srgszeti Tanulmnyok / Prehistoric Studies I

Moments in Time

srgszeti Tanulmnyok / Prehistoric Studies

Series Editors Alexandra Anders, Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsr and Gbor V. Szab

Moments in Time
Papers Presented to Pl Raczky on His 60th Birthday

Edited by Alexandra Anders and Gabriella Kulcsr with Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss and Gbor V. Szab

srgszeti Trsasg / Prehistoric Society Etvs Lornd University LHarmattan Budapest 2013

English and German text revised by Lszl Bartosiewicz, Alice M. Choyke, Judith A. Rasson and Magdalna Seleanu (English) Ulf Morche and va Pvai (German)

The publication of this volume was generously supported by Etvs Lornd University, Faculty of Humanities Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung srgszeti Trsasg / Prehistoric Society Nra 97 Kft. Archeodata 1998 Bt. satrs Kft.

The Authors, 2013 LHarmattan Kiad, 2013

ISBN 978-963-236-346-2 ISSN 2063-8930

Typography by Zsolt Gembela Cover design Gbor Vczi and Zsolt Gembela Printed in Hungary by Robinco Kft. Director: Pter Kecskemthy

Contents
Editorial / A szerkesztk elszava...................................................................................................................14 Publications of Pl Raczky . ............................................................................................................................16 Walter Meier-Arendt Pl Raczky zum 60. Geburtstag. Ein Vor- und Gruwort......................................................................... 27

The Early Neolithic The First Moments

Krum Bacvarov Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials...................................................................... 29 Eszter Bnffy On Neolithic Frontiers in the Carpathian Basin................................................................................... 35 Paolo Biagi Elisabetta Starnini Pre-Balkan Platform Flint in the Early Neolithic Sites of the Carpathian Basin: Its Occurrence and Significance.................................................................. 47 Mihael Budja Potters and Pots in the MesolithicNeolithic Transformation in Southeastern Europe..............................................................................................................................61 Ivan Gatsov Lithic Assemblages from the Area of the North-Western Pontic from the 9th7th Millennia......................................................................................................................... 85

The Middle Neolithic The Time of the LBK

Piroska Csengeri Figural Representations from the Initial Phase of the Alfld Linear Pottery Culture from Novajidrny (Hernd Valley, Northeast Hungary).........................................91 Ferenc Horvth Florin Draovean Remarks on the Connections between the Banat and the Great Hungarian Plain at the Beginning of the Middle Neolithic (SatchinezAlfld Linear PotteryEsztrVina).................................................................................113 Gbor Ilon The Transdanubian Linear Pottery Culture in County Vas: Recent Finds and Findings.......................................................................................................................133 Eva Lenneis Beobachtungen zu frhneolithischen Schlitzgruben...........................................................................147

Contents Tibor Marton LBK Households in Transdanubia: A Case Study............................................................................... 159 Zsolt Mester Jacques Tixier Pot lames: The Neolithic Blade Depot from Boldogkvralja (Northeast Hungary)................................................................................................................................173 Krisztin Oross Regional Traits in the LBK Architecture of Transdanubia.................................................................187 Tibor Paluch Maroslele-Panaht, Legel: Data to the Middle Neolithic Anthropomorphic Vessel........................................................................................................................ 203 Juraj Pavk Zdenk Farka Beitrag zur Gliederung der lteren Linearkeramik .............................................................................213 Jrg Petrasch Standardisierung versus Individualitt? Das Wesen der jungsteinzeitlichen Bestattungssitten......................................................................... 237 Katalin Sebk Two Ceramic-Covered Burials from the Middle Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin. .......................................................................................................................... 249 Peter Stadler Nadezdha Kotova The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC): Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants from the Starevo Territory?............................... 259 Gerhard Trnka Ein bemerkenswerter Klingenkern aus Szentgl-Radiolarit von Gro-Schollach im westlichen Niedersterreich ........................................................................ 277 Zsuzsanna M. Virg On the Anthropomorphic Representations of TLPC in Connection with Some Recent Finds from Budapest (Figurines and Vessels with Facial Representations)....................................................................................................................................... 289

The Late Neolithic Polgr-Csszhalom and Its World

Judit P. Barna A Miniature Anthropomorphic Vessel from the Early Lengyel Culture Site at Sorms-Trk-fldek in Southwestern Hungary......................................................................311 John Chapman From Varna to Brittany via Csszhalom Was There a Varna Effect? . .................................... 323 Alice M. Choyke Zsuzsanna Tth Practice Makes Perfect: Quartered Metapodial Awls in the Late Neolithic of Hungary........................................................................................................... 337

Contents Magorzata Kaczanowska Janusz K. Kozowski The Transition from the Neolithic to the Copper Age Lithic Industries in the Northern Carpathian Basin......................................................................................................... 353 Nndor Kalicz Siedlungsstruktur und Bestattungen mit Prestigeobjekten des Fundplatzes Tp-Leb (sdliches Theigebiet, Ungarn)............................................................ 365 Katalin Kovcs Late Neolithic Exchange Networks in the Carpathian Basin............................................................ 385 Kitti Khler Ergebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen zweier sptneolithischer Bestattungen in Alsnyk........................................................................................ 401 Johannes Mller Robert Hofmann Nils Mller-Scheeel Knut Rassmann Neolithische Arbeitsteilung: Spezialisierung in einem Tell um 4900 v. Chr................................... 407 Zsuzsanna Siklsi Traces of Social Inequality and Ritual in the Late Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain................................................................................................................. 421 Krisztina Somogyi Zsolt Gallina Besonderes anthropomorphes Gef der Lengyel-Kultur mit doppelter Gesichts- und Menschendarstellung in Alsnyk (SW-Ungarn)...................................................... 437 Alasdair Whittle Enclosures in the Making: Knowledge, Creativity and Temporality................................................ 457 Istvn Zalai-Gal Totenhaltung als Indikator relativer Chronologie im transdanubischen Sptneolithikum?............................................................................................... 467

Neolithic Spiritual Life

Lszl Domborczki Neolithic Cult Objects and Their Symbolism ..................................................................................... 487 Gheorghe Lazarovici Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici Sacred house and Their Importance for the Reconstruction of Architecture, Inner Furnishings and Spiritual Life........................................................................ 503

The Early Copper Age Between Change and Tradition

Attila Gyucha William A. Parkinson Archaeological Cultures and the Study of Social Interaction: The Emergence of the Early Copper Age Tiszapolgr Culture...........................................................521

Contents Svend Hansen Figurinen aus Stein und Bein in der sdosteuropischen Kupferzeit . ............................................ 539 Judit Regenye Surviving Neolithic The Early Copper Age in Transdanubia, North of Lake Balaton............................................................................................................................. 557 Wolfram Schier An Antiquarians Grave? Early Tiszapolgr Burials in the Late Vina Tell Site of Uivar (Romania) ................................................................................... 569

The Middle Copper Age Time of Axes

Attila Lszl Sndor Jzsef Sztncsuj Vessels with Handles with Discoid Attachments Discovered in the AriudCucuteni Area and Some Problems in the Development and Chronology of the Ariud (Ersd) Culture in Southeastern Transylvania...................................... 579 Ildik Szathmri Kupferhammeraxt mit Spuren eines Holzschaftrestes vom Donauufer bei Szentendre ............................................................................................................. 595

From the Late Copper Age to the Beginning of the Bronze Age Transitions
Mria Bondr Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? The Possible Function of an Enigmatic Artefact ........................................................................................................................ 605 Szilvia Fbin A Preliminary Analysis of Intrasite Patterns at Balatonkeresztr-Rti-dl, a Late Copper Age Site on the Southern Shore of Lake Balaton in Hungary...................................613 Lszl Gyrgy Late Copper Age Animal Burials in the Carpathian Basin .............................................................. 627 Gabriella Kulcsr Glimpses of the Third Millenium BC in the Carpathian Basin ....................................................... 643 Vajk Szevernyi The Earliest Copper Shaft-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin: Interaction, Chronology and Transformations of Meaning ............................................................. 661

The Early Bronze Age The Rise of a New Age

Jnos Dani Viktria Kisjuhsz Bestattungen der Mak-Kultur in Berettyjfalu, Nagy Bcs-dl................................................. 671

Contents Anna Endrdi Recent Data on the Settlement History and Contact System of the Bell BeakerCsepel group............................................................................................................................... 693

The Middle Bronze Age Tells and Metals

Marietta Csnyi Judit Trnoki A Dinner Set from a Bronze Age House in Level 2 of the Trkeve-Terehalom Settlement................................................................................. 707 Klra P. Fischl Lszl Remnyi Interpretation Possibilites of the Bronze Age Tell Sites in the Carpathian Basin.......................................................................................................................... 725 Szilvia Honti Viktria Kiss The Bronze Hoard from Zalaszabar. New Data on the Study of the Tolnanmedi Horizon Part 2.................................................................................................... 739 Magdolna Vicze Middle Bronze Age Households at Szzhalombatta-Fldvr............................................................. 757

The Late Bronze Age Rituals of Power

Judit Kos Sptbronzezeitliche Grube mit besonderer Bestimmung aus Oszlr-Nyrfaszg (Nordostungarn).............................................................................................. 771 Gbor V. Szab Late Bronze Age Stolen. New Data on the Illegal Acquisition and Trade of Bronze Age Artefacts in the Carpathian Basin............................................................ 793 Gbor Vczi Burial of the Late TumulusEarly Urnfield Period from the Vicinity of Nadap, Hungary....................................................................................................817

The Iron Age End of the (Pre)history

Istvn Fodor A Scythian Mirror from Hajdnns, Hungary...................................................................................831 Mikls Szab Livre celte de la puszta hongroise......................................................................................................... 839

Contents

Interdisciplinary Archaeology
Lszl Bartosiewicz Erika Gl Zsfia Eszter Kovcs Domesticating Mathematics: Taxonomic Diversity in Archaeozoological Assemblages........................................................................................................ 853 Katalin T. Bir More on How Much?............................................................................................................................ 863 Zoltn Czajlik Andrs Bdcs The Effectiveness of Aerial Archaeological Research An Approach from the GIS Perspective................................................................................................ 873 Ferenc Gyulai Archaeobotanical Research of the Neolithic Sites in the Polgr Area.............................................. 885 Pl Smegi Sndor Gulys Gerg Persaits The Geoarchaeological Evolution of the Loess-Covered Alluvial Island of Polgr and Its Role in Shaping Human Settlement Strategies....................................................... 901 Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann Significant Biostatistical Connections between Late Neolithic Ethnic Groups from the Carpathian Basin and Bronze Age Populations from Territories beyond the Carpathians..............................................................................................913

10

The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC): Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants from the Starc evo Territory?
Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien A-1010 Wien, Burgring 7 peter.stadler@univie.ac.at Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology UA-04210 Kiev, prospect Geroev Stalingrada 12 kotova@i.com.ua

Sections of an extensive Early Neolithic settlement were surveyed and excavated between 1989 and 2005 at Brunn am Gebirge in Lower Austria, near the southern boundary of Vienna. The remains of longhouses were uncovered in locations labelled Sites 17, which could be associated with different groups. The remains of 73 longhouses were identified, most of which were excavated, although some were only indicated by their debris and the longpits flanking them, and some were located through magnetic prospection. The excavated area is about 90,000 m2 large . The settlement was occupied between 5670 and 5100 cal BC. The earliest part of the settlement is represented by Site 2a, followed by Sites 2b, 3, 5, 4, 1 and 6. A changing pattern of lithics usage and animal exploitation could be noted during the settlements occupation. Likewise, changes could be noted in house construction techniques too, although these were not as substantial. The standard length of 20 m and breadth of 7 to 8 m could be documented from the earliest occupation at Site 2a. Three longitudinal rows of posts supported the roof. The more regular, straighter section on the inner part of the longpits flanking the houses probably served as the bedding trench for the timber posts of the walls. The houses are usually oriented south to north, with deviations to the west or to the east on some sites. It would appear that this shift in orientation has a chronological dimension. Different constructions could be distinguished, mainly among the better-preserved houseplans of Site 3. Egy jelents kora neolitikus telepls rszleteit figyeltk meg s trtuk fl 1989 s 2005 kztt az als-ausztriai Brunn am Gebirge lelhelyen, Bcs dli hatrban. A hosszhzak maradvnyai klnbz terleteken kerltek el, melyeket 17. lelhelyknt jelltnk. sszesen 73 hosszhzat ismerhettnk meg, legnagyobb rszket az sats sorn, nhny hzalapot a mellettk hzd hosszanti gdrk alapjn, mg egy rszket a mgneses felmrs sorn azonostottuk. A feltrt terlet nagysga kzel 90 000 m2. Az egsz telepls lett 56705100 cal BC kz keltezhetjk. A telepls legkorbbi rszt a 2a lelhely kpviseli, ezt kveti idben a 2b., 3., 5., 4., 1. s a 6. teleplsrsz. Az idbeli vltozsok a keszkz- s a kermia-anyagban, illetve az llattartsban egyarnt nyomon kvethetek. Hasonl vltozs a hzptsben is megfigyelhet, br nem akkora mrtkben. A legkorbbi 2a lelhelyen a hzakat mr a standard mretnek megfelelen ptettk, az pletek mintegy 20 m hosszak s 78 m szlesek. A tetszerkezetet hrom hosszanti clpsor tartotta. A hzak mellett hzd hosszanti gdrk bels oldaln megfigyelt szablyosabb rszbe gyaztk a falszerkezetet tart clpket. A hzakat ltalban dlszak irnyba tjoltk, olykor kisebb eltrssel nyugat, illetve nhny lelhelyen kelet fel is. gy tnik, hogy a tjols vltozsnak idrendi jelentsge is lehet. A 3. lelhely jobb llapotban megmaradt pletei kztt ms tpus szerkezeteket is megfigyeltnk.

Moments in Time Budapest 2013

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova The excavation The largest settlement of the Early LBK (Linear Pottery culture) was excavated over an area of about 90,000 m 2 between 1989 and 2005 at Brunn am Gebirge lying near Wolfholz, a few meters beyond the southern boundary of Vienna. Altogether 73 longhouses with a standard length of 7 m or 20 m respectively were wholly or partially uncovered. The land is flat, although rising slightly toward the north-east. The houses are distributed over seven locations which can still needs to be confirmed.1 Figure 2 presents the triangulation map of the sites (excluding Site 7). All excavated houses are visible, together with the buildings identified through magnetic prospection. The humus had to be removed mechanically with machines and the surface had to be cleaned by our workers over an area of 15,000 m2. A handful of preliminary reports and internet publications are already available (Stadler 1997). A book with 225 illustrations on the ceramic finds from Brunn Wolfholz, Site 2 is currently in preparation (StadlerKotova in press).

Fig. 1. Satellite view of the sites at Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz in Google Earth, together with the location of Sites 17, excavated between 1989 and 2005

Fig. 2. Brunn am Gebirge triangulation map, showing the roughly 90,000 m 2 large area investigated between 1989 and 2005

be ordered into a chronological sequence. Site 2a, representing the earliest settlement, was established around 57005600 BC and was occupied for some 220 years. Occupation shifted from this location to Sites 2b, 3, 5, 4, 1 and 6, in this chronological sequence. The settlements occupation shifted from south-west to northeast over time, extending also across a small hill. Only Site 6 diverges from this pattern of settlement development because it is located in the south and it is the latest. The overall length of the settlement is ca. 1000 m with a maximum breadth of ca. 500 m. A satellite image from Google Earth from 2008 offers a good overview of the settlements broader area (Fig. 1). We have marked the location of the eight sites, although the exact position of Site 7

The houses are usually oriented south to north, occasionally with smaller deviations to the west or to the east. The northern part of the oldest houses from Site 2 deviates more to the west, while the northern part of the houses from Sites 3, 4 and 1 deviates more to the east. Most houses measure 20 m by 78 m. The finer details of some houses are shown in Figure 3. The most striking feature of the houses from Sites 2, 3, 4 and 1 are the longpits flanking the house, whose irregular outer part was used for extracting the clay needed for the construction of the house walls, while their inner, more regularly shaped part served as the bedding trench for the house
1 Pottery sherds and daub fragments came to light at Site 7 during construction work; the site has not been excavated yet.

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC)

Fig. 3. Brunn am Gebirge aerial photo of the 1999 season, showing the foundations of several longhouses

walls. Different constructions could be distinguished, mainly in the better preserved section of Site 3. The question of whether these differences are functional or chronological is currently being analysed. The best-preserved remains of the timber structure, six rows of post-holes made up of three post-holes each, lay inside the houses. The bedding trench of the houses long walls contained many post-holes, some of which were sometime visible in the longpits. A semi-circular ditch system enclosing at least three houses was found at Site 2a. The clay extracted from these ditches was perhaps also used later, long after the construction of the houses, for renewing the house walls. The long occupation of Site 2 certainly supports this hypothesis. One of the houses from Site 3 (cp. Fig. 3) contained double post-holes, suggesting that there was an additional raised floor. The western longpit of another houseplan from Site 3, the remains of a house of which only the western half could be excavated, had a depth of about 2.5 m. This depth is exceptional because the longpits of most other houses were no more than 1 m deep or even less. It is possible that this house too had an additional, raised floor (or one or more storeys). One of the houses at Site 6, representing the latest occupation, lacks longpits, featuring only postholes. While one row running across the house had

eleven post-holes, the other rows were made up of fewer post-holes. Fewer post-holes were preserved in the houses southern part, perhaps because they were dug to a shallower depth. It is also possible that the principles of house construction changed radically during the period that elapsed between the occupation of Sites 1 and 6. The builders had perhaps devised a method for transporting the clay needed for the walls over longer distances without too big an effort. This phenomenon has been observed not only at Brunn, but also in the case of most other houses built during the Noten kopf period. The most thorough study on the houses from the earliest LBK period, containing also a discussion of their construction techniques was written by Harald Stuble (Stuble 2005). In the following, we shall discuss the different categories of finds recovered from the site. Regarding the stone arterfacts, there is a clear development from the earliest occupation at Site 2 to the latest one at Site 6. One remarkable phenomenon is that we found an enormous amount of lithics, over 10,000 pieces, whose majority came to light at Site 2. Some of the trapezes found at Site 2 are shown in Figure 4. The high number of lithic finds contrasts sharply with other Austrian sites from the same period. During the earliest occupation, raw material for the stone implements was procured from Bakony-

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova

Fig. 4. Brunn am Gebirge stone implements (trapezes) from Site 2

with a low proportion of local lithic raw material at the end of the occupation at Sites 1 and 6. The lithic material from Brunn has been analysed in three preliminary publications (Gro nen born 1997; Matei ciu cov 2002; 2008). Figure 5 shows the distribution of the Ba konySzentgl raw material in the Carpathian Basin after Inna Ma tei ciu cov (Mateiciucov 2008). The distance between the raw material source in Hungary and the Brunn sites is a little over 150 km. The most important categoFig. 5. Distribution of Szentgl radiolarite (after Mateiciucov 2008) ry of finds is the ceramic assemblage, which, as will be shown Szentgl near Lake Balaton in Hungary. Local below, reveals much about the community setHorn stein of the MauerAntonshhe type, pro tling at Brunn. Pottery with linear ornamentation bably from a nearby deposit at Giess hbl, was is mostly missing from the oldest sections of the seldom used. These percentages changed conti settlement; the coarse pottery was fired at lower nuously from the early to the late occupation, temperatures and is undecorated or has applied

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC)

Fig. 6. Brunn am Gebirge vessels decorated with finger impressions and/or knobs from Sites 2 (left) and Site 1 (right)

decoration at the most. A biconical bowl from Site 2b is presented in Figure 6 together with other vessels from Site 2, alongside pottery from Site 1 (on the right). At first glance, there appears to be little difference between the coarse wares from Site 1 and the much earlier Site 2. However, there are major differences in terms of fine wares, which were recovered from Site 1, but were entirely lacking at Site 2. Pottery sherds with an decorated over their entire surface are shown in Figure 7. This pottery resembles the ceramics from excavations in southern Hungary, culturally assigned to the early Starevo culture (Linear B phase), such as the finds from Lnycsk (Kalicz 1990, Taf. 16. 9). So-called barbotine decorated pottery is rare at Brunn 2. Figure 8 shows pottery decorated with this technique, used principally for adorning cooking (or cooling?) pots because the surface en-

largement provided by this decorative technique provided a better heat exchange. This type of barbotine is usually regarded as a typical ornamentation of the earliest LBK and late Starevo pottery (Pavk 2004, 75). However, pottery decorated using the same barbotine technique is known from the earlier Lnycsk settlement, too (Kalicz 1990, Taf. 18. 1, 3, Taf. 19. 2). Starting with Site 3, the proportion of linear decorated pottery increases in the settlement sections occupied later, alongside the increasing use of fine wares in addition to the coarse one, as already mentioned above. In contrast, the use of figurines gradually declined. Shown in Figure 9 is the currently known single human figurine from Brunn Wolfholz, Site 2a. It was found together with a figurine foot in a pit. It is the earliest figurine with a face found in an

Fig. 7. Brunn am Gebirge knob decorated pottery from Site 2

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova AMS laboratory (VERA).2 The evaluations were performed with the OxCal 3.10 programme, developed by Christopher Bronk Ramsey in Oxford (Bronk Ramsey 1995). We used the latest calibration curve by Paula Reimer and her colleagues 2004 (Reimer et al. 2004) with the atmospheric record. The methods used have been discussed in detail by Peter Stadler (Stadler 2005; Stadler et al. 2006). The simple group calibrations indicated that entire occupation of the settlement could be dated between 5540 and 5060 BC at the 1 level (based on 60 AMS radiocarbon dates from the ETH laboratory in Zrich and the VERA laboratory in Vienna; Fig. 10). The earliest section of the settlement is Site 2a, followed by Sites 2b, 3, 4, 1 and 5. We are aware that this time range (especially regarding the earlier site) may be too early because most of our samples were taken from charred oak, thus the old wood effect may have influenced the dates. Radiocarbon dates become more meaningful if they are combined with the available archaeological information, in this case the occupation sequence of the sites. We therefore also tested the results using Bayesian statistics. The method of sequencing is based on Bayesian statistics, and their primary purpose is to translate a relative chronology into an absolute one. Using the sequencing method of Bayesian statistics, archaeological groups are created whose chronological sequence is established using traditional archaeological methods. The OxCal programme then computes the most probable correlation of radiocarbon dates with the archaeological sequence. The sequencing of the calibrated radiocarbon dates provides the calibrated radiocarbon intervals as areas under the white curves as presented in Figure 11. The constraints provided by archaeology regarding the occupation sequence of the sites from Brunn enables the reduction of the radiocarbon dating intervals to the black areas. The irregular shape of the calibration curve is used to find the best fit and, at the same time, a correlation coefficient is maximized. The value of A obtained thus (the correlation coefficient) was 100.4%. Seeing that a value of 60% already offers a sufficiently positive correlation between the radiocarbon dates and the archaeological groups, the results with this significantly higher value suggest
2

Fig. 8. Brunn am Gebirge barbotine decorated pottery from Site 2

LBK context (a later figurine with a face portrayal was found at Bicske: Makkay 1978, Fig. 6). The face of the figurine resembles the ones on the pieces from Lnycsk (Kalicz 1993, Fig. 3. 1). The pottery from the different Brunn sites were analysed petrographically and chemically by Roman Sauer (Sauer in press), who found conclusive evidence that the ceramics analysed by him were produced from locally available clay. The animal bone sample from Site 2 was not particularly large. The low number of animal bones cannot be explained by the poor preservation of the bones because human skeletons were found in four graves at Site 2 (GeroldTeschler-Nicola in press). Even so, a changing pattern of animal exploitation could be noted during the settlements occupation. The sample from Site 3 was dominated by capra-ovis bones, while bovids were the main species at Site 1, representing the latest occupation. The animal bones were analysed by Erich Pucher (Pucher 1998 in press). Analytical procedures and methods The next section is devoted to the analytical procedures and methods used in the evaluation, currently still in progress. First discussed will be the radiocarbon dates. Most samples submitted to dating were taken from charcoal because no animal bones were preserved at the earliest settlement sections investigated at Sites 2a and 2b. All measurements were performed either at the AMS laboratory of the Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zrich or at the Vienna

VERA: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator.

264

The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC) that the correlation is good. We used only 39 of the ca. 60 dates for sequencing. We had to omit a part of the available data from this evaluation because the model used for sequencing assumes that the sites actually formed a genuine sequence. However, the omitted values suggested that there was a considerable chronological overlap between the sites, a situation with which sequencing cannot deal (yet). The results of the sequencing are presented in Figure 12. The earliest site (Site 2a) gave a mean calibration interval of 56705450, meaning that the occupation of the earliest settlement began sometime in the 57th century. Site 2a seems to have had a very long occupation of about 220 years. The next Fig. 9. Brunn am Gebirge figurine face and leg from Brunn 2a (photo by P. Stadler, drawing by N. Kotova) site, Site 2b, had a shorter uselife of about 37 years, from 5450 to 5413. Site 3 end of the Spiraloid phase, suggesting that the dates from the 54th century, with an occupation occupation of the Brunn settlement can be corfrom 5413 to 5350 (63 years). Site 1 falls into the related with a part of Early Starevo Linear B to 52nd century, while Site 6 represents the current the end of the Spiraloid phase (Spiraloid B). Acend of the Brunn sequence with its mean dates of cording to Gheorghe Lazarovici, the last Starevo phase (Phase IV) coincides with the rise of the between 5215 and 5100 BC. For a comparison, we performed the sequenc- Vina A phase between 5470 and 5390. The evaluation of the find material from Brunn ing of the published radiocarbon dates from the 3 Starevo distribution. The results are presented Wolfholz has been made possible by the applicain Figure 13. The results indicated that the mon- tion of new methods, especially the creation and ochrome pre-Starevo phase began around 6080 continuous enlargement of the Montelius Image and lasted until around 5750. It must be noted, Database. Named after the Swedish archaeologist however, that only three radiocarbon dates were available for this phase. More dates, altogether sixNumber of Site 1 range BC 2 range BC samples teen, were available for the next phase, represented by White on Red wares. These yielded a span 2a 12 55405210 57505050 of about 50 years between 5750 and 5700. The five 2b 14 54805280 56505050 dates available for the ensuing phase (represented by Linear wares) indicated a duration of no more 3 24 54505200 57004950 than 30 years from about 5700 to 5670. Altogether 4 5 53905300 54805200 13 dates were used for the Spiraloid phase, which gave a span of 200 years from 5670 to about 5470. 1 4 53105060 53704940 The comparison of the Brunn sequence with the 5 1 53055255 53205200 Starevo chronology reflects a major overlap between the two from the end of the Linear to the Total 60 54805060 57005000
3 We used the radiocarbon dates from the Starevo distribution published by Paolo Biagi and Michaela Spataro (BiagiSpataro 2005).

Fig. 10. Brunn am Gebirge group calibrations of radiocarbon dates

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova

Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]

Sequence Brunn Wolfholz, 7 Fundstellen: 2a,2b,3,4,5,1,6

Sequence Brunn Wolfholz, 7 Fundstellen: 2a,2b,3,4,5,1,6 {A=100.4%(A'c= 60.0%)}

Boundary Start Fdst2a

Phase Fdst2a

ETH Ki Ki ETH ETH VERA VERA ETH ETH

11148 76.0% 13615 70.9% 13612 99.9% 13538 111.7% 13537 117.5% 1800 98.1% 1799 100.0% 11131 92.1% 11145 87.1%

Boundary Fdst2a/Fdst2b
Phase Fdst2b

ETH ETH VERA VERA VERA ETH VERA

11143 108.2% 11139 127.0% 1797 98.0% 202 111.0% 199 87.6% 11138 107.9% 200 76.0%

Boundary Fdst2b/Fdst3
Phase Fdst3

ETH

11124 103.1% 91.0% 108.5% 104.4%

VERA 1805 Ki 13614 VERA 201 ETH

11133 119.6%
6500BC 6000BC Calendar date 5500BC 5000BC

Fig. 11. Brunn am Gebirge sequencing of 39 radiocarbon dates from Sites 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 1 and 6

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC)

Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]

Sequence Brunn Wolfholz, 7 Fundstellen: 2a,2b,3,4,5,1,6

Sequence Brunn Wolfholz, 7 Fundstellen: 2a,2b,3,4,5,1,6 {A=100.4%(A'c= 60.0%)} Phase Fdst3

Phase ETH ETH

11130 110.6%

11128 110.2% 48.1%

VERA 1806 Boundary Fdst3/Fdst4

Phase Fdst4

VERA-192 96.6% VERA-193 133.1% VERA-195 124.7% VERA-197 137.4% Boundary Fdst4/Fdst5
Phase Fdst5

VERA 1812 97.0% Boundary Fdst5/Fdst1

Phase Fdst1

VERA 3414 VERA 3415 ETH ETH ETH Ki ETH

93.1% 90.6%

11121 134.3% 11123 139.4% 11125 123.9% 13611 86.0% 11126 56.3%

Boundary Fdst1/Fdst6
Phase Fdst6

VERA4797 104.9% VERA4798 104.7% VERA4799 103.5% Boundary End Fdst6

6000BC 5500BC Calendar date 5000BC 4500BC

Fig. 11. continued

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova and individual artefacts are then separated by means of image Duration processing. Every single artefact is described using the MonSite Number Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean teliusEntry programme. Raw 2a 9 5770 5570 5670 5495 5405 5450 75 365 220 publications are also a source of 2b 7 5495 5405 5450 5460 5365 5413 -55 130 38 written information, which can 3 8 5460 5365 5413 5380 5320 5350 -15 140 63 be catalogued together with ar4 4 5380 5320 5350 5355 5280 5318 -35 100 33 tefact images. By means of the Montelius section of our Win5 1 5355 5280 5318 5310 5225 5268 -30 130 50 Serion programme package, im1 7 5310 5225 5268 5290 5140 5215 -65 170 53 ages can be presented either in a 6 3 5290 5140 5215 5220 4980 5100 -80 310 115 complex mode or a typological 39 570 mode. WinSerion allows different types of seriations, enabling Fig. 12. Absolute chronology of Brunn by sequencing of different sites the identification of possible patterns in the studied archaeData on that Time span beginning Time span end with 2 level, Samples Duration ological material. The local or with highest probability highest probability years BC global maps generated using a Phase Number Min. Max. Mw Min. Max. Mw Min. Max. Mw basic AutoCad map offer the opportunity of mapping finds by Mono 3 6170 5990 6080 5800 5715 5760 -190 455 320 chrome means of a WinSerion embedded Geographical Information White on 16 5800 5715 5760 5730 5670 5700 15 130 60 Red System feature. WinSerion also allows users to evaluate and auLinear 5 5730 5670 5700 5710 5630 5670 40 100 30 tomatically compare all maps Spiraloid 13 5710 5630 5670 5530 5400 5470 -100 310 200 produced in this manner with IV 4 5530 5400 5470 5470 5210 5340 70 320 130 the help of an algorithm known 41 740 as the Analysis of the N-Next Neighbours (ANN). Seriation Fig. 13. Brunn am Gebirge sequencing of Starevo-Phases produces relative chronologies, 4 which can then be compared with the results of Oskar Montelius (18431921), the database was created in Vienna in 1999; it now contains over the spatial analysis performed by means of ANN. 630,000 images of prehistoric and early medieval Absolute data allow an association between relaassemblages from Europe, assembled by some tive chronologies and absolute dates. The applied sixty archaeologists, students, and volunteers. The method (sequencing) is based on Bayesian statisEarly Neolithic section contains some 70,000 pub- tics and its primary purpose is to translate a relalished artefacts taken from the Alfld Linearband- tive chronology into an absolute one. The database comprises a collection of images keramik, Bucova, Bkk, Impressokeramik Krs, Linearbandkeramik, Starevo, Stichbandkeramik, of archaeological artefacts which can be displayed Szaklht, Szatmr, Vina, VinaPlonik and in at least two different modes. The complex view mode differs little from the way in which new areliezovce cultures. The images entered into the Montelius Image chaeological information is presented visually in Database provide the basis for further evaluations. most publications, i.e. according to closed find conThe starting points are provided by the raw pub- texts (burial, settlement feature or hoard assemlications, either monographs or articles. Illustra- blages). In contrast, artefact images are grouped tion plates displaying assemblages are scanned according to formal similarity in the typological mode, the basic procedure for working with typol4 Oskar Montelius refined the concept of closed find contexts, ogy. In the typological mode, images can be moved first introduced by Christian Jrgensen Thomsen, and laid down using the programmes drag n drop feature. Any the principles of archaeological typology as a key method for archanges made in the typology structure are immechaeological research (Montelius 1903).
Data on 2 level, years BC Time span start with Samples highest probability Time span end with highest probability

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC)

Fig. 14. Analysis of the N-Next Neighbours, network map

diately imported into the background database. A number of different functions provide support for work on the typology of such an enormous material. Importing the image of a particular artefact into the database takes less than 60 seconds.5 The search for possible formal analogies to a particular artefact takes only about 30 seconds in the typology mode of MonteliusEditor.6 The allocation of one image to an existing type takes a few seconds more. A new type can be easily created by creating a new folder. An existing type can be easily split up into two or more sub-types. In sum, one great advantage over conventional typological methods is that comparisons can thus be made a hundred times faster than normally. Aside from these two views, there are several other view options (such as like Worker, Quote, Date&Time, Culture and Site View). A new View can be created quite easily if necessary.7
The input is performed with the MonteliusEntry programme. For more information, cp. http://winserion.org/LVAS/QAM/Gallery_MonteliusEntry_En.htm 6 Viewing and editing the contents of the Montelius Image Database is performed with the MonteliusEditor programme. For more information, cp. http://winserion.org/LVAS/QAM/Gallery_MonteliusEditor_En.htm 7 For more information on this software and the possibilities of free usage in joint projects, cp. http://winserion.org/
5

An image database has been created for the ceramics as part of the preparation for the volume mentioned in the above (Stadler 2005) and a typological framework was constructed with help of Michaela Lochner (Lochner in press) and Eva Lenneis (Lenneis in press). All ceramics types for Sites 2a, 2b and 1 have been plotted on the excavation plan; a statistical analysis revealed which of these distributions were non-random. The nonrandom distributions are evaluated together with the Analysis of the N Next Neighbours, which is designed to identify a combination map for all other mappings. To better understand possible relationships between different pits containing similar types ceramic, an example of the results with a network map is shown in Figure 14. Meaningful relations appear as lines between the pits containing the same types while the line width corresponds to the number of different relations. Interpretation The available data indicates major changes in the course of time across the sites at Brunn Wolfholz. The most interesting question is whether the sites

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova

Fig. 15. Parallels to various vessels from Brunn (510) from sites yielding pottery of the Early Starevo Linear B phase in Hungary (12: Barcs, 34: Lnycsk after Kalicz 1990)

occupants arrived from a region lying to the southeast or whether the settlement was established by a local Mesolithic population which adopted farming under influences from the south-east. The pottery from Sites 2a and 2b is characterised by very coarse wares made with organic temper fired at a very low temperature. This pottery is at the most decorated with applied ornaments, if ornamented at all. Incised lines, the typical decoration of the Linear Pottery culture, are very rare. Linear patterns increased in the course of time, a development culminating at Site 1 whose ceramic inventory comprises classical Linear Pottery vessels with rich repertoire of incised decoration and a surface coated with graphite. Only the latest settlement, Site 6, is located completely in the south; dating from after about 5200 BC, this settlement section yielded pottery with linear and Notenkopf patterns, as well as designs created from wide bands. An interesting development can also be noted in the lithic material. The number of stone im-

plements recovered from the earliest sites (Sites 2a and 2b) is very high. The stone implements were predominantly fashioned from imported raw material whose source lies in Transdanubia in Hungary, namely from Szentgl in the Bakony Woods near Lake Balaton. In the course of time, the amount of lithic artefacts decreased and local raw material of the MauerAntonshhe type was used for their manufacture instead of imported material. In a recent project, we studied the ceramics from the earliest Linear Pottery culture sites in Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia. We found that the assemblage from Sites 2a and 2b, representing the earliest occupation at Brunn, are unique among the Linear Pottery settlements. The pottery from these sites was manufactured using abundant organic tempering agents; in contrast, the wares from other early Linear Pottery sites were fashioned from clay tempered with a combination of organic matter, sand and mica. Another difference regarding the material from

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC)

Fig. 16. Parallels to various vessels from Brunn (612) from sites yielding pottery of the Late Starevo Spiraloid B phase in Hungary (1: Barcs, 45: Kaposvr after Kalicz 1990) and Croatia (23: Vinkovci)

Brunn 2a and 2b is the low number of sherds from fine pottery. The vessels from Brunn 2a and 2b compare best with the Early Starevo wares of the Linear B phase from Croatia and from Transdanubia in Hungary. In addition to highly similar vessel forms and decorative patterns, as well as similar figurines, another shared feature is that the clay used for producing these wares was tempered with a large amount of organic matter. The common vessel forms include pedestalled vessels (Fig. 15. 34, 810), especially the variants with globular vessel, which are lacking from the Linear Pottery culture. Some bowls are decorated with a rib on the lower part (Fig. 15. 12, 57). While the pottery from Brunn 2a has much in common with Starevo Linear B wares in Transdanubia on the whole, it is practically identical with the Starevo Linear B vessels from Croatia. The pottery of Brunn 2a and of the early Starevo culture in Croatia contains far more organic temper than the Starevo Linear B pottery in Hungary. In addition to the similar manufacturing tech-

niques and vessel shapes, another shared trait is an uncommon variant of linear ornamentation, especially the lines on horizontal handles, and a few coarse pots with painted decoration. Seeing that the Brunn 2a site is later than the Starevo Linear B sites in Croatia on the testimony of the radiocarbon dates, it seems reasonable to assume that the Brunn 2a assemblage was the result of a long development of the cultural traditions of a population group which had migrated from the territory of modern Croatia (and perhaps Serbia), and had perhaps assimilated local Mesolithic groups. The blend of the two populations led to the emergence of a new culture, namely the Linear Pottery culture with its set of new tools, alongside new, more rudimentary pottery wares without fine vessels and, probably, new house forms.8
8 The problem is the lack of longhouses in the Starevo culture. Neither have longhouses been found in the Malo Korenovo culture, the local LBK development in the Starevo area; however, it seems likely that archaeological investigations conducted over larger areas will lead to the discovery of longhouses in the Malo Korenovo culture and, perhaps in the Starevo distribution too.

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Peter Stadler Nadezhda Kotova climatic zones shifted northward. For example, the Eastern Europe steppe encroached on the forest-steppe zone and extended to the southern boundary of the modern forest zone. A similar process probably took place on the territory of modern Serbia, Croatia and Hungary. This strong aridity led to a deterioration in the living circumstances of early farmers. Some groups of the Early Starevo population migrated northward along the Danube, covering a distance of over 620 km. This migration probably resolved, in part, the problem of population Fig. 17. The Carpathian Basin in the mid-6th millennium BC (after Bnffy 2000, density too, an important aspect Fig. 1, modified by P. Stadler) during times of aridity, when the Some Starevo Linear B traditions were retained wild animal stocks decreased and the pasturing in the pottery manufacture of the new culture, areas, as well as crop yields of domestic plants diprincipally the manufacture of coarse vessels us- minished. Some migrant groups apparently settled in the ing large amounts of organic temper. A tentative reconstruction of the process lead- DanubeDrava Interfluve, as indicated by two seting to the formation of the earliest Linear Pot- tlements of the Starevo Linear B period (Lny tery culture can be conceptualised as follows. The csk and Barcs) investigated in that region. Both emergence of the Linear Pottery culture was close- settlements have been dated to around 5700 BC; ly connected with the environmental and climatic their pottery included fine and coarse ceramchanges during the Early Neolithic. According to ics alike. The coarse wares of these sites differed Rbert Kertsz and Pl Smegi, the Central Eu- from the Starevo pottery of Croatia and Brunn 2 ropeanBalkanic agro-ecological barrier ran near in that less organic matter was used for tempering Lake Balaton in central Transdanubia (Kertsz the clay. Other groups of the Early Starevo populaSmegi 2001). The barrier marked the northern boundary of the sub-Mediterranean climatic, tion advanced as far as central Transdanubia and faunal and floral zones. The advance of Neolithic southern Austria during this arid period. Modcultures with Balkanic roots (Starevo and Krs) ern Austria has a damper and colder climate than halted along this line because their economy was Serbia, Croatia and southern Hungary, a situation adapted to the sub-Mediterranean zone. But this which does not differ much from that in prehisscheme is only valid for the wetter period around tory. The migration along the Danube was probably 60005600 BC, when the late Starevo sites were still occupied. All of these lie in the sub-Mediter- a long process, perhaps lasting as long as a hundred years, even though the distance itself could ranean oak forest belt. However, this agro-ecological barrier could have been covered in a much shorter time. It is easily have been disturbed during a period of possible that the earliest occupation at the Brunn aridity and drier climate. An especially arid peri- Wolfholz settlement has not been found yet, seeod across all of Eastern Europe has been identified ing that the site has been excavated only partially. around 62006000 BC (SpiridonovaLavrushin During the migration or in the yet undiscovered 1997; BezyskoKotovaKovalyuh 2000), af- earliest settlement at Brunn, the migrants estabfecting also the Balkans and Central Europe. One lished contact with the local Mesolithic populatypical trait of this aridity was that the natural- tion and relinquished an important part of their

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The Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (56705100 BC) own culture in the process, namely their fine painted wares. Another possible explanation for the lack of fine painted pottery is that fine wares were only produced in one centre in the Starevo distribution and that the farther a settlement lay from this centre, the fewer the vessels reaching its occupants. The inhabitants of the Brunn 2 settlement apparently only used locally produced coarse pottery and tools manufactured from the raw material obtained from the lithic deposits at Szentgl in north-western Hungary. During the formation of the new Linear Pottery culture, contacts with the Starevo culture of Hungary and Croatia were preserved and the earliest Neolithic population in Austria remained under cultural impacts from the late Starevo culture until the end of the Starevo sequence as shown by the similar vessel types. The bowls with concave upper part (Fig. 16. 67), vessels with vertical neck (Fig. 16. 3, 10) or biconical bowls (Fig. 16. 45, 1112) from Brunn 2b resemble the pottery of the Late Starevo culture (the Spiraloid B phase). It is difficult to determine when exactly the inhabitants of the Brunn 2 settlement arrived to Lower Austria and whence they came. What is certain is that Brunn 2 is the currently known earliest Linear Pottery site in Europe and that it shows one particular variant of the formation of this culture. The Brunn 2a assemblage reflects one variant of the neolithisation process involving the migration of early farmers. In the course of the migration, the migrants culture declined to some extent, reflected by the disappearance of the most sophisticated pottery wares (painted fine ceramics), while at the same time they adopted certain traditions of the local Mesolithic population. The newcomers preserved their subsistence practices based on crop cultivation and animal husbandry, as well as some cults, which are reflected in human figurines. One innovation was the appearance of a new house type (the longhouse with its elaborate post construction) if it really was new and certain tool types, such as long trapezes, known from Brunn 2 and the Mesolithic sites of Hungary (Mateiciucov 2004, 99). Figure 17 shows the distribution of the early LBK and the early Alfld LBK based on the current evidence as presented by Hungarian archaeologists (Bnffy 2000, Fig. 1), who noted that the early LBK developed north of the Starevo distribution, while the early Alfld LBK appeared north of the Krs distribution. This broad picture now needs to be modified owing to the discovery of a Starevo site far beyond the cultures core distribution. It seems to us that there was a migration, marked by an arrow, from the Starevo territory in modern Croatia (or Serbia) along the Danube directly to a location in the Vienna Basin, namely to Brunn am Gebirge. This migration took place during Early Starevo Linear B phase or at its end (or perhaps even earlier?). The early settlers at Brunn Wolfholz maintained contact with their homeland until the end of the Starevo culture. At the same time, this pilot settlement may also have influenced the development of the early Linear Pottery culture in Hungary, although more intensive cultural impacts probably arrived directly from the original Starevo distribution. Is it possible that this pilot settlement was not the single one of its kind? I strongly suspect that there must be other sites too, perhaps in Burgenland and in Transdanubia in Hungary; while the current situation is a reflection of the current state of research, I am confident that other sites will be discovered sooner or later despite the poor research in Burgenland, as shown by the findings of the excavations at Neckenmarkt.9

9 It is regrettable that no other Austrian sites contemporary with Brunn am Gebirge, Site 2 were excavated as part of a German project (LenneisLning 2001).

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