Chapter 03 Slides

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 3
Variables and Calculations
Outline
Outline
3.1 Gathering Text Input 3.2 Variables and Data Types 3.3 Performing Calculations 3.4 Mixing Different Data Types 3.5 Formatting Numbers and Dates 3.6 Class-Level Variables
Outline (cont.)
3.7 Exception Handling 3.8 Group Boxes 3.9 The Load Event 3.10 Focus on Program Design and Problem Solving: Building the Room Charge Calculator Application 3.11 More about Debugging: Locating Logic Errors
Topics
Topics
Gathering text input Data
Variables, constants
Tools/Options
Auto List Members
Calculations
Intrinsic functions and mathematical calculations Assignments and arithmetic
Topics (cont.)
Type conversion functions Formatting results
Numbers, currency, percentages, dates
Exception handling Group boxes Load event procedure Colors Debugging

Initial Exercise - GUI

Create an application
Controls
Text boxes
Date, start date, end date, name, hours, rate, raise%
Group boxes
Pay period, employee data
Label displays results Buttons

Calculate displays information Clear clears controls Exit closes form
Initial Exercise GUI

txtDate grpPayPeriod txtStartDate txtEndDate grpEmployeeData txtName txtHours txtRate txtRaise lblResults
btnCalculate btnClear btnExit

3.1
Gathering Text Input
Controls for Input and Output

Controls
To retrieve information from user, use
TextBox
To display information to user, use

Label TextBox
Examples
lblGreeting.Text = "Hi there!" lblName.Text = txtUserName.Text
TextBox Control
TextBox
Rectangular area on a form Receives focus Accepts input from keyboard Displays information to user
10
Text Box Methods

TextBox methods
Clear( )
Resets (clears) contents of Textbox
SelectAll( )
Highlights contents of Textbox
Focus( )
Positions cursor in Textbox
11
Text Box Methods (cont.)

Examples
txtUserName.Clear() txtUserName.Text = String.Empty txtUserName.Text = "" txtUserName.SelectAll( ) txtUserName.Focus( ) ' highlights contents ' sets focus for user input
12
TextBox Control Example
txtUserName lblGreeting btnClose
btnShowGreeting
In response to click on btnShowGreeting

lblGreeting.Text = "Hello " & txtUserName.Text
13
String Concatenation
Concatenation
Combines strings into a longer string Uses & operator to join strings Example
lblGreeting.Text = "Hello " & txtUserName.Text
space separates literal from text
14
String Concatenation
Example
txtDayOfWeek txtMonth txtDayOftheMonth txtYear lblDateString btnExit btnClear btnShowDate
15
Aligning Controls in Design Mode

Use guide lines to align a new control with a control already on form
Lavender guide lines for horizontal alignment Blue guide lines appear for vertical alignment Examples
16
Focus() Method
Focus
Allows a control to receive user input Always belongs to a control on active form Only an input control may receive focus May be given to a control by calling Focus() Example
txtUserName.Focus()
17
Control with Focus

Control with focus
TextBox
Blinking cursor in text area Highlighted (selected) text
Other control
Thin dotted line surrounding control
18
Tab Order
Navigation within Form
Tab key advances focus to next control Shift Tab key moves focus to previous control Sequence determined by TabIndex property of controls
19
Controlling Tab Order

Tab order
Controlled by TabIndex property Use View/Tab Order menu option
Displays form in tab order selection mode Establish new tab order by clicking controls in desired order Press Esc key when complete
20
Tab Order
Select Form
View/Tab Order
21
Form with Tab Order
22
Exercise Tab Order

Verify tab order for form (View/Tab Order)
Controls
Text boxes

23
Keyboard Access Keys

For controls
Use & prior to access key* in Text property Use && in Text property to display &
User access to control

Use Alt-access key combination
*Note: Do NOT use same access key for different controls
24
Keyboard Access Keys (cont.)

Example for a button
Set Text property of btnExit to "E&xit" To allow user to type Alt-X to activate button, rather than using mouse click
25
Keyboard Access Keys (cont.)

For a TextBox
Assign access key to corresponding Label (rather than Text property of TextBox) Labels do not receive focus Set Label's UseMnemonic property to True
26
Accept Button for Form

Accept button
Activated when user presses Enter key
Refers to button clicked most frequently on form AcceptButton Property of Form

Designates which button behaves this way
27
Cancel Button for Form

Cancel button
Implicitly activated when user presses Escape key Refers to exit or cancel button on form CancelButton Property of Form
Designates which button behaves this way
28
Exercise Form Buttons

Add AcceptButton and CancelButton to form
Controls
Text boxes

29
3.2
Variables and Data Types
30
Variables
Variable
Refers to a storage location Holds information while program runs May be manipulated May be used to manipulate other information Remembers value for later use
31
What Can You Do With Variables?

Uses
Copy and store values entered by user, so they may be manipulated Perform arithmetic on values Test values to determine if they meet some criterion Temporarily hold and manipulate value of a control property Remember information for later use in program
32
Variables (cont.)
Each variable has a
Storage (or memory) location Name Data type Value
33
Naming Rules
Identifier in VB
Must begin with letter or underscore May contain letters, digits, and underscores Must NOT contain spaces or periods Must NOT be keywords (reserved words)
34
Naming Conventions
Identifier in VB
Should describe value stored Should use camel casing Is not case-sensitive Examples
firstName numberOfStudents
35
Visual Basic Data Types

Data types
Integer - stores whole numbers
Byte, Short, Integer, Long
Floating-point - stores fractional numbers

Single, Double, Decimal
Other
Boolean, Char, String, Date, Object
36
VB Data Types
Data Type Boolean Byte Char Date Decimal Double Integer Long Description True/False Small whole number (0-255) Character Date and/or time Precise floating point number Large floating point number Whole number Large whole number
37
VB Data Types (cont.)

Data Type Object Short Single String Description Object reference Short whole number Floating point number Characters
38
VB Data Types (by Type)

Integer types
Byte Short Integer Long
Other data types

Boolean Char String Date
Floating-Point types
Single Double Decimal
39
Variable Declarations
To declare a variable
Dimension variable with name and data type Assign an initial value (optional) Good practice to initialize string variables
40
Variable Declarations (cont.)

Syntax
Dim variableName As dataType
Examples
Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim salary As Decimal classSize As Integer = name As String = "John errorMessage As String firstName, lastName As
20 Doe" = String.Empty String
41
Setting the Value of a Variable

To assign a value to a variable or to initialize a constant
Use = to assign value on right, to identifier on left Examples
salary = 50000 salary = salary + 2000 classSize = 25 lblMessage.Visible = False
42
Integer Data Types

Integer
For values that will always be a whole number May name variable starting with a prefix to indicate data type
Data Type Byte Short Integer Long Description
Unsigned integer from 0 to 255 Signed integer from -32,768 to 32,767 Signed integer from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 Signed integer from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
43
Floating-Point Data Types

Floating-point
For values that may have fractional digits
Single used most frequently Double sometimes used in scientific calculations Decimal often used in financial calculations
May include prefix indicating data type

Data Type Single Double Description
As large as 1038 plus or minus, 7 decimal positions As large as 10308 plus or minus,15 decimal positions
Decimal
As large as 1029 plus or minus, 29 decimal positions

44
Other Common Data Types

Other
Boolean variable naming prefix is bln
Holds 2 possible values, True or False
Char variable naming prefix is chr

Holds a single character Allows for characters from other languages
String variable naming prefix is str

Holds a sequence of up to 2 billion characters
Date variable naming prefix is dat or dtm

Can hold date and/or time information
45
Boolean Data Type

Boolean
Holds values
True False
Examples
Dim enrolled As Boolean = False enrolled = True txtName.Visible = True txtSalary.Visible = False
46
Char Data Type

Char
Holds a single character Use c suffix to identify character Examples
Dim grade As Char grade = "A"c
47
String Data Type

String
String literal is enclosed in quotation marks Empty string coded as "" or String.Empty Examples
Dim name As String name = "John Doe" name = "" name = String.Empty
48
Assigning Text to a Variable

Example
Assign contents of text boxes to string variable
' Declare a string variable to hold full name Dim fullName As String
' Combine first and last names and set result to label fullName = txtFirstName.Text & " " & txtLastName.Text lblFullName.Text = fullName
49
Date Data Type

Date
Holds date and/or time May be assigned value using
Date literal enclosed within # symbols startDate = #10/20/2013 6:30:00 AM# startDate = #12/10/2013# startTime = #8:15:02 AM#
50
Date Data Type (cont.)

Functions to convert string to date
startDate = Convert.ToDateTime("12/3/2013") endDate = Convert.ToDateTime(txtDate.Text) startDate = Date.Parse("12/3/2013") endDate = Date.Parse(txtDate.Text)
Date.TryParse("12/3/2013", startDate) Date.TryParse(txtDate.Text, endDate)
51
Retrieving Current Date & Time

Date and Time keywords
Yield current date, current time, or both Description Date and time Time only Date only Keyword Now TimeOfDay Today
52
Retrieving Current Date & Time (cont.)

Examples
Dim dtmCurrent As DateTime dtmCurrent = Now ' date and time dtmCurrent = TimeOfDay ' time only dtmCurrent = Today ' date only
53
Named Constants
Constant
Mnemonic represents data value that does not change Improves readability of code Eases maintenance of code
54
Named Constants (cont.)

Has a
Storage location Name
Capitalized with underscore characters separating words
Data type Value that does not change
55
Named Constants (cont.)

Examples
Const RAISE_AMOUNT As Decimal = 2000.00 Const BONUS_PERCENT As Decimal = 0.015 Const INSTITUTION_NAME As String = "FSCJ" Const MONTHS_IN_YEAR As Integer = 12 Const INCHES_PER_FOOT As Integer = 12 Const SALES_TAX_RATE As Single = 0.07
56
Auto List Feature

Auto List Members feature
Provides IntelliSense In code, VB often aids by listing choices Use Tools/Options/Text Editor menu option
57
Auto List Feature (cont.)

Example
After typing As in a variable declaration, VB will offer an alphabetical list of established data types
Type the first few letters of the data type name Intellisense box will highlight the matching type Press Tab key to select highlighted choice
Or just complete typing the entire data type name
58
Tools/Options
59
Tools/Options/Text Editor/Basic
60
Scope of a Variable
Scope
Part of program where variable is visible and may be accessed by programming statements May be
Global - known within a project Class - known within a class (file) Local - known within method in which declared
Value in variable is destroyed when variable goes out of scope

61
Global Variable
Global - known within a project
Scope throughout all forms, classes, and methods of project Variable declared outside any class or method
62
Class-Level Variable
Class - known within a class (file)
Scope throughout all methods of class Variable declared inside class but outside any method
63
Local Variable
Local - known within method in which declared
Scope begins where variable is declared Extends to end of method Variable is not visible outside the method
Note: A variable cannot be declared twice in same method
64
Local Variables
Local variable
Declared within a method Scope
Begins where variable is declared Extends to end of method where declared
Not visible outside the method

Note: A variable cannot be declared twice in same method
65
3.3
Performing Calculations
66
Common Arithmetic Operators

VB provides arithmetic operators
Symbol + * / \ ^ MOD Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Integer division Exponentiation Modulus
67
Common Arithmetic Operators (cont.)

Examples
total = price + tax netPrice = price - discount area = length * width average = total / itemCount cube = side ^ 3 dozens = eggs \ 12 leftover = eggs MOD 12
68
Integer Division Operator

Integer division
Operator is backslash (\)
Divides one integer by another, result is integer Example

Dim minutes As Integer = 190 Dim hours As Integer hours = minutes \ 60 ' 3 minutes = minutes MOD 60 ' 10
69
Modulus (MOD) Operator

Modulus
Operator is MOD Result is integer remainder after performing integer division Examples
17 MOD 5 7 MOD 2 8 MOD 2 is 2 is 1 is 0 since 3 * 5 + 2 = 17 since 3 * 2 + 1 = 7 since 4 * 2 + 0 = 8
70
Exceptions
DivideByZeroException runtime error
Caused by use of \ or MOD operator to perform integer division by zero
71
Combined Assignment Operators

Combined assignments
Change value in variable and assign result back to that variable The following are equivalent
salary = salary + 5000 salary += 5000 ' $5000 raise
The following are equivalent

salary = 1.05 * salary salary *= 1.05
' 5% raise
72
Combined Assignment Operators

Operator Usage
+= -= *= /= \= &= x x x x x += -= *= /= \= 2 5 10 y y
Equivalent to
x x x x x = = = = = x x x x x + * / \ 2 5 10 y y
Effect
Add to Subtract from Multiply by Divide by Integer Divide name &= last name = name & last Concatenate
73
Arithmetic Operator Precedence

Precedence
Order in which operations are performed
Parenthesized Expressions Exponentiation (^) Multiplication and Division (*, /) Integer Division (\) Modulus (MOD) Addition and Subtraction (+, -)
When same, perform operations left to right

Note: Do you remember "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally"?
74
Operator Precedence Examples

Example
Result is different when divide by 2 operation is moved to different location in expression
6 * 2^3 6 * 48 8 + 4/2 + 4/2 + 4/2 48 + 50 2 6/2*2^3 6/2 * 8 3 * 8 24 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 28
75
Order of Operations Examples

Evaluate when x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
x+y^2 8/y/x x*(x+1) x*x+1 y^x+z*2 y^(x+z)*2 (y^x)+z*2 ((y^x)+z)*2
76
Order of Operations Examples (cont.)

Results when x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
2 + ( 4 ^ 2 ) => 2 + 16 => 18 ( 8 / 4 ) / 2 => 2 / 2 => 1 2 * ( 2 + 1 ) => 2 * 3 => 6 ( 2 * 2 ) + 1 => 4 + 1 => 5 ( 4 ^ 2 ) + ( 3 * 2 ) => 16 + 6 => 22 ( 4 ^ ( 2 + 3 ) ) * 2 => ( 4 ^ 5 ) * 2 => 1024 * 2 => 2048 ( 4 ^ 2 ) + ( 3 * 2 ) => 16 + 6 => 22 ( ( 4 ^ 2 ) + 3 ) * 2 => ( 16 + 3 ) * 2 => 19 * 2 => 38
77
Converting Mathematical Expressions to Programming Statements

Examples
In algebra, the mathematical expression 2xy describes value 2 times x times y VB requires an operator for any mathematical operation
Mathematical Expression 6B (3)(12) 4xy Operation 6 times B 3 times 12 4 times x times y VB Equivalent 6 * B 3 * 12 4 * x * y
78
Exercise Processing
Add button processing
Controls
Text boxes

Calculate displays information Name, wages, raise amount, raise percent, new wages Clear clears controls Exit closes form
79
3.4
Mixing Different Data Types
80
Type Conversions
Type conversions
A value of one data type may be assigned to a variable of a different type Types
Implicit - attempts to convert to receiving variables data type Explicit - specifies how to convert to receiving variables data type
81
Type Conversions (cont.)

Conversion types
Widening - suffers no loss of data
Example converts integer value to single Dim number As Single = 5
Narrowing - may lose data

Example converts double value to integer Dim count As Integer = 12.2 'count is 12
82
Option Strict
Option Strict
VB configuration setting On allows only widening conversions
An integer can be assigned to a decimal A decimal cannot be assigned to an integer A single can be assigned to a double A double cannot be assigned to a single
On is recommended to help catch errors
83
Type Conversion Example

Example of narrowing conversion
Dim count As Integer = "abc123"
With Option Strict On

Statement will not compile
With Option Strict Off

Statement compiles but string "abc123" will not convert to an integer A runtime error called a type mismatch occurs when this statement is executed
84
Explicit Type Conversions

VB functions permit narrowing conversions with Option Strict On
Conversion functions
Accepts constant, variable name, or arithmetic expression Return converted value
85
Conversion Functions (Legacy)

Conversion functions for each data type
CBool( expr ) CByte( expr ) CChar( expr ) CDate( expr ) CDbl( expr ) CDec( expr ) CInt( expr ) CLng( expr ) CObj( expr ) CShort( expr ) CSng( expr ) CStr( expr )
86
Invalid Conversions
Conversion functions can fail
Dim dblSalary As Double = CDbl("xyz")
String "xyz" cant be converted to a number

Dim datHired As Date = CDate("5/35/2014")
Theres no day 35 in the month of May
87
Invalid Conversions (cont.)

Causing a runtime error called an invalid cast exception (InvalidCastException)
88
Literals
Type Boolean Keywords Byte Char Date Decimal Double Integer Long Short Single String Description True and False Decimal digits between 0 and 255 Character surrounded by double quotes followed by lowercase C Date and/or time representation enclosed in # Digits with decimal point followed by D or @ Digits with decimal point followed by optional R Decimal digits followed by optional letter I Decimal digits followed by the letter L Decimal digits followed by the letter S Digits with decimal point followed by letter F or ! Characters surrounded by double quotes Example True 200 "A"c #1/1/14#
+32.0D
3.5R -3054I 40000L 12345S 26.4F "ABC123"
89
Exercise Processing 2
Add conversions to button processing
Controls
Text boxes

90
Parse( ) Methods
Parse( ) method
Each data type has a Parse( ) method to convert a string to the data type No error detection Examples
Dim age As Integer age = Integer.Parse(txtAge.Text) Dim salary As Decimal salary = Decimal.Parse(txtSalary.Text)
91
Add Parse( ) method to button processing
Controls
Text boxes

92
TryParse( ) Methods
TryParse( ) method
Each data type has a TryParse( ) method to convert a string to the data type Returns
True if conversion successful False if conversion unsuccessful
Examples
Integer.TryParse(txtAge.Text, age) Decimal.TryParse(txtSalary.Text, salary)
93
Add TryParse( ) method to button processing
Controls
Text boxes

94
3.5
Formatting Numbers and Dates
95
ToString( ) Method
Every VB data type has a ToString() method
Converts contents of a variable to a string Example
Dim number As Integer = 123 lblNumber.Text = number.ToString()
Converts integer 123 to string "123", then assigns string to Text property of lblNumber control
96
ToString( ) Method with Format String

ToString() method
Accepts a format string parameter that indicates how to format the value Example
Dim amount As Decimal = 1234.5 Dim strAmount As String strAmount = amount.ToString("C") Converts 1234.5 to currency format $1,234.50
97
Types of Format Strings

Format String Description
N or n
F or f E or e
Number format includes commas and displays 2 digits to the right of the decimal
Fixed point format 2 digits to the right of the decimal but no commas Exponential format displays values in scientific notation with a single digit to the left of the decimal point. The exponent is marked by the letter e, and the exponent has a leading + or - sign. Currency format includes dollar sign, commas, and 2 digits to the right of the decimal Percent format multiplies number by 100 and displays with a trailing space and percent sign
98
C or c P or p
Types of Format Strings (cont.)

Computers regional settings determine some format items
Currency symbol Date separator
99
Specifying Decimal Positions

Decimal positions
Can add an integer to format string to indicate number of digits to display to right of decimal point Rounding occurs when displaying fewer decimal positions than the number contains
100
Specifying Decimal Positions (cont.)

Examples
Number Value 12.3 12.348 1234567.1 123456.0 123456.0 .234 Format String n3 n2 n f2 e3 p ToString() Value 12.300 12.35 1,234,567.10 123456.00 1.235e+005 23.40%
1234567.8
($1,234,567.80)
101
Specifying Integer Leading Zeros

Leading zeros
Can specify a minimum width when displaying an integer value Leading zeros are inserted to meet minimum width if needed Examples
Number Value 23 23 Format String D D4 ToString() Value 23 0023
D2
01
102
Exercise Formatting
Add formatting to button processing
Controls
Text boxes

103
Formatting Dates and Times

The ToString method can format a Date or DateTime value in a variety of ways If the date is 8/20/2013 and the time is 3:22 PM
104
Formatting Dates and Times

Examples
For 8/20/2013 3:22 PM
Format String d D t T F Description Short Date Long Date Short Time Long Time Long Date & Time ToString() Value "8/20/2013" "Tuesday, August 20, 2013" "3:22 PM" "3:22:00 PM" "Tuesday August 20, 2013 3:22:00 PM"
105
3.6
Class-Level Variables
106
Class-Level Variables
Class-level variable
Declared inside class but outside any method
Scope is throughout all methods of class
Take care when using class-level variables:

Tracking down logic errors can be time consuming because many statements can access the variable Make sure not to upset accuracy of variables that are used in multiple methods Because all statement can access the variables, be aware of every statement that has access
107
Class-Level Constants
Class-level constant
Named constant declared with Const keyword at class level Cannot be changed during runtime Eliminates many potential hazards associated with use of class-level variables More acceptable than class-level variables
108
Class-Level Declarations
Public Class Form1 ' Begin after class declaration ' Declare class-level constant Private Const cVALUE As Integer = 0 ' Declare class-level variable Private aValue As Integer ' End before method declarations
Private Sub Procedure() End Sub End Class
109
3.7
Exception Handling
110
Runtime Errors
Runtime error
Occurs for many reasons Results when
VB throws an exception and it is unhandled
Examples
DivideByZeroException InvalidCastException
111
Exception Handling
Exception handling
Allows a program to
Fail gracefully Recover if possible
112
Handling Exceptions
VB provides an exception handler
Syntax
Try try-block Catch [exception-type] catch-block End Try
where
try-block statements might throw an exception catch-block statements execute when exception is thrown
113
Exception Handling Example

Exception handling example
Try Dim salary As Decimal
May throw exception
salary = Decimal.Parse(txtSalary.Text) MessageBox.Show("Your salary is " & salary.ToString("c")) Catch MessageBox.Show("Try again and enter a " & "number", "Entry Error") txtSalary.SelectAll() txtSalary.Focus() End Try
114
More Exception Handling Features

Try Dim annualSalary As Decimal Dim payPeriods As Integer Dim salary As Decimal
annualSalary = Decimal.Parse(txtAnnualSalary.Text) payPeriods = Integer.Parse(txtPayPeriods.Text) salary = annualSalary / payPeriods lblSalary.Text = salary.ToString() Catch ex As InvalidCastException MessageBox.Show(ex.Message, "Entry Error") Catch ex As DivideByZeroException MessageBox.Show("Zero Value Not Allowed for Pay " & "Periods", "Entry Error") End Try
Catch specific types of exceptions
Show exception message issued
115
Exercise Handling Exceptions

Add exception handling to button processing
Controls
Text boxes

116
3.8
Group Boxes
117
Group Box
GroupBox groups controls
Physical
Controls surrounded by rectangular border and have a title (optional) Visual to user that controls in box are related
Logical
Controls within box have tab ordering within group Moving a GroupBox moves its controls with it Removing a GroupBox removes its controls
118
Form with GroupBoxes
GroupBox
119
Placing Controls within a Group Box

To place controls in Group Box
Create GroupBox first Then select GroupBox control and
Double-click control in ToolBox to place control in group or Click and drag control from ToolBox to GroupBox
To move an existing control into GroupBox

Select control and cut it from form Select group box and paste control into it
120
GroupBox Tab Order

A GroupBox has its own place in form tab order Once tab order reaches a GroupBox
Must tab through all controls in GroupBox before tabbing to controls outside GroupBox Tab order of controls inside GroupBox can be assigned in any order
121
Selecting Multiple Controls

Multiple controls can be selected and acted upon as a group
Click and drag over desired controls Any control partially or completely within bounding box will be selected Or hold Ctrl key while clicking controls
122
Selecting Multiple Controls (cont.)

Once selected, a group of controls may
Be moved together as a group Be deleted in a single step Have their properties set in a single step
123
Exercise Adding Group Boxes

Add Group Boxes to form design
Controls
Text boxes

124
3.9
The Load Event
125
Form Events
Form events
Form_Load
Runs when form is initially loaded into memory
Form_Activated
Runs each time control is transferred to form
Form_Disposed
Runs when form is removed from memory
126
Load Event Procedure

Every form has a Load event procedure
Automatically executes when form is displayed To create
Double-click on form background Code window will appear Place code to be executed between Private Sub and End Sub lines
127
Load Event Procedure (cont.)

Examples
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load ' Code to execute when Form loads ' End Sub Private Sub Form1_Load(...) Handles MyBase.Load MessageBox.Show("Prepare to see the form!") End Sub
128
Exercise Load Event Procedure

Add Form Load event procedure to form
Form Load
Populate date, start date, end date
Controls
Text boxes

129
3.10
Focus on Program Design and Problem Solving: Building the Room Charge Calculator Application
130
Room Charge Calculator Application
131
btnCalculate Click Event
132
btnClear Click Event
133
btnExit Click Event
134
Form1 Load Event
135
Completed Form
136
Changing Color
Color
Properties
ForeColor - text color
Custom, Web, System tabs
BackColor - background color

Custom, Web, System tabs
137
Changing Color (cont.)

To restore colors to defaults
Properties
ForeColor - text color SystemColors.ControlText BackColor - background color SystemColors.Control
138
Changing Color (cont.)

You can change color properties with code
Set labels background color to black and foreground color to yellow
lblMessage.BackColor = Color.Black lblMessage.ForeColor = Color.Yellow
Return background and foreground to default

lblMessage.BackColor = SystemColors.Control lblMessage.ForeColor = SystemColors.ControlText
139
3.11
More about Debugging: Locating Logic Errors

140
Visual Basic Debugging Aids

You can set breakpoints
A line(s) you select in your source code When execution reaches this line, it pauses You may then examine values in variables and control properties You may also single step through the program to execute one statement at a time
141
Visual Basic Debugging Aids (cont.)

This allows you to see and examine
What is happening one statement at a time Where it is happening What various data values are (watches)
142
Program Problem
Scenario
Program runs but does not work correctly (logic errors) Running the program with various inputs has not isolated where the logic errors lie What can be done?
143
Debugging
VS .NET provides tools to debug your application
Set Breakpoints in source code View Immediate Window
Display data values or messages Change data values
Inspect variables using DataTips
144
Debugging (cont.)
Step through code
Step Into - single step through method Step Over - execute method without stepping through each line Step Out Of - return from method Run to Cursor - execute statements until statement on which cursor is located
145
Debugging (cont.)
Debugging toolbar
146
Running Wage Calculator
147
Debugging
Breakpoint
Inspect raisePercent Automatic (local) variables
148
Exercise Debugging
Add breakpoints to code and debug/inspect
Controls
Text boxes

149
Visual Basic Debugging Aids

Tutorial demonstrates how to
Set breakpoints Examine values of variables and control properties Use Autos, Immediate, Locals, and Watch windows Use Debug Toolbar
150
Topics Covered
Topics covered
Gathering text input Data
Variables, constants
Tools/Options
Auto List Members
Calculations
Intrinsic functions and mathematical calculations Assignments and arithmetic
151
Topics Covered (cont.)

Type conversion functions Formatting results
Numbers, currency, percentages, dates
Exception handling Group boxes Load event procedure Colors Debugging

152

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Exception handling Group boxes Load event procedure Colors Debugging

Initial Exercise - GUI

Label displays results Buttons

Initial Exercise GUI

btnCalculate btnClear btnExit

Gathering Text Input

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Controls for Input and Output

To display information to user, use

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Text Box Methods

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Text Box Methods (cont.)

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TextBox Control Example

txtUserName lblGreeting btnClose

In response to click on btnShowGreeting

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Aligning Controls in Design Mode

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Control with Focus

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controlling Tab Order

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Form with Tab Order

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Exercise Tab Order

Label displays results Buttons

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Keyboard Access Keys

User access to control

Keyboard Access Keys (cont.)

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Keyboard Access Keys (cont.)

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Accept Button for Form

Refers to button clicked most frequently on form AcceptButton Property of Form

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Cancel Button for Form

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Exercise Form Buttons

Label displays results Buttons

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Variables and Data Types

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Can You Do With Variables?

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Visual Basic Data Types

Floating-point - stores fractional numbers

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Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

VB Data Types (cont.)