GRAMMAR. Future forms. There is no one future tense in English.

Instead, there are several verb forms that can refer to future time. Sometimes several forms are possible to express a future meaning such as: I. Prediction. 1. will. a) The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to show future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction at some time in the future this event will happen. This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, willingness, etc. e.g. Ill be thirty in a few days time. Youll feel better if you take this medicine. This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future tense. b) will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact or evidence. It is often found with expressions such as I think, I hope, Im sure e.g. I think Labour will win the next election. Im sure youll pass your exam. 2. going to. Going to can express a prediction based on a present fact. There is evidence now that something is sure to happen. We can see the future from the present. e.g. Look at the sky! Its going to be a lovely day. NB. - Sometimes there is little or no difference between will and going to. e.g. Well (Were going to) run out of money if we arent careful. - We use going to when we have physical evidence to support our prediction. e.g. Liverpool are going to win. (Its 4-0, and there are only 5 minutes left.) - We can use will when there is no such outside evidence. Our prediction is based on our own personal opinion. It can be more theoretical and abstract. e.g. I reckon Liverpool will win. (Said the day before the match.) II. Decisions, intentions and arrangements. 1. Will. Will is used to express a spontaneous decision or intention made at the moment of speaking. e.g. Ill phone you back in a minute. 2. Going to. Going to is used to express a future plan, decision, or intention made before the moment of speaking. e.g. When she grows up, shes going to be a ballet dancer. We are going to get married in the spring. NB. - In a formal style we use will rather than going to to talk about future events that have been previously arranged in some detail.
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e.g. The meeting will begin at 9 a.m. Refreshments will be available from 8.30 onwards. 3. Present Continuous. The Present Continuous is used to express personal arrangements and fixed plans (especially social and travel arrangements) when the time and place have been decided. e.g. Im having lunch with Brian tomorrow. The Present Continuous is used to refer to arrangements between people. It is not used to refer to events that people cant control. e.g. Its going to rain this afternoon (NOT Its raining this afternoon). 4. Present Simple. We can often use either the Present Simple or will to talk about future events that are part of some timetabled or programmed arrangement or routine. However, we prefer the Present Simple for fixed, unchangeable events: e.g. Does/ will the sale finish on Thursday or Friday? BUT The sun rises (the train leaves) at 5.16 tomorrow. NB. We normally use the Present Simple, not will in time clauses (with conjunctions such as after, before, by the time, when, while, until, as soon as), and in conditional clauses (with conjunctions such as if, in case, provided, suppose, unless, etc.) e.g. Ill let you know when I decide. If you call her, give her my regards. Remember, however, that when when is used as a question word (not as a time word), we use future forms. e.g. Im not sure when they will visit us. We also use future forms with if (=whether) when it is used after expressions which show ignorance, uncertainty, doubt, etc. such as I dont know, I wonder, I doubt, etc. e.g. I dont know if/whether hell move house. I doubt if/whether shell pass her exams. 5. Future Continuous. The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress before and after a time in the future. Often it is the result of a previous decision or arrangement. e.g. When it goes into orbit, the spacecraft will be carrying 30 kilos of plutonium. We can also use the Future Continuous to talk about a future activity that is part of the normal course of events or that one of a repeated or regular series of events. e.g. Dr Jones will be giving the same talk in room 103 at 10.00 next Thursday. NB. When we dont want to indicate willingness, intention, invitation, etc., we prefer to use the Future Continuous instead of will. For example, if guests have stayed longer than you wanted, and you dont know when they are leaving, you might ask: e.g. Will you be staying with us again tonight? (asking about their plans) rather than Will you stay with us again tonight? (they might think this is an invitation). III Other uses of will and shall.
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1. Will is also a modal auxiliary verb, and so it can express a variety of meanings. a) offer: Ill help you carry those bags. b) willingness: Will you marry me? c) request: Will you open the window? d) refusal: My car wont start. e) promise: Ill love you forever. f) prediction about the present: The phone is ringing Itll be for me. g) assumption about the past (with the perfect infinitive): Most people will have forgotten the fire by now. 2. Shall is found mainly in questions. It is used with I and we. a) asking for instructions: Where shall I put your tea? b) asking for a decision: What shall we do tonight? c) offering to help: Shall I cook supper tonight? d) making a suggestion: Shall we eat out tonight? IV. Future Perfect (Continuous). We use the Future Perfect to say that something will be ended, completed or achieved by a particular point in the future. e.g. By the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. We use the Future Perfect Continuous to emphasise the duration of an activity in progress at a particular point in the future. e.g. On Sunday, well have been living in the house for a year. I. Will vs. Going to. 1. Complete the text using the verbs given. Choose will or going to with each verb, depending on which is more appropriate. 1 A: I can't come over during the day. B: I...........................you tomorrow evening, then, (see) 2 The method is quite simple, and I'm sure it...........familiar to most of you already. (be) 3 Have you seen Karen recently? She............another baby, (have) 4 A: Did you get the theatre tickets? B: No, I forgot all about them. I..................them tomorrow, (book) 5 Wherever you go in Brazil, you .............the people very friendly, (find) 6 John says he..................... a politician when he grows up - and he's only 5 years old! (be) 7 Are these new skis yours? ...............you.................skiing? (take up) 8 It's getting very humid - we................a thunderstorm, (have) 9 A: We've got small, medium and large. What size do you want? B: I.a large one, please, (have) 10 A: Shall I give Ian another ring?
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B: Yes, I expect he .................... home by now. (be) 11 A: What are all those bricks for? B: I ..........................a wall at the side of the garden, (build) 12 I hear you....................your car. How much do you want for it? (sell) 13 You can't play football in the garden. I..........the grass, (cut) 14 A: What's the matter with Paula? B: She says she .. A: She......................... better with some fresh air. (be sick - feel) 15 A: I've been offered a new job in Manchester, so I..Cameo. B: When.........................your boss? A: I'm not sure. Perhaps I....................to see him later today, (leave - tell - try) 16 A: Did I tell you I...........dinner with Ken on Thursday? B: But we.........................a film with Ray and Mary on Thursday. You've known about it for weeks. A: Sorry. In that case, I. . ... a different day with Ken. (have - see - sort out) 2. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms (will or going to). 1 Where are you off to with that ladder? ~ I (have) a look at the roof; it's leaking and I think a tile has slipped. 2 We bought our new garage in sections and we (assemble) it ourselves. ~ That sounds rather interesting. I (come) and help you if you like. 3 Why do you want all the furniture out of the room? Because I (shampoo) the carpet. It's impossible to do it unless you take everything off it first. 4 Here are the matches: but what do you want them for? ~ I (make) a bonfire at the end of the garden; I want to burn that big heap of rubbish. ~ Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it (burn) the apple trees. 5 Have you decided on your colour scheme? Oh yes, and I've bought the paint. I (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green. 6 Why are you asking everyone to give you bits of material? Because I (make) a patchwork quilt. 7 I wonder if Ann knows that the time of the meeting has been changed.~ Probably not. I (look) in on my way home and tell her. I'm glad you thought of it. 8 Leave a note for them on the table and they (see) it when they come in. 9 I'm afraid I'm not quite ready. ~ Never mind. I (wait). 10 Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? ~ Yes, we do. We (camp) out and (cook) our own meals, so we have to carry a lot. 11 I've been measuring the windows. I (put) in double glazing. 12 You (wear) that nice dress in a dinghy? ~ Of course not! I (sit) on the pier and (watch) you all sailing. I (not get) all wet and muddy and pretend that I'm enjoying it! 13 If you leave your keys with the hall porter he (take) the car round to the garage. 14 Shop assistant: We have some very nice strawberries. Customer: All right. I (have)
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a pound. 15 Husband: This bread is absolutely tasteless! I wish we could have home-made bread. Wife: All right. I (start) making it. I (get) a book about home baking today, and from now on I (bake) all our bread! 16 Mary: Ann's busy baking. Apparently she (bake) all their bread from now on. Jean: She soon (get) tired of that. II. Will, Going to, Present Continuous. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (the present continuous and the future simple). 1 Tom: Where you (go) for your next holiday? (Where have you arranged to go?) Ann: I don't know yet but we probably (go) to Spain. 2 We (have) a drink with Peter tonight. (He has invited us.) It's his last night; he (leave) tomorrow. 3 Ann: Do you think we (see) Bill tomorrow? Mary: I hope so. He probably (look) in on his way to the airport. 4 I (see) my bank manager tomorrow. (/ have arranged this.) I'm going to ask him for a loan but I expect he (refuse). 5 I (know) the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear, I (tell) you. 6 Jack's mother: Jack (be) ready in a moment. He is just finishing breakfast. Jack's father: If I wait for him any longer I (miss) my train. I think I (walk) on; he probably (catch) me up. 7 I probably (come) to London sometime next month. I (give) you a ring nearer the time and tell you when I (come), (when I have decided/arranged to come) 8 Hotel Porter: You (get) a parking ticket if you leave your car there, sir. If you (stay) the night (have arranged to stay) you (have to) put it in the hotel garage. Tourist: All right. I (move) it as soon as I've arranged about a room. 9 Ann: I've scorched Bill's shirt. Whatever he (say)? Mary: Oh, he (not mind). He just (buy) another shirt. He has plenty of money. 10 Peter: We'd better leave a message for Jack. Otherwise he (not know) where we've gone. George: All right. I (leave) a note on his table. 11Jack: I don't want to get married. I never (get) married. Mother: You think that now. But one day you (meet) a girl and you (fall) in love. 11Tom: I (go) to York tomorrow. (/ have arranged to go.) Ann: You (come) back the same day? (Have you arranged to come back?) Tom: No. I probably (have) to spend the night there. 13 Peter: You (walk) home? (Have you decided to walk?) Andrew: Yes. It's too late for a bus.
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Peter: But it's pouring. You (get) soaked! Here, take this umbrella. Andrew: Thanks very much. I (bring) it back tomorrow. 14 Jack: I (have) another window put in. (I have arranged this.) They (start) work on it tomorrow. Ann: That (make) the room much brighter. 15 You (take) any exams this term? (Have you decided to take an exam?) Yes, I (take) an English exam at the end of the month. ~ Do you think you (pass)? ~ I don't know. If I don't, I (take) it again at the end of next term. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or going to 1 Where you (go) for your holidays? I (go) to Norway. -What you (do) there? - I (fish). 2 Where you (go) this evening? I (not go) anywhere. I (stay) at home. I (write) some letters. 3 Take an umbrella; it (rain). 4 How long you (stay) in this country? (Have you decided to stay?) ~ Another month. I (go) home at the end of the month. ~ What you (do) then? ~ I (try) to get a job. 5 I (dye) these curtains. You (do) it yourself, or (have) it done? I (have) it done. Who should I take them to? 6 I've seen the film, now I (read) the book. I've just got a copy from the library. (/ haven't started the book yet.) 7 You (do) anything next weekend? ~ Yes, my nephews (come) and I (show) them round London. You (take) them to the theatre? (Have you booked seats?) No, they're too young for that. I (take) them to the zoo. 8 We (start) early tomorrow. We (go) to Ben Nevis. ~ You (climb) Ben Nevis? ~ Not me. Tom (climb) it. I (sit) at the bottom and (do) some sketching. 9 Uncle: I hear you (go) to the regatta tomorrow. You (sail) in it? Niece: No, but we (take) our cameras. We (try) to photograph the winning yachts. 10 You (not ask) your boss to give you a fire in your office? It isn't worth while. I (leave) at the end of the week. Really? And what you (do) then? You (have) a holiday? ~ No, I (start) another job the following Monday. I hear you've bought a caravan. You (use) it for your holidays? No, I (live) in it. I (start) moving my things next week. What you (do) with your house? ~ I (sell) it to the man who sold me the caravan. He (get) married next month.
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12 Mrs Jones (go) to hospital. She (have) her appendix out. Who (look) after the children?Her sister (come) down from Scotland. 13 He isn't happy at his boarding school. I (send) him to a day school. ~ Have you decided on the other school? ~ No, but I (see) (have an appointment with) the headmaster of the Park School this afternoon. I'll probably send him there. 14 Tom (arrive) tomorrow. He (spend) the weekend here or (catch) the night train back as usual? ~ He (spend) the weekend. He (give) a lecture on Friday and (attend) a big reception on Saturday. 15He (bring) his wife with him? (Has he arranged to bring his wife?) ~ Yes. She (do) some shopping while he (give) his lecture. 3. Cross out any answers that are wrong or very unlikely. If two answers are possible, consider the difference in meaning, if any, between them. 1 It's not a deep cut, but it..........a scar. (a) will leave (b) is going to leave (c) is leaving 2 Did you know I............a new car next week? (a) will buy (b) am going to buy (c) am buying 3 'I'm not sure how I'll get to the concert.' 'We can take you. We ..you up at 8.00.' (a) will pick (b) are going to pick (c) are picking 4 I'm sorry I can't come for dinner. I .....to York tonight. (a) will drive (b) am going to drive (c) am driving 5 The new road.............the journey time between the cities significantly. (a) will cut (b) is going to cut (c) is cutting 6 I have to go now. I...........you back later today. (a) will call (b) am going to call (c) am calling 7 Don't go out now. I...........lunch and it'll be cold by the time you get back. (a) will serve (b) am going to serve (c) am serving 8 Unless help arrives within the next few days, thousands (a) will starve (b) are going to starve (c) are starving III. Present Simple. 1. Use the present simple of one of these verbs to complete the sentences if possible. If not, use will. accept change miss play rain get give out read start go stop lend want look after

1 We...............our exam results on the 20th August. 2 Jack.......................our cats while we're away next week.
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3 I think I'll take an umbrella in case it.............. 4 There is a reading list to accompany my lecture, which Iat the end. 5 The new drug....................on sale in the USA next year. 6 The concert.....................at 7.30, not 7.15 as it says in the programme. 7 Provided it.....................raining, we'll go for a walk this afternoon. 8 What if I......................my plans and decide to stay in Taiwan longer? Will I need to renew my visa? 9 We....................Sue when she leaves, but she says she'll keep in touch. 10 Unless my parents................me some money, I won't be able to go on holiday this year. 11 Tonight France.................. Germany in a match important for both teams. 12 It is unlikely that the government............the court's decision. 13 Supposing I...................to transfer a file from one computer to another? How do I do that? 14 By the time you.................this letter, I should be in New Zealand. 2. Complete the sentence with the present simple or a future form of the verb in brackets. 1We will usually respond to enquiries immediately we (receive) them, 2 When we (reach) an agreement, we'll ask our legal department to draft a contract. 3 Work on the second stage of the project (begin) as soon as the first stage (prove) successful. 4 Until the economic situation (improve), the company (not risk) any further investment in this field. 5 A detailed break-down of the figures (appear) on our web site as soon as both companies (sign) the agreement, 6 Our office (contact) you the moment we (have) any news. 7 Our human resources team (then assess) your application before we (decide) whether you can go forward to the next stage. 8 By the time the banks (reach) an agreement on this issue, the amount of debt (be) out of control. 3. Complete these texts with either present simple for the future or present continuous for the future with the verbs given. If neither of these is correct, use will or going to. 1 A: Alan Johnson (1) ......... (join) us for dinner. You know, the novelist. B: Yes, I've read some of his books. A: I'm sure you (2) .................... (like) him. His latest book (3) ...... (come) out at the end of this week. If you want, I'm sure he (4) .............. (give) you a signed copy. 2 A: Have you heard that BWM (1) .... (sack) 300 workers? B: That's bad news. Supposing they (2) ............. (close) completely - that would be awful. A: But I've heard that they (3) ................ (build) a new factory in Ireland. If you read
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today's local newspaper, you (4) ................... (see) a long article on it. IV Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect (Continuous). 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. 1 Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both (come) home by train tomorrow as his car is being repaired. 2 He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I'm sure he (forget) to turn up. 3 Don't ring now; she (watch) her favourite TV programme. All right. I (ring) at 8.30. 4 I wonder what I (do) this time next year. ~ I expect you still (work) at the same office. 5 I'd like to double-glaze the bedroom windows. All right. I (get) the materials at once and we (do) it this weekend. 6 Wait a bit. Don't drink your tea without milk. The milkman (come) in a minute. 7 What are you doing next weekend? Oh, I (work) as usual. I'm always on duty at weekends. 8 Air hostess: We (take) off in a few minutes. Please fasten your seat belts. 9 He (come) if you ask him. 10 I arranged to play tennis with Tom at nine tonight. ~ But you (play) in semi-darkness. You won't be able to see the ball. 11I (get) you some aspirins if you like. The chemist's still (be) open. ~ No, don't bother. The office boy (go) out in a minute to post the letters; I (ask) him to buy me some. 12It (be) very late when she gets home and her parents (wonder) what's happened. 13I never (be) able to manage on my own. ~ But you won't be on your own. Tom (help) you. Lookhis name is bracketed with yours on the list. ~ Oh, that's all right. But Tom (not help) me: I (help) Tom. He always takes charge when we're on duty together. 14I (write) postcards every week, I promise, and I (try) to make them legible. If necessary I (type) them. 15Typist: Are you in a hurry for this letter, Mr Jones? Because I (type) Mr White's letters at four o'clock and if yours could wait till Mr Jones: I'd like it a little earlier than four if possible. Typist: All right. I (type) it for you now. 16 What happened at last night's meeting? I hear there was quite a disturbance. Come and see me and I (tell) you. I don't want to talk about it on the phone. 17I'm going to Switzerland next week. -You're lucky. The wild flowers just (come) out. 18This time next month the snow (melt) and skiing will be over. 19The first day of the term will be horrible, for everybody (talk) about their holidays
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and (show) photographs of marvellous foreign beaches, and as I haven't been anywhere I (feel) terribly out of it. 20I (tell) her what you say but she (not believe) it. 2. Supply the correct form of the verbs NB. Normally the perfect forms are not used with state verbs: e.g. By the end of the meal they were friends. In this example the state we are speaking about does not come to an end at the given moment. A. (Future Simple vs. Future Perfect). 1. By the time Im 70, I (not to work) I (to retire). 2. By next summer I expect I (to be fully qualified), I (to pass) all exams. 3. I suppose in another few weeks the ice (not to be) there, it (to melt). 4. You say, you love me, but a year from now I expect you (not to know) my name, you (to forget) it. 5. We cant phone him at 11. He (to be) in bed. I dont think so. Im certain he (not to go) to bed. 6. Our house ( to be ready) by next Thursday. The builder (to finish) it. 7. By the end of the week I (not to have) any money left. I (to spend) it. 8. When I see her again, Im sure she (to be) very different. She (to change). 9. In a couple of years her life (to be) very different. She (to get married, to settle down). 10.They expect us at 7. By that time I (to be through) with the work, I (to type) the last letter by then. 11.By the year 2050, many cities (to double) in size. 12.By the 22nd century, world population (to grow) to about 6 billion. 13.By that time we (to use up) many of the worlds natural resources. 14.Hopefully, we (to find) alternative sources of energy by then. 15.By 2050, robots (to replace) people for many boring jobs. B. Future Perfect vs. Future Perfect Continuous. 1. When my daughter goes to school we (to live) here for 5 years. 2. Well get there at 8.30 at the earliest. They (to wait) for an hour. Mother will be very cross. 3. By the time you come out here we (to tramp) over Crete for 2 weeks. 4. They (to complete) the new bridge by the end of the year. 5. By the end of this week I (to wait) seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. 6. Do you realize that on August 15, we (to live) in this house for 50 years? 7. I hope you (to finish) this report by the end of the day. 8. She (to leave) for work before the children get home from school. 9. We (to fly) non-stop for fourteen hours before we get to Calcutta. 10.They (to complete) work on the great dam by the end of this decade.
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11.Radio waves from earth (to travel) for hundreds of light years before anyone picks them up. 12.By this time next week I (to work) on this book for a year. V. Revision. 1. Underline the best verb form. A. 1 'Have you decided yet?' 'Yes, I'll have /I have the roast beef, please.' 2 A: How will I have known / will I know that I have won a prize? B: You are receiving / will receive an email giving full details. 3 Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst /It's bursting into flames at any minute! 4 Don't come round before midday because I'll be cleaning /1 clean the house until then. 5 Sorry I can't come on Thursday evening. I'm going to work / I'm working late on an important project 6 The cost of construction is almost certainly rising/ will almost certainly rise before the end of the year as wage increases begin to take effect. 7 The conference is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00. h Here's the money you asked for - 1000. What will you / are you going to do with it? 8 Why don't you give Helen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one! She won't have known / won't know the difference! 9 I just want to remind everyone that we'll be holding /we hold a LatinAmerican evening at the town hall this Friday. B. Next Saturday, Daisy 1) is flying/flies to Paris for a business meeting. Her secretary has already booked the flight. The plane 2) will leave/leaves at nine o'clock in the morning and one of her business clients 3) will have met/will be meeting her at the airport when the plane lands. She doesn't know how long the meeting will last, but she 4) will have returned/will have been returning home by Thursday evening. C. Florence 1) is going to become/will be becoming a doctor when she finishes medical school. She thinks she 2) will probably work/will have probably worked in a hospital for most of her career. This time next month, she 3) will have revised/will be revising hard for her exams. By the time she gets her degree she 4) will have been studying/will have studied medicine for five years. Florence hopes she 5) will have passed/will pass all the exams with excellent grades. 2. Choose all possible forms. A, B or C, to complete the sentence. 1 'The fish is very fresh. And the beef is very good too.' 'I think .... the fish.' 2 'There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it be at this time of night?'
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'. Helen. She said she might come round to watch the midnight movie on TV. 3 'I've just received some new sales figuresthem very much, I'm afraid.' 4 Over the next six months, the companyten new supermarkets in France. 5..with this kind of problem before, I expect, so I'll leave you to get on with it. 6 According to sources close to the prime minister's office, the foreign minister. 7 Well, that's all for todayyou next week at the same time, if that's all right. 8 Next year. some time travelling, and then look for a teaching job. 9 The problem we have with Jack is that he..insist on opening all the windows in the cold weather. 10 There's not much bread, I'm afraid. I hope..eat it all before the others arrive! 11At this rate, by the time we get to the party, most people 12The riot police are running into the square. Theretrouble! B I'll have B That'll be B You won't like B will be opening B You are dealing B is due to resign B I'm seeing B I'm going to spend B is about to B you aren't about to B will have left B will be C I'm about to have C It's due to be C You're not liking C is opening C You'll have dealt C is about to resign C I'll see C I'll spend C will C you're not going to C are on the point of leaving C is due to be

1 A I'm going to have 2 A That's going to be 3 A You're not going to like 4 A is going to open 5 A You are going to deal 6 A is on the point of resigning 7 A I'm going to see 8 A I'm spending 9 A is going to 10A you won't 11A will leave 12 A is going to be

3. Supply the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. 1 'Can I talk to you for a moment?'' Sorry, I (leave)
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2 Actually, I (pass) Sue's house tomorrow, so if you like I could leave the books for her. 3 David and Susan (get married) in May, but they've had to change their plans. 4 We (give) a party for Professor Allan on Friday evening, and we'd like you to come. 5 I've done a lot of revision, but I'm sure that when I sit down to do the exam I (forget). 6 Chris doesn't do much work. He (spend) the whole day drinking coffee and looking out of the window. 7 Come back about 4.30 I (finish) the report by then, and you can take a copy. 8 I dont think I (be late), but I'll let you know if I get delayed. 9 Quick, run! The bomb (expode)! 4. Supply the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. Use only Future or Present tenses. A. My car is being repaired and I don't know when it 1) (be) ready. I doubt whether I 2) (be able to) collect it before the weekend. I wonder if John 3) (give) me a lift to the party on Saturday. I'll ask him when he (come) home. . I was calling to ask if you'd like to go out after we 1) (finish) work tomorrow or if you 2)(want) to watch a video instead. Call me back as soon as you 3) (get) in. I'll wait until I 4) (hear) from you. . I will leave the hotel early in case there 1) (be) a lot of traffic. I don't know how long the journey 2) (take) or what time the plane 3)(land), but I 4) (call) you as soon as I 5) (arrive) at the airport. Then, I will wait until you 6) (come) to collect me. D. Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles. She wonders if he 1) (be) late as usual. She will wait until the clock 2) (strike) five and then she will call him in case he 3) (forget). E. Next month, Maggie 1) (go) to Australia to visit her sister, who she hasn't seen for fifteen years. The plane 2) (leave) early in the morning and 3) (stop off) at Singapore before flying onto Sydney. It 4) (be) a very long, tiring journey, but Maggie is very excited because this time next month, she 5) (begin) her adventure on the other side of the world. She 6) (stay) in Australia for one month. She has booked her flight, so she 7) (fly) back to Britain on 31st May. She hopes that she 8) (visit) lots of fascinating places and seen many interesting things by the time her holidays are over. G. Dear Lionel,

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I'm writing to tell you my exciting news. I have won a competition! I think my life 1) (change) a lot now! I 2) (meet) the competition organisers next week to get my prize a cheque for 50,000. As soon as I 3) (have) the money, I 4) (buy) a new car, and I 5) (also/redecorate) my house. Hopefully, I 6) (finish) the whole house by the end of June. Then, on the fifth of July, I 7) (fly) to Tahiti for an exotic holiday in the sun. I 8) (return) by the end of July and then I 9) (throw) a big party for all my friends. I hope you 10) (come). Well, it's almost lunchtime, so I 11) (say) goodbye for now. I promise I 12) (send) you a postcard from Tahiti. Best wishes, Emily H. If you 1) (like) watersports, you 2) (love) Aquaworld. As soon as you 3) (arrive) at this unique theme park, you 4) (be greeted) by visitor hosts who 5) (show) you to a luxury chalet. Once you 6) (be) in your swimsuit, you 7) (be able to) enjoy a wide variety of watersports, from swimming to water-skiing. You 8) (find) plenty to do and you 9) (have) the chance to try many exciting activities. Aquaworld 10) (open) at 9 am every day and 11) (close) at 8 pm. There 12) (be) special facilities for children and lifeguards 13) (supervise) all activities. Visit Aquaworld for an experience you 14) (never/forget)! I. Naturewatch. Mark Rawlings and his team are still in the Andes filming Penny, a puma. They have managed to get quite close to the big cat and gain her trust over the last summer. In this instalment of Mark's video diary, he describes how Penny is currently spending a lot of time with a mate, so Mark and his team are sure that she 1) (have) cubs in the spring. If that is the case, they 2) (see) much of her over the winter. In fact, they are unlikely to see much of her until the winter 3) (be) over anyway, as pumas, like most of the large cats, tend to hide away when the weather is bad. If Penny is pregnant, she 4) (have) the cubs by early March and they 5) (leave) the den about three months later. Although Mark doubts whether she 6) (come) out to hunt much in the next few months, he 7) (stay) until she 8) (reappear) Once the team 9) (finish) filming Penny, they 10) (go) to North America to track down the grizzly bear, but Mark 11) (think/be) such a pleasant assignment! J. What are your hopes for the future? a) It's hard to make predictions too far into the future, but I think I can say quite a lot about my life in about ten years' time. I think I 1) (still live) in the
14

same city. By that time I 2) (finish) my studies, and, who knows, perhaps I 3) (find) a good job. And I 4) (probably go out) with the same friends too! b) I'm optimistic about the future, so I think that by the time I'm 35, say, 5) (make) my fortune. By then I 6) (run) my own company for about ten years, and I 7) (almost certainly become) a millionaire! So I 8) (drive) an expensive sports car, I hope! c) I think we should all be worried about what the world 9) (be) like in fifty years' time. By then, I hope that the world's governments 10) (find) an answer to the problem of global warming, but perhaps scientists 11) (still search) for technological solutions. It's quite possible that we 12) (still talk) about the problem, as we are now! d) By the time I'm fifty, I expect that nearly everything 13) (change) and everyone 14) (try) their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example, I can't imagine that we 15) (use) cars, because by then most of the oil in the world 16) (run out). People 17) (travel) in electric cars, or perhaps we 18) (walk) everywhere. I hope that scientists 19 (solve) the pollution problem, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse problem 20) (come) along by then! 5. Complete the dialogue with verbs from the box. Use suitable forms with future meaning. arrive work
Can

be (x3)

come

finish (x2)

have

have to

meet (x2)

pick up

we fix a time for the next meeting? How about the 12th? That's after the sales conference. ALEX I thought something was happening on that day. Oh yes, you're right. The people from Head Office 1) . JOHN What time 2) (their plane) at the airport? Can we have the meeting in the morning? No, it's all arranged. I 3). them at half past ten, so I 4).. available at all that day. ALEX Well, let's have the meeting earlier in June, then. The sales conference 5) on the third, doesn't it? Yes, but we need John's annual figures for the meeting. How are they going, John? JOHN I'm afraid I haven't started them yet, but I 6) . on them next week, gathering information. 7) (they) ready early in June? JOHN Well, not really. I 8) . them by 10 June, but I don't think they 9) . ready before then
15

 So,

we're looking at the week starting the 17th. How about two o'clock on that

day? Difficult. I 10).. lunch with the sales manager of Bowman's. Could we make it three? John? JOHN Yes, but I 11) . the children after school that week, as usual when the nanny's away, so I 12) .. leave here at five thirty. Is that OK? I think so. Right, so we 13) at three o'clock on 17 June, in the boardroom.
ALEX

6. Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 Please stop making so much noise or I report you to the supervisor. 2 As I was about to leave his office, Bob said, 'Let's get together for lunch sometime, will we?' 3 They came and asked for people to help immediately, so Jenny jumped up and said, T do it!' 4 When he is released next week, Pat McGuire will spend almost five years in prison for a crime he didn't commit. 5 I'm going to work on the report at home last night, but I had left all my notes in the office. 6 It's probably too late to phone Margaret. Do you think she'll go to bed already? 7 I'm not certain, but I guess it's raining later this afternoon. 8 Forthcoming books are those that we think to be available soon. 9 I can't believe that you'll sit on a plane to Malta while I'm driving to work tomorrow morning. 10 If I'll finish before you, I wait for you outside. 11 Will Stefan to get these boxes later or is to take them now? 12 I must get to the post office before it'll close or the parcel doesn't arrive in time for Joy's birthday 7. Over to you. A Make some personal predictions about ten years' time (or choose another length of time). what you will / won't be doing where you will / won't be what you will / won't have done by then B 'According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050.' Use research in a library or on the Internet to find more predictions about the next fifty years.

16

GRAMMAR & VOCAB. 1. Idioms Here you are looking at idioms which are linked to the topic of Nature and natural phenomena. Study them and illustrate their use with your own examples. a drop in the ocean If an amount is a drop in the ocean, it's a very small portion of the amount that's needed. a ray of sunshine Something is a ray of sunshine if it brings happiness to someone. a voice (crying) in the wilderness You're a voice in the wilderness, or a voice crying in the wilderness, if you're expressing an unpopular opinion or insight. at sea | all at sea If you're at sea, or all at sea, you're confused about something and not sure what to do. beat around the bush | beat about the bush If you beat around the bush, or beat about the bush, you don't say something directly, usually because you don't want to upset the person you're talking to. can't see the wood for the trees If you can't see the wood for the trees, you can't see the whole situation clearly because you're looking too closely at small details, or because you're too closely involved. down to earth If someone is down to earth, they are practical and sensible. go with the flow If you go with the flow, you relax and go along with whatever is happening. in deep water If you're in deep water, you're in some sort of trouble or in a difficult situation. make a mountain out of a molehill If you make a mountain out of a molehill, you make a small problem seem to be a much bigger problem. neck of the woods (Informal) A neck of the woods is a neighbourhood or a district, usually rural. reach for the moon | reach for the stars If you reach for the moon, or reach for the stars, you are aiming to achieve something great, or do something very challenging. the tip of the iceberg You can say something is the tip of the iceberg when it's just a small part of something much bigger. under the weather

If you are under the weather, you're not feeling well. 2. In the end or at the end?(e.g. However, in the end I decided to stick with my goldfish, p. 39). NB. When you use the expression "at the end", it needs the preposition "of". When you use "in the end", it doesn't need a preposition. There are also set expressions: to the end of time, to the bitter end. 1. We waited for nearly an hour and ____ the end we went without her. a) at b) in c) on 2. The teacher set some homework ____ the end of the lesson. a) at b) in c) on 3. There's an eraser ____ the end of my pencil. a) at b) in c) on 4. My house is ____ the end of the street. a) at b) by c) in d) on 5. We were exhausted ____ the end of the journey. a) by b) in c) on 6. They get killed ____ the end of the film. a) at b) in c) on 7. I'll love you ____ the end of time. a) at b) by c) to d) on 8. They couldn't decide which one they liked and ____ the end they didn't bother. a) at b) by c) in d) to e) on 9. They argue everything ____ the bitter end. a) at b) by c) in d) on e) to 10. I paid the fees ____ the end of the course. a) at b) in c) on 11. When do you get paid? ____ the end of the month. a) at b) on c) in 12. I couldn't decide what to get Ann for her birthday. ____ the end I didn't get her anything at all. a) at b) in c) on 13. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ______ the end and walked home. a) at b) on c) in 14. I'll be moving to a new address ____ the end of September. a) in b) by c) at 15. Tom didn't want to lend us the money at first but ___the end he agreed. a) at b) in c) to 3. Number or amount? (e.g. the amount of rubbish we throw away, p.44 ).

NB. Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted and number with quantities that could be counted one-by-one. 1. That assignment took an enormous (amount / number) of time to complete. 2. That assignment took an enormous (amount / number) of hours to complete. 3. A small (amount / number) of people gathered on the sidewalk. 4. We have a large (amount / number) of work to complete. 5. The (amount / number) of rainfall this year has been pitiful. 6. We expect a huge (amount / number) of friends to attend the party in Joe's honor. 7. The bait attracted only a small (amount / number) of crabs. 8. We are trying to bring in a generous (amount / number) of money for the charity. 9. Jones always donates a large (amount / number) of dollars to the fund. 10. The records show that Smith's firm handles a healthy (amount / number) of clients each month. 11. The (amount/ number) of food wasted in the United States each day is appalling. 12. The (amount/ number) of pounds of food wasted in the United States each day is appalling. 13 Expect a certain (amount/ number) of madness when you marry someone with pets. 14. A great (amount/ number) of pets can drive you mad. 4. Ways of comparison. a) Underline the best word. 1. I wasnt so much surprised as/ than shocked by the result. 2. This was probably/ not nearly the best football match Ive ever seen. 3. Politics is too / so important an activity to be left to politicians. 4. It was as/ too good an opportunity to miss, so I accepted the job. 5. Its quicker to travel by bus than/ like by car in the city center. 6. You are every bit/ miles as responsible for what happened as I am. 7. Cats are not nearly/ a lot harder to understand than dogs. 8. This looks like/ as the place. It fits the description, anyway. 9. I think the Harry Potter films are about as/ a lot more interesting than the books. 10. This is definitely the best/ the better beach weve been to so far. 11. As the medicine took effect, Tina became far and away/ more and more sleepy. b) Complete the sentence with one word in each gap. 1. You havent really worked hard ________ to get a higher mark.

2. The more exercise you take, the ________ you will feel. 3. Quite honestly, I dont think this is as hard an examination ______ it used to be. 4. This is ___________ the most beautiful beach in the Mediterranean. Dont you think so? 5. Ive done just ________ as much shopping as anyone can do in one day! 6. The film was every _______ as entertaining as I expected it to be. 7. Most of Wintersons books are good, but I think this one is the best of _____ all. 8. The hotel was a ______ more expensive than I expected, so I looked for a cheaper one. 9. This crossword puzzle isnt quite as easy _____ I thought it was. 10. This is not _______ as complicated as it sounds. c) Choose the best option A, B or C to complete the sentence. Its quite common to hear someone complain that their memory is (1) as it used to be, or that the more things they try to remember, (2) quickly they seem to forget. However, memory is (3) complicated than we usually think. For example, remembering facts is not at all (4) remembering how to perform an action, and it seems that we dont forget how to ride a bicycle or drive a car. For some people it may be (5) to remember what they have just read (6) recall where they left their car keys. Of course, (7) interesting a topic is, the more we remember about it, and we are almost certainly (8) to recall something we have read or seen recently, because it remains active in our memory. Where studying is concerned, there are certainly ways of making the memory (9). Its (10) to remember disorganized information, so note-making and summarizing are important, and the learner, not the teacher, has to do this. Regular reviewing of what has been learned is (11) ways of strengthening memory. Some learners have (12) visual than a verbal memory, and may remember more by associating ideas with visual images. Therere plenty of books on the market which illustrate these techniques, always assuming that you can remember to buy one! 1. A less good B worse C not as good 2. A not nearly as B the more C its just as 3. A by far B easily C a lot more 4. A the same as B like C as if 5. A probably B much easier C nowhere near as 6. A as B than to C the more 7. A just about as much B more and more C the more 8. A faster and faster B Far and away C more likely 9. A more efficient B as good as C every bit as 10 A just as easy B not so easy C easier and easier 11. A as important B more and more C one of the best important 12. A just as good B easily the best C a better

d) Make statements about these topics using as many different ways of comparing as possible. a film, book etc something you dislike a sport an activity

5. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions. 1. The emergency crew has turned ________ local power and gas supplies. 2. Smoking is damaging _________ your health 3. Increased emissions almost certainly have a damaging effect __________ the environment 4. Now that we've heard all the arguments for and ________ the proposal, shall we vote on it? 5. He said that he was going to stick _________ the traditions established by his grandfather 6. Anton has a consuming passion _________ science fiction 7. What do you charge __________ a haircut and blow-dry? 8. She wrote a book _________ car maintenance 9. Some of these houses go ______ to the early 19th century 10.We'll have to stop for fuel _______ the way to the airport. 11.He said he'd picked the woman ________ in a bar 12.That song was popular ________ people from my father's generation. 13.I hope my teacher will take ________ account the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper. 14.We usually meet _______ for a quick coffee in the morning 15.We go out once in a while after work and ________ the weekend

16._________ weekdays I'm usually in bed by ten o'clock. 17.The thought of it fills me _________ dread 18.I'm a bit concerned ________ your health. 19.The company needs to reduce its dependence ________ just one particular product. 6. Rendering. Render the following text into English using the active tenses and at least 15 active vocabulary units (including the idioms). . , , ? Pew Reseach Center , 200 IT , , 2020 . . 1. . . . . . . . . 2. , , . - (, , , ), .

3. 2020 . , . . 4. . , , . , . 5. . , , . . 6. . , , , . 7. . , , . 8. , , . READING & SPEAKING. 1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text. tundra permafrost swamp wilderness landslide catastrophic indigenous itinerant unmistakeable impenetrable 1. The _______________ people of a particular place have lived there for a very long time before other people came to live there. 2. A _______________ situation or event causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of people suffer. 3. A _______________ is a heavy fall of earth and rocks down the side of a mountain or steep slope.

4. A _______________ is an area of land covered by water where trees and plants grow. 5. _______________ people or animals travel from place to place frequently. 6. If a place is described as _______________, it is impossible to get into or get through it. 7. _______________ is a large flat area of land without trees in very cold northern parts of the world. 8. A _______________ is an area of land where people do not live or grow crops and where there are no buildings. 9. _______________ is ground that stays permanently frozen. 10.If something is described as _______________, it is very easy to recognize. 2. Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F). Then check your answers in the text. 1. Russia is the worlds biggest country by geographical area. 2. There are no polar bears in Russia. 3. Reindeer give birth to their young in October. 4. Global warming is happening at a faster rate in Russia than in other parts of the world. 5. Temperatures of -50oC have been recorded in the Arctic regions of Russia. 6. It is impossible to build railways on permafrost. Climate change in Russias Arctic tundra: Our reindeer go hungry. There isnt enough pasture Luke Harding 20 October, 2009 It is one of the worlds last great wildernesses, a 435-mile-long peninsula of lakes and squelching tundra stretching deep into the Arctic Ocean. For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the Yamal peninsula. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards. But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now under heavy threat from global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November and set up camp in the southern forests around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter pilgrimage is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December when the ice was finally thick enough to cross.

Our reindeer were hungry. There wasnt enough pasture, Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring its difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired, Japtik said, speaking in his camp 25 kilometres from Yar-Sale, the capital of Russias Arctic Yamal-Nenets district. Herders say that the peninsulas weather is increasingly unpredictable with unseasonal snowstorms when the reindeer give birth in May, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50C. Now they are typically -30C, according to Japtik. Obviously we prefer -30C. But the changes arent good for the reindeer and ultimately what is good for the reindeer is good for us, he said, setting off on his sled to round up his itinerant reindeer herd. Here in one of the most remote parts of the planet there are clear signs the environment is under strain. Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. It had drained away after a landslide. While landslides can occur naturally, scientists say there is unmistakable evidence that Yamals ancient permafrost is melting. The Nenets report other curious changes fewer mosquitoes and a puzzling increase in gadflies. Its an indication of the global warming process, like the opening of the Arctic waters for shipping this summer, says Vladimir Tchouprov, Greenpeace Russias energy unit head. The melting of Russias permafrost could have catastrophic results for the world, Tchouprov says, by releasing billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and the potent greenhouse gas methane that were previously trapped in frozen soil. Russia the worlds biggest country by geographical area is already warming at one-and-a-half times the rate of other parts of the world. If global temperatures do go up by the 4C many scientists fear, the impact on Russia would be disastrous. Much of Russias northern region would be turned into impenetrable swamp. Houses in several Arctic towns are already badly subsiding. Many Russians, however, are sceptical that climate change exists. Others rationalize that it might bring benefits to one of the worlds coldest countries, freeing up a melting Arctic for oil and gas exploration and extending the countrys brief growing season. Russias scientific community seems sceptical of global warming and the Kremlin doesnt appear to regard the issue as a major domestic problem; public awareness of climate change in Russia is lower than in any other European country. Western politicians, however, point out that it is in Russias interests to take action on climate change and to push for ambitious targets at Decembers Copenhagen summit. There is 5,000 miles of railway track built on permafrost. It could crumble as a result of melting, Ed Miliband,

the UK secretary of state for climate change, pointed out during a recent visit to Moscow. However, even Russians working in the Arctic are unconvinced that their country faces a serious climate-change problem. Its rubbish. Its invented. People who spend too long sitting at home have made up climate change, Alexander Chikmaryov, who runs a remote weather station on the Yamal peninsula, said. A small community of Nenets hunters live nearby; otherwise theres nobody for a hundred kilometres. The weather here is, not surprisingly, bitterly cold; the sea freezes for nine months of the year. In fact, Chikmaryovs own data suggests that global warming is a real problem here too. In 2008 the ice was 164cm thick; this year it is 117cm. Winter temperatures have gone up too from lows of -50C in 1914, when the station was founded, to -40C today. Every year large chunks of the coast fall into the sea. And there are other unnatural signs. On 15th August a large polar bear started rooting through the stations rubbish bin. It was 7pm. The bear was enormous. We set off a flare. It ran off, she recalled. Polar bear sightings are becoming increasingly common with the bears coming south from their far-northern habitat in search of food. Back on the tundra Japitik was rounding up his reindeer. Ive lived all of my life in the tundra, he said. The reindeer for us are everything food, transport and accommodation. The only thing I hope is that we will be able to carry on with this life. Guardian News & Media 2009 First published in The Guardian, 15/11/09 3. Choose the best answer according to the text. 1. Why would the melting of Russias permafrost have catastrophic results for the world? a. Because the 5,000 miles of railway track built on it would be destroyed. b. Because it would release billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. c. Because it would be an indication of the global warming process. 2. Why is the rise in temperature from -50C to -30C a bad thing for the Nenets herders? a. Because it isnt good for their reindeer and what is good for their reindeer is good for them. b. Because they cant cross frozen rivers when the temperature rises to -30C. c. Because there are unseasonal snowstorms when the reindeer give birth.

3. What will happen to Russias northern region if global temperatures rise by 4C? a. It will turn into impenetrable swamp. b. There will be so many mosquitoes that people wont be able to live there. c. The growing season will be longer. 4. What do many Russians think about climate change? a. They are very worried about it and regard it as a major domestic problem. b. They believe it will be a good thing for their country. c. They do not believe that climate change exists. 4. Find the following words and phrases in the text. 1. an adjective meaning far away from other cities, towns or people (para 2) 2. a noun meaning a visit to a place that is important to you (para 2) 3. two different words both meaning a vehicle that you sit on to travel over snow (para 3/para 4) 4. a two-word expression meaning under pressure (para 5) 5. a verb referring to buildings meaning to become damaged as a result of the land sinking (para 7) 6. a two-word expression meaning extremely cold (para 10) 7. a noun meaning a bright light or flame that burns brightly and is used as a signal in the dark (para 11) 8. a noun meaning the type of place that an animal normally lives in (para 11) 5. Match the phrasal verbs from the text with their meanings. 1. set up a. flow out of somewhere 2. round up b. make something available 3. drain away c. people search through something with their hands; animals search by pushing with their nose 4. free up 5. push for explode 6. set off 7. point out 8. root through particular purpose d. tell someone something. e. cause something to operate or make it f. build a structure or put it in a particular place g. try hard to achieve something h. bring animals together in one place for a

6. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets at the end of each sentence.

1. The weather is becoming increasingly ____________ in some parts of the world. [PREDICT] 2. Global warming could have a ____________ impact on Russia. [DISASTER] 3. Warmer temperatures could free up Russias Arctic regions for oil and gas ____________. [EXPLORE] 4. Many politicians are hoping for ____________ targets at the Copenhagen summit. [AMBITION] 5. Many Russians are ____________ that there is a serious climate-change problem. [CONVINCE] 6. ____________ of polar bears are becoming increasingly common. [SIGHT] 7. Discussion What practical measures should be undertaken to combat climate change? 8. Comment on the following quotes about nature. Use the active vocabulary: For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled. Richard Feynman Almost all of the social tragedies occurring around the world today are caused by ignoring the basic biological laws of nature. Jim Fowler If we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly, our whole life would change. Buddha Miracles are not contrary to nature, but only contrary to what we know about nature. Saint Augustine All bodies are slow in growth but rapid in decay. Tacitus For the female of the species is more deadly than the male. Rudyard Kipling

All seasons are beautiful for the person who carries happiness within. Horace Friess People from a planet without flowers would think we must be mad with joy the whole time to have such things about us. Iris Murdoch The best thing about animals is that they don't talk much. Thornton Wilder Rest is not idleness, and to lie sometimes on the grass under trees on a summer's day, listening to the murmur of the water, or watching the clouds float across the sky is by no means a waste of time. J. Lubbuck

TEST YOURSELF. 1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer. 1. 'I haven't seen Mark for weeks.' 'Well, I ...... him this afternoon. Why don't you come along?' A have met am meeting meet 2. 'We'd better take a taxi to the station.' 'Yes. The train.....in fifteen minutes.' A has left will have left leaves 3. 'Cathy doesn't study enough.' 'I know. I'm afraid she. her exam.' A won't pass won't be passing won't have passed 4. There's someone here to see you.' 'Oh, that......my sister. Send her in.' A will have been was will be 5. 'I want to visit Katie.' 'Well, don't visit her before five o'clock. She..' A is working will be working will have worked 6. '.........to the library today?' 'Yes. Would you like me to return your books?' A Will you have gone Will you have been going Will you be going 7. 'Shall we go shopping?' 'I can't go until the babysitter.' A arrives will arrive arrived 8. 'I've invited Sam to my party.' 'I doubt if he.....He's studying for an exam.' A comes will come is coming 9. 'I'm having trouble with the car.' 'I'm sure John....you fix it if you ask him.' A is going to help helps will help 10 'You........a good teacher one day.' 'Do you really think so?' A were will be are being 2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following definitions:
1. any animal of which the female gives birth to babies, not eggs, and feeds

them on milk from her own body 2. happening once every year, or relating to a period of one year

3. describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once you

have started 4. an area of land where fruit trees (but not orange trees or other citrus trees) are grown 5. a line of bushes or small trees planted very close together, especially along the edge of a garden, field or road 6. very exciting to look at 7. a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other 8. completely new, especially not yet used 9. certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented 10. the amount of the Earth's energy that someone or something uses 11. a day when you do not work 12. with a pleasant smell 13. causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time 14. stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at 15. a person who buys goods or a service

ACTIVE VOCABULARY. p. 38 (learn the names of animals and related words in ex. 1) p. 39 annual, addictive, turn off the electricity supply, assure smb, look after, take care of, in the end, to stick with, destructive p. 40 (learn the words connected to plants and gardens in ex. 1), spectacular, mankind, dependence on, fill smth with, breathtaking, experience smth, a rainforest, a species, a guided tour, a workshop R 5.2 head (down to your part of the world), get a (cheap) deal, meet up, its not really his thing/ his cup of tea, a day off, pick smb up (on the way) p. 41 at the weekend (but: on a weekday), on holiday, brand new, be worth doing, give smb a ring, scientific advances p. 42 R 5.5 sense of smell, go back a very long way, tomb, fragrant, a feast, a passion (love) for , fully-qualified, point out p. 43 target (audience, age range), packaging, a valley, cultivate, highly valued, charge for, break in, pay a fortune, the equivalent of at todays prices, ordinary people, fossil (fuel, records), apparently, a book on, extract from, the highest members of society, sentence to death, introduce to, start (an enterprise), breeding, become increasingly popular with p. 44 (learn the adjectives in ex. 1), reduce ones ecological footprint, renewable energy, concerned about, have an effect on the environment, support the way smb lives, take into account, rubbish, consume energy, work smth out, an argument in favour of/ against, fair enough, then again, give smth up R 5.7 disturbing, sustainable, halfway around the world, (collapse) overnight, go off (about food), ridiculous, unjustifiable, damaging to (the environment), a customer, its up to (us) to do smth

UNIT 6. GRAMMAR Verb patterns. I. Uses of the -ing form. 1. The ing form (gerund) is used after prepositions. e.g. Im good at running. Were thinking of living abroad. 2. The ing form is used after certain verbs (there is a comprehensive list of the verbs followed by the ing form at the end of this Unit.). e.g. I enjoy visiting my relatives. She denies stealing the money. 3. There are some verbs followed by an object + -ing. e.g. I hate people telling me what to do. 4. The ing form is used as the subject or object of a sentence. e.g. Living in a big city is exciting. I find working in the garden a real bore. 5. The ing form is used after certain idiomatic expressions. e.g. Its no use talking to her. This book is worth reading. 2. forms of the infinitive. 1. Simple. e.g. I want to have a bath. 2. continuous. e. g. its nice to be sitting here with you. 3. perfect. e.g. Id like to have seen his face when you told him. 4. passive. e.g. Id like to be promoted to sales manager. NB these infinitives are used after modal auxiliary verbs without to.

e.g. She must have gone home early. 3. Uses of the infinitive. 1. infinitives are used after certain verbs (see the list). e.g. I cant afford to pay the bill. 2. there are some verbs that that are followed by an object + the infinitive (see the list). e.g. He advised me to listen carefully. 3. after let, make and have the infinitive is used without to. e.g. She made me do the exercise again. 4. the infinitive is used after certain adjectives (except busy and worth, which are used with the -ing form). e.g. its difficult to explain how to get here. NB When the infinitive needs the subject of its own the pattern with for is used . e.g. its difficult for me to explain. 5. the infinitive is used after certain nouns. e.g. its a good idea to ask for help. 6. the infinitive is used to express purpose. e.g. I came here to learn English. 7. the infinitive is used after question words. e.g. I dont know what to do. 8. the infinitive can be used with too and enough. e.g. I was too tired to eat. Its cold enough to snow. 4. ing or the infinitive? 1. continue, start, begin. - Both ing and infinitive can be used. The infinitive is more common. e.g. He began working/ to work when he was twenty. - if the verb is in a continuous tense we prefer the infinitive. e.g. Its starting to rain.

2. allow, forbid, permit. - we allow/ forbid/ permit doing something e.g. We dont allow smoking in here. - but we allow/ forbid/ permit somebody to do something e.g. We dont allow people to smoke in here. 3. like, love, hate, prefer - often both the infinitive and the ing form can be used with little difference of meaning. e.g I like to get/ getting up early. - When like means enjoy generally it is more usually followed by ing. e.g. I like cooking. If the sentence is more specific, the infinitive is more common. e.g. I like to cook a roast on Sundays. - when like means think it a good idea, it is followed by the infinitive. e.g. I like to pay bills on time. - Used with would, these verbs are followed by the infinitive. e.g. Id love to visit you. 4. remember, forget, regret - After these verbs the ing form refers to an action that took place before the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting. e.g. Ill never forget meeting you. - The infinitive refers to an action that takes place after the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting. e.g. Dont forget to lock all the doors. 5. stop. - The ing form refers to an action that was in progress before the act of stopping. E.g. Stop looking at me like that! - The infinitive tells us why the action stopped and what happened next. This is the infinitive of purpose.

e.g. We stopped to have a break. 6. try. - the infinitive refers to the goal, or what we want to achieve. e.g. I tried to learn Chinese but it was too difficult. - the ing form refers to the methods used to achieve the goal. e.g. I tried going to evening classes. 7. go on. - the ing form indicates continuation of an activity. e.g. I'd like to go on making easy money, but I'm afraid it's over. - the infinitive refers to a change to a new activity. e.g. Jack spent many of his early years behind bars, but he would go on to become a famous preacher. 8. mean. - mean doing something = involve e.g. If we catch the early train, it will mean getting up at 6 a.m. - mean to do something = intend e.g. Sorry, I meant to tell you about the party. 9. see, hear, watch, feel - the ing form is used to talk about an action going on e.g. I last saw him walking down the road towards the shops. - the infinitive (without to) is used to talk about a completed action. e.g. I saw her pick up the parcel, open it and take out a book. 1. Work in pairs. Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the cue. Don't lower your intonation at the end of the cue. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Complete the sentence with doing it or to do it. Speaker A: If you are unsure about the correctness of B's completion, refer to the list of verb patterns. Example: SPEAKER A (book I promise open): SPEAKER B (book ... to do it. closed):

1. I enjoyed .... 2. I can't afford .... 3. She didn't allow me ..., 4. We plan.. 5. Please remind me .... 6. I am considering .... 7. Our director postponed 8. He persuaded me .... 9. I don't mind .... 10. Everyone avoided .... Switch roles. 11.I refused .... 12.I hope. 13.She convinced me .... 14.He mentioned .... 15.I expect.... 16.I encouraged him .... 17.I warned him not. 18.We prepared .... 19.I don't recall.... 20. We decided .... Switch roles. 21. Did someone offer 22. When will you finish 23. Did you practice .... 24. She agreed .... 25. Keep 26. Stop.. 27. I didn't force him .... 28. I couldn't resist.... 29. Somehow, the cat managed 30. Did the little boy admit. . .

Switch roles. 31. He denied. 32. I didn't mean .... 33. She swore .... 34. I volunteered .... 35. He suggested .... 36. He advised me .... 37. He struggled .... 38. I don't want to risk .... 39. Do you recommend . 40. I miss .... Switch roles. 41. I can't imagine .... 42. She threatened .... 43. He seems to dislike .... 44. The children begged .... 45. She challenged me .... 45. Did he deny .... 46. Don't hesitate .... 47. Do you anticipate .... 48. Why did she fail. 49. I'll arrange ....

2. Form a group of three to five members. Choose one of the story beginnings or make up your own. Each group member continues the story by adding a sentence or two. At least one of the sentences should contain words from the given list, plus a gerund or infinitive phrase. As a group, use as many of the words in the list which follows as you can. Example: (Yoko) had a bad night last night. First, when she got home, she discovered that______________________________________________________ SPEAKER A: . . . her door was unlocked. She didn't recall leaving her door unlocked. She always remembers to lock her door and in fact specifically remembered locking it that morning. So she became afraid that someone had broken into her apartment. SPEAKER B: She thought about going inside, but then decided it would be better not to go into her apartment alone. What if there was a burglar inside? SPEAKER C: Instead of going into her apartment alone, Yoko walked to her next-door neighbor's door and knocked. SPEAKER D: Her neighbor answered the door. He could see that something was the matter. "Are you all right?" he asked her. speaker a: Etc. Story beginnings: 1. (...) is having trouble with (her/his) roommate, whose name is ( ...). (Her/His) roommate keeps many pets even though the lease they signed forbids residents to keep animals in their apartments. Yesterday, one of these pets, a/an .... 2. Not long ago, (...) and ( . . . ) were walking home together after dark. They heard a strange whooshing sound. When they looked up in the night sky, they saw a huge hovering aircraft. It glowed! It was round and green! ( . . . ) was frightened and curious at the same time. (She/He) wanted to ..., but.... 3. Once upon a time, (...) lived in a faraway village in a remote mountainous region. All of the villagers were terrified because of the dragon that lived nearby. At least once a week, the dragon would descend on the village and .... 4. It was a dark and stormy night. (...) was all alone at home. Suddenly .... 5. (...) had a bad day yesterday. First of all, when (she/he) got up in the morning, (she/he) discovered that. . . . List of words and phrases to work into the story: be accused of be accustomed to in addition to be afraid apologize (to someone) for Believe in Admit Advise Afford Agree Ask Avoid mind need offer permit persuade plan be a bad experience be a bad idea be better be clever be dangerous be difficult

blame (someone) for be capable of be committed to complain about dream of Forgive (someone) for be excited about be guilty of instead of be interested in look forward to be opposed to prevent (someone) from be scared of stop (someone) from succeed in take advantage of be terrified of thank (someone) for think of be tired of be worried about

Beg Begin Consider Continue Convince Decide Demand Deny Discuss Dislike encourage Enjoy Expect Fail Force Forget Hesitate Hope Invite Learn Like Manage

postpone prefer prepare pretend promise quit recall refuse regret remember remind risk seem start stop struggle suggest threaten wait want warn

be easy be essential be foolish be a good experience be a good idea be fun be hard be important be impossible be interesting be necessary be a pleasure be possible be relaxing take effort take energy take money take patience take time

3. Do you know which verbs are followed by infinitives and which are followed by -ing forms? Make two lists. agree avoid can't help dare decide deny expect (can't) face fail fancy feel like finish give up happen hope imagine keep (on) manage mean mind miss offer postpone practice prepare pretend promise put off refuse risk seem spend time (can't) stand suggest wish

Put in the correct forms of the verbs.

1 You can't help (like) him. 2 We decided (stay) at home. 3 We expect (hear) from Ann soon. 4 Do you fancy (go) out tonight? 5 I don't feel like (cook). 6 When do you finish (study)? 7 I've given up (smoke). 8 Imagine (be) married to her! 9 I managed (find) a taxi. 10 Would you mind (pass) the bread? 11 I missed (see) the beginning of the film. 12 She pretended (be) ill. 13 Don't put off (see) the doctor. 14 He spends ages (talk) on the phone. 15 I want (see) the manager. 16 Do you enjoy (watch) football? 4. Change the construction of the sentences using the appropriate form of the infinitive. A. E.g. They are sorry that they are having problems. They are sorry to be having problems. 1. Mark is delighted that he has learnt to drive. 2. Carol is sorry that she has refused point-blank to join us. 3. My friends are happy that they have bought an annual cable TV license. 4. He was glad that he had started his own business. 5. He was happy that he had recruited the right personnel. 6. You will be happy that you have repaid the loan. 7. Gerald hates it when he is asked questions he cannot answer. 8. My grandmother loved it when she was asked for advice. 9. My sister hates it when she is treated like a child. 10. Most people hate it when they are ordered to do things. 11. Michael was delighted that he had been offered this job. 12. Richard was furious that he hadnt been invited to the party. 13. She is happy that she has been introduced to the president of the company. 14. Sheila is furious that she has been spoken to like this. 15. My friends are happy that they are starting their own business. 16. Mary is delighted that she is going away on holiday next week. 17. He must be crazy that he is climbing that mountain in such weather.

18. The boy is happy that he is playing his favourite computer games again. 19. Carol is sorry that she has been having a relationship with that horrid man for such a long time. 20. His parents are happy that they have been working for the same firm all their lives. B. E.g. It is said that they play gold every weekend. They are said to play golf every weekend. NB. This construction is used with the following verbs in the passive voice: to say, to report, to announce, to believe, to suppose, to think, to expect, to know, to consider, to see, to hear, to make, etc. The infinitive after these verbs is used with the particle to. Change the construction of the sentences according to the examples given above. 1. It is said that Michael is selfish and inconsiderate. 2. It is believed that the bank manager has been forced into criminal activities. 3. It was reported that Palestinians had been responsible for the terrorist act in Jerusalem. 4. It is expected that food will be rationed in the country in the near future. 5. It has been announced that the board of directors has confirmed their decision. 6. It is said that the boy is receiving psychiatric treatment for his Internet addiction. 7. It is reported that the police have been trying to solve the puzzle for a long time. However, it is believed they have failed to do it. 8. It was heard that the criminals were arranging to meet at the entrance to the Barkley Bank. 10.It was seen that a stranger was asking for directions. 11.It was heard that Bob and Rachel were having yet another row. It is believed that they are drifting apart. 12.It is thought that Bob is having a relationship with another woman. It is also considered that he is unable to control his temper. 13.It is said that Mr Beekford has been overdrawing his bank account quite regularly of late. 14.It is expected that this journalist will be denied the visa. 15.It is supposed that Mr Jackson has been protected all the time. 16.It was reported that the robbers had resisted arrest. Thats why it is supposed that they will get a harsh sentence. 17.It is thought that this reporter is paying too much attention to detail.

18.It is said that the local authorities have been told they have no say in this matter. 5. Passive and past forms of infinitives and gerunds. Supply an appropriate form for each verb in brackets. 1. I don't enjoy (laugh) at by other people. 2. I'm angry at him for (tell, not) me the truth. 3. It is easy (fool) by his lies. 4. I expected (invite) to the party, but I wasn't. 5.Sometimes adolescents complain about not (understand) by their parents. 6. Your compositions are supposed (write) in ink. 7. Jin Won had a narrow escape. He was almost hit by a car. He barely avoided (hit) by a speeding automobile. 8. Ms. Thompson is always willing to help if there is a problem in the office, but she doesn't want (call) at home unless there is an emergency. 9. Jack Welles has a good chance of (elect) I know I'm going to vote for him. 10.Carlos appears (lose) some weight. Has he been ill? 11.You must tell me the truth. I insist on (tell) the truth. 12.Don't all of us want (love) and (need) by other people? 13.Dear Hiroki, I feel guilty about (write, not) to you sooner, but I've been swamped with work lately. 14.A: You know Jim Frankenstein, don't you? B: Jim Frankenstein? I don't think so. I don't recall ever (meet) him. 15. Mr. Gow mentioned (injure) in an accident as a child but he never told us the details. 16. Tim was in the army during the war. He was caught by the enemy, but he managed to escape. He is lucky (escape) with his life. 17. I don't understand how you got the wrong results. When I look over your notes, your chemistry experiment seems (perform) correctly. But something is wrong somewhere. 18. The witness to the murder asked not (identify) in the newspaper. She wanted her name kept secret. 19. It is generally considered impolite (pick) your teeth at the dinner table. 20. I don't recall (meet) Mr.Tanaka before. I'm sure I haven't. I'd like (introduce) to him. Would you do the honors? 21. Ed's boss recommended him for the job. Ed was pleased (consider) for the job even though he didn't get it. 22. I wasn't tired enough (sleep) last night. For a long time, I just lay in bed (think) about my career and my future. 23. It is the ancient task of the best artists among us (force) us (use) our ability (feel) and (share) emotions.

24. Jeff applied to medical school many months ago. Now he's so concerned about (accept) into medical school that he's having a difficult time (concentrate) on the courses he's taking this term. 25.It may be impossible (persuade) my mother (give) up her job even though she's having health problems. We can't even get her (cut) down on her working hours. She enjoys (work) so much that she refuses (retire) and (take) it easy. I admire her for (dedicate) to her work, but I also want her to take care of her health. 26. Traffic has become too heavy for the Steinbergs (commute) easily to their jobs in the city. They're considering (move) to an apartment close to their places of work. They don't want (give) up their present home, but they need (live) in the city (be) closer to their work so they can spend more time (do) the things they really enjoy (do) in their free time. 27. I dont seem (get) rid of the cockroaches in my apartment. Every night I see them (run) all over my kitchen counters. It drives me crazy. I'm considering (have) the whole apartment (spray) by a professional pest control expert. 28. The employees were unhappy when the new management took over. They weren't accustomed to (treat) disrespectfully by the managers of the production departments. By (threaten) (stop) (work), they got the company (listen) to their grievances. In the end, a strike was averted. 29. According to some estimates, well over half of the world's population is functionally illiterate. Imagine (be) a parent with a sick child and (be) unable to read the directions on a medicine bottle. We all know that it is important for medical directions (understand) clearly. Many medical professionals are working today (bridge) the literacy gap by (teach) health care through pictures. 6. Complete the sentences using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given in brackets. 1. I dont know how the accident happened. I remember (to feel) very tired, but thats all. The rest is a complete blank. 2. Im glad you remembered (to get) Helen a card. We can post it in the evening. 3. Ill never forget (to visit) the Queen. It was a wonderful experience. 4. He had to go back to the supermarket because he had forgotten (to get) any butter. 5. On the way home he stopped at the newsagents (to buy) a newspaper. 6. I wish it would stop (to rain). 7. I regret (to say) that I wont be able to come to the party, but I hope you have a great time. 8. After three months without work he regretted (to leave) his safe job at the bank.

9. Sarah wanted to start her own business, she even tried (to recruit) personnel. However, she soon realized that she couldnt really afford it. 10.Max White infiltrated his fathers confidential files though it meant (to break) the codes, then he went on (to discover) the files that even his father was unaware of. 11.Keith Hamilton was eager to catch the spy and tried (to monitor) his progress. 12.It was soon clear that Max didnt mean (to create) havoc with MI5s computer system. 13.Im afraid, James is going to be evicted. He has stopped (to pay) the mortgage. 14.I enjoy seeing such films but later I always regret (to waste) so much time on them. 15.She didnt mean (to accept) your opinion. She always thinks she knows best. 16.She couldnt agree to your proposal as it meant (to accept) your opinion. 17.I remember (to be) trapped in a lift for hours. After that I stopped (to use) them. 18.Please, remember (to tell) Lucy that she should take everything into consideration. Its vital. 19.I regret (to say) that I forgot (to tell) Margaret about the party. 20.When my sister was little she used (? to be) scared stiff when she watched horror films. It took her quite a long time to get used (? to take) them easy. 21.Whats the use (? to discuss) anything serious with her? Shes completely insane. 22.When she couldnt have her way, she used (? to burst) out crying. 23.It is useless (to complain) of loneliness. Its your own choice. 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Note that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required. 1 'I was lonely at first,' the old man admitted, 'but after a time I got used to (live) alone and even got (like) it.' 2 Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage coaches. It used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath. 3 I meant (buy) an evening paper but I didn't see anyone (sell) them. 4 Tom: I want (catch) the 7 a.m. train tomorrow. Ann: But that means (get) up at 6.00; and you're not very good at (get) up early, are you? 5 He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job. 6 She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (go) to school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth.

And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out. 7 Did you remember (lock) the car? ~ No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now. 8 No, I didn't move the bomb. I was afraid (touch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces! 9 Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I wasted hours (look) for the last house. 10 Tom: Let's (go) for a swim. Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead? 11 The hunters expected (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This meant (take) the snakes out of the sack and (measure) them. They seemed (expect) me (do) it; but I wasn't particularly anxious (be) the first (die) of snakebite. 12 After (spend) two days (argue) about where to go for their holidays, they decided (not go) anywhere. 13 He is talking about (give) up his job and (go) (live) in the country. 14 I was just about (leave) the office when the phone rang. It was my wife; she wanted me (call) at the butcher's on my way home. He said, 'I'm terribly sorry to (keep) you (wait).' I said, 'It doesn't matter at all,' but he went on (apologize) for nearly five minutes! 16 The lecturer began by (tell) us where the island was, and went on (talk) about its history. 17 My father thinks I am not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show) him that he is wrong. 18 Tom: I can't get my car (start) on cold mornings. Jack: Have you tried (fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps. 19 Did he manage (carry) the trunk upstairs? ~ No, he didn't. He isn't strong enough (move) it, let alone (carry) it upstairs. 20 Jack: Don't forget (take) a hacksaw with you. Ann: What's a hacksaw? And why should I (take) one with me? Jack: It's a tool for (cut) metal. You see, Tom is bound (get) into trouble for (take) photographs of the wrong things, and you'll be arrested with him. With a hacksaw you'll be able (saw) through the bars of your cell and (escape). 21 Peter: Wouldn't it be better (ask) Tom (leave) his camera at home? Jack: It would be no good (ask) Tom (do) that. It would be like (ask) a woman (travel) without a handbag. 22 I've got the loaf; now I'm looking for a breadknife (cut) it with. ~ I saw Paul (sharpen) a pencil with the breadknife a minute ago. 23 We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the

way. 24 When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started (deal) with your garage instead. 25 Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home? ~ I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant. 26 Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrowunless you'd like me (have) a go at it for you. 27 I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me. 28 Jack: I don't mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in queues. Tom: I don't care for (queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I think it's better (go) by tube, or taxi, 29 He took to (follow) me about and (criticize) my work till I threatened (hit) him. 30 I have (stay) here; I'm on duty. But you needn't (wait); you're free (go) whenever you like. 31 In Animal Farm the old pig urged the animals (rebel) against man but he warned them (not adopt) man's habits. 32 There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We'd only have (wait). I don't mind (wait). It's better (be) too early than too late. 33 I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise. 34 If you agree (work) for me I'll see about (get) you a work permit. 35 We'd better (start) early. We don't want (risk) (get) caught in a traffic jam. 36 He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter themselves. Revision. 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Remember that sometimes a bare infinitive is required. 1 We suggested (sleep) in hotels but the children were anxious (camp) out. 2 Paul: Would you like (come) to a lecture on Wagner tonight? Ann: No, thanks. I like (listen) to music but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it. 3 If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk bottle outside your door. 4 They let us park motorcycles here but they won't allow us (park) cars. 5 They don't allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don't want (risk) (set) it on fire, but you can (smoke) in the foyer during the interval.

6 Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers (he is so busy that he can't receive callers), so you'd better just (go) away. 7 What about (buy) double quantities of everything today? That will save (shop) again later in the week. 8 The inspector asked (see) my ticket and when I wasn't able (find) it he made me (buy) another. He probably suspected you of (try) (travel) without one. 9 One of the gang suggested (take) the body out to sea, (drop) it overboard and (pretend) that it had been an accident. 10 I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns and swords. ~ It's almost impossible (prevent) boys (play) soldiers. 12 Would you children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form. ~ It's no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise. 13 I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would you like (come)? ~ No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train. I loathe (travel) by road. 14 Let's (go) (fish) today. There's a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann? No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I've no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish). 15He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once. 16The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station and (dash) straight across the road. 17All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash) against the rocks. 18I didn't mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn't resist (try) one. 19Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus?~ I'd rather (go) by bus. Besides, it'll take ages (get) there on foot. 20 All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes?Oh, let's wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we'll get soaked (walk) to the bus station. 21The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hidingplaces. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used (get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there. 22Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself. But Tom advised me (sell) the whole house.

23The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the mornings and (come) home in the evenings. And he used to hear them (shout) greetings to each other and (talk) loudly. 24He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings. Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would stop (talk) to him on their way home. 25He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along a narrow ledge to the window of the next room. 26Did you have any trouble (find) the house? ~ No, but I had a lot of difficulty (get) in. Nobody seemed (know) where the key was. 27Bill couldn't bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly. Whenever he found me (relax) or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once. I wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the weekend (keep) out of his way. 28After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn't really enjoy (live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to London. 29It's no use (argue) with him. You might as well (argue) with a stone wall. He is incapable of (see) anyone else's point of view 30 I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday. We are all looking forward to (see) you. Remember (bring) your rubber boots. 31 He has been charged with (receive) and (sell) stolen goods. He has admitted (receive) but denies (sell) them. The fact is that he hasn't had time (sell) them yet. 32 He noticed the helicopter (hover) over the field. Then, to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder (be) thrown out and three men (climb) down it. He watched them (run) across the field and out through a gate. Later he saw a car with four men in it (come) out of the lane (lead) to the field. 33 He admitted that it was possible that the car happened (be passing) and that the three men persuaded the driver (give) them a lift; but he thought it much more likely that they had arranged for the car (pick) them up and that the driver had been waiting in the lane for the helicopter (drop) them. 34 What about (have) a picnic in Piccadilly Circus? ~ What an extraordinary place (have) a picnic! Fancy (sit) there with the traffic (swirl) round you and the pigeons (take) bites out of your sandwiches! 35 Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show) us some proof of your identity? 36 Let's (swim) across. ~

I'm not really dressed for (swim). What's wrong with (go) round by the bridge? 9. Complete the following texts using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given in brackets. A Sue has decided 1) (apply) for a new job. Her mother advised her 2) (write) to several different companies. Sue would like 3) (work) for a large company where she can 4) (meet) new people. Carol is too ill 1) (go) to work today. She has managed 2) (drink) some tea and now she wants 3) (sleep). Her husband offered 4) (call) the doctor, but Carol would prefer 5) (wait) and see if she feels better tomorrow. Daniel would like 1) (get) his teacher a present, but he doesn't know what 2) (choose). He is thinking of 3) (buy) her a book because he knows that she enjoys 4) (read). His sister will help him 5) (pick) a good one. D I dislike 1) (shop) because I can't stand 2) (be) in crowded places. If I have to 3) (go) into town, I avoid 4) (visit) shops where there are a lot of people. E Joan can't afford 1) (go) on holiday this year, but she intends 2) (save) up so that she can manage 3) (travel) around Europe next summer. She is looking forward to 4) (visit) a lot of exciting places. F Countries all over the world have superstitions which some people believe and others don't. Several superstitions are the same in many countries. Many people avoid 1) (walk) under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luck. Some people expect things 2) (go) wrong on the thirteenth day of the month, particularly if it's a Friday. Some say you must never 3) (put) up an umbrella inside the house or 4) (place) a pair of new shoes on the table. In many places, it is considered unlucky 5) (see) a black cat, while in others this is thought 6) (be) a symbol of good luck. 7) (Break) a mirror results in seven years of bad luck and if you spill salt, you must 8) (throw) a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately. These are just a few superstitions which some people believe in. Do you know any more? G Flight Attendant: Welcome aboard, sir. I hope you enjoy the flight. Passenger: Thank you. Unfortunately, I'm afraid of 1) (fly). Flight Attendant: Don't worry, sir. Just remember 2) (fasten) your seatbelt and everything will be fine. Passenger: I don't mean 3) (be) difficult, but I would like 4) (sit) next to the window. Is that alright? Flight Attendant: Of course. This seat is free. You can sit here. Would you like a newspaper to read?

Passenger: No, thank you. I prefer 5) (read) books to reading newspapers. Flight Attendant: Well, I must 6) (check) on the other passengers now. Passenger: Oh. I'm sorry for 7) (talk) too much. I'm just very nervous about the flight. Flight Attendant: Just try 8) (relax) a little bit, sir. I'll stop 9) (see) how you are later. Passenger: Thank you very much. I hate 10) (be) so much trouble. 10. Read the article below and then decide which word or phrase (A C) best fits each space. Death in the Air. The death of Emma Christofferson from deep-vein thrombosis allegedly caused by a twenty-hour plane journey has led to calls for an enquiry into socalled 'economy class syndrome'. The cabin crew were shocked (1) the previously healthy 28-year-old in a state of collapse at the end of a long-haul flight from Australia to London. A blood clot had spread from her legs to her lungs with fatal results. Experts believe her death is just the latest example of the growing danger posed by (2) for extended periods of time in cramped aircraft seats. Farol Khan, director of the Aviation Health Institute, (3) to have evidence that more than 6,000 passengers a year die of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of long-haul flights. Unfortunately, as symptoms often take some time (4), the link between the condition and flying is not always apparent. But there seems (5) a clear relationship between the occurrence of DVT and the steady reduction in the amount of legroom between seats in economy class cabins. In a bid (6) the number of passengers carried and their consequent profitability, many airlines have squeezed more and more seats into their planes, at the cost of comfort and legroom. And our (7) these uncomfortable conditions is simply based on the fact that we know more seats means lower prices. But with limited opportunities (8) or move around, the blood circulation in passengers' legs (9) to slow down, and blood clots can easily develop. Most at risk are elderly people, sufferers from heart conditions and smokers. But as Emma Christofferson's case shows, even the young and healthy can do little to prevent blood clots (10) under these circumstances. (11) a 'caring, sharing' image is something many airlines are keen on, and some of these have finally (12) to take the problem more seriously by issuing health advice to passengers 'trapped' on their long-haul flights. They usually recommend (13) the legs and feet regularly, and advise (14) walks up and down the aisle at least once an hour. But, as any experienced traveller knows, the aisles

on most planes are only just wide enough for the trolleys (15) through. It is often impossible (16) down the aisle (17) to the toilets, let alone (18) exercise. The truth is that until we are all prepared to (19) paying rock-bottom prices for long distance travel, the airlines will have no incentive (20) conditions. And a return to exclusive and expensive air travel is something nobody would (21) advocating. 1. A finding 2. A sitting 3. A suggests 4. A appearing 5. A being 6. A increasing 8. A stretching 9. A begins 10.A occurring B to find to sit admits to be be to increase to put up with put up with can't help occur to be found sit claims

to appear having appeared of increasing to stretch risks to occur

7. A putting up with

stretch

11.A promoting B to promote C to be promoted 12.A suggested B considered C started 13.A moving B to move C move 14.A taking B to take C take 15.A getting 16.A walking 17.A getting 18.A talking 19.A give up 21.A undertake B to get B to get B to talk B fail C get C walk C talk C improve C get C refuse C contemplate B to walk

20.A improving

B to improve B choose

11. Render the following text into English using gerund/ infinitive constructions and at least 15 active vocabulary units .

 , . , , , . , ( ). , , , . . , . , , . , , - . : . , , , , . , , , . - . , , - , . . , . . . . . , , , .. , , .

 14 , 22 . , , .

VOCAB & SPEAKING 1. Study the following idiomatic descriptions of people (personality, character, appearance); make up sentences to illustrate the use of the idioms. All brawn and no brain Someone who is physically very strong but not very intelligent is said to be all brawn and no brain. Doubting Thomas A 'doubting Thomas' is as person who will not believe something without proof, or without seeing it for themselves. Down to earth Someone who is down to earth is not a dreamer but a realistic and practical person who has sensible reactions and expectations. To a fault To say that somebody has a good quality to a fault means that they have a lot, or even too much, of that quality. Fixed in your ways People who are fixed in their ways do not want to change their normal way of doing things. Full of hot air A person who full of hot air is full of nonsense and talks a lot without saying anything worthwhile. Hard as nails A person who is as hard as nails is someone very unsympathetic who does not seem to care about others. Laughing stock This expression refers to a person or group that everyone laughs at because they do something stupid or ridiculous. Life and soul of the party The life and soul of the party is the most lively and amusing person present at an event. Have a quick temper If you have a quick temper, you get angry very easily.

It runs in the family This refers to a physical or moral characteristic that is common to many members of a family Saving grace A person who has a saving grace has a quality which prevents them from being totally bad. Shrinking violet A person referred to as a shrinking violet is a timid or shy person. Smart alec A smart alec is an annoying self-assertive person who tries to show off how clever they are. A wet blanket A person who is a wet blanket is so boring or unenthusiastic that they prevent other people from enjoying themselves. 2. Complete the sentences with one of the idioms: 1. Some .. interrupted the game claiming that the answers were incorrect! 2. He's an impressive player to watch, but he's all.. (= strong but stupid) 3. The witness was no . She had no difficulty expressing herself! 4. She's a horrible person but she has one ., her kindness to animals. 5. Black hair and blue eyes - the combination . 6. I'm so glad we invited Caroline. She was the of the party! 7. My aunt is generous , ready to help anyone to claims to be in need. (=excessively generous) 8. If you wear that to school you'll be the . of the class! 3. Look at these pairs of adjectives used to describe personal qualities. Which pairs are positive, and which negative in meaning? 1. sensitive and thoughtful 2. dishonest and unreliable 3. mean and tight-fisted 4. broad-minded and tolerant 5. thoughtless and self-centred 6. lively and inquisitive 7. shy and insecure 8. out-going and independent

9. ambitious and single-minded 4. Match the pairs of adjectives above with a description below. 1. Hes a liar, and you cant ask him to do anything for you. 2. He never buys his friends a drink in a bar. 3. She knows exactly what she wants to achieve in life and how to get there. 4. He listens to other peoples opinions, and knows there are always two sides to an argument. 5. She just doesnt seem to realise that what she does could hurt other peoples feelings. Its all Me! Me! Me! with her! 6. She is very quiet and goes red if anyone speaks to her. 7. He loves parties and doing his own thing. 8. Shes always asking questions always wants to know things. 9. She never forgets my birthday. 5. Which words in activity 3 have similar and/or opposite meanings to the words below? trustworthy free-spirited inconsiderate confident dependable narrow-minded generous selfish 6. We often use adjectives that end in y to describe personality. Find the phrase in the description that defines each of the words below. fussy cheeky witty nosy moody

Well, frankly, my brother is all of those things. He likes everything to be in the right place all the time. He always wants to know what everybody else is doing, even when its none of his business. He is bright and lively one minute, and quiet and bad-tempered the next. But he thinks very quickly and says the funniest things, although sometimes what he says is funny but rude to people older or more senior than him. For example, he asked his teacher why his red tie was the same colour as his eyes. The teacher had been to a party the night before it was very funny but definitely rude! 7. Read the descriptions of different people. Then fill in the gaps with words from the lesson. 1. Fiona loves parties especially her own. Thats because she likes to be the centre of attention. Shes very ___________ and _____________. 2. William loves gossip. He always wants to know what everybody else is

up to. Thats because hes ___________ and _____________. 3. Dont invite John. He never buys a drink, and hell probably steal some of your CDs. Hes _____________ and _____________. 4. What I like about Kate is the way she listens to people, and remembers small things about them. Shes so ___________ and _____________. 8. Decide whether these expressions are positive or negative. 1. Shes generous to a fault. 2. Hes the life and soul of the party. 3. Hes a bit off-hand with people. 4. Shes ever so kind. 5. He keeps himself to himself. 6. Hes full of himself. 9. Match the expressions above to one of the adjectives below. anti-social rude extravagant very kind very sociable arrogant

10. Prepare to discuss these questions. 1. What personal qualities do you think are important in the following types of people? a. a close friend b. a wife/ a husband c. a parent d. a grandparent e. a colleague f. a boss 2. How would you describe your own personality? Interview your partner. 11. Personality Dictionary Quiz. 1. Whats a personality cult? 2. Whats a personality trait? 3. If you have a personality clash with someone, whats the problem? 4. If you have bags of personality, is it a good thing or a bad thing? 5. Whats a personality disorder? 6. If you get someone to do something by sheer force of personality, how do you do it? 7. Whats another word for a TV personality? 8. If you have a split personality, whats the problem? 9. If something reflects your personality, what does it say about you? 10. If you lack personality, is it a good thing? 11. Which of these words are frequently used with personality? Dominant,

dynamic, engaging, elastic.

READING & SPEAKING

1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text. The

paragraph numbers are given to help you. headscarf defiantly convert stigmatise Islamophobia
jilbab glimpse burqa niqab veil

2. A ___________________ is a thin piece of cloth that women sometimes wear over their face. 3. If you act ___________________, you refuse to obey a person or rule. 4. A ___________________ is a long headscarf worn by some Muslim women that covers the head and most of the face, revealing only the eyes. 5. If you catch a ___________________ of something you only see it for a moment. A ___________________ is a piece of cloth that a woman wears over her heard and ties under her chin. 6. ___________________ is an irrational fear of the religion of Islam or Muslims. 7. A ___________________ is a long, loose-fitting coat worn by some Muslim women. 8. A ___________________ is someone who changes their religious beliefs. 9. If you ___________________ a person or group of people, you treat their behaviour as wrong or embarrassing and try to make them feel ashamed. 10.A ___________________ is a garment worn by some Muslim women that covers the whole body, head and face with just a small hole or grid for the eyes. 2. Read the article, retell it using the active grammar and vocabulary of the unit. Muslim women protest on first day of Frances face veil ban Kenza Drider stood defiantly outside Notre Dame cathedral, adjusting her niqab to reveal only a glimpse of her eyes. Scores of police with a riot van and several lorries stood by as she and another woman in a niqab staged a peaceful protest for the right to dress as they please. On the first day of Frances ban on full Islamic face-coverings, this was the first test. Im not here to provoke, but to defend my civil liberties as a French citizen, said Drider, a 32-year-old mother-of-four from Avignon, accompanied by

around 10 supporters. Japanese tourists and Spanish schoolchildren fought their way through TV crews to get a picture of the spectacle. Then police swooped. Drider had not been stopped on her train journey into Paris. But as she spoke to journalists at Notre Dame, she was led off by plainclothes police and driven away along with two protest organisers. Next a woman in a niqab in her 40s from a Paris suburb was grabbed by a plainclothes officer, who gripped her tightly and frog-marched her to another police bus. Officers said the women were not detained for their niqabs but because their protest had not been authorised. Under the law promoted by President Nicolas Sarkozy, any Muslim woman wearing a face veil is now banned from all public places in France, including when walking down the street, taking a train, going to hospital or collecting her children from school. Women in niqabs will be effectively under house arrest, allowed only inside a place of worship or a private car, although they risk being stopped by traffic police if they drive. But several French police unions yesterday warned that the law was almost impossible to enforce and that they would not make it a priority to stop women in full veils walking down the street. Halima, a 53-year-old mother from Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, who wears a headscarf, was detained by police for standing silently with the niqab-wearers at Notre Dame. She said: This is the first time Ive ever protested over anything. Im not in favour of the niqab, I dont wear it myself. But its wrong for the government to ban women from dressing how they want. Islamophobia is on the rise in France. First its the niqab, then theyll ban the jilbab, then it will be plain headscarves outlawed. Rachid Nekkaz, a property developer and rights campaigner from the Paris suburbs, was detained outside the presidents official residence, the Elyse palace, with a woman in a niqab. Nekkaz, who organised the Notre Dame protest, had offered to pay niqab wearers fines for breaking the law. He said police had not wanted to formally caution the woman for wearing a niqab. Women in face veils risk a 150 (132) fine or citizenship lessons. Police cannot forcibly remove face coverings in the street but can order women to a police station to check their identity. The government estimates between 350 and 2,000 women cover their faces in France, out of a total Muslim population of between four and six million. Some niqab-wearers many of them French converts vowed to continue going out and to take their cases to the European court of human rights if stopped by police. Others have moved abroad, while just one woman told French papers she had permanently removed her face covering. Another niqab wearer said women she knew would wear bird-flu-style medical face masks and say they were ill in order to get round the law against covering your face. Shop-owners said luxury fashion boutiques near the Champs Elyses were unlikely to call the police to detain female tourists in niqabs from the Gulf. This would create a two-tier system between rich tourists and poor French people,

one trader complained. Emmanuel Roux from the police union said the law would be infinitely difficult to apply and infinitely little applied. Sarkozy, whose polls are at record lows with next years presidential election looming, has been accused of stigmatising Muslims to boost his support among far-right voters. Since he declared in 2009 that the burqa was not welcome in France, women in all forms of veils and head coverings said verbal abuse against them had increased. Recently the interior minister, Claude Gueant, suggested the growing number of Muslims in France was a problem. Religious groups have likened current Islamophobia in France to anti-Jewish feeling before the second world war. France has a strict separation of church and state and banned headscarves and all religious symbols in schools in 2004. Samy Debah, head of the French Collective against Islamophobia, said: The niqab law is a pretext to reduce the visibility of Muslims in public spaces. It exposes an old French colonial reflex, that Arabs and blacks only understand force and you cant talk to them. Guardian News & Media 2011 First published in The Guardian, 11/04/11 3. Choose the best answer according to the text. 1. Which of these may not now be worn in public in France?1. a. a headscarf b. a full face veil c. jilbab 2. Why were the women protesting? a. because they think all women should wear burqas. b. because they believe women should have the right to dress as they please. c. because they believe Nicolas Sarkozy is an Islamophobe. 3. How have the police reacted to the new law? a. They say it will be very difficult to enforce. b. They say they will arrest anyone wearing a full face veil in public. c. They say they will ignore it. 4. Why, according to his critics, has Sarkozy introduced this law now?4. a. because he wants to create a two-tier system between rich tourists and poor French people. b. because France has a strict separation of church and state. c. because there is an election next year and he wants to increase his support among certain voters. 4. Find the word 1. a two-word expression meaning police wearing ordinary clothes in order to do their job without being recognised (para 3)

2. a verb meaning to force someone to walk somewhere with two people each 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

holding one of their arms tightly (para 3) a three-word expression meaning officially prevented from leaving your home, usually because you have committed a political crime (para 4) a three-word expression which is a general term for church, mosque, temple and so on (para 4) a verb meaning to issue a formal warning (para 6) an adverb meaning involving the use of force (para 7) a three-word expression meaning a system with two levels (para 8) a two-word expression meaning rude or offensive words (para 9)

5. Match the verbs in the left-hand column with the nouns or noun phrases in the
right-hand column.
1. stage 2. defend 3. enforce

4. pay 5. check 6. boost

a. a law b. someones identity c. support d. a protest e. a fine f. civil liberties

6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets at the end of each sentence. 1. Some people have remained _________________ and say that they will not obey the new law. [DEFY] 2. The new law bans full-face _________________. [COVER] 3. There is a _________________ election next year. [PRESIDENT] 4. Owner of luxury boutiques are _________________ to call the police to detain female tourists in niqabs. [LIKELY] 5. Critics say that women in niqabs will _________________ be under house arrest. [EFFECTIVE] 6. One critic argued that the law was an excuse to reduce the _________________ of Muslims in public places. [VISIBLE] 7. Discussion. Should everyone be allowed to wear whatever he or she wants to wear, regardless of the effect on other people? 8. Comment on the following quotes about manners and traditions. Use the active vocabulary: Anyone can be polite to a king. It takes a gentleman to be polite to a beggar. Anonymous

Ceremonies are different in every country, but true politeness is everywhere the same. Oliver Goldsmith Good manners have much to do with the emotions. To make them ring true, one must feel them, not merely exhibit them. Amy Vanderbilt Manners are especially the need of the plain. The pretty can get away with anything. Evelyn Waugh Teach your child to hold his tongue; he'll learn fast enough to speak. Benjamin Franklin Tradition is a guide and not a jailer. W. Somerset Maugham Traditionalists are pessimists about the future and optimists about the past. Lewis Mumford Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes -- our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead. Gilbert K. Chesterton

TEST YOURSELF. 1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer. 1 '...... is very relaxing.' 'I don't agree. I think it's boring.' A Fish Fishing fish 2 'I can't decide what......to the party.' 'Why don't you wear your blue dress?' A wear wearing to wear 3 'Did you go to the cinema last night?' 'No. My parents made mefor the exam instead.' A to study studying study 4 'Did you enjoy your holiday?' 'Yes, but I am glad........home again.' A being to be be 5 'Shall we go to a restaurant this evening?' 'I'd rather............at home. I'm exhausted.' A stay staying to stay 6 'Why did you go to the library?' '...........some books to read.' A Get Getting get 7 'Why do you want to buy a car?' 'Because I hate..........for the bus every day.' A waiting wait to wait 8 'Do you have any plans for the summer?' 'Well, Danny suggested....to Spain for a week.' A go going to go 9 'Shall we go for a picnic on the beach?' 'Oh, no! It's far too cold.....to the beach today.' A going to go go 10 'What is the matter with Peter?' 'There's no point in........me. I have no idea.'

A ask

asking

to ask

2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following definitions: 1. to expect someone to always be there and do things for you even when you do not show that you are grateful 2. to unfairly get what you want from someone who is easily persuaded to help you, trust you, or do things for you 3. to feel embarrassed or ashamed about something 4. difficult to do or deal with 5. extremely interesting 6. to unfairly go to the front of a queue 7. relaxed in manner and character; not usually worried about other people's behaviour or things that need to be done 8. not willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from your own 9. calm and able to deal easily with difficult situations 10.easy to understand or simple 11.to stop and catch something or someone before they are able to reach a particular place 12.having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion 13.to criticize someone 14.having a strong wish to be successful, powerful or rich 15.to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it 16.needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important

ACTIVE VOCABULARY. p. 46 (learn the phrases with take in V6.1 on p.126), laugh (out loud), cringe with embarrassment, entertaining, mystify, on public transport (on a bus, on a train), p. 47 engage in conversation (with strangers), break silence, point out, find smth tricky, get (personal information) out of smb, fascinating, find oneself doing smth, queue (noun/verb), obey rules, jump a queue/ a queue-jumper, stare angrily at smb, give smb a service p. 48 (learn the adjectives in V6.2 on p. 126), be bound/(un)likely/sure to do smth, may well do smth, I should(nt) think, I dare say p. 49 do well in an exam, at some point, take an exam, get engaged, have a day off work p. 50 (learn the words in V6.3 on p. 126), ingenious, a hard-boiled egg, a fundamental weakness, p. 51 intercept, the reign of (Julius Caesar), sophisticated p. 52 (learn the polite interruptions in RW6.1 on p. 127) p. 53 turn up late for , keep smb waiting, frustrating, get caught in the rush hour (a traffic jam, etc.), allow extra (two) hours for the journey, on time (cf. in time) R6.2 have a go at smb (cf. have a go at smth), cant get a word in (edgeways), overnight, make friends, sort smth out, commute, apply for a job, stand a chance of (doing) smth, go for (a job), ambitious, can do smth with ones eyes closed (standing on head) R6.4 back in those days, work out how to do smth, break a code, a book on smth, explain smth in detail_, assume, stick-men [illustrations] R6.6 urgent, go over smth (=revise), house insurance, install, Fine by me, do smth first thing (tomorrow morning)