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American Period MALOLOS REPUBLIC Dictatorial Government Aguinaldo was proclaimed the president of the Phil. Republic in Malolos.

. Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government in May 1898 to show the capacity of Filipinos for self-government and a month later, the Revolutionary Government. Different departments were created for the division of duties of the new government. December 1898-Treaty of Paris, the United States take over the Philippines. Treatment of Enemy May 29,1898-one of Aguinaldos first act as dictator, urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment to Spanish prisoners. Aguinaldo issued another order on June 1 , providing that all classes of crimes were to be tried by competent military tribunals. Declaration of Independence June 5,1898 Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside June 12 as the day of proclamation of the Philippine Independence. Julian Felipe-composer from Cavite, who showed the draft of composition entitled MARCHA FILIPINA MAGDALO which was later changed to MARCHA NACIONAL FILIPINA. June 12,1898 proclamation of Philippine Independence at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit) Philippine National Flag- made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo,LorenzaAgoncillo, and DelfinaHerboza. Act of Declaration of Independence- prepared by AmbrosioRianzares Bautista, signed by 98 people,however was promulgated on August 1 Reorganization of Local Government Decree of June 18,1898-provided for the reorganization of local government in those provinces that is already freed from Spanish control.

Poblacion -Town, electors were to elect town chief, headman for each barrio, 3 delegates: For public and internal order, for justice and civil registry and for taxes and proprerty. Popular Assembly Town chief (President), Headman (Vice President), Delegate for justice and civil registry (Secretary) Revolutionary Congress proposes measures concerning the preservation of internal order and external security of lands. THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT Dictatorial government lasted for only a month, from May 24 to June 23, 1898 Their 4 department *Department of foreign affairs, navy and commerce *Department of war and public works *Department of police and internal order, justice , education and hygiene *Department of finance -JULY 15, 1898 first cabinet was made THE MALOLOS CONGRESS Decree of June 18 and 23 September 15 congress to elect its officer PRESIDENT: PEDRO PATERNO V.P: BENITO LEGARDA 1ST SEC.: GREGORIO ARANETA 2ND SEC.: PABLO OCAMPO THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION APOLINARIO MABINI(CONSTITUTIONAL PLAN OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC) FELIPE CALDERON(provision making Catholicism the religion of the state) ARTICLE 5 THE STATE RECOGNIZES THE FREEDOM AND EQUALITY OF ALL RELIGIONS AS WELL AS THE SEPERATION OF THE CHURCH AND STATE JANUARY 21,1899 AGUINALDO APPROVED THE DRAFT OF CONSTITUTION W/C IS THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

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RELIGIOUS SCHISM RELIGIOUS SCHISM The revolution began in 1896 which is primarily a conflict of races. The second phase of revolution was not only political but also religious as well. Governor General BasilioAugustin and Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda against the revolutionary leaders. GREGORIO AGLIPAY He was used by Gov. Gen. Augustin and Archbishop Nozaleda because they know that he was still sympathetic to Spain. Aguinaldo had just returned from Hong Kong, sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel to persuade Aglipay to work for the Filipino cause. Aglipay was encouraged to go to the north to join the revolution. Nozaleda was well posted to the moves, encouraged Aglipay to go to the north to investigate the condition of the bishopric of Nueva Segovia. He toured the northern provinces and secured the release of two Jesuit priests. When Aglipay returned to Manila to report to Nozaleda, he found the city besieged on all sides. Because of that, he went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldos movement. As the instance of Mabini, the revolutionary government recognized the validity of civil marriage on the assumption that the revolution had made the separation of church and state a reality. State is the revolutionary government, not the colonial. They refused to recognized Nozaledas authority and prohibit any Filipino priest to accept any responsibility. October 20, 1898 : Aguinaldo issued a decree appointing Aglipay as the Military Vicar General. October 21, 1898 :Aglipay issued a letter for the Filipino clergy to organize themselves into a cohesive body geared to national emergency. October 22, 1898 :Aglipay issued a manifesto asking the Filipino clergy to take charge of all vacant parishes. NOZALEDA VERSUS AGLIPAY April 29, 1899 :Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of power. With the blessing of the tribunal, Nozaleda issued his decree of excommunicating Aglipay. It was to take effect on May 5, 1899.

Aglipay also declared Nozaleda excommunicated and also charged Nozaleda with starving the people. MABINI AND THE NATIONAL CHURCH Mabini saw the necessity for a church administered by Filipinos and owing its loyalty to the country. October 22, 1899 :Mabini directed a manifesto to the Filipino clergy urging them to organize a Filipino National Church. The National Church was to cooperate with the Republic, thereby making the Filipinos completely united. THE FILIPINO NATIONAL CHURCH October 23, 1899 :Aglipay called an ecclesiastical assembly at Paniqui, Tarlac. He stated the aims of his speech : (1) Filipinization of Catholic Church, (2) Prevention of anarchy in religious matter, (3) Provisional constitution of the Filipino Church. The constitution in effect declared the independence of the Filipino clergy from Spanish control and supervision and the assumption of authority to negotiate with Rome. CHAPELLE AND FILIPINIZATION Mons. PlacidoChapelle, arrived in January 2, 1900. He wants to drive the Filipino clergy away from Rome. He was pro-friars, obviously. He said that the Filipino clergy were incompetent and are only capable of doing or holding menial positions. THE SCHISM SalustianoAraullo and Jose Chanco laid to the Pope the problem of the Filipino clergy but the Pope was pro-friar so he didnt do or promise anything. Isabelodelos Reyes, returned to the Philippines in 1901 and campaigned for the establishment of Filipino Church. In July, Isabelodelos Reyes founded the Union ObreraDemocratica (Democratic Labor Union). Its founding was significant because it gave a broad basis to the religious movement to which the masses were favorably disposed. August 3, 1902 :Pascual H. Poblete scheduled a meeting at the Zorilla Theater at the corner of Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto) and Evangelista streets. He intended to attack the friars in the meeting but because of bad weather, the meeting did not take place. The same night, Isabelodelos Reyes called a meeting of his Democratic Labor Union at the Centro de BellasArtes and delivered anti-friar speeches. He proposed the establishment of the Filipino Church independent fom Rome with Aglipay as the Supreme Bishop.

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The new church was approved and was called Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine National Church). FIRST CONVERTS He placed in the list of the Executive Committee of the new church such big names as Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Martin Ocampo, Manuel Artigas and other eminent lay leaders, and such priests as Adriano Garces, J. Barlin, Manuel Roxas, Toribio Dominguez and others, without consulting them. They denied any connection to the new church. The most fatal blow came from Aglipay himself who did not approve of the schism. Masses understand the meaning of the new church so some residents of navotas, Rizal sent affiliation papers, by the end of the year, 14 Filipino priests affiliated, father Pedro Brillantes of Ilocos Norte defected to the Filipino Church and priests of his province joined the new church, too. And they were the first converts. Gregorio Aglipay-Devoted catholic -wants: Spaniards should give Filipino priests their own posts(parokya), and to continue working towards appointing more Filipino priests -supreme bishop of the IGLESIA FILIPINA INDEPENDIENTE (IFI) Don Isabelodelos Reyes Sr.-leader of the Union Obrera Democratica (samahan na nagpapahayag ng paghihiwalay ng IFI sa Vaticano) -suggested Aglipay to be the Supreme Bishop of the IFI Father Joaquin Foradada-Jesuit Priest -wrote the book La Soberania de Espaa En Filipinas -insulted Filipino priests that urged Aglipay to continue the schism -chosen to interview Aglipay at the Jesuit House in Sta. Ana, Manila Father Joaquin Villalonga-Spanish priest, second to interview Aglipay a year after Foradadas -chosen to deal with Aglipay at Rogers House in Intramuros Sept. 6, 1902-Aglipay was consecrated as bishop and also accepted the position as Supreme Bishop October 26, 1902-Aglipays first mass as supreme bishop Jan. 18, 1903-consecrated supreme bishop by the bishop of Isabela, Cagayan, PAngasinan, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Cavite, and Manila BASES OF SPANISH PREJUDICE 1. The Spanish friars could not admit that the colored Filipinos were or could be equal of the White Spaniards

2. The Spaniards had some justification in thinking the Filipinos were incompetent or doubtless that the Filipino clergy were not rigorously trained for their duties. THE CONTINUING RESISTANCE (1901 1913) The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo marked the end of the FilipinoAmerican war as far as the Filipino elites and the Americans were concerned. Filipino masses continued the resistance. Three sector perspectives of resistance: * Christian * Muslim * Tribal A. Katipunan Inertia General Miguel Malvar (Batangas) General Vicente Lukban (Samar) Macario Sakay tried to put up his own Tagalog Republic. Dominador Gomez persuaded Sakay to surrender. Luzon 1905 Gov. Shanks of Cavite noted outbreaks at San Pedro Tunasan, Para aque, Taal and San Francisco Malabon. Disturbances reported in Cavite and Batangas. Santa Iglesia movement (which means crusade of the Holy Church) led by Salvador Felipe (Apo Ipe) Short-lived outbreak led by Simeon Mandac American Administration changed from Republican to Democratic Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison initiated the rapid Filipinization policy Bicol Simeon Ola led the resistance together with about 1500 insurrectos (rebels) Reconcentration System (March-October) The Americans answer to Olas resistance. Refers to the American policy in the Philippines which relocated rural populations into newly created concentration camps. People not belonging to any concentration camps were

1907 1910 1912 1913

1902 1903

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considered bandits and enemies of the state. Food and accommodation are inadequate and deplorable creating 300,000 casualties On September 22 Colonel Bandholtz signed an agreement with Ola promising the latter immunity and other things. Later the Americans denied promising Ola anything Late October Ola surrendered joined by about 500600 followers Ola turned state witness against those who joined him. He was given 30 years in prison for turning state witness. 1902 1904 Visayas Outbreaks in Samar and Leyte continued up to 1906. Appearances of numerous bands took place. On July 10 Tauiran affair where 100 houses were burned, 21 people killed JulianoCaducoy led Cantaguic affair after the killing of the police lieutenant and others, they went to the town hall where the teniente was seized and the American flag was put around his head. Kerosene was poured on him and he was taken into the town square. They burned the flag and the teniente. Caducoy warned the people that that same fate awaits those who served the flag. Then they cut off the tenientes lips, burned the barrio and took away 50 captives. Similar outbreaks in Negros, Panay, Cebu and Leyte followed. On November 4 Vice-Governor Henry C. Ide became acting Governor and he ordered Governor Curry to solve the problem. Thousands of people joined the pulahan movement. Curry and the pulahanes reached an agreement which the latter were to surrender on March 24. Instead of surrender 30 pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar attacked a constabulary garrison of 50 men. Pulahanes - name given to the insurrectos (because of the red garments and because they leave a certain place that is on fire.) In June disturbances in Leyte began. They believe it

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was because of Jaime de Veyra, Governor of Leyte. One of the most obnoxious anti-americans There was an American declaration that peace had been established but, Filipinos had not abandoned the arm resistance to American rule due to racial hatred. Mindanao On March 23 Howard Taft reported that a group of outlaws entered the town of Surigao and attacked the constabulary garrison under Capt. Clark. The captain was killed and the attackers. In May the resistance in Misamis is unlike in Surigao because real insurrectos were part of the resistance. Muslim Struggle Moro Resistance Lanao Resistance DatuTungul of Onayan attacked Camp Vicars. Sultan of Binidayan was suspected by the American being involved in the Tungul Affair. He was arrested and ran amok(run riot or go in rampage) when he failed to convince the Americans of his innocence. His death triggered Sultan Ganduli& Sultan Tanagan with 150-200 Muslims to fought furiously wuth Americans. In May at Taraca, John Pershing ststed campaign against Lake Moros. DatuAmpuanagus defied American troops DatuAmpuanagus defied Americans again Military contingents engaged Ampuanagus at Didaganan He attacked Dansalan. Peace negotiations led to Ampuanagus surrender. Finally ending the Lanao resistance. Sulu Resistance 1899 - 1913 Bates Treaty, 1899 Signed by Sultan Jamalul Kiram and Gen. John C. Bates

1903

B. 1902

1905

1903

1906 1907 1908

1906

C. -

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This was part of their colonial strategy to neutralize the resistances by the Sulu Muslims while American war against Aguinaldos armed forces was going on. Panglima Hassan, 1903

Jikiri, 1907

Sulus most colourful leader from the masses. He defied American threats when he showed non-compliance with the American demands of at least a nominal recognize. Gen. Leonardo Wood was the one persisting campaign against Hassan but Col. Hughes Scott captured him first. Col. Hughes Scott was deceived by Hassan to stop in his hideout, supposed to pick up his wife. With this, Hassan escaped. Moro informers confirmed Hassans location in the crater of Bud Bagsak. Wood ordered troops to move to Bud Bagsak the next day. Hassans death did not end Sulus resistance. Others were inspired by Panglimas exploits. Example is Pala. He organized his own band and defied American rule from 1905-1906. Bud Dajo, 1906

native of Jolo .Began his piratical attacks on trading vessels early in the American period. his notoriety was based not only on the killing of victims and carting away of value but also on his obsession to get beautiful women. His obsession to beautiful women to some psychological caused or heightened by ugly facial features nature given him since birth. Battle of Bud Bagsak, 1913 *

Lati people took their stand at Bud Bagsak. The number of defiant rebels was about 6,00 to 10,000. Gen. Pershing tried to convince them that American intention was not to resort to final use of arms but rather to persuade them to surrender their arms for the sake of peace. June 11 Pershing ordered immediate troop movements to Bagsak. Ended with pax Americana dawning in Sulu as over 500 rifles were gathered from the island. D. THE COTABATO RESISTANCE (1903-1912) 1. Datu Ali, 1903 Defy American offer of peace and persuade the Maranaos to join the anti-colonial movement. The military governor of Cotabato, Capt. Carl Riechman sent troops to Rio Grande to prevent the spread of the uprising from Cotabato. The troops were intercepted by Alis forces between Kudarangan and Serenaya. Several of Alis followers were killed. March 1903 American troops shelled Alis fort, killing many of his defenders. Ali changed tactics from the traditional way of confronting the enemy to the guerilla-type of engagement. Added to this was the use of Sabilallahs to harass the Americans during the day and attack their troop encampments in the evening. Alis defiance continued for almost three years. March 1906 American troops assaulted his fort in Serenaya. Several Muslims were killed and Datu Djimbangan, Alis brother was captured and held hostage to force Ali to surrender.

Hundreds of Muslims trekked towards the crater of an extinct Volcano, Bud Dajo. Caused by a rumor that American intention was to wipe out the Jolo Muslims. Bud Dajo is formidable and strategic. Three small tracks, two feet wide, led to the crater about 15 acres. The crater has fresh water and stocked with food resources. Col. Hugh W. Scott (Zamboanga Constabulary) & Capt. John White were ordered to proceed to Jolo with 50 men. Prominent leaders of Patikul were tapped as peace emissaries- DatuKalbi, DatuJulkanain, &PanglimaBandahala. For two days, the emissaries tried to persuade the defenders to abandon their resistance but, they failed. Sulu Gov. Scott ordered immediate assault on Dajo. March 5, 1906 the battle began up to March 8 The effect of Dajo massacre on the Filipino independence movement was to blunt the Filipino parliamentary struggle in the U.S where the anti-independence forces in Congress tried to blow up the Muslim attitude to American rule as an evidence of lack of preparedness for self-government.

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Ali refused and was encouraged by the support from several datus. The prospect of success was neutralized when Datu Piang, Alis father-in-law collaborated with American authorities and provided American troops with information and other assistance. Battle of Simpetan (October 22, 1906) Ali and his troops were cornered by troops under frank McCoy. On October 31, 13 of Alis followers were killed, including him and 3 of his sons. 2. DatuAlamada, 1912 DatuAlamada and 300 followers rose in rebellion, supported by thousands of sympathizers who vowed not to accept American sovereignty. His movements concentrated in Buldon and Upper Cotabato. In late 1912, local collaborators, led by Datu Inuk set plans in killing Alamada: 1.) infiltrate Alamadas group and kill him, and; 2.) DatuPiang to persuade Alamada to surrender and liquidate his band. The government opted for direct negotiations. The negotiations were led by Filipino and American officials. They finally convinced Alamada to surrender but he opted to yield to a Filipino official rather than to an American official. E. THE HIGHLANDERS REACTION 1. Back to Tradition The tribal groups had joined the revolutionary movement against colonialism. However, they did integrate into the Aguinaldo government and the armed forces. In Luzon,the Igorot armed struggle until the end of the Spanish rule. However, tribal groups were won over by American Episcopal missionaries and later, by medical missions and schools. In Visayas, particularly Negros and Iloilo, were Presbyterian missions contributed to health and sanitation and education at grassroots level. In Mindanao,the Manobos resisted against the Spaniards by providing support and assistance to political leaders. The work of pacifications were undertaken by laymen, entrepreneurs, and teachers particularly during the period of the Moro Province from 1903 to 1906..

The general effect of these socio-economic activities was to neutralize any resistance to colonial rule. 2. The Subanun Affair, 1909 The only violent disturbance reported in Mindanao. fight on November 28 at the sitio of Bobhoran between government forces under Capt. H. H. Elarth about eight to nine hundred Subanuns and Moros. Before the encounter, the headman of Bobhoran reported on November 1 that thousands of Subanuns were leaving their homes and were heading towards the mountains of Dapeok and Malindang on the call of two boy prophets who told them that the end of the wold was coming. The authorities were alarmed by the abandonment of homes, properties and farms as it might just be one of the tricks of bad elements to deprive the Subanuns of their valuables and harvests. When the people were told that the Constabulary troops were coming, ther was tension and panic in the camps. Some Subanuns prepared to run away. Later, they prevailed upon by about 30 moros among them to remain and to take their spears and lances. With the information, Capt. Elarth and his troops started for Dapeok and requested Misamis to send reinforcements to the area. On November 28, at about 12:30pm, they met a group of Subanuns who were returining to their homes. After negotiations, Capt. Elarth started talks with the leaders, appealing to them to lay down their arms weapons. The band obeyed and their spears and lances were confiscated but the ordinary bolos were returned. Capt. Elarth found out that the band was tired waiting to go to heaven an decided to go home. Also, food shortages in the camp were creating suffering, so rice and money were given to them. One was asked to accompany the troops in the camp. Upon reaching the camp, the Subanuns scampered to the bushes. Headman Torot was ordered to contact the leaders for talks. 6 of them came out to give information. Then the troops took positions nearby, trying to pusuade the people to abandon their activities but the Moros and Visayans among them, about 40-50,

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started to agitate Subanuns. Soon about a thousand wee out with their spears and lances. The message was clear that a fight was eminent. After the fight, 6 constabulary, 1 policeman and 4 cargadores were killed. On the other side, 20-40 were killed, mainly Moros. Capt. Elarth was saved to a Moro by Sgt. Bernardo Almes who shielded him from the thrust and died. To avoid another fight with the fanatics, the troops withdrew and went back to camp bringing with them their guns and the ammunitions of the dead who were left unburied. The constabulary report ended with reference to a detachment appearing in the site of the encounter and the conclusion that the Moros and Visayans were the brains behind the movement for some sinister purposes and material gains. F. LITERATURE OF RESISTANCE Tagalog writers expressed resistance through zarzuela and drama. Zarzuela - Spanish comic operetta; a popular form of entertainment during the Spanish period. Juan Abad - wrote the play TinakalangGinto. Because of this, he was punished by the court for sedition and sentenced to two years imprisonment and $2,000 fine. continued to write seditious plays including IsangPunlongKaaway. Aurelio Tolentino - Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas. Nationalistic play that indicted American rule and indicted the outbreak of violent Filipino resistance to further American intrusion. was translated to Bikol and Pampango. the play was shown in various theatres in the country, especially in Manila, hence getting the attention of attention of American authorities. In 1905, he was arrested and tried for sedition and was given maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Although it was reduced to 15, and then 8, and in 1912, he was pardoned by Governor William C. Forbes.

Newsmen and Journalists were also active in articulating the value of independence. They are: a. Jaime C. De Veyra of Leyte b. Sergio Osmea of Cebu El Nuevo Dia known for its nationalistic fervor. De Veyra and Palma were regular contributors. c. Rafael Palma of Manila El Renacimiento - exposed American anomalies and abuses in the government. Most famous cases were that of Interior Secretary Dean C. Worcester summed up in libelous editorial entitled Aves de Rapia (Birds of Prey). The HareHawesCutting Act (1933) was the first US law passed for the decolonization of thePhilippines. It was the result of the OsRox Mission led by Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas. By 1932, forces for the creation of this law coalesced around US farmers who were hit by the Great Depression and feared Filipino imports of sugar and coconut oil that were not subject to US tariff law; and Filipinos (such as Manuel L. Quezon) who were seeking Philippine independence. The HareHawesCutting Act was authored by South Carolina Representative Butler Hare, Missouri Senator Harry Bartow Hawes and New Mexico Senator Bronson M. Cutting. It was finally passed by the United States Congress in December 1932, but was vetoed by U.S. President Herbert Hoover. Congress then overrode the veto on January 17, 1933. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did, and the Philippine Senate advocated a new bill that won the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The result was the TydingsMcDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the HareHawesCutting Act

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except in minor details. The TydingsMcDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946 The Campaign for Independence 1916-Filipinos received the promise of independence as soon as a stable government can be established by them The Commission of Independence November 1918-Philippine Legislature created the Commission of Independence March 1919-Legislature approved a declaration of purposes for the guidance of the commission Purpose: To study all matters related o the negotiation and organization of the Philippine Independence The Commission was originally composed of 11 senators and 40 congressmen including the presiding officers of both houses of the Phil. Legislature. The membership was expanded to include all the members of the legislature regardless of the party affiliation. Nacionalista majority party Democrata minority party The Independence Mission 1st Parliamentary Mission -1919 -led by Senate Pres. Quezon and Sen. Rafael Palma - Pres. Wilson was in Europe when the mission arrived in US -Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker received the mission nd 2 Parliamentary Mission April 1922 Led by Quezon and Osmea Warren G. Harding Returned in August 1922 Special Mission Led by the new Speaker of the House, Manuel A. Roxas November 1923 Pres. Calvin Coolidge

3rd Parliamentary Mission considered one of the most distinct of all missions because of incidents attending its return to the Philippines Colonial Politics Wilson (Former President) Harrison (Former Gov. Gen.) Wood-Forbes Mission *4 months in the Phil. *result of the mission was "Philippines were not ready for autonomy" Administration Wood *Wood was under 30 years in military, very frigid and not that "simpatico" *Encroachment (taking the power of one's individual) Wood vs. Filipino *Manuel Quezon fought against Wood Conley Case *Ray Conley was accused by many, in the end he was still discharge *Cabinet Crisis (Ramon J. Fernandez and Jose P. Laurel resign and due to this many Filipino in the cabinet resigned too) Veto Power *Despotism (Extreme usage of the veto power) Retrospect *Wood cancelled the autonomy of the Phil. Henry L. Stimson *Supreme Moment (Quezon charge Wood which results in success)

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* 1 year, only Stimson handled the Phil. and thrown away the feeling of discrimination and etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE Framing of constitution Outline July 10, 1934 Drafting of the Philippine Constitution 202 Delegations JULY 30, 1934 Forty Committees Sub-committee of seven Historical Experience and provisions Separation of church & state Limitation on the size of the Agricultural lands Cultural values Principle of State supremacy Exaltation of Authority Civil or Military Service Public utilities and enterprises Employment relationships Constitutional Powers vested to the President Item veto Conditional powers Limitless critical powers

February 8, 1935 The constitutional convention approved the constitution. March 23, 1935 President Roosevelt signed the constitution. May 14, 1935 A plebiscite ratified the constitution. September 1935A reunite Nationalist Party won over its rivals. November 15, 1935 Inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Manuel L. Quezon Sergio Osmea 98 members of the unicameral National Assembly Sunken Garden SAKDAL UPRISING The Sakdal uprising happened shortly before the inauguration of the Commonwealth. On the night of May 2-3, 1935, 65,000 partially armed peasants shattered the tranquillity of the countryside surrounding Manila. Between sunset and sunrise, bands seized three communities and threatened ten others in Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and Cavite. Hard-pressed Constabulary units from the provinces and Manila fought with Sakdalistas equipped with a motley array of weapons.

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Starting as an anti-Quezon, anti-Nacionalista crusade, the Sakdalistas fiery leader, Benigno Ramos, became the persecuted spokesman for the oppressed masses. They accused the Nacionalistas of hypocrisy on the issue of independence and promised that Ramos would acquire complete and absolute independence for the Philippines by December 31, 1935. Nacionalistas also promise that the Sakdal Party would abolish all taxes when it acquired control of the government. They also attacked the religious orders for operating vast estates and amassing wealth through dishonest means. Movements led by self-styled messiahs, secret societies in the revolutionary tradition, and old organizations such as the pulahanes and colorums erupted not only in Luzon but also in the Visayas and in Mindanao. Such were the Colorums of surigao in 1923 Florencio Intrencherado in the Visayas in 1927, and Colorums in Tayug, Pangasinan in 1931. These movements reflected peasant grievances and aspirations. The Communist Party of the Philippines was formally established on Nov. 7, 1930, but by 1932, it had been declared an illegal organization, thus ending the legal life of the CPP. Sakdalism exerted profound influence over the Commonwealth affairs. Its tragic demise caused much soul searching Filipino. While the Nacionalista spokesmen minimized the significance of the movement by tracing it to demagogues, racketeers, and religious fanatics, people in the government pointed to socioeconomic factors as the root cause of discontent and the need to institute reforms to improve peasants life. Quezons primary concern as the first president of his country experimenting with a transition period of self-rule prior to complete independence in 1946 was to lay a secure foundation for a new Philippines.

Sought formulation of policies to ensure the security and wellbeing of all Filipinos. The programs he adopted regards to social justice, education, and the economy were expected to provide for domestic stability through the creation of a more equitable society. President Manuel L. Quezon said: ...We shall build a government that will be just, honest, efficient and strong to satisfy not only the passing needs of the hour but also the exacting demands of the future. National Security and National Defense To underscore the urgency of providing an adequate defense system for an independent Philippines, the National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No.1 the National Defense Act. To set up the Philippine defense system President Quezon secured the services of General MacArthur, retired Chief of Staff of the US Army, on whom he conferred the title of Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. Commonwealth Act. No. 1 ( The National Defense Act ) The defense plan envisioned organization of a citizen army to consist of two components : a regular force of about 10,000 men, including the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and a reserve force to number 400,000 by the end of the ten-year period through a continuous program of training 21-year old able-bodied men for a period of 5 months. o To supplement the regular training program, preparatory military training (PMT) would be given in the elementary, highschool and college levels. The defense plan also included the establishment of a modest Philippine Navy to consist of 50-100 torpedo boats to be used primarily for off-shore patrol. An Army Air Corps would be composed of a fleet of fast bomber planes. The defense plan was not fully realized by the time war came to Philippines. Budgetary constraints and the urgency of the other important concerns, such as education, health and public works, necessarily limited the capacity of General MacArthur to see this program through.

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National Security Function To advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign and military policies relating to the national security. Serves as the Presidents principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government departments and agencies in matters involving the national security National Defense Formally organized on November 1, 1939, pursuant to Executive Order No.203 of President Manuel L. Quezon to implement Commonwealth Act No.1 or The National Defense Act of 1935 passed by the National Assembly on 31 December 1935. Functions To enforce the law and to curb criminality and to guarantee the external and internal security of the country. Responsible for disaster preparation and management in the country. The Social Justice Program Constitution of 1935 mandated that "the promotion of social justice to insure the well-being and economic security of all the people should be the concern of the state." Commonwealth Act No. 211 (November 1936) established a minimum wage for laborers employed in public works projects. (From Php 1.00 to Php 1.25) The eight-hour labor law was also passed applicable to persons employed in any public or private industry or occupation. Commonwealth Act No. 213 sought to recognize, define, and regulatelegitimate labor disputes a Court of Industrial Relations was established to settle between employers and laborers questions. National Rice and Corn Corporation (December 1935)- to stabilize the price of rice with the aim of protecting producer and consumer and

to serve as an agency of the government to meet local or international emergencies in case of a rice shortage. National Sugar Board was created to conduct a survey of the sugar industry and to assist the government to assist the government Agricultural and Industrial Bank and farmers cooperatives established to afford easier terms in applying for and acquiring homestead and other farm lands. National Relief Administration (January 1938)- to coordinate under its sole management the different relief activities of the government with those being undertaken by private relief institutions. Education during the Commonwealth Elementary Education One of President Quezons goals; to at least give every Filipino child a modern Elementary Education National Council of Education ruled by Rafael Palma and Vice President Osmena; to overseer the reform of educational system to make it better conform to the requirements of their new political status and future of the country. 1,229,242 the number of children enrolled in public schools; year 1935 1,961,861 were enrolled year 1939 (Failed because of lack of facilities for the increasing numbers of enrollees.) The Bureau of Education started a program; publishing basic text in language and reading for elementary grades. Office of Adult Education of the Department of Instruction since the Elementary plan kind of failed, the government decided to implement adult education for the continuation of the elimination of illiteracy and give vocational courses or vocational citizenship training. 1935 48.8% of children age 10 and up were considered literate. 80.7% in Manila.

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TRADE RELATIONS WITH U.S.

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* 10-year transitional period * US military forces in the Philippines * Power to call Filipino military service * Maintenance of US Naval bases * Filipinos, aliens * Immigration of 50 persons per year * Election of Commonwealth leaders * July 4, 1946 * Tariff on the Philippine exports * colonial type of economy TRADE RELATIONS WITH U.S. Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act, Public Law 73-127) March 24, 1934 Millard E. Tydings and John McDuffie

What law In May 1940 limited to 500 the number of quota immigrants permitted annually to enter the Philippines. (Immigration Law) 8. In what year did the Manila Trading Center Distributed products to more than 400 small manufacturers and merchants through the Manila carnival, provincial and municipal fairs and expositions and provincial trading center. (1936) PARTYLESS DEMOCRACY Philippine Commonwealth was Quezon Gov. because Manuel Quezon clearly dominating the political life. Clientelist Politics was used by Quezon to established his dominance over Philippine Politics, It means exchanging goods & services for Political support. Quezon controlled the legislature and the politicians became his subservient through mollification, coalition and fusion. By 1941, he announced the PARTYLESS DEMOCRACY. It means eliminating all elite opposition within and without the Nacionalista Party, the opposition parties and individual liberties were discarded. The American High Commissioner, Francis Sayre, had worried about the Constitutional amendment that it may trend towards totalitarianism and dictatorship. Quezon defend his self and said the good of state and not the good of others, must prevail. The transition period was not enough to repair and solve all the economic backwardness like indebtness, social tension, low productivity, corruption and miserable working conditions. What the countrys needs are and reform, education, investments in industry & agriculture and high technology. The good thing is as early as 1916 the legislative power was in Filipino hands and executive power as early as 1935. All of this were a preparation for INDEPENDENCE. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ALIEN CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY QUIZ 1. Chinese controlled how much percent of retail trade and operated credit facilities. (75-82%) 2. 1n 1934 what country did Japan displaced as the chief seller of cotton piece in goods in the Philippines. . (United States) 3. In what year did the Japanese immigrants exceeded the Chinese for the first time in Philippine History. . (1939) 4. What is the meaning of KENA (Key to Economic Nationalism) 5. What law was passed in May 1939 which punished Filipinos who allowed themselves to be used as Dummies. (AntiDummy Law) 6. The National Economic Council was created in what year. (March 1936)

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THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR President Theodore Roosevelt- the President of United States that time. Gen. Douglas MacArthur- Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. MacArthurs concept of defense was to build up a Filipino Army sufficiently strong to repel a foreign invasion. Japan was expanding in surrounding areas. They occupied Manchuria in 1932, China in 1937 and the Northern part of French Indo-China in 1940 was also occupied. On July 26, 1941, United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) was build under the command of Gen. MacArthur. This is a combined forces of Philippine reserve and regular forces and the United States Army. Japan sent Admiral K. Nomura to Washington to discuss American-Japanese problems in order to avert war. While Nomura was presenting, Japanese bombers surprised Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in the early morning of Dec. 7, 1941.

On Dec. 8, 1941, Japanese bombed several places in the Philippines simultaneously. These places are Clark Field, Davao, Baguio, Aparri, Nichols Field and Sangley Point. On Dec. 26, 1941, Gen. MacArthur declared Manila as an Open City to spare it from Japanese attack. But the Japanese did not respect Manila. Japanese bombed Manila: These places are Sto. Domingo Church, Old Intendencia Building, San Juan de Letran, Sta. Catalina College, offices of the Philippines Herald, Mabuhay, Debate and Monday Mail.

THE OCCUPATION OF MANILA Three task forces landed in the Philippines. The two were landed in Northern Luzon and one in Batan Island. On Dec. 8, Japanese landed at Batan. On Dec. 10, Landings were made at Aparri, Pandan and Legazpi. On Dec. 20, Similar landings were made in Davao and Jolo. Japanese major landings were made on Dec. 22. From Lingayen, they moved to Damortis and Rosario and on to Central Luzon. On Jan. 2, 1942, the advance elements of the Japanese invasion forces entered Manila from the North and the South. Manila became an occupied city.

ROOSEVELT AND THE WAR The American naval and military losses at Pearl Harbor amounted to 2,897 men. America declared war against Japan on Dec. 8, 1941. And on the same day, England also declared war against Japan which expanded to become the Second World War.

QUEZON IN CORREGIDOR Gen. Douglas MacArthur plan to retreat in Bataan Peninsula. President Quezon was accompanied by Sec. of Justice Jose Abad Santos, Vice-President Sergio Osmea, General Basilio Valdes and Colonel Manuel Nieto. Jose P. Laurel, wanted to go but Pres. Quezon restrained him, he need to face the Japanese and to protect the people.

THE JAPANESE OFFENSIVE The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to strike immediately at the rich Dutch and British possessions in Southeast Asia, specially Malaya and Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

THE FALL OF BATAAN Gen. Masaharu Homma, the Japanese commander-in-chief, who failed in his attempt to encircle the USAFFE.

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March 11, 1942, Gen. Douglas MacArthur left Corregidor for Australia on the orders of Pres. Roosevelt. February 18, Pres. Quezon left for Australia by the submarine SWORDFISH. April 9, Gen. Edward P. King, surrendered with his forces in Bataan. They were forced at gunpoint to march from Bataan to Pampanga. It was called the Death March.

REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT General Masaharu Homma- proclaimed the end of the American period and the purpose of Japanese Expedition. Jorge B. Vargas- Chairman of the Executive Commission. National Government was re-named the Central Administrative Organization. Six Executive Departments 1. Interior 2. Finance 3. Justice 4. Agriculture and Commerce 5. Education, Health and Public Welfare 6. Public Works and Communications Each department shall have Japanese adviser and Japanese Assistant Adviser To aid the Central Administrative Organization in administering the occupied territory, the Council of State was created on January 29 as an Advisory Body.

6. The promotion of love of labor Motive behind this educational policy To erase the Western cultural influences particularly British and American Re-opening of vocational and normal schools Courses 1. Agriculture 2. Medicine 3. Fisheries 4. Engineering Lawyer is useless March 1943, the total enrolled in elementary grades was 267,977

THE REPUBLIC - On June 28, the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence and it was organized on June 20, with Jose P. Laurel as President and Benigno S. Aquino and Ramon Avancena as Vice Presidents. - The Constitution provided for a unicameral National Assembly whose delegates were chosen on September 20. And on September 25, Jose P. Laurel was elected by the National Assembly as the President of the New Republic.

THE ECONOMY - Because there was practically no production, most of the Filipinos engaged in the buy and sell business. And the Japanese unwittingly encourage this kind of business by manufacturing Mickey Mouse Money, but the result of these was inflation. In 1994 the cost of ordinary match is more than a hundred Mickey Mouse Money. But the Filipinos make a strategy for the products that they cant buy, for example, Cigarettes, those who cannot afford to buy at such prices, they manufacture their own cigarettes out of the dried papaya

EDUCATIONAL RE-ORIENTATION The Japanese educational policy was embodied in Military No. 2, dated February 17, 1942. Basic points 1. Propagation of Filipino culture 2. The dissemination of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3. The spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos 4. The teaching and propagation of Nippongo 5. The diffusion of vocational and elementary education

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leaves. And for tea was Mango Leaves when boiled. And the best substitute for coffee was toasted rice. SOCIAL CONDITION Inadequate food led to poor health due to starvation and lack of nutrients. Scarcity of medicine and medicinal equipments led to the death of people, mainly due to beri beri, malaria, malnutrition and tuberculosis, because the medical needs of the people were not met. Espionage was feared by the Filipinos because they were spied on by their fellow Filipino. Kempeitai military police - responsible in hiring the spies MAKAPILI a group of Filipinos who supported the Japanese cause; most of the members were the ones hired as spies Most of the suspects arrested were male adults. Fort Santiago place where the suspects were incarcerated and where they were tortured to reveal information. Types of torture 1. Hanging and hitting 2. Water cure 3. Electrocution Some suspects were forced to reveal their information due to excessive torture. They reveal the name, members and location of the guerrilla. Those who were arrested and proven to be members of a guerrilla were executed, together with the defector. Other problems that the Filipinos experienced 1. Rape men and women 2. Nightly raids to check out suspected persons; caused uneasiness among Filipinos. 3. Indiscriminate Arrests due to the pin-pointing of the spies of the Kempeitai.

4. Guerrillas pose a threat to the villagers when they go down the mountains to ask for food. When the Japanese sentries felt their presence, they will fire everywhere, thus injuring or killing the villagers. 5. Crime against person and property since poverty was rampant, theft and robbery in broad daylight was a common event that the people see. Kura a word that frightened the Filipinos. Kura with an inward wave Come here = Slap/Kick Kura with an outward wave Scram = Spared

CULTURAL ASPECT Theater American films that passed the censor were allowed to be shown Japanese films that promote the Japanese culture were also shown. Dramatic Philippines, Inc. introduced theatrical plays that were translated from the original English script to Tagalog. Music Compositions of the Filipino classical composers flourished Music was for the elites, middle class and the masses. Most of the performances were held at the Metropolitan Theater. Music was a temporary relief from the stress caused by the war. Literature Filipino literature was in a state of extinction. The Japanese discouraged the Filipinos from writing in English Liwayway a Tagalog weekly magazine that was one of the few that circulated during the era. Literature has no freedom of expression, therefore topics and subjects were limited. The usual topic is the everyday life situations in the rural areas. The Japanese authorities were impressed with the pieces.

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They were compiled in a book entitled Ang 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino THE LIBERATION

GUERILLA WARFARE People who handled infantry/area/part of country PERSON Walter M. Cushing Guillermo Nakar Parker Calvert Roque Ablan Praeger Rufino Baldam Bado Dangwa Russell W. Volckmann HUKBALAHAP PQOG Wenceslao Q. Vinzons Ruperto Kangkon Tomas Cabili Wendell Fertig Salidapa Pendatun AREA/INFANTRY/PART OF COUNTRY 121st Infantry 14th Infantry 43rd Infantry Ilocos Norte Apayao Benguet Baguio North Luzon Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan Cavite, Laguna, Batangas Bicol Samar Mindanao Mindanao Mindanao

several islands in Visayas (Negros to Orquieta). - Waited at Misamis for the plane to Australia. - Issued the Executive Order of Presidency proclaiming Roxas as President. April 19, 1942 - The ship President Coolidge took Quezon and his party to Washington. - Quezon appointed the members of Washington Cabinets. November 1943 - Nov. 15, 1943, Quezons ending term to be succeeded by Osmea. - Resolution to presidency of Quezon was passed on Nov. 9, 1943. - A year later (August 1, 1944) Quezon died at Saranac Lake, New York and was succeeded by Osmea.

GUERILLA NEWSPAPER During the war, people use: 1. Tribune- edited propagandas of Japanese. 2. Radio San Francisco- transmitted radio signals. 3. Guerilla Newspaper- mimeographed news from Radio San Francisco. Matang Lawin - Edited by Col. Guillermo Nakar. - Circulated Sierra Madre near Nueva Vizcaya. Ing Masala (The Light) - Published by the HUKBALAHAP in 1942. - Edited by Akyat. - Pampanga and some parts of Central Luzon. The Flash - Edited by Pedro De La Liana. - Available in Tagalog, Spanish and English. Thunder Clap - 1943

Three Important Functions of Guerillas 1. Ambush or kill enemy soldiers 2. Relay important intelligence reports 3. Liquidate spies

GOVERNMENT IN EXILE February 1942 - Quezon and his party left Corregidor and visited

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- Changes place to confuse the Japanese. - February 2, 1945, changed its name to liberty. The Liberator - Edited by Leon Ty. - Published by the Philippine Free Press 1944. - Circulated Cavite, Manila, Rizal and Bulacan. Commentator - Circulated Sorsogon. - Edited by Juan Frivaldo The Saber - Edited by Wenceslao Q. Vinzons. - Circulated the provinces of Bicol and Laguna.

It is because the Japanese air resistance there is weak. President Roosevelt appproved that the invasion must earlier to prevent the strengthening of the Japanese in their weak areas and set it on October 20. LEYTE LANDINGS October 9-20, 1944 October 18-19, 1944 Carrier strikes in Leyte Carriers attacks in Central Luzon and American navy scoured the seas in Visayas. American attack Force left New Guinea. Leyte beaches were severely bombarded. The Americans had returned. The battle for Leyte Gulf was fought simultaneously in 3 different places. Battle of Surigao Strait takes place.

October 19, 1944 October 20, 1944

THE BATTLE OF THE PHILIPPINE SEA On June 1944, the Battle of the Philippine Sea began. The air battle began in Guam, with Admiral Marc Mitscher and his Task Force 58 pushing relentlessly the attack. The result of the air combat over Guam was the total destruction of four hundred and two airplanes against seventeen American airplanes lost and four battle ships damaged. By August 1944, Saipan Island was bombarded by the American naval fleet. While the Japanese fleet moved hastily toward the Marianas to relieve the Japanese garrison. Admiral Raymond Spruance sent heavy-bomber airplanes to attack Iwo Jima to neutralize the Japanese bases in the Islands. THE ROAD TO LEYTE The Americans bombarded the Japanese bases like New Guinea, Biak Island, Wake Island, Saipan, and West Carolines. On Sept. 21, the American airplanes fly above Manila undetected while it is listening to the Radio Station under the Japanese called PIAM. Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey led to attack in Visayas. He concluded that the invasion must first take place in Leyte not in Mindanao.

October 24-25, 1944

October 25, 1944

3 naval forces of Japan that converge on Leyte Gulf Northern Force Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa Japan --> Eastern Coast of Luzon --> Leyte Gulf Central Force Admiral Takeo Kurita San Bernardino Strait --> Leyte Gulf Southern Force Admiral Kiyohide Shima and Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura Surigao Strait --> Leyte Gulf

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American Forces, known as the Central Philippine Attack Force, were divided into the Northern Attack Force and the Southern Attack Force. Admiral Soemu Toyoda, Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, had Sho Operation put into effect. The Sho Operation envisaged control of the air and neutralization of the American menance.

BATTLE OF SAMAR On OCTOBER 24 the American naval discovered that a strong Japanese force was steaming for San Bernardino St. Planes of the 3rd fleet attacked the Japanese Central force under Admiral Takeo Kurita. On OCTOBER 25 the Central Force, having penetrated the strait, attacked admiral Clifton Alfred Frederick Spragues weak escort carriers. Sprague retreated toward Leyte Gulf. With the help of Spragues escort carriers theyve prevented the Japanese from pursuing their advantage. And then after 2 hrs. Of intense firing on both sides, Kurita retired toward San Bernardino Strait. With the help of the aircraft from the 3rd fleet, Spragues escort carrier planes pursued the enemy. The ff. day, the pursuit continued and Kurita suffered heavy losses and same as the Americans. Although the American suffered heavy losses the Leyte Gulf was still secured by them.

Halsey didnt know that it was just only a decoy fleet. It was Admiral Ozawas intention, to draw Halseys fleet from the vicinity of Leyte Gulf in order to allow the Central Force and Southern Force to sneak into the gulf and destroy Admiral Spragues weak force. Halsey was totally lured into taking his powerful US 3rd fleet leaving San Bernardino Strait unguarded. And so Halsey was led to a point near Cape Engano in Northern Luzon. The battle was fought on October 25. When Halsey was murdering Ozawa, he received a news that the San Bernardino Strait was already penetrated & was giving Sprague a big headache. Halsey immediately dispatch a part of his fleet to Leyte Gulf after receiving Spragues urgent cry for help & this operation was called BATTLE OF THE BULLS RUN referring to Halseys nickname BULL. October 26, Leyte gulf was safe in the hands of American.

THE LANDINGS AT LINGAYEN GULF MacArthur's forces landed on the southwest coast of Mindoro in Mid December 1944. Carrier strikes in Manila Bay. On January 9, 1945, the Americans unexpectedly landed at Lingayen Gulf. Americans also landed at San Fabian. THE LIBERATION OF MANILA Operations were carried out in Batangas, San Narciso, Bataan Peninsula and Subic Bay. Death of thousqnds of inhabitants. Japanese killed every Filipinos they have seen. Quezon Institute which was moved to the San Juan de Dios Hospital in 1942 was sacked by the Japanese and its patients and doctors massacred in cold blood. February 3, 1945, Americans entered Manila.

BATTLE OF CAPE ENGANO It started when admiral Halsey the commander of the 3rd fleet suspect that there were another unit of Japanese navy that must be lurking around so he sent his planes in search of this fleet. October 24, theyve found the Northern Force coming from Japan.

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A tank unit promptly rushed to the University of Santo Tomas campus and liberated the American and Allied Prisoners. THE RETURN OF THE COMMONWEALTH The temporary seat of the Commonwealth Government was established in Tacloban, Leyte, on October 23, 1944. The Ninth Anniversary of the Commonwealth was celebrated on Nov. 15, 1944. On Feb. 27. 1945, Gen. MacArthur turned over the reins of the civil government to Pres. Osmea. On July 4, MacArthur proclaimed the liberation of the entire Philippines from the enemy.

THE END OF WAR MacArthur proposed to carry the war right at Japans door. Important cities and ports like Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and Kure were bombed day and night, giving the enemy no respite. On July 26, the allies issued the Potsdam Proclamation calling upon Japan to surrender unconditionally or face prompt and utter distraction. But Japan refused to surrender. On August 6, US Air Force unleased the deadly atomic bomb on Hiroshima. On August 9, another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On the same day, Russia also declared war against Japan. Japan accepted the Allies demand for surrender on August 15. On Sept. 2, Japan signed the terms of surrender on board the Battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay. The war is over. GOODLUCK SA ATIN WANSEBEN! :) GODBLESS.

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