian Kuhn
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Ulrich Lex
Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Sandy Matula
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Alexander Meierhofer
M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (BA) Andreas Niemeier
M.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Walter Rustler
M.Sc. Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Frank Sonntag
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Stautner
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Lukas Shnel
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Robert Vogl
1 Introduction

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1.3 Using the Manual
Topics like installation, graphical user interface, results evaluation, and printout are described
in detail in the manual of the main program RSTAB. The present manual focuses on typical fea-
tures of the STEEL EC3 add-on module.
The descriptions in this manual follow the sequence and structure of the module's input and
results windows. In the text, the described buttons are given in square brackets, for example
[View mode]. At the same time, they are pictured on the left. Expressions appearing in dialog
boxes, windows, and menus are set in italics to clarify the explanations.
At the end of the manual, you find the index. However, if you still cannot find what you
are looking for, please check our website www.dlubal.com where you can go through our FAQ
pages by selecting particular criteria.
1.4 Open the Add-on Module STEEL EC3
RSTAB provides the following options to start the add-on module STEEL EC3.
Menu
To start the program from the RSTAB menu bar, select
Add-on Modules Design - Steel STEEL EC3.

Figure 1.1: Menu: Add-on Modules Design - Steel STEEL EC3
1 Introduction

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Navigator
As an alternative, you can start the add-on module in the Data navigator by clicking
Add-on Modules STEEL EC3.

Figure 1.2: Data navigator: Add-on Modules STEEL EC3
Panel
If results from STEEL EC3 are already available in the RSTAB model, you can also open the de-
sign module in the panel:
Set the relevant STEEL EC3 design case in the load case list of the RSTAB toolbar. Then, click the
[Show Results] button to graphically display the design criterion on the members.
When the results display is activated, the panel is available, too. Now you can click [STEEL EC3]
in the panel to open the module.

Figure 1.3: Panel button [STEEL EC3]

2 Input Data

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2. Input Data
When you have started the add-on module, a new window opens. In this window, a Navigator
is displayed on the left, managing the windows that can be currently selected. The drop-down
list above the navigator contains the design cases (see chapter 7.1, page 69).
The design relevant data is defined in several input windows. When you open STEEL EC3 for
the first time, the following parameters are imported automatically:
Members and sets of members
Load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and super combinations
Materials
Cross-sections
Effective lengths
Internal forces (in background, if calculated)
To select a window, click the corresponding entry in the navigator. To set the previous or next
input window, use the buttons shown on the left. You can also use the function keys to select
the next [F2] or previous [F3] window.
To save the results, click [OK]. Thus, you exit STEEL EC3 and return to the main program. To exit
the module without saving the new data, click [Cancel].
2.1 General Data
In the 1.1 General Data window, you select the members, sets of members, and actions that
you want to design. The tabs are managing the load cases, load combinations, result combina-
tions, and super combinations for the different designs.

Figure 2.1: Window 1.1 General Data

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Design of

Figure 2.2: Design of members and sets of members
The design can be carried out for Members as well as for Sets of Members. If you want to design
only selected objects, clear the All check box: Then you can access the input fields to enter the
numbers of the relevant members or sets of members. To select the list of the numbers preset
in the field, double-click in the field and overwrite the list by manually entering the data. Alter-
natively, you can select the objects graphically in the RSTAB work window after clicking [].
When you design a set of members, the program determines the extreme values of the anal-
yses of all members contained in the set of members and takes into account the boundary
conditions of connected members for the stability analysis. The results are shown in the results
windows 2.3 Design by Set of Members, 3.2 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members, and
4.2 Parts List by Set of Members.
Click [New] to create a new set of members. The dialog box that you already know from RSTAB
appears where you can specify the parameters for a set of members.
National Annex (NA)

Figure 2.3: National Annex
In the selection field in the upper-right corner of the window, you define the National Annex
whose parameters will be applied for the design and the limit values of the deformation.
Use the [Edit] button to open a dialog box where you can check and, if necessary, adjust the
parameters of the selected NA. The dialog box is described in chapter 2.1.4 on page 13.
Comment

Figure 2.4: User-defined comment
In this input field, you can type user-defined notes describing, for example, the current design
case.
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2.1.1 Ultimate Limit State

Figure 2.5: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Ultimate Limit State
Existing Load Cases and Combinations
This column lists all load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and super combina-
tions created in RSTAB.
To transfer selected entries to the Selected for Design list on the right, click []. Alternatively,
you can double-click the items. To transfer the complete list to the right, click [].
To transfer multiple entries at once, select them while pressing the [Ctrl] key, as common for
Windows applications.
Load cases marked by an asterisk (*), like load case 8 in Figure 2.5, cannot be designed: This
happens when the load cases are defined without any load data or the load cases contain only
imperfections. When you transfer the load cases, a corresponding warning appears.
At the end of the list, several filter options are available. They will help you assign the entries
sorted by load case, load combination, or action category. The buttons have the following
functions:

Selects all cases in the list.

Inverts selection of load cases.
Table 2.1: Buttons in the tab Ultimate Limit State
Selected for Design
The column on the right lists the load cases, load combinations, and result combinations se-
lected for design. To remove selected items from the list, click [] or double-click the entries.
To transfer the entire list to the left, click [].
The load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be assigned to the following
design situations:
Persistent and Transient
Accidental
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This classification controls the partial safety factors M0, M1, and M2 that are included in the de-
termination of the resistances Rd for the cross-section and stability analyses (see Figure 2.10,
page 13).
To change the design situation, use the list at the end of the input field which you can open by
clicking the drop-down arrow [].

Figure 2.6: Assigning a design situation
For a multiple selection, press [Ctrl] and click the corresponding entries. Thus, you can change
several entries at once.
The design of an enveloping max/min result combination is performed faster than the design
of all contained load cases and load combinations. However, the analysis of a result combina-
tion has also disadvantages: First, the influence of the contained actions is difficult to discern.
Second, for the determination of the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling Mcr,
the envelope of the moment distributions is analyzed, from which the most unfavorable dis-
tribution (max or min) is taken. However, this distribution only rarely reflects the moment dis-
tribution in the individual load combinations. Thus, in the case of a RC design, more unfavora-
ble values for Mcr, are to be expected, leading to higher ratios.
Result combinations should be selected for design only for dynamic combinations. For "usual"
combinations, load combinations are recommended, because here the actual moment distri-
butions are taken for the determination of Mcr.
2.1.2 Serviceability

Figure 2.7: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Serviceability Limit State
This section lists all load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and super combina-

Result
combination
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Selected for Design
Load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be added or removed as de-
scribed in chapter 2.1.1.
You can assign different deflection limit values to the individual load cases, load combina-
tions, and result combinations. You can select from the following design situations:
Characteristic
Frequent
Quasi-permanent
To modify the design situation, use the list, which you access at the end of the input field by
clicking [] (see Figure 2.7).
The limit values of the deformations are defined in the National Annex. To adjust these values
according to the design situation, click [Nat. Annex]. The National Annex Settings dialog box
appears (see Figure 2.10, page 13).
The 1.9 Serviceability Data window manages the reference lengths governing for the defor-
mation check (see chapter 2.9, page 32).
2.1.3 Fire Resistance

Figure 2.8: Window 1.1 General Data, tab Fire Resistance
This section lists all load cases, load combinations, result combinations, and super combina-
Selected for Design
Load cases, load combinations, and result combinations can be added or removed, as de-
scribed in chapter 2.1.1. In this dialog section, you can select the actions that have been
determined according to EN 1991-1-2 [2].
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2.1.4 National Annex (NA)
In the upper-right list of the 1.1 General Data window, you can select the National Annex
whose parameters you want to apply to the design and the limit values of the deformation.

Figure 2.9: Selecting a National Annex
To check and, if necessary, adjust the preset parameters, click [Edit] (see the following figure).
To create a user-defined National Annex, click [New].
In addition to that, you can use the [Nat. Annex] button in all input windows to open the
National Annex Settings dialog box consisting of two tabs.
Base

Figure 2.10: Dialog box National Annex Settings - BS, tab Base
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In the dialog box sections, you can check the Partial Factors, the Serviceability Limits (Deflec-
tions), as well as the Parameters for Lateral-Torsional Buckling and adjust them, if necessary.
In the dialog box section General Method Acc. to 6.3.4, you can specify whether you want to
perform the stability analysis always in accordance with [1] clause 6.3.4. The option Enable
also for non I-sections allows you to use the method also for other cross-sections.
In addition, you can perform a stability analysis using the European lateral-torsional buckling
curve according to NAUMES [8]. In his dissertation, NAUMES [9] expanded the "General method
for buckling and lateral torsional buckling of structural components" according to [1] clause
6.3.4 for additional transverse bending and torsion. This expanded method is now available for
designing unsymmetrical cross-sections as well as tapered members and sets of members with
biaxial bending (torsion is currently not considered in STEEL EC3).
According to [1] clause 6.3.4 (4), the reduction factor
op
is to be calculated either
a) as minimum value of the values for buckling according to 6.3.1 or LT for lateral-torsional
buckling according to 6.3.2 by means of the slenderness ratio
op
, or
b) as a value that is interpolated between and LT see also [1] Equation (6.66).
Since the method acc. to NAUMES is based on the standardized European lateral-torsional buck-
ling curve taking into account the modified imperfection factor *, the interaction between
local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling according to [1] equation (6.66) can be omitted.

Figure 2.11: Calculation run for the method according to NAUMES
In the first step, the calculation is carried out separately for the principal and the secondary
load-bearing plane. In this step, the moment factor qmZ according to Figure 2.12 is determined.
In the second step, the design criterion n
R
is determined.
Finally, the design is performed by summing up the design ratios for the principal and the
secondary load-bearing plane and compared to the design criterion n
R
.

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Figure 2.12: Determination of the moment factor qMz
The buttons in the National Annex Settings dialog box have the following functions:

Table 2.2: Buttons in the dialog National Annex Settings
Button Function

Resets the original settings of the program

Imports user-defined default settings

Saves modified settings as default

Deletes a user-defined National Annex
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Stainless Steel
STEEL EC3 also allows for the design of structural components made of stainless steel accord-
ing to EN 1993-1-4 [4].
In the second tab of the National Annex Settings dialog box, you find the relevant Partial Factors
and Parameters for Stability Design.

Figure 2.13: Dialog box National Annex Settings - BS, tab Stainless Steel (EN 1993-1-4)
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2.2 Materials
The window is subdivided into two parts. The upper part lists all materials created in RSTAB.
The Material Properties section shows the properties of the current material, that is, the table
row currently selected in the upper section.

Figure 2.14: Window 1.2 Materials
Materials that will not be used in the design are dimmed. Materials that are not allowed are
highlighted in red. Modified materials are displayed in blue.
The material properties required for the determination of internal forces are described in chap-
ter 4.2 of the RSTAB manual (Main Properties). The material properties required for design are
stored in the global material library. These values are preset (Additional Properties).
To adjust the units and decimal places of material properties and stresses, select from the
module's menu Settings Units and Decimal Places (see chapter 7.3, page 73).
Material Description
The materials defined in RSTAB are already preset, but you can always modify them: To select
the field, click the material in column A. Then click [] or press function key [F7] to open the
material list.

Figure 2.15: List of materials
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According to the design concept of the Standard [1], you can select only materials of the
Steel category.
When you have imported a material, the design relevant Material Properties are updated.
If you change the material description manually and the entry is stored in the material library,
STEEL EC3 will import the material properties, too.
In principal, it is not possible to edit the material properties in the add-on module STEEL EC3.
Material Library
Numerous materials are already available in the library. To open the corresponding dialog box,
select
Edit Material Library
or click the button shown on the left.

Figure 2.16: Dialog box Material Library
In the Filter section, Steel is preset as material category. Select the material quality that you
want to use for the design in the Material to Select list. You can check the corresponding prop-
erties in the dialog section below.
Click [OK] or press [] to transfer the selected material to window 1.2 of the module STEEL EC3.
Chapter 4.2 in the RSTAB manual describes in detail how materials can be filtered, added, or
rearranged.
You can also select material categories like Cast Iron or Stainless Steel. Please check, however,
whether these materials are allowed by the design concept of the Standard [1].

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2.3 Cross-Sections
This window manages the cross-sections used for design. In addition, the module window
allows you to specify optimization parameters.

Figure 2.17: Window 1.3 Cross-Sections
Cross-Section Description
The cross-sections defined in RSTAB are preset together with the assigned material numbers.
To modify a cross-section, click the entry in column B selecting this field. Click [Cross-section
Library] or [...] in the field or press function key [F7] to open the cross-section table of the cur-
rent input field (see the following figure).
In this dialog box, you can select a different cross-section or a different cross-section table. To
select a different cross-section category, click [Back to cross-section library] to access the gen-
eral cross-section library.
Chapter 4.3 of the RSTAB manual describes how cross-sections can be selected from the library.
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Figure 2.18: IS cross-sections in the cross-section library
The new cross-section description can be entered in the input field directly. If the data base
contains an entry, STEEL EC3 imports these cross-section parameters, too.
A modified cross-section will be highlighted in blue.
If cross-sections specified in STEEL EC3 are different from the ones used in RSTAB, both cross-
sections are displayed in the graphic on the right. The designs will be performed with the in-
ternal forces from RSTAB for the cross-section selected in STEEL EC3.
Cross-Section Type for Classification
The cross-section type used for the classification is displayed. The cross-sections listed in [1]
Table 5.2 can be designed plastically or elastically depending on the Class. Cross-sections that
are not covered by this table are classified as General. These cross-sections can only be de-
signed elastically (Class 3 or 4).
Max. Design Ratio
This table column is displayed only after the calculation. It is a decision support for the optimi-
zation. By means of the displayed design ratio and colored relation scales, you can see which
cross-sections are little utilized and thus oversized, or overloaded and thus undersized.
Optimize
You can optimize every cross-section from the library: For the RSTAB internal forces, the pro-
gram searches the cross-section that comes as close as possible to a user-defined maximum
utilization ratio. You can define the maximum ratio in the Other tab of the Details dialog box,
(see Figure 3.8, page 49).
To optimize a cross-section, open the drop-down list in column D or E and select the desired
entry: From Current Row or, if available, From favorites 'Description'. Recommendations for the
cross-section optimization can be found in chapter 7.2 on page 71.
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Remark
This column shows remarks in the form of footers that are described in detail below the cross-
section list.
A warning might appear before the calculation: Incorrect type of cross-section! This means that
there is a cross-section that is not stored in the data base. This may be a user-defined cross-
section or a SHAPE-THIN cross-section that has not been calculated yet. To select an appropri-
ate cross-section for design, click [Library] (see description after Figure 2.17).
Member with tapered cross-section
For tapered members with different cross-sections at the member start and member end, the
module displays both cross-section numbers in two rows, in accordance with the definition in
RSTAB.
STEEL EC3 also designs tapered members, provided that the cross-section at the member's
start has the same number of stress points as the cross-section at the member end. For exam-
ple, the normal stresses are determined from the moments of inertia and the centroidal dis-
tances of the stress points. If the cross-sections at the start and the end of a tapered member
have a different number of stress points, the intermediate values cannot be interpolated. The
calculation is possible neither in RSTAB nor in STEEL EC3.
The cross-section's stress points including numbering can also be checked graphically: Select
the cross-section in window 1.3 and click [Info]. The dialog box shown in Figure 2.19 appears.
Info About Cross-Section
In the dialog box Info About Cross-Section, you can view the cross-section properties, stress
points, and c/t-parts.

Figure 2.19: Dialog box Info About Cross-Section
In the right part of the dialog box, the currently selected cross-section is displayed.
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The buttons below the graphic have the following functions:

Table 2.3: Buttons of cross-section graphic
Click [Details] to call up detailed information on stress points (distances to center of gravity,
statical moments of area, normalized warping constants etc.) and c/t-parts.

Figure 2.20: Dialog box Stress Points of HE B 260
Button Function

Displays or hides the stress points

Displays or hides the c/t-parts

Displays or hides the numbering of stress points or c/t-parts

Displays or hides the details of the stress points or c/t-parts (see Figure 2.20)

Displays or hides the dimensions of the cross-section

Displays or hides the principal axes of the cross-section

Resets the full view of the cross-section graphic
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2.4 Lateral Intermediate Supports
In window 1.4, you can define lateral intermediate supports for members. STEEL EC3 always
assumes this kind of support as perpendicular to the minor z-axis of the cross-section (see Fig-
ure 2.19). Thus, you can influence the members' effective lengths which are important for the
stability analyses for flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling.

Figure 2.21: Window 1.4 Lateral Intermediate Supports
In the upper part of the window, you can assign up to nine lateral supports to each member.
The Settings section shows the input as column overview for the member selected above.
To define the intermediate supports of a member, select the Lateral Supports check box in
column A. To graphically select the member and to activate its row, click []. By selecting the
check box, the other columns become available for you to enter the parameters.
In column B, you can select the Support Type from the list. The fork support is preset. Further-
more, you can place the intermediate supports also at the lower or upper flange. The User-
defined option allows you to individually specify the support parameters (support in the direc-
tion of the member axis y, restraint about longitudinal member axis x, eccentricity of support)
in the Settings section.
In column D, you specify the number of the intermediate support. Depending on the specifica-
tion, one or more of the following Lateral Intermediate Supports columns for the definition of
the x-locations are available.
If the Relatively (0 1) check box is selected, the support points can be defined by relative in-
put. The positions of the intermediate supports are determined from the member length and
the relative distances from the member start. If the Relatively (0 ... 1) check box is cleared, you
can define the distances manually in the upper table.
In case of cantilevers, avoid intermediate supports because such supports divide the member
into segments. For cantilevered beams, this would result in segments with forked supports on
one end each that are statically underdetermined.

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2.5 Effective Lengths - Members
The window is subdivided into two parts. The table in the upper part provides summarized in-
formation about the factors for the lengths of buckling and lateral-torsional buckling as well as
the equivalent member lengths of the members to be designed. The effective lengths defined
in RSTAB are preset. In the Settings section, you can see further information on the member
whose row is selected in the upper section.
Click [] to select a member graphically and to show its row.
You can make changes in the table as well as in the Settings tree.

Figure 2.22: Window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
The effective lengths for buckling about the minor z-axis are aligned automatically with the
entries of the 1.4 Lateral Intermediate Supports window. If lateral intermediate supports are
dividing the member into member segments of different lengths, the program displays no
values in the table columns G, K, and L of window 1.5.
The effective lengths can be entered manually in the table and in the Settings tree, or defined
graphically in the work window after clicking [...]. This button is enabled when you click in the
input field (see figure above).
The Settings tree manages the following parameters:
Cross-Section
Member Length
Buckling Possible for the member (cf. columns B, E, and H)
Buckling about Axis y Possible (cf. columns C and D)
Buckling about Axis z Possible (cf. columns F and G)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Possible (cf. columns I through K)
In this table, you can specify for the currently selected member whether to carry out a buckling
or a lateral-torsional buckling analysis. In addition to this, you can adjust the Buckling Length
Coefficient and the Warping Length Coefficient for the respective lengths. When a coefficient is
modified, the equivalent member length is adjusted automatically, and vice versa.

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25

You can also define the buckling length of a member in a dialog box. To open it, click the
button shown on the left. It is located on the right below the upper table of the window.

Figure 2.23: Dialog box Select Buckling Length Coefficient
For each direction, you can define the buckling length according to one of the four Euler buck-
ling modes or as User-defined. If a RSBUCK case calculated according to the eigenvalue analysis
is already available, you can also define a Buckling Shape to determine the factor.
Buckling Possible
A stability analysis for flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling requires that members
can resist compressive forces. Therefore, members for which such resistance is not possible
because of the member type (for example tension members, elastic foundations, rigid cou-
plings) are excluded from design in the first place. The corresponding rows appear dimmed
and a note is displayed in the Comment column.
The Buckling Possible check boxes in table row A and in the Settings tree offer you a control op-
tion for the stability analyses: They determine whether the analyses should or should not be
performed for a member.
Buckling about Axis y or Axis z
With the check boxes in the Possible table columns, you decide whether a member is suscepti-
ble to buckling about the y-axis and/or z-axis. These axes represent the local member axes,
where the y-axis is the major and the z-axis the minor member axis. The buckling length coef-
ficients kcr,y and kcr,z for buckling about the major or the minor axis can be selected freely.
You can check the position of the member axes in the cross-section graphic in the 1.3 Cross-
Sections window (see Figure 2.17, page 19). To access the RSTAB work window, click [View
mode]. In the work window, you can display the local member axes by using the member's
context menu or the Display navigator (see figure below).

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26

Axis definition for kz and kw

Figure 2.24: Selecting the member axis systems in the Display navigator of RSTAB
If buckling is possible about one or even both member axes, you can enter the buckling length
coefficients as well as the buckling lengths in the columns C and D as well as F and G. The same
is possible in the Settings tree.
To specify the buckling lengths in the work window graphically, click [...]. This button becomes
available when you click in an Lcr input field (see Figure 2.22).
When you specify the buckling length coefficient kcr, the program determines the effective
length Lcr by multiplying the member length L by the buckling length coefficient. The input
fields kcr and Lcr are interactive.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Possible
Table column H shows you for which members the program performs an analysis of lateral-
torsional buckling.
Buckling Length Coefficient k
z

To determine M
cr
by the eigenvalue calculation method, a member model with four degrees
of freedom is created in the program background. The following definitions of k
z
and kw (see
page 27) are possible to represent the degrees of freedom on the supports of such a model:
k
z
= 1.0 fork support on both beam ends
k
z
= 0.7le restrained on the left and fork support on the right
k
z
= 0.7ri restrained on the right and fork support on the left
k
z
= 0.5 restraint on both girder ends
k
z
= 2.0le restrained on the left and free member end on the right
k
z
= 2.0ri restrained on the right and free member end on the left
A fork support with k
z
= 1.0 results in a support with a fixation in direction of the y-axis and a
restraint to the torsion about the x-axis (longitudinal axis) of the member. In case a restraint is
used, the torsion of the cross-section about the z-axis is prevented, too. The abbreviations le
and ri refer to the left and right side. The description le always refers to the support conditions
at the member start.
As the definitions for k
z
and kw always refer to member start and member end, particular atten-
tion must be paid when intermediate supports are taken into account: These supports divide
the member into individual segments for the calculation. For cantilevered beams, segments
with fork supports on one side would therefore result that are statically underdetermined (fork
support respectively on one end only).
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27

Buckling Length Coefficient k
w

With the warping length coefficient kw, you define the supports fourth degree of freedom,
which is also included in the determination of the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional
buckling Mcr. You must define whether the cross-section can be warped freely (support is free
to warp) or a warping restraint is set.
The definition follows the one of the buckling length coefficient k
z
(see above) but now it is a
restraint that describes the prevention of warping. By default, STEEL EC3 applies the member
length for the length of lateral-torsional buckling. When you have a structural component con-
sisting of several members between the supports, it may be reasonable to define the length
for lateral-torsional buckling manually. You can use the select function [...] for such a definition.
kw
= 1.0 support free to warp on both beam ends
kw
= 0.7le restrained on the left and fork support on the right
kw = 0.7ri restrained on the right and fork support on the left
kw = 0.5 warping restraint on both beam ends
kw = 2.0le restrained on the left and free member end on the right
kw = 2.0ri restrained on the right and free member end on the left
Since the internal member model requires only four degrees of freedom, a definition of the
remaining degrees of freedom (displacement in x- and z-direction) is unnecessary.
Below the Settings table, you find the Set input for members No. check box. If selected, the set-
tings entered afterwards will be applied to the selected or to All members. Members can be
selected by typing the member number or by selecting them graphically using the [] button.
This option is useful when you want to assign the same boundary conditions to several mem-
bers. Please note that already defined settings cannot be changed subsequently with this
function.
It may happen that the length for lateral-torsional buckling Lw or the torsional buckling length
LT differ from the member length or the effective length. In these cases, it is possible to define
the lengths Lw and LT in the columns K and L manually.
Comment
In the last table column, you can enter you own comments for each member to describe, for
example, the selected equivalent member lengths.
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28

2.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members
This window appears only if you selected at least one set of members for design in the
1.1 General Data window (see Figure 3.2, page 44) and selected the Equivalent Member Method
for sets of members in the dialog box Details. With these settings, however, the windows 1.7
and 1.8 will not be displayed. In this case, you can define the lateral intermediate supports by
division points in window 1.4.

Figure 2.25: Window 1.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members
The concept of this window is similar to the one of the previous 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
window. In this window, you can enter the effective lengths for the buckling about the two
principal axes of the set of members as described in chapter 2.5.
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29

2.7 Nodal Supports - Sets of Members
This window is displayed only if you have selected at least one set of members for the design
in the 1.1 General Data window.
In STEEL EC3, the stability analysis for sets of members is performed usually according to [1],
clause 6.3.4. If, however, the Equivalent Member Method is selected in the Details dialog box
(see Figure 3.2, page 44), window 1.7 will not be displayed. In that case, you can define the
lateral intermediate supports by using division points in window 1.4.

Figure 2.26: Window 1.7 Nodal Supports Set of Members
According to [1], clause 6.3.4 (1), only monosymmetrical cross-sections that are loaded exclu-
sively in their principal plane may be designed. For this analysis method, it is necessary to
know the amplification factor cr,op of the entire set of members. To determine this factor, a
planar framework is created with four degrees of freedom for each node, which you have to
define in window 1.7. This window refers to the current set of members (selected in the add-on
modules navigator on the left).
The orientation of the axes in the set of members is important for the definition of nodal sup-
ports. The program checks the position of the nodes and internally defines, according to Fig-
ure 2.27 through Figure 2.30, the axes of the nodal supports for window 1.7.

Figure 2.27: Auxiliary coordinate system for nodal supports straight set of members
If all members of a set of members lie in a straight line as shown in Figure 2.27, the local coor-
dinate system of the first member in the set of members corresponds to the equivalent coor-
dinate system of the entire set of members.

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30

Figure 2.28: Auxiliary coordinate system for nodal supports set of members in vertical plane
If members of a set of members are not lying in a straight line, they must at least lie in the same
plane. In Figure 2.28, they are lying in a vertical plane. In this case, the X-axis is horizontal and
oriented in direction of the plane. The Y-axis is horizontal as well and defined perpendicular to
the X-axis. The Z-axis is oriented perpendicularly downwards.

Figure 2.29: Auxiliary coordinate system for nodal supports set of members in horizontal plane
If the members of a buckled set of members are lying in a horizontal plane, the X-axis is de-
fined parallel to the X-axis of the global coordinate system. Thus, the Y-axis is oriented in the
opposite direction to the global Z-axis and the Z-axis is directed parallel to the global Y-axis.

Figure 2.30: Auxiliary coordinate system for nodal supports set of members in inclined plane
Figure 2.30 shows the general case of a buckled set of members: The members are not lying in
one straight line but in an inclined plane. The definition of the X-axis arises out of the intersec-
tion line of the inclined plane with the horizontal plane. Thus, the Y-axis is defined perpendic-
ular to the axis X and directed perpendicular to the inclined plane. The Z-axis is defined per-
pendicular to the X- and Y-axes.
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31

2.8 Member End Releases - Sets of Members
in the 1.1 General Data window . Here, you can define releases for members and sets of mem-
bers that, due to structural reasons, do not transfer the locked degrees of freedom specified in
window 1.7 as internal forces. This window refers to the current set of members (selected in
the add-on modules navigator on the left).
Window 1.8 is not displayed when the Equivalent Member Method is selected in the dialog box
Details (see Figure 3.2, page 44) for sets of members.

Figure 2.31: Window 1.8 Member Releases Set of Members
In table column B, you define the Member Side to which the release should be assigned. You
can also connect the releases to both member sides.
In the columns C through F, you can define releases or spring constants to align the set of
members model with the support conditions in window 1.7.
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32

2.9 Serviceability Data
This input window controls several settings for the serviceability limit state design. It is only
available if you have set the according entries in the Serviceability Limit State tab of window 1.1
(see chapter 2.1.2, page 11).

Figure 2.32: Window 1.9 Serviceability Data
In column A, you decide whether you want to apply the deformation to single members, lists
of members, or sets of members.
In table column B, you enter the numbers of the members or sets of members that you want to
design. You can also click [] to select them graphically in the RSTAB work window. Then, the
Reference Length appears in column D automatically. This column presets the lengths of the
members, sets of members, or member lists. If required, you can adjust these values after se-
lecting the Manually check box in column C.
In table column E, you define the governing Direction for the deformation analysis. You can
select the directions of the local member axes y and z (or u and v for unsymmetrical cross-
sections).
In column F, you can consider a precamber wc.
The Beam Type is of crucial importance for the correct application of limit deformations. In col-
umn G, you can specify whether there is a beam or a cantilever and which end should have no
support.
The settings in the Serviceability tab of the Details dialog box decide whether the deformations
are related to the undeformed initial model or to the shifted ends of members or sets of mem-
bers (see Figure 3.3, page 46).
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2.10 Specifications for Fire Resistance Design
The final input window manages the different fire resistance parameters. It is only available if
you have set relevant entries in the Fire Resistance tab of window 1.1 (see chapter 2.1.3, page
12).

Figure 2.33: Window 1.10 Fire Protection Members
Table column A contains the members that are taken into account for fire resistance design.
Click [] to graphically select the members in the RSTAB work window.
In column B, you define the number of cross-section sides that are exposed to fire.
Fire Exposure has an effect on the determination of the section factors according to [2] window
4.2 and window 4.3.
In case an encasement for fire resistance is used, you can select the Protection Type in column D.
You can choose between a spray (contour) encasement that follows the geometry of the cross-
section (for example intumescent coating) and a hollow encasements of the cross section. Then,
you specify the corresponding parameters in table columns E through H.
The general parameters for the fire resistance design are managed in the Fire Resistance tab of
the Details dialog box (see Figure 3.4, page 47).
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2.11 Parameters - Members
This window allows you to enter specifications for beams that laterally supported by sheeting
or purlins (see [3] clauses 10.1 and 10.3).
The upper section lists the members intended for design together with the parameters that
are relevant for the lateral-torsional buckling design. These parameters interact with the speci-
fications in the section Settings for Member No. below.
To the right of the Settings table, you can see information or options in the form of graphics
facilitating the definition of boundary conditions. The display is controlled by the currently
selected parameters.

Figure 2.34: Window 1.11 Parameters - Members
Below the Settings table, you find the Set inputs for members No. check box. If selected, the set-
tings entered afterwards will be applied to the selected or to All members. Members can be se-
lected by typing the member number or by selecting them graphically using the [] button.
This option is useful when you want to assign the same boundary conditions to several mem-
bers.
In the Comment column, you can enter user-defined comments for each member to describe,
for example, a member's parameters relevant for lateral-torsional buckling.
Cross-Section
In this column, the cross-section description is displayed. In the case of a tapered member, the
description of the cross-section start and end is displayed.
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35

Shear Panel
To enter the shear panel parameters, select the check box in column A or in the Settings table.
The type of shear panel can be selected from the list.

Figure 2.35: Selection of shear panel type
Trapezoidal sheeting
The application of a continuous lateral support is described in 1993-1-1 [1] Annex BB.2.1 and
EN 1993-1-3 [3] clause 10.1.5.1.
To determine the shear panel stiffness of a trapezoidal sheeting (corrugated sheet), the follow-
ing specifications are required (see Figure 2.35):
Shear panel length lS
Beam spacing a
Position of trapezoidal sheeting on section
Trapezoidal sheeting description
Fastening arrangement
The shear panel length and the beam spacing can be entered manually or selected graphical-
ly after clicking [...]. This button becomes available when you click in one of the two input
fields. Then, you can select the two snap points in the RSTAB work window that define the
shear panel or the beam spacing.
The trapezoidal sheetings Position on section can be taken into account in different ways by
using the list shown on the left. The selected point of torsion D is marked in the cross-section
graphic, even in case of user-defined input. Here, the distance d is related to the centroid; the
sign results from the z-axis of the cross-section.
To access the corrugated sheet library, click the [...] button that becomes available after you
click in the Trapezoidal sheeting description input field (see Figure 2.38, page 37). The RSTAB
cross-section library appears (see Figure 2.36), where you can select the trapezoidal sheet by
double-clicking it or clicking [OK]. Thus, the shear panel coefficient K1 and K2 (according to the
approval certificate) is automatically entered in the Settings table. The basic width b of the
trapezoidal sheeting has no influence on these coefficients.
The Fastening arrangement of the trapezoidal section influences the shear stiffness that the
sheeting provides to the beam. If the trapezoidal sheeting is fastened only in every second rib,
the shear stiffness to be applied is reduced by a factor of 5.
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Figure 2.36: Cross-section library Rolled Cross-Sections - Corrugated Sheets
Bracing

Figure 2.37: Shear panel type Bracing
To determine the provided shear panel stiffness, the following specifications are required:
Beam spacing a
Position of the bracing on section
Post spacing b
Number of bracings
Section of diagonals
Section of posts
The Shear panel length, the Beam spacing, and the Post spacing can be entered manually or
selected graphically after clicking [...]. This button becomes available when you click in one of
these input fields. Then, you can select the two points defining the shear panel or the spacing
in the RSTAB work window.
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37

The bracings position on section can be considered in different ways by using the list shown
on the left. The selected point of torsion D is marked in the cross-section graphic, even in case
of manual input. Here, the distance d is related to the centroid; the sign results from the z-axis
of the cross-section.
The easiest way to specify the cross-sectional area of the diagonals and posts is to select the
Section Description for the RSTAB library. To access the library, click [...] at the end of the input
field. Then, the CS-Area is imported automatically. It is also possible to enter this value directly.
Trapezoidal sheeting and bracing

Figure 2.38: Shear panel type Trapezoidal sheeting and bracing
To determine the provided shear panel stiffness due to trapezoidal sheeting and bracing, the
following specifications are required:
Beam spacing a
Position of shear panel on section
Trapezoidal sheeting description
Fastening arrangement
Post spacing b
Number of bracings
Section of diagonals
Section of posts
This way of defining the shear panel combines the parameters of the aforementioned options
Trapezoidal sheeting and Bracing.
Define S
prov

Figure 2.39: Defining S-prov
The value of the provided Shear panel stiffness Sprov can also be entered directly. In addition to
this, you have to specify the shear panels Position on section.

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Rotational restraint
To enter the rotational restraint parameters, select the check box in column B or in the Settings
table.
The type of rotational restraint can be selected in the list or by clicking the graphics to the right
of the Settings.

Figure 2.40: Selection of the type of rotational restraint
Continuous rotational restraint
To determine the stiffness components from a trapezoidal sheeting and the connection de-
formation, you need the following specifications (see Figure 2.40):
Material and description of the trapezoidal sheet
Method of determining CD,A
Beam spacing s
Continuous beam effect
To access the corrugated sheet library, click the button [...] that becomes available when you
click in the input field Component description. The RSTAB cross-section library appears where
you can select a corrugated sheet by double-clicking it or clicking [OK]. The section parameters
Sheeting thickness t, Position of sheeting, effective Second moment of area Is for the downward
loading direction, Distance of ribs bR (corrugation width), and Width of the flange bT are import-
ed automatically.
In case of continuous rotational restraint, you have also to consider the deformation of the con-
nection. You can specify the rotational spring stiffness C100 in the entry Method of determining
CD,A or determined by the program according to [3] Table 10.3. Use the [] button for automat-
ic calculation. To access the button [...], click in the input field of the row C100. Use this button to
open a dialog box where you can select the appropriate coefficient (see the following figure).
Click [OK] to assign this value to all load cases and load combinations that you want to design.
A dialog box opens where you can specify the appropriate coefficient.
2 Input Data

39

Figure 2.41: Dialog box Import Coefficient C100 from Table 10, EN 1993-1-3
After you confirm the specification by clicking [OK], this values is assigned to all load cases and
load combinations selected for the design. To assign by load case, open the dialog box Import
Coefficient via the C100 input fields of the individual load cases and load combinations, click [OK].
The Beam spacing can also be specified manually or graphically after clicking [...]. To do this,
click two nodes in the RSTAB work window that define the distance between the beams.
The Continuous beam effect has an impact on the coefficient k of the rotational restraint CD,C,
which you can define in the list of this row (End panel: k = 2, Internal panel: k = 4).
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Discrete rotational restraint

Figure 2.42: Type of rotational restraint Discrete rotational restraint
To determine the stiffness component from isolated columns (for example purlins), the follow-
ing specifications are required:
Material and description of the cross-section
Spacing of purlins e
Beam spacing s
Continuous beam effect
You can select the Material and Cross-section description in the RSTAB library, which you can
access by clicking [...]. To do this, select the relevant input field by clicking it.
The Spacing of the purlins and the Beam spacing can be entered manually or graphically after
clicking [...]. To do this, select two nodes defining the spacing of the purlins or beams by click-
ing them in the RSTAB work window.
The Continuous beam effect has an impact on the coefficient k of the rotational restraint CD,C,
which you can define in the list of this row (End panel: k = 2, Internal panel: k = 4).
Cross-Sectional Area

Figure 2.43: Defining cross-sectional area for tension design
According to [1] clause 6.2.3, holes for fasteners must be taken into account in the tension de-
sign. The Net Cross-Sectional Area Anet can be defined separately for the Start and End of the
member fasteners are usually located at these two x-locations the. The gross cross-sectional
area A is shown for control purposes.
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41
2.12 Parameters - Sets of Members
in window 1.1 General Data.

Figure 2.44: Window 1.12 Parameters - Sets of Members
This window's concept is similar to the one of the previous window 1.11 Parameters - Members.
In this window, you can define the parameters of shear panels and rotational restraints for
each set of members as described in chapter 2.11.
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42

3. Calculation

3.1 Detail Settings
Before you start the [Calculation], it is recommended to check the design details. You can open
the corresponding dialog box in all windows of the add-on module by clicking [Details].
The Details dialog box contains the following tabs:
Ultimate Limit State
Stability
Serviceability
Fire Resistance
Other
3.1.1 Ultimate Limit State

Figure 3.1: Dialog box Details, tab Ultimate Limit State
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43

Classification of Cross-Sections
If stresses from compression and bending occur together in the cross-section, you can deter-
mine the stress-deformation ratio in two ways (the factor is required for the determination
of the appropriate c/t-ratio according to [1] table 5.2):
Fixed NEd, increase MEd to reach fyd
Only the flexural stress component is increased to reach the yield strength.
Increase NEd and MEd uniformly
The flexural stress components from axial force and bending are increased uniformly
until the yield strength fyd is reached.
The check box For limit c/t of Class 3, increase material factor acc. to 5.5.2 (9) can be accessed if
the stability analysis has been deactivated in the tab Stability. This is based on the specifications
for classification in [1] clause 5.5.2 (10). If the stability analysis is deactivated, you can treat
cross-sections classified as Class 4 like cross-sections of Class 3 by increasing the factor .
If select the check box Use SHAPE-THIN for Classification of all supported cross-section types, the
effective cross-section properties of Class 4 sections will be calculated according to the meth-
od used in SHAPE-THIN. If cross-sections are classified as 'general' (that is, belong neither to a
rolled nor a parameterized cross-section table), the classification will generally be performed
with SHAPE-THIN. These cross-sections can be designed only elastically as Class 3 or Class 4
cross-sections.
Options
Cross-sections that are assigned to Class 1 or 2 are designed plastically in STEEL EC3. If you do
not want to perform a plastic design, you can activate the Elastic Design for these cross-section
classes, too.
Stability Analyses with Second-Order Internal Forces
If the stability analyses are performed not with the equivalent member method according to
[1] clause 6.3 but with second order internal forces, you can use this check box to specify if to
use the partial safety factor M1 (instead of M0) for the cross-section design.
The partial safety factor M1 is relevant for the determination of resistance in case of instability
(structural component check). The safety factor can be checked and, if necessary, modified in
the dialog box National Annex Settings (see Figure 2.10, page 13).
Cross-Section Check for M+N
With the check box Use linear interaction acc. to 6.2.1(7), you control if to use a linear addition of
the utilization ratios for the moments and axial forces according to Eq. (6.2) or Eq. (6.44) as con-
servative approximation for the resistance verification of the cross-section.
3 Calculation

44

3.1.2 Stability

Figure 3.2: Dialog box Details, tab Stability
Stability Analysis
The Use check box controls whether to run, in addition to the cross-section checks, a stability
analysis. If you clear the check box, the input windows 1.4 through 1.8 will not be displayed.
If the check box is selected, you can define the axes relevant for the determination of Flexural
buckling. In addition to that, you can include Effects from 2nd order theory according to [1]
clause 5.2.2 (4) by an increase factor for bending moments that can be defined manually. Thus
when you design, for example, a frame whose governing buckling mode is represented by lat-
eral displacement, you can determine the internal forces according to linear static analysis and
increase them with the appropriate factors. If you increase the bending moment, this does not
affect the flexural-buckling analysis according to [1] clause 6.3.1, which is performed by using
the axial forces.
Determination of Elastic Critical Moment for LTB
By default, STEEL EC3 determines the ideal critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling Auto-
matically by Eigenvalue Method. For the calculation, the program uses a finite model to deter-
mine M
cr
, taking into account the following items:
Dimensions of gross cross-section
Load type and position of load application point
Effective distribution of moments
Lateral restraints (by support conditions)
Effective boundary conditions
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45

Mcr user-defined
The degrees of freedom can be controlled by the factors k
z
and kw (see chapter 2.5, page 26).
The elastic critical moment is determined Automatically by comparison of moment courses and
assignment of coefficient C1. To view the load courses and moment distributions, open the
corresponding dialog box by clicking [Info]. The coefficients C2 and C3 are determined auto-
matically by the eigenvalue method, if required.
If you select the Manual definition in Table 1.5 option, the name of column J changes to Mcr,
thus allowing you to enter the elastic critical moment for LTB manually.
If transverse loads are present, it is important to define where these forces are acting on the
cross-section: Depending on the Load application point, transverse loads can be stabilizing or
destabilizing, and thus can decisively influence the elastic critical moment.
Model Type According to Table B.3
According to [1], Table B.3, the equivalent uniform moment factor for structural components
with buckling in the form of lateral deflection should be taken as Cmy = 0.9 or Cmz = 0.9, respec-
tively. The two check boxes are cleared by default. If you select the check boxes, the program
determines the factors Cmy and Cmz according to the criteria given in Table B.3.
Limit Load for Special Cases
To design non-symmetrical cross-sections for intended axial compression according to [1]
6.3.1, you can neglect small moments about the major and the minor axes using the settings
defined in this dialog section.
In the same way, according to [1] 6.3.2, you can switch off small compression forces for the pure
check of bending by defining a limit ratio for N to Npl.
For the design of Unsymmetric Cross-Sections, Tapered Members or Sets of Members according to
[1] 6.3.4, only uniaxial bending in the principal plane and/or compression is allowed. To neglect
a minor moment about the minor axis, you can define a limit for the moment ratio M
z,Ed / M
pl,z,Rd
.
Intended torsion is not clearly specified in EN 1993-1-1. If a torsional stress is available that does
not exceed the shear stress ratio of 5 % preset by default, it is not considered in the stability de-
sign. In this case, the output shows results for flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling.
If one of the limits in this dialog section is exceeded, a note appears in the results window. No
stability analysis is carried out. However, the cross-section checks are run independently. These
limit settings are not part of EN 1993-1-1 or any National Annex. Changing the limits is in the
responsibility of the program user.
Stability Analysis Method of Sets of Members
The stability behavior of sets of members can be analyzed according to two methods.
According to 6.3.1 6.3.3 (Equivalent Member Method), it is possible to treat sets of members
as one single member. To do this, the factors kz and kw have to be defined in the window
1.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members. They are used to determine the support conditions , uy,
x, z, and . If you apply these settings, however, the windows 1.7 and 1.8 will not be dis-
played. Please note that the factors kz and kw are identical for each section or member of the
set of members. In general, the equivalent member method should be used only for straight
sets of members.
With the presetting 6.3.4 (General Method), the program performs a general analysis according
to [1] clause 6.3.4, based on the coefficient cr. In window 1.7, you define the support condi-
tions for each set of members individually. The factors kz and kw from window 1.5 are not used.

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46

3.1.3 Serviceability

Figure 3.3: Dialog box Details, tab Serviceability
Deformation Relative to
The option fields control whether the maximum deformations are related to the shifted ends
of members or sets of members (connection line between start and end nodes of the de-
formed system) or to the undeformed initial system. As a rule, the deformations are to be
checked relative to the displacements in the entire structural system.
In the National Annex Settings dialog box, you can check and, if necessary, adjust the limit
deformations (see Figure 2.10, page 13).
Limitation of Web Breathing
In the serviceability limit state design of steel bridges, the plate slenderness ratio is to be re-
stricted to avoid excessive rippling and breathing of plates as well as a reduction of stiffnesses
due to plate buckling. The check box Design as steel bridge structure according to EN 1993-2, 7.4
controls whether the breathing (repeated out-of-plane deformation) is to be analyzed, which
can result in fatigue at or adjacent to the web-to-flange connections. You have to select
whether you design a Road bridge or a Railway bridge.
In the design, it is necessary to limit the slenderness of stiffened and unstiffened plates.
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47
3.1.4 Fire Resistance
This tab manages the detail settings for the fire resistance check.

Figure 3.4: Dialog box Details, tab Fire Resistance
In addition to the Required time of fire resistance and the Time interval of analysis for the deter-
mination of the temperature change, you have to define the governing Temperature Curve for
Determination of Temperature of Gases. You can select one of the three following curves:

Figure 3.5: Standard temperature-time curve
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48

Figure 3.6: External fire curve

Figure 3.7: Hydrocarbon curve
The Factors for determination of net heat flux are preset in accordance with EN 1991-1-2 and
EN 1993-1-2, but you can adjust them to the given conditions.
If you select the Define final temperature manually check box, you can define the temperature
a in window 1.9 individually.
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49
3.1.5 Other

Figure 3.8: Dialog box Details, tab Other
Cross-Section Optimization
The optimization is targeted to the maximum design ratio of 100 %. If necessary, you can spec-
ify a different limit value in this input field.
Check of Member Slendernesses
In the two input fields, you can specify the limit values limit in order to define member slender-
nesses. You can enter specifications separately for members with pure tension forces and
members with bending and compression.
The limit values are compared to the real member slendernesses in window 3.3. This window
is available after the calculation (see chapter 4.8, page 58 ) if the corresponding check box is
selected in the Display Result Tables dialog box section.
Design of Welds
To carry out designs of welds in the analysis, select this check box. The program performs the
typical designs according to EN 1993-1-8. After the calculation, you can find the results under
the cross-section designs.
Display Result Tables
In this dialog section, you can select the results windows including parts list that you want to
be displayed. Those windows are described in chapter 4 Results.
The 3.3 Member Slendernesses window is inactive by default.
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50

3.2 Start Calculation
To start the calculation, click the [Calculation] button which is available in all input windows of
the STEEL EC3 add-on module.
STEEL EC3 searches for the results of the load cases, load combinations, and result combina-
tions to be designed. If these cannot be found, the program starts the RSTAB calculation to
determine the design relevant internal forces.
You can also start the calculation in the RSTAB user interface: The dialog box To Calculate
(menu Calculate To Calculate) lists design cases of the add-on modules like load cases and
load combinations.

Figure 3.9: Dialog box To Calculate
If the STEEL EC3 cases are missing in the Not Calculated section, select All or Add-on Modules in
the drop-down list below the section.
To transfer the selected STEEL EC3 cases to the list on the right, use the button []. Click [OK]
to start the calculation.
To calculate a design case directly, use the list in the toolbar. Select the STEEL EC3 case in the
toolbar list, and then click [Show Results].

Figure 3.10: Direct calculation of a STEEL EC3 design case in RSTAB
Subsequently, you can observe the design process in a separate dialog box.
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51

4. Results
Window 2.1 Design by Load Case is displayed immediately after the calculation.

Figure 4.1: Results window with designs and intermediate values
The designs are shown in the results windows 2.1 through 2.5, sorted by different criteria.
The windows 3.1 and 3.2 list the governing internal forces. Window 3.3 informs you about the
member slendernesses. The last two results windows 4.1 and 4.2 show the parts lists sorted by
member and set of members.
Every window can be selected by clicking the corresponding entry in the navigator. To set the
previous or next input window, use the buttons shown on the left. You can also use the func-
tion keys to select the next [F2] or previous [F3] window.
To save the results, click [OK]. You exit STEEL EC3 and return to the main program.
Chapter 4 Results describes the different results windows one by one. Evaluating and checking
results is described in chapter 5 Results Evaluation, page 61ff.

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52

4.1 Design by Load Case
The upper part of the window provides a summary, sorted by load cases, load combinations,
and result combinations of the governing designs. Furthermore, the list is divided in ultimate
limit state, serviceability, fire resistance, and stability designs.
The lower part gives detailed information on the cross-section properties, analyzed internal
forces, and design parameters for the load case selected above.

Figure 4.2: Window 2.1 Design by Load Case
Description
This column shows the descriptions of the load cases, load combinations, and result combina-
tions used for the designs.
Member No.
This column shows the number of the member that bears the maximum stress ratio of the
designed loading.
Location x
This column shows the respective x-location where the member's maximum stress ratio occurs.
For the table output, the program uses the following member locations x:
Start and end node
Division points according to possibly defined member division (see RSTAB table 1.6)
Member division according to specification for member results (RSTAB dialog box
Calculation Parameters, tab Global Calculation Parameters)
Extreme values of internal forces
Design
Columns D and E display the design conditions according to EN 1993-1-1.
The length of the colored scale represents the respective utilization ratio.
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53
Design According to Formula
This column lists the code's equations by which the designs have been performed.
DS
The final column provides information on the respective check-relevant design situation (DS):
PT or AC for the ultimate state or one of three design situations for serviceability (CH, FR, QP)
according to the specifications in the 1.1 General Data window (see Figure 2.7, page 11).
4.2 Design by Cross-Section

Figure 4.3: Window 2.2 Design by Cross-Section
This window lists the maximum ratios of all members and actions selected for design, sorted
by cross-section. The results are sorted by cross-section design, stability analysis, serviceability
limit state design, and fire resistance design.
If there is a tapered member, both cross-section descriptions are displayed in the table row
next to the section number.
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54

4.3 Design by Set of Members

Figure 4.4: Window 2.3 Design by Set of Members
This results window is displayed if you have selected at least one set of members for design.
The window lists the maximum utilization ratios sorted by set of members.
The Member No. column shows the number of the one member within the set of members that
bears the maximum ratio for the individual design criteria.
The output by set of members clearly presents the design for an entire structural group (for
example a frame).
4 Results

55
4.4 Design by Member

Figure 4.5: Window 2.4 Design by Member
This results window presents the maximum utilization ratios for the individual designs sorted
by member number. The columns are described in detail in chapter 4.1 on page 52.
4.5 Design by x-Location

Figure 4.6: Window 2.5 Design by x-Location
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56

This results window lists the maxima for each member at the locations x resulting from the
division points in RSTAB:
Start and end node
Division points according to possibly defined member division (see RSTAB table 1.6)
Member division according to specification for member results (RSTAB dialog box
Calculation Parameters, tab Global Calculation Parameters)
Extreme values of internal forces
4.6 Governing Internal Forces by Member

Figure 4.7: Window 3.1 Governing Internal Forces by Member
For each member, this window displays the governing internal forces, that is, those internal
forces that result in the maximum utilization in each design.
Location x
At this x location of the member, the respective maximum design ratio occurs.
Loading
This column displays the number of the load case, the load combination, or result combination
whose internal forces result in the maximum design ratios.
Forces / Moments
For each member, this column displays the axial and shear forces as well as the torsional and
bending moments producing maximum ratios in the respective cross-section designs, stability
analyses, serviceability limit state designs, and fire resistance designs.
Design According to Formula
The final column provides information on the types of checks and the equations by which the
checks according to [1], [2], or [4] have been performed.
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57
4.7 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members

Figure 4.8: Window 3.2 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members
This window shows the internal forces that result in the maximum ratios of the design for each
set of members.
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58

4.8 Member Slendernesses

Figure 4.9: Window 3.3 Member Slendernesses
This results window appears only if you select the respective check box in the Other tab of the
Details dialog box (see Figure 3.8, page 49).
The table lists the effective slendernesses of the designed members for both directions of the
principal axes. They were determined depending on the type of load. At the end of the list, you
find a comparison with the limit values that have been defined in the Details dialog box, tab
Other (see Figure 3.8, page 49).
Members of the member "Tension" or "Cable" type are not included in this window.
This window is displayed only for information. No stability analysis of slendernesses is intended.
4 Results

59

4.9 Parts List by Member
Finally, STEEL EC3 provides a summary of all cross-sections included in the design case.

Figure 4.10: Window 4.1 Parts List by Member
By default, this list contains only the designed members. If you need a parts list for all members
of the model, select the corresponding option in the Details dialog box, tab Other (see Figure
3.8, page 49).
Part No.
The program automatically assigns item numbers to similar members.
Cross-Section Description
The column lists the cross-section numbers and descriptions.
Number of Members
The column shows how many similar members are used for each part.
Length
This column displays the respective length of an individual member.
Total Length
This column shows the product determined from the two previous columns.
Surface Area
For each part, the program indicates the surface area related to the total length. The surface
area is determined from the Surface Area of the cross-sections that can be seen in windows 1.3
and 2.1 through 2.5 in the cross-section information (see Figure 2.19, page 21).
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60

Volume
The volume of a part is determined from the cross-sectional area and the total length.
Unit Weight
The Unit Weight of the cross-section is relative to the length of one meter. For tapered cross-
sections, the program averages both cross-section masses.
Weight
The values of this column are determined from the respective product of the entries in column
C and G.
Total Weight
The final column indicates the total mass of each part.
Sum
At the bottom of the list, you find a sum of the values in the columns B, D, E, F, and I. The last
data field of the column Total Weight gives information about the total amount of steel re-
quired.
4.10 Parts List by Set of Members

Figure 4.11: Window 4.2 Parts List by Set of Members
The last results window is displayed if you have selected at least one set of members for de-
sign. The window summarizes an entire structural group (for example a horizontal beam) in a
parts list.
Details on the various columns can be found in the previous chapter. If there are different
cross-sections in a set of members, the program averages the surface area, the volume, and
cross-section weight.
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61
5. Results Evaluation
You can evaluate the design results in different ways. The buttons below the first window part
can help you to evaluate the results.

Figure 5.1: Buttons for results evaluation
The buttons have the following functions:
Button Description Function

Ultimate Limit State Designs
Shows or hides the results of the ultimate limit state
design

Serviceability Limit State
Designs
Shows or hides the results of the serviceability limit
state design

Fire Protection Designs
Shows or hides the results of the fire protection
design

Show Color Bars
Shows or hides the colored relation scales in
the results windows

Show Rows with Ratio > 1
Displays only the rows where the ratio is greater
than 1, and thus the design is failed

Result Diagrams
Opens the window Result Diagram on Member
chapter 5.2, page 64

Excel Export
Exports the table to MS Excel / OpenOffice
chapter 7.4.3, page 75

Member Selection
Allows you to graphically select a member to
display its results in the table

View Mode
Jumps to the RSTAB work window to change the
view
Table 5.1: Buttons in results windows 2.1 through 2.5

62

When evaluating the fire resistance design, you can check the steel temperature development
graphically: To open the Fire Curves diagram shown in Figure 3.5 to Figure 3.7 on page 47 ff.,
click the button shown on the left (below the cross-section graphic in the results window).
5.1 Results in the RSTAB Model
To evaluate the design results, you can also use the RSTAB work window.
RSTAB background graphic and view mode
The RSTAB work window in the background is useful for finding the position of a particular
member in the model: The member selected in the STEEL EC3 results window is highlighted in
the selection color in the background graphic. Furthermore, an arrow indicates the member's
x-location that is displayed in the selected window row.

Figure 5.2: Indication of the member and the current Location x in the RSTAB model
If you cannot improve the display by moving the STEEL EC3 module window, click [Jump to
Graphic] to activate the View Mode: Thus, you hide the module window so that you can modify
the display in the RSTAB user interface. In the view mode, you can use the functions of the
View menu, for example zooming, moving, or rotating the display. The pointer remains visible.
Click [Back] to return to the add-on module STEEL EC3.
RSTAB work window
You can also graphically check the design ratios in the RSTAB model: Click [Graphics] to exit
the design module. In the RSTAB work window, the design ratios are now displayed like the
internal forces of a load case.
In the Results navigator, you can specify which design ratios of the service and ultimate limit
state or fire resistance design you want to display graphically.
To turn the display of design results on or off, use the [Show Results] button known from the
display of internal forces in RSTAB. To display the result values, click the [Show Values] toolbar
button to the right.
The RSTAB tables are of no relevance for the evaluation of design results.

63

You can set the design cases can be set by means of the list in the RSTAB menu bar.
To adjust the graphical representation of the results, you can select Results Members in the
Display navigator. The display of the design ratios is Two-Colored by default.

Figure 5.3: Display navigator: Results Members
When you select a multicolor representation (options With/Without Diagram or Cross-Sections),
the color panel becomes available. It provides the common control functions described in de-
tail in the RSTAB manual, chapter 3.4.6.

Figure 5.4: Design ratios with display option Without Diagram
The graphics of the design results can be transferred to the printout report (see chapter 6.2,
page 67).
To return to the STEEL EC3 module, click [STEEL EC3] in the panel.


64

5.2 Result Diagrams
You can also graphically evaluate a member's result distributions in the result diagram.
To do this, select the member (or set of members) in the STEEL EC3 results window by clicking
in the table row of the member. Then, open the Result Diagram on Member dialog box by click-
ing the button shown on the left. The button is located below the upper results table (see Fig-
ure 5.1, page 61).
To display the result diagrams, select the command from the RSTAB menu
Results Result Diagrams for Selected Members
or use the button in the RSTAB toolbar shown on the left.
A window opens, graphically showing the distribution of the maximum design values on the
member or set of members.

Figure 5.5: Dialog box Result Diagram on Member
Use the list in the toolbar above to choose the relevant STEEL EC3 design case.
The Result Diagram on Member dialog box is described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 9.5.

65

5.3 Filter for Results
The STEEL EC3 results windows allow you to sort the results by various criteria. In addition, you
can use the filter options for graphical evaluation of the results as described in chapter 9.7 of
the RSTAB manual.
You can use the Visibility option also for STEEL EC3 (see RSTAB manual, chapter 9.7.1) to filter
the members in order to evaluate them.
Filtering designs
The design ratios can easily be used as filter criteria in the RSTAB work window which you can
access by clicking [Graphics]. To apply this filter function, the panel must be displayed. If it is
not shown, select
View Control Panel (Color Scale, Factors, Filter)
or use the toolbar button shown on the left.
The panel is described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 3.4.6. The filter settings for the results
must be defined in the first panel tab (Color spectrum). As this register is not available for the
two-colored results display, you have to use the Display navigator and set the display options
Colored With/Without Diagram or Cross-Sections first.

Figure 5.6: Filtering design ratios with adjusted color spectrum
As the figure above shows, the color spectrum can be set in such a way that only ratios higher
than 0.50 are shown in a color range between blue and red.
If you select the Display Hidden Result Diagram option in the Display navigator (Results Mem-
bers), you can display all design ratio diagrams that are not covered by the color spectrum.
Those diagrams are represented by dotted lines.

66

Filtering members
In the Filter tab of the control panel, you can specify the numbers of particular members to
display their results exclusively, that is, filtered. This function is described in detail in the RSTAB
manual, chapter 9.7.3.

Figure 5.7: Member filter for the design ratios of a hall frame
Unlike the partial view function (Visibilities), the graphic displays the entire model. The figure
above shows the design ratios of a hall frame. The remaining members are displayed in the
model but are shown without design ratios.
6 Printout

67

6. Printout

6.1 Printout Report
Similar to RSTAB, the program generates a printout report for the STEEL EC3 results, to which
you can add graphics and descriptions. The selection in the printout report determines what
data from the design module will be included in the printout.
The printout report is described in the RSTAB manual. In particular, chapter 10.1.3.5 Selecting
Data of Add-on Modules describes how to select input and output data from add-on modules
for the printout report.
For complex structural systems with many design cases, it is recommended to split the data in-
to several printout reports, thus allowing for a clearly-arranged printout.
6.2 STEEL EC3 Graphic Printout
In RSTAB, you can add every picture that is displayed in the work window to the printout re-
port or send it directly to a printer. In this way, you can prepare the design ratios displayed on
the RSTAB model for the printout, too.
The printing of graphics is described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 10.2.
Designs on the RSTAB model
To print the currently displayed graphic of the design ratios, click
File Print Graphic
or use the toolbar button shown on the left.

Figure 6.1: Button Print Graphic in RSTAB toolbar
Result Diagrams
You can also transfer the Result Diagram on Member to the report or print it directly by using
the [Print] button.

Figure 6.2: Button Print Graphic in the dialog box Result Diagram on Member
The Graphic Printout dialog box appears (see the following page).

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68

Figure 6.3: Dialog box Graphic Printout, tab General
This dialog box is described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 10.2. The RSTAB manual also
describes the Options and Color Spectrum tab.
You can move a graphic anywhere within the printout report by using the drag-and-drop
function.
To adjust a graphic subsequently in the printout report, right-click the relevant entry in
the navigator of the printout report. The Properties option in the context menu opens the
Graphic Printout dialog box, offering various options for adjustment.

Figure 6.4: Dialog box Graphic Printout, tab Options
7 General Functions

69

7. General Functions
This chapter describes useful menu functions as well as export options for the designs.
7.1 Design Cases
Design cases allow you to group members for the design: In this way, you can combine groups
of structural components or analyze members with particular design specifications (for exam-
ple changed materials, partial safety factors, optimization).
It is no problem to analyze the same member or set of members in different design cases.
To calculate a STEEL EC3 design case, you can also use the load case list in the RSTAB toolbar.
Create New Design Case
To create a new design case, use the STEEL EC3 menu and click
File New Case.
The following dialog box appears:

Figure 7.1: Dialog box New STEEL EC3 Case
In this dialog box, enter a No. (one that is still available) for the new design case. The corre-
sponding Description will make the selection in the load case list easier.
Click [OK] to open the STEEL EC3 window 1.1 General Data where you can enter the design
data.
Rename Design Case
To change the description of a design case, use the STEEL EC3 menu and click
File Rename Case.

Figure 7.2: Dialog box Rename STEEL EC3 Case
In this dialog box, you can specify a different Description as well as a different No. for the
design case.
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70

Copy Design Case
To copy the input data of the current design case, select from the STEEL EC3 menu
File Copy Case.

Figure 7.3: Dialog box Copy STEEL EC3 Case
Define the No. and, if necessary, a Description for the new case.
Delete a Design Case
To delete design cases, select from the STEEL EC3 menu
File Delete Case.

Figure 7.4: Dialog box Delete Cases
The design case can be selected in the list Available Cases. To delete the selected case,
click [OK].
7 General Functions

71

7.2 Cross-Section Optimization
The design module offers you the option to optimize overloaded or little utilized cross-sections.
To do this, select in column D or E of the relevant cross-sections in the 1.3 Cross-Sections win-
dow whether to determine the cross-section From the current row or the user-defined Favorites
(see Figure 2.17, page 19). You can also start the cross-section optimization in the results win-
dows by using the context menu.

Figure 7.5: Context menu for cross-section optimization
During the optimization process, the module determines the cross-section that fulfills the anal-
ysis requirements in the most optimal way, that is, comes as close as possible to the maximum
allowable design ratio specified in the Details dialog box (see Figure 3.8, page 49). The required
cross-section properties are determined with the internal forces from RSTAB. If another cross-
section proves to be more favorable, this cross-section is used for the design. Then, the graphic
in window 1.3 shows two cross-sections: the original cross-section from RSTAB and the opti-
mized one (see Figure 7.7).
For a parameterized cross-section, the following dialog box appears when you select 'Yes' from
the drop-down list.

Figure 7.6: Dialog box Welded Cross-Sections - I symmetric : Optimize
By selecting the check boxes in the Optimize column, you decide which parameter(s) you want
to modify. This enables the Minimum and Maximum columns, where you can specify the upper
and lower limits of the parameter. The Increment column determines the interval in which the
size of the parameter varies during the optimization process.
7 General Functions

72

If you want to Keep current side proportions, select the corresponding check box. In addition,
you must select at least two parameters for optimization.
Cross-sections built up from rolled cross-sections cannot be optimized.
Please note that the internal forces are not automatically recalculated with the changed cross-
sections during the optimization: It is up to you to decide which cross-sections should be
transferred to RSTAB for recalculation. As a result of optimized cross-sections, internal forces
may vary significantly because of the changed stiffnesses in the structural system. Therefore, it
is recommended to recalculate the internal forces of the modified cross-section data after the
first optimization, and then to optimize the cross-sections once again.
You can export the modified cross-sections to RSTAB: Go to the 1.3 Cross-Sections window, and
then click
Edit Export All Cross-Sections to RSTAB.
Alternatively, you can use the context menu in window 1.3 to export optimized cross-sections
to RSTAB.

Figure 7.7: Context menu in window 1.3 Cross-Sections
Before the modified cross-sections are transferred to RSTAB, a security query appears as to
whether the results of RSTAB should be deleted.

Figure 7.8: Query before transfer of modified cross-sections to RSTAB
By confirming the query and then starting the [Calculation] in the STEEL EC3 module, the
RSTAB internal forces as well as the designs will be determined in one single calculation run.

7 General Functions

73
If the modified cross-sections have not been exported to RSTAB yet, you can reimport the orig-
inal cross-sections in the design module by using the options shown in Figure 7.7. Please note
that this option is only available in the 1.3 Cross-sections window.
If you optimize a tapered member, the program modifies the member start and end. Then it
linearly interpolates the second moments of area for the intermediate locations. Because these
moments are considered with the fourth power, the analyses may be inaccurate if the depths
of the start and end cross-section differ considerably. In such a case, it is recommended to di-
vide the taper into several members, thus modeling the taper layout manually.
7.3 Units and Decimal Places
Units and decimal places for RSTAB and the add-on modules are managed in one dialog box.
To define the units in STEEL EC 3, select
Settings Units and Decimal Places.
The following dialog box appears that is familiar from RSTAB. STEEL EC3 is preset in the
Program / Module list.

Figure 7.9: Dialog box Units and Decimal Places
You can save the settings as user profile to reuse them in other models. These functions are
described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 11.1.3.

7 General Functions

74

7.4 Data Transfer
7.4.1 Export Material to RSTAB
If you have adjusted the materials in STEEL EC3 for design, you can export the modified mate-
rials to RSTAB in a similar way as you export cross-sections: Open the 1.2 Materials window,
and then click
Edit Export All Materials to RSTAB.
You can also export the modified materials to RSTAB using the context menu of window 1.2.

Figure 7.10: Context menu in window 1.2 Materials
Before the modified materials are transferred to RSTAB, a security query appears as to whether
the results of RSTAB should be deleted. When you have confirmed the query and then start the
[Calculation] in STEEL EC3, the RSTAB internal forces and designs are determined in one single
calculation run.
If the modified materials have not been exported to RSTAB yet, you can transfer the original
materials to the design module, using the options shown in Figure 7.10. Please note, however,
that this option is only available in the 1.2 Materials window.
7.4.2 Export Effective Lengths to RSTAB
If you have adjusted the materials in STEEL EC3 for design, you can export the modified mate-
rials to RSTAB in a similar way as you export cross-sections: Open the 1.5 Effective Lengths -
Members window, and then select
Edit Export All Effective Lengths to RSTAB
or use the corresponding option on the context menu of window 1.5.

Figure 7.11: Context menu of window 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members
Before the modified materials are transferred to RSTAB, a security query appears as to whether
the results of RSTAB should be deleted.
If the modified effective lengths have not been exported to RSTAB yet, you can reimport the
original effective lengths to the design module by using the options shown in Figure 7.11.
Please note, however, that this option is only available in the windows 1.5 Effective Lengths -
Members and 1.6 Effective Lengths - Sets of Members.
7.4.3 Export Results
The STEEL EC3 results can also be used by other programs.
Clipboard
To copy cells selected in the results windows to the Clipboard, press the keys [Ctrl]+[C]. To in-
sert the cells, for example in a word-processing program, press [Ctrl]+[V]. The headers of the
table columns will not be transferred.
7 General Functions

75
Printout report
You can print the data of the STEEL EC3 add-on module into the global printout report (see
chapter 6.1, page 67) for export. Then, in the printout report, click
File Export to RTF.
The function is described in the RSTAB manual, chapter 10.1.11.
Excel / OpenOffice
STEEL EC3 provides a function for the direct data export to MS Excel, OpenOffice.org Calc, or
the file format CSV. To open the corresponding dialog box, click
File Export Tables.
The following export dialog box appears.

Figure 7.12: Dialog box Export - MS Excel
When you have selected the relevant options, you can start the export by clicking [OK].
Excel or OpenOffice will be started automatically, that is, the programs do not have to be
opened first.

Figure 7.13: Result in Excel
8 Examples

76

8. Examples

8.1 Stability
In our example, we perform the stability analyses for flexural buckling and lateral-torsional
buckling for a column with double-bending, taking into account the interaction conditions.
Design values
System and loads
q
z
2

m
2

m
4

m
F
y
N
z
y
HEB160

Figure 8.1: System and design loads ( times)
Internal forces according to linear static analysis

N My Mz Vy Vz
Figure 8.2: Internal forces
Design values of the static loads
Nd = 300 kN
qz,d = 5.0 kN/m
Fy,d = 7.5 kN
8 Examples

77
Design location (decisive x-location)
The design is performed for all x-locations (see chapter 4.5) of the equivalent member. The
governing location is x = 2.00 m. RSTAB determines the following internal forces:
N = 300.00 kN My = 10.00 kNm Mz = 7.50 kNm Vy = 3.75 kN Vz = 0.00 kN
Cross-section properties HE-B 160, S 235
Property Symbol Value Unit
Cross-section area A 54.30 cm
2

Moment of inertia Iy 2490.00 cm
4

Moment of inertia Iz 889.00 cm
4

Governing radius of gyration ry 6.78 cm
Governing radius of gyration rz 4.05 cm
Polar radius of gyration ro 7.90 cm
Polar radius of gyration ro,M 41.90 cm
Cross-section weight wt 42.63 kg/m
Torsional constant J 31.40 cm
4

Warping constant Cw 47940.00 cm
6

Elastic section modulus Sy 311.00 cm
3

Elastic section modulus Sz 111.00 cm
3

Plastic section modulus Zy 354.00 cm
3

Plastic section modulus Zz 169.96 cm
3
Buckling curve BCy b
Buckling curve BCz c
Flexural buckling about minor axis ( to z-z axis)
kN 60 . 1151
00 . 400
00 . 889 21000
N
2
2
z , cr
=

=
053 . 1
60 . 1151
5 . 23 30 . 54
N
f A
z , cr
y
z
=
=
2 . 0 053 . 1
z
> = Design for flexural buckling must be performed.
Cross-sectional geometry: 2 . 1 00 . 1
b
h
= structural steel S 235 t 100 mm
[1], Table 6.2, row 3, column 4: Buckling curve c
z = 0.49 (Table 6.1)
( ) | | 263 . 1 053 . 1 2 . 0 053 , 1 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + + =
510 . 0
053 . 1 263 . 1 263 . 1
1
2 2
z
=
+
=
461 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 30 . 54 510 . 0
300
/ f A
N
1 M y z
Ed
=

=

8 Examples

78

Result values from STEEL EC3 calculation

Flexural buckling about major axis ( to y-y axis)
kN 51 . 3225
00 . 400
00 . 2490 21000
N
2
2
y , cr
=

=

2 . 0 629 . 0
y
b
h
[1], Table 6.2, row 3, column 4: Buckling curve b
y = 0.34 (Table 6.1)
( ) | | 771 . 0 629 . 0 2 . 0 629 . 0 34 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + + =
822 . 0
629 . 0 771 . 0 771 . 0
1
2 2
Y
=
+
=
286 . 0
0 . 1 / 5 . 23 30 . 54 822 . 0
300
/ f A
N
1 M y Y
Ed
=

=

Second moment of area Iy 2490.00 cm
4

Effective member length Lcr,y 4.000 m
Elastic flexural buckling force Ncr,y 3225.51 kN
Cross-section area A 54.30 cm
2

Yield strength fy 23.50 kN/cm
2
3.2.1
Slenderness _y 0.629 > 0.2 6.3.1.2(4)
Buckling curve BCy b Tab. 6.2
Imperfection factor y 0.340 Tab. 6.1
Auxiliary factor y 0.771 6.3.1.2(1)
Reduction factor y 0.822 Eq. (6.49)
Second moment of area I
z
889.00 cm
4

Effective member length L
cr,z
4.000 m
Elastic flexural buckling force N
cr,z
1151.60 kN
Slenderness
z
1.053 > 0.2 6.3.1.2(4)
Buckling curve BC
z
c Tab. 6.2
Imperfection factor

z

0.490
Tab. 6.1
Auxiliary factor
z
1.263
6.3.1.2(1)
Reduction factor

z

0.510
Eq. (6.49)
629 . 0
51 . 3225
5 . 23 30 . 54
N
f A
y , cr
y
y
=
=
8 Examples

79
Lateral-torsional buckling
Elastic critical moment
In this example, the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling is determined accord-
ing to the Austrian National Annex, assuming hinged supports .
The point of load application is assumed to be in the shear center. The application point for
transverse loads can be adjusted in Details dialog box (see chapter 3.1.2, page 44).
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
1 cr
I E
I G L
I
I
L
I E
C M

+

=

kNm 71 . 215
889 21000
40 . 31 8100 400
889
47940
400
889 21000
13 . 1 M
2
2
2
2
cr
=

+

=
The program also shows Mcr,0, which is determined assuming a constant moment distribution.
For the results by x-location, the program also shows the Mcr,x values, that is, the elastic critical
moments at the x-locations relative to the elastic critical moment at the location of the maxi-
mum moment. With Mcr,x, the program calculates the relative slenderness
LT
.
Slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling
Calculation according to [1], clause 6.3.2.2, for location with maximum moment at x = 2.00 m:
HEB-160, cross-section Class 1: cm 0 . 354 Z S
y y
=
621 . 0
71 . 215
5 . 23 354
M
f S
cr
y y
LT
=
=
Reduction factor
LT

Calculation according to [1], section 6.3.2.3
HEB-160: d/w = 1.0 < 2.0 buckling curve "b" according to Table 6.5
Auxiliary factor: ( ) | |
2
LT 0 , LT LT LT LT
1 5 . 0 + + =
( ) | | 682 . 0 621 . 0 75 . 0 40 . 0 621 . 0 34 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
LT
= + + =
Limiting slenderness: 40 . 0
0 , LT
=
Parameter (minimum value): 75 . 0 =
Imperfection factor: 34 . 0
LT
= (Table 6.3)
908 . 0
621 . 0 75 . 0 682 . 0 682 . 0
1 1
2 2 2
LT
2
LT LT
LT
=
+
=
+
=
In accordance with [1], clause 6.3.2.3, the reduction factor may be modified as follows:
f
LT
mod , LT
= where )] 8 . 0 ( 0 . 2 1 [ ) k 1 ( 5 . 0 1 f
2
LT c
=
934 . 0
972 . 0
908 . 0
mod , LT
= =

8 Examples

80

For a parabolic moment diagram, we obtain the following correction factor kc:
kc = 0.94 (Table 6.6)
972 . 0 ] ) 8 . 0 621 . 0 ( 0 . 2 1 [ ) 94 . 0 1 ( 5 . 0 1 ] ) 8 . 0 ( 0 . 2 1 [ ) k 1 ( 5 . 0 1 f
2 2
LT c
= = =
Interaction factors k
yy
and k
yz

Determination according to [1], Annex B, Table B2, for structural components susceptible to
torsional deformations.
The equivalent moment factor CmLT according to Table B3 for = 0 is obtained as:
95 . 0 05 . 0 95 . 0 C C
h mLT my
= + = = where 0 10 / 0 M / M
s h h
= = =
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
1 M Rk y
Ed
my
1 M Rk y
Ed
y my yy
/ N
N
8 . 0 1 C
/ N
N
) 2 , 0 ( 1 C k
( ) ( ) 167 . 1 067 . 1 286 . 0 8 . 0 1 95 . 0 286 . 0 ) 2 . 0 629 . 0 ( 1 95 . 0 k
yy
= + + =
888 . 0 481 . 1 60 . 0 k 60 . 0 k
zz yz
= = =
Interaction factors k
zy
and k
zz

Determination according to [1], Annex B, Table B2, for structural components susceptible to
torsional deformations
The equivalent moment factor CmLT

according to Table B3 for = 0 is obtained as:
90 . 0 01 . 0 90 . 0 C
h mz
= + = where 0 10 / 0 M / M
s h h
= = =
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|

=
1 M Rk z
Ed
mLT 1 M Rk z
Ed
mLT
z
zy
/ N
N
) 25 . 0 C (
1 . 0
1
/ N
N
) 25 . 0 C (
1 . 0
1 k
934 . 0 892 . 0 461 . 0
) 25 . 0 95 . 0 (
1 . 0
1 461 . 0
) 25 . 0 95 . 0 (
053 . 1 1 . 0
1 k
zy
= |
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

=
934 . 0 k
zy
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
1 M Rk z
Ed
mz
1 M Rk z
Ed
z mz zz
/ N
N
4 . 1 1 C
/ N
N
) 6 , 0 2 ( 1 C k
( ) ( ) 481 . 1 525 . 1 461 . 0 4 . 1 1 90 . 0 461 . 0 ) 6 . 0 053 . 1 2 ( 1 90 . 0 k
zz
= + + =
481 . 1 k
zz
=
Interaction design for buckling around major axis and lateral-torsional buckling
1
M
M
k
M
M
k
N
N
1 M
Rk , z
Ed , z
yz
1 M
Rk , y
LT
Ed , y
yy
1 M
Rk
y
Ed

according to [1], Eq. (6.61)
kNm 19 . 83 kNcm 8319 5 . 23 354 f W M
y
y , pl Rk , y
= = = =
kNm 94 . 39 kNcm 1 . 3994 5 . 23 96 . 169 f W M
y z , pl Rk , z
= = = =
1 594 . 0
0 . 1
94 . 39
50 . 7
888 . 0
0 . 1
19 . 83
908 . 0
0 . 10
067 . 1
0 . 1
05 . 1276
822 . 0
300
= +

8 Examples

81
Interaction design for buckling around minor axis and lateral-torsional buckling
1
M
M
k
M
M
k
N
N
1 M
Rk , z
Ed , z
zz
1 M
Rk , y
LT
Ed , y
zy
1 M
Rk
z
Ed

according to [1], Eq. (6.62)
1 863 . 0
0 . 1
94 . 39
50 . 7
481 . 1
0 . 1
19 . 83
908 . 0
0 . 10
934 . 0
0 . 1
05 . 1276
510 . 0
300
= +

Section depth h 160.0 mm
Section width b 160.0 mm
Criterion h/b 1.00 2 Tab. 6.5
Buckling curve BCLT b Tab. 6.5
Imperfection factor LT 0.340 Tab. 6.3
Shear modulus G 8100,00 kN/cm
2

Length factor kz 1.000
Length factor kw 1.000
Length L 4.000 m
Warping constant Cw 47940.00 cm
6

Torsional constant J 31.40 cm
4

Ideal elastic critical moment for
lateral-torsional buckling for de-
termination of related slenderness Mcr,0 190.90 kNm
Moment distribution Diagr My 6) Parabola
Maximum field moment My,max 10.00 kNm
Boundary moment My,A 0.00 kNm
Moment ratio 0.000
Moment factor C1 1.130 [2]
Ideal elastic critical moment Mcr 215.71 kNm
Elastic section modulus Sy 354.00 cm
3

Slenderness _LT 0.621 6.3.2.2(1)
Parameters _LT,0 0.400 6.3.2.3(1)
Parameters 0.750 6.3.2.3(1)
Auxiliary factor LT 0.682 6.3.2.3(1)
Reduction factor LT 0.908 Eq. (6.57)
Correction factor kc 0.940 6.3.2.3(2)
Modification factor f 0.972 6.3.2.3(2)
Reduction factor LT,mod 0.934 Eq. (6.58)
Moment distribution Diagr My 3) Max in field Tab. B.3
Moment factor y 1.000 Tab. B.3
Moment Mh,y 0.00 kNm Tab. B.3
8 Examples

82

Moment Ms,y 10.00 kNm Tab. B.3
Ratio Mh,y / Ms,y h,y 0.000 Tab. B.3
Load type Load z Uniform load Tab. B.3
Moment factor Cmy 0.950 Tab. B.3
Moment distribution Diagr Mz 3) Max in field Tab. B.3
Moment factor z 1.000 Tab. B.3
Moment Mh,z 0.00 kNm Tab. B.3
Moment Ms,z 7.50 kNm Tab. B.3
Ratio Mh,z / Ms,z h,z 0.000 Tab. B.3
Load type Load y Concentr. load Tab. B.3
Moment factor Cmz 0.900 Tab. B.3
Moment distribution Diagr My,LT 3) Max in field Tab. B.3
Moment factor y,LT 1.000 Tab. B.3
Moment Mh,y,LT 0.00 kNm Tab. B.3
Moment Ms,y,LT 10.00 kNm Tab. B.3
Ratio Mh,y,LT / Ms,y,LT h,y.LT 0.000 Tab. B.3
Load type Load z Uniform load Tab. B.3
Moment factor CmLT 0.950 Tab. B.3
Component type
Structural
member
Susceptible to
torsional de-
formation
Interaction factor kyy 1.067 Tab. B.2
Interaction factor kyz 0.888 Tab. A.1
Interaction factor kzy 0.934 Tab. A.1
Interaction factor kzz 1.481 Tab. A.1
Axial force (compression) NEd 300.00 kN
Governing cross-section area Ai 54.30 cm
2
Tab. 6.7
Compression resistance NRk 1276.05 kN Tab. 6.7
Partial factor M1 1.000 6.1
Design component for N Ny 0.29 1 Eq. (6.61)
Design component for N hNz 0.46 1 Eq. (6.62)
Moment My,Ed 10.00 kNm
Moment resistance My,Rk 83.19 kNm Tab. 6.7
Moment component My 0.13 Eq. (6.61)
Moment Mz,Ed 7.50 kNm
Elastic section modulus Sz 169.96 cm
3

Moment resistance Mz,Rk 39.94 kNm Tab. 6.7
Moment component Mz 0.19 Eq. (6.61)
Design 1 1 0.59 1 Eq. (6.61)
Design 2 2 0.86 1 Eq. (6.62)

8 Examples

83
8.2 Fire Resistance
This example presents the fire design of a steel column.
System and loads
Column cross-section: HEB 300, steel S 235
System: hinged column, = 1.0
Height of system: 3.00 m
Loading: GK = 1200 kN
QK = 600 kN

Figure 8.3: System and loads
Ultimate limit state design for room temperature
Flexural buckling about minor axis ( to z-z axis)
kN 90 . 19712
00 . 300
00 . 8560 21000
N
2
2
z , cr
=

=
426 . 0
90 . 19712
0 . 24 0 . 149
N
f A
z , cr
y
z
=
=
2 . 0 426 . 0
z
b
h
[1], Table 6.2, row 3, column 4: Buckling curve c
z = 0.49 (Table 6.1)
( ) | | 646 . 0 426 . 0 2 . 0 426 . 0 49 . 0 1 5 . 0
2
= + + =
884 . 0
426 . 0 646 . 0 646 . 0
1
2 2
z
=
+
=
kN 2520 600 * 5 . 1 1200 * 35 . 1 Q * 5 . 1 G * 35 . 1 N
k k Ed
= + = + =
Check
0 . 1 877 . 0
1 . 1 / 0 . 24 0 . 149 884 . 0
2520
/ f A
N
1 M y z
Ed
=

=

8 Examples

84


Fire resistance design
After a fire exposure of 90 min, according to the standard temperature-time curve, the mean steel
temperature is 524 C.
A box-shaped GRP encasement (glass-reinforced plastic) is used as fire resistance material with
the following characteristics:
Specific weight:
3
p
m
kg
0 . 945 =
Thermal conductivity:
k
W
20 . 0
p
=
Specific heat capacity:
K * kg
J
1700 c
p
=
Thickness: mm 18 d
p
=
Determination of reduction factors
703 . 0 k
, y
=
according to [2], Table 3.1

528 . 0 k
, E
=
according to [2], Table 3.1

Design in fire situation according to [2], 4.2.3.2
Imperfection factor :
643 . 0
240
235
* 65 . 0
f
235
* 65 . 0
y
= = =
Non-dimensional relative slenderness
:
| | 491 . 0
528 . 0
703 . 0
* 426 . 0
k
k
*
5 . 0
5 . 0
, E
, y

= =
(

Second moment of area Iz 8560.00 cm
4

Effective member length Lcr,z 3.000 m
Elastic flexural buckling force Ncr,z 19712.9 kN
Slenderness _,z 0.4259 > 0.2 6.3.1.2(4)
Buckling curve BCz c Tab. 6.2
Imperfection factor
z
0.490 Tab. 6.1
Auxiliary factor z 0,646 6.3.1.2(1)
Reduction factor
z
0,884 Eq. (6.49)
Flexural buckling resistance Nb,z,Rd 2872.27 kN Eq. (6.47)
Design 0.877 1.0 Eq. (6.46)
8 Examples

85
Auxiliary factor:
| | | | 778 . 0 491 . 0 491 . 0 * 643 . 0 1 *
2
1
* 1 *
2
1
2 2
= + + = + + =

Reduction factor for flexural buckling in the fire design situation:
723 . 0
491 . 0 778 . 0 778 . 0
1 1
2 2 2 2
fi
=
+
=
+
=

Buckling resistance of structural component subjected to compression:
83 . 1817
0 . 1
24 * 703 . 0 * 0 . 149 * 723 . 0
f * k * A *
N
fi , M
y , y fi
Rd , fi , b
= =
=

Loading in case of fire:
kN 1740 600 * 9 . 0 1200 * 0 . 1 Q * 9 . 0 G * 0 . 1 N
k k Ed , fi
= + = + =
Design
0 . 1 957 . 0
83 . 1817
1740
N
N
Rd , fi , b
Ed , fi
= = =

Reduction factor ky, 0.703 EN 1993-1-2, Tab. 3.1
Reduction factor kE, 0.528 EN 1993-1-2, Tab. 3.1
Slenderness
_z, 0.4915 EN 1993-1-2, Eq. (4.7)
Imperfection factor
0.6432 EN 1993-1-2,4.2.3.2(2)
Auxiliary factor
z, 0.778 EN 1993-1-2, 4.2.3.2(2)
Reduction factor z,fi
0.723 EN 1993-1-2, Eq. (4.6)
Flexural buckling resistance
Nb,fi,z,,Rd 1817.83 kN
Design criterion 0.957 1.0 EN 1993-1-2, Eq. (4.1)
A Literature

86
A Literature

[1] EN 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, 2005
Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design, 2006
Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold-formed
members and sheeting, 2006
Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steels, 2006
[5] Tragwerke aus Stahl nach Eurocode 3, Werner, 1. Auflage 1996
[6] The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to EC3 , TRAHAIR N.S., BRADFORD M.A.,
NETHERCOT D.A., GARDNER L., Taylor & Francis Ltd 2007
[7] Rules for Member Stability in EN 1993-1-1, ECCS Technical Committee 8 Stability
[8] Die neuen Stabilittsnachweise im Stahlbau nach Eurocode 3, NAUMES J., STROHMANN I.,
UNGERMANN D., SEDLACEK G., Stahlbau 77 (2008) Heft 10, Ernst & Sohn
[9] Biegeknicken und Biegedrillknicken von Stben auf einheitlicher Grundlage, NAUMES J.,
FELDMANN M., SEDLACEK G., Heft 70, Schriftenreihe Stahlbau, RWTH Aachen, Shaker Verlag
2010

B Index

87
B Index

A
Accidental ......................................................................... 10
Axis ...................................................................................... 25
B
Background graphic ...................................................... 62
Beam spacing .................................................... 35, 36, 39
Beam type ......................................................................... 32
Boundary conditions ..................................................... 34
Bracing ............................................................................... 36
Buckling ............................................................................. 25
Buckling length ........................................................ 24, 27
Buckling length coefficient ......................................... 26
Button ................................................................................ 61
C
Calculation ........................................................................ 42
Cantilever ................................................................... 23, 32
Characteristic ................................................................... 12
Classification .................................................................... 43
Clipboard .......................................................................... 74
Color spectrum ............................................................... 65
Colored design ................................................................ 65
Comment ............................................................................ 9
Connection deformation ............................................. 38
Continuous beam effect .............................................. 39
Continuous rotational restraint ................................. 38
Control panel ................................................................... 65
Cross-section ............................................................ 19, 71
Cross-section class ......................................................... 43
Cross-section design ..................................................... 53
Cross-section library ...................................................... 19
Cross-section optimization ......................................... 71
Cross-section type ......................................................... 20
Cross-sectional area ...................................................... 40
D
Decimal places ......................................................... 17, 73
Deflection ......................................................................... 12
Deformation analysis .................................................... 32
Design ....................................................... 9, 20, 51, 52, 53
Design case ........................................................ 63, 69, 70
Design combination ...................................................... 12
Design of welds .............................................................. 49
Design situation ....................................................... 10, 53
Detail settings ................................................................. 42
Diagonal ............................................................................ 37
Discrete rotational restraint ....................................... 40
Display navigator .................................................... 63, 65
E
Effective length .......................................... 24, 25, 28, 74
Elastic critical moment for LTB .................................. 44
End panel .......................................................................... 39
Equivalent member length ........................................ 24
Equivalent member method ......................... 28, 29, 45
European lateral-torsional buckling ........................ 14
Excel ................................................................................... 75
Exit STEEL EC3 .................................................................... 8
Expanded method ......................................................... 14
Export ................................................................................ 74
Export cross-section ...................................................... 72
Export effective length ................................................ 74
Export material ............................................................... 74
F
Fastening arrangement ............................................... 35
Favorites ........................................................................... 71
Filter ................................................................................... 65
Filtering members ......................................................... 66
Fire exposure ................................................................... 33
Fire resistance ................................................................. 12
Fire resistance check ..................................................... 47
Fire resistance design ............................................ 33, 61
Flexural buckling ............................................... 23, 25, 44
Fork support ....................................................... 23, 26, 27
Frequent ........................................................................... 12
G
General data ....................................................................... 8
General method ............................................................. 45
Graphic .............................................................................. 62
Graphic printout............................................................. 67
H
Hidden result diagram ................................................. 65
Hollow encasement ...................................................... 33
I
Increase factor ................................................................ 44
Info about cross-section .............................................. 21
Installation .......................................................................... 6
B Index

88

Interaction ........................................................................ 43
Intermediate support ................................................... 23
Internal forces ........................................................... 56, 72
Internal panel .................................................................. 39
L
Lateral intermediate support ..................................... 23
Lateral support ................................................................ 23
Lateral-torsional buckling ............................. 14, 23, 26
Length ......................................................................... 24, 59
Limit deformation .......................................................... 46
Limit load .......................................................................... 45
Limit values ........................................................... 9, 12, 13
List of members .............................................................. 32
Load application ............................................................. 45
Load case ............................................................ 10, 11, 56
Load combination .......................................................... 10
Location x ......................................................................... 52
M
Material ....................................................................... 17, 74
Material description ...................................................... 17
Material library ................................................................ 18
Material properties ........................................................ 17
Member release .............................................................. 31
Member slendernesses ......................................... 49, 58
Members ............................................................................. 9
Model type ....................................................................... 45
N
National Annex ...........................................................9, 13
Naumes .............................................................................. 14
Navigator ............................................................................ 8
Net cross-sectional area ............................................... 40
Net flow of heat .............................................................. 48
Nodal support ................................................................. 29
Nonlinear method (second order theory) .............. 43
Non-linear method (second order theory) ............ 44
O
OpenOffice ....................................................................... 75
Optimization ............................................... 20, 49, 71, 72
P
Panel ........................................................................ 7, 63, 65
Parameter ......................................................................... 34
Parameterized cross-section ...................................... 71
Part ...................................................................................... 59
Partial safety factor ........................................................ 14
Parts list ...................................................................... 59, 60
Persistent and transient ............................................... 10
Post ..................................................................................... 37
Precamber ........................................................................ 32
Print .................................................................................... 67
Printout report ......................................................... 67, 68
Protection type ............................................................... 33
Purlins ................................................................................ 40
Q
Quasi permanent ........................................................... 12
R
Ratio ................................................................................... 52
Reference length ............................................................ 12
Relation scales ................................................................ 61
Relatively .......................................................................... 23
Remark .............................................................................. 21
Rendering ......................................................................... 65
Result combination ................................................ 10, 11
Result diagram ......................................................... 64, 67
Results evaluation ......................................................... 61
Results representation ................................................. 63
Results values .................................................................. 62
Results window .............................................................. 51
Rotational restraint ....................................................... 38
RSBUCK .............................................................................. 25
RSTAB graphic ................................................................. 67
RSTAB work window ..................................................... 62
S
Selecting windows ........................................................... 8
Serviceability ............................................................ 11, 46
Serviceability limit state ....................................... 32, 61
Set of members ... 9, 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 45, 54, 57, 60
SHAPE-THIN ..................................................................... 43
Shear panel ...................................................................... 35
Shear panel length ................................................. 35, 36
Shear panel stiffness ..................................................... 37
Shifted ends of members ............................................ 46
Slenderness ...................................................................... 58
Special cases .................................................................... 45
Spring stiffness C100 ....................................................... 38
Stability analysis ........................... 14, 23, 43, 44, 45, 53
Stainless steel ........................................................... 16, 18
Start calculation ............................................................. 50
Start program ..................................................................... 6
B Index

89

Start STEEL EC3 ................................................................. 6
Steel bridge ...................................................................... 46
Stress point ....................................................................... 22
Sum ..................................................................................... 60
Surface area ...................................................................... 59
T
Tapered member....................................... 21, 45, 53, 73
Temperature curve ........................................................ 47
Tension design ................................................................ 40
Torsion ............................................................................... 45
Transverse load ............................................................... 45
Trapezoidal sheet ........................................................... 38
Trapezoidal sheeting .................................................... 35
U
Ultimate limit state .......................................... 10, 42, 61
Undeformed system ..................................................... 46
Units ............................................................................ 17, 73
User profile ....................................................................... 73
V
View mode ................................................................ 61, 62
Visibilities .......................................................................... 65
Volume .............................................................................. 60
W
Warping length coefficient ......................................... 27
Warping restraint ........................................................... 27
Web breathing ................................................................ 46
Weight ............................................................................... 60
Windows .............................................................................. 8
X
x-location ................................................................... 52, 56

Steel Ec3

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Steel Ec3

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Program STEEL EC3 2013 Dlubal Software GmbH

according to [2], Table 3.1

according to [2], Table 3.1

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