A universal matter-wave interferometer with optical gratings

in the time-domain
Philipp Haslinger Music by Adrian Artacho

Overview
Introduction into the Quantum world Motivation Double slit experiment - time-domain Talbot- Lau interferometer

Talbot carpet Music by Adrian Artacho

Outlook

Quantum-video

www.quantumnano.at

Douglas Hofstadter

Motivation
Probing quantum theory on large and complex systems Study of novel decoherence effects
Continuous spontaneous localization Decoherence induced by evaporation

Realization of a novel matter-wave interferometer scheme Quantum enhanced metrology of nanoparticles

The Talbot Lau interferometer

G1 g G2 G3 intensity

x
incoherent matter waves preparation of transversal coherence

diffraction

detection by shift of G3

A model interferometer
d g smax dB g

d
d

dB

L T

h dB mv

The Talbot Lau interferometer

G1 g G2 G3 intensity

LT

g2

dB

LT

dB

h dB mv

A model interferometer
d smax dB g
g = s max

h dB mv

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

A model interferometer
Interference pattern of faster particles

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

A model interferometer
Interference pattern of slower particles

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

A model interferometer
After the same time all particles with the same mass produce the same interference, regardless of their velocities!

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

Transition to time-domain

LT

g2

dB

2 mg T T h

After a certain time .... all particles with the same mass .... contribute to the same interference pattern
.... regardless of their velocity
g

How to implement?
-pulsed standing laser waves as periodic ionizing gratings

157 nm las er g 78 , 5 nm 2 2
Cahn et.al., PRL 79 (1997) 13 (2011) Reiger et.al., Opt Commun 264 (2006) Nimmrichter et.al., NJP

OTIMA interferometer
pulsed source interferometer mirror TOF MS
to MCP

x 10 12

signal

10

tsource

t=0

t=TT
2

t=2TT

tdetection

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

T mg / h T
Pulsed cluster source 157 nm post ionization

mass

OTIMA interferometer
pulsed source interferometer mirror TOF MS
to MCP

x 10 12

signal

10

tsource

t=0

t=TT
2

t=2TT

tdetection

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

T mg / h T
Pulsed cluster source 157 nm post ionization

mass

Interference pattern encoded in the mass spectrum

Anthracene C14H10 m = 178 amu

Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)

Talbot - carpet

Music
by Adrian Artacho

Clusters of the following molecules have interfered in the OTIMA interferometer recently:

ferrocene
Fe(C5H5)2 m = 186 amu

caffeine
C8H10N4O2 m = 194 amu

vanillin
C8H8O3 m = 152 amu

1973

1
0.8

0.8
norm. contrast
norm. contrast

0.6
norm. contrast
3 4 5 6 7 8 cluster number 9 10 11

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 cluster number

0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0.4 0.2 0

-0.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 cluster number

Limits & Outlook:

It is not written in stone

Particle velocity: limited by setup geometry particles >106 amu need to be cooled and even trapped Gravity: long Talbot time (107amu 0.30 sec) particles fall Decoherence: thermal, collisional Modifications of established quantum theory ? spontaneous collapse models Ghirardi et al. Phys. Rev. A (1986)
Erwin Schrdingers grave in Alpbach

Limits & Outlook:

It is written in stone

Particle velocity: limited by setup geometry particles >105 amu need to be cooled and even trapped Gravity: long Talbot time (107amu 0.3sec) particles fall

Decoherence: thermal, collisional

Modifications of established quantum theory ? spontaneous collapse models models Ghirardi et al. Phys. Rev. A
(1986)

At University of Vienna

Team 2013
Philipp Geyer Stefan Nimmrichter Nadine Drre

Markus Arndt
Jonas Rodewald

Time-domain interferometry

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

OTIMA interferometer
pulsed source interferometer mirror TOF MS
to MCP

x 10 12

signal

10

tsource

t=0

t=TT
2

t=2TT

tdetection

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

T mg / h t
Pulsed cluster source 157 nm post ionization

mass

Mirror heating shifts the fringe pattern and reveals the fleeting nanostructure

A tool of high sensitivity

Molecular patterns as fine as 40 nm (Read/Write)

High temporal resolution <2 ns

Sensitive to optical polarizability (excited state lifetime) Possible application: Spectroscopy
1 IR-photon (2m) shifts a 100 amu molecule in 20s by 40 nm

No velocity dependence

t=0

t=TT

t=2TT

Nimmrichter et al. Phys. Rev. A (2008)

Quantum interference is revealed as a Mass-dependent signal amplification/reduction

Symmetric pulses Interference
m/2

T1

T2

Asymmetric pulses

T1

T2

Interference pattern encoded in the mass spectrum

neon seedgas, vmax 920m/s TT =19 s
difference due to constructive interference

Anthracene C14H10 m = 178 amu

argon seedgas, vmax 700m/s TT =26 s

Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)

A mirror-scan shifts the fringe pattern and reveals the fleeting nanostructure

Vibration sensor

Interference pattern independent of the particles velocity but strongly depends on the timing
Sym

Asym

Rayleigh scattering in the grating

Coriolis force -> Mismatch of wave packets

Tip-Tilt Mirror Compensation

Measurement of Earth rotation rate

in Berkeley ,CA
Reduce systematic effect Improved sensitivity Worlds most sensitive atom interferometer (10 k, 250 ms) (2012)

A tool of high accuracy

High temporal resolution <2ns
Sensitive on optical polarizability (excited state lifetime) Possible application: Spectroscopy
1 IR-photon (2m) shifts a 100 amu molecule in 20s by 40 nm

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Molecular patterns as fine as 39 nm (Read/Write)

A model interferometer

After the same time all particles with the same mass g produce the same interference, regardless of their velocities!
d

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

A model interferometer
Interference pattern of faster particles

h d s m ax mv g

Time - domain
ht s ( t ) max m g

System requirements

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Interference pattern lasts < 48ns Active jitter readout and active laser synchronization
Effective slit width & grating phase depend on laser pulse energy monitoring

Interference pattern for different masses at the same time Mass detection and selection

Experimental repetition rate 100 Hz 200MB/s data

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Requirements on Interferometry

Talbot Lau in the Time domain

Advantages of the OTIMA-Interferometer (Optical Time-domain Ionizing Matter-wave Interferometer)
Standing light wave: absorptive & ionizing Grating period 78.5nm no v.d.Waals interaction Interference independent of velocity

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Highest visibility for all masses

Mirror flatness

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Talbot Lau in the time domain

1. Grating Coherence prep. 2. Grating Diffraction 3. Grating Scanning mask

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Detector

Signal Mass

Pulsewidth 6ns

Far field

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

s g

d smax dB g

h dB mv
d

h d s m ax mv g

Time- domain

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Testing Spontaneous Localization Theories

Is there a quantitative criterion? Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Phys. Rev. D 34, 470 (1986)

Testing spontaneous localization theories with matter-wave interferometry Nimmrichter, et al arXiv:1103.1236

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Comparison resonant/off-resonant
-11

-12

Signal [a.u.]

-13

-14

-15

Ac8
1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433

-16 1422

Mass [amu]

OTIMA-Interferometer
Interfering in the time domain

10 6 10 amu

amu

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Quantum interference is revealed as a Mass-dependent signalamplification/reduction

Asymmetric pulses

T1

T2

Symmetric pulses Interference

T1

T2

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

OTIMA-Interferometer Optical Time-domain Ionizing Matter-wave

Interfometer

Deflectometry in The time domain

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Magnetron source: Prof. Bernd von Issendorff, Freiburg

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Why Metal Cluster?

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

1. Grating 2. Grating 3. Grating Talbot Lau in the time domain Coherence prep. Diffractio Scanning mask n

Detector

Signal

Velocity

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

1. Grating 2. Grating 3. Grating Talbot Lau in the time domain Coherence prep. Diffractio Scanning mask n

Detector

Signal

Velocity

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Anthracene cluster mass spectrum

-21.5 -22 -22.5 -23 -23.5 -24 -24.5 -25 -25.5 1422 1424 1426 1428 1430 1432

Signal [a.u.]

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Which Particles? Metal/Semiconductor clusters!

Di-azo-benzene - 1034amu Ionization energy : Visible UV Absorptive laser gratings possible

Fluorofullerene - 1632amu

Size: good mass scaling behavior spherical shape 106 amu r ~3nm Slowing/trapping feasible

Source available (B. v. Issendorff, Univ. Freibur mass range 102 107amu for all metals

Limits & Outlook:

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Gravity: long Talbot time (107amu 0.2sec) particles fall out of the laser focus Particle velocity limited by setup geometry large clusters>105 amu cooled and even trapped Decoherence: collisional, thermal Tests of established Quantum Theory: spontaneous collapse models

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Testing Spontaneous Localization Theories

Is there a quantitative criterion? Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Phys. Rev. D 34, 470 (1986)

Testing spontaneous localization theories with matter-wave interferometry Nimmrichter, et al arXiv:1103.1236

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Talbot Lau in the time domain

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Laser wavelength 157nm 7.9eV

Mirror

T=mg/h

Interference data

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Anthracene cluster mass spectrum after 3 laser pulses resonant

-20 -30 -40

Signal [a.u]

-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Anthracene cluster mass spectrum after 3 laser pulses off-resonant (100ns)

-20 -30 -40

Signal [a.u.]

-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Comparison resonant/off-resonant
-20 -25

-30

Signal [a.u.]

-35

-40

-45

-50

Ac5
890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898

-55 889

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Comparison resonant/off-resonant
-22 -22.2 -22.4

Signal [a.u.]

-22.6 -22.8 -23 -23.2 -23.4 -23.6 1778 1780 1782 1784 1786 1788 1790 1792

Ac10

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Interference scan
50 40 30

Contrast

20 10

~40nm
0 -10 -20 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

mrad

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Interference contrast @ pulse timing = 25.2s

T=mg/h
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

Ac10

Contrast

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Ac5

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Interference contrast @ pulse timing = 25.2s

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

Ac10

Contrast

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Ac5

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Interference contrast @ pulse timing = 19.6s

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

Ac10

Contrast

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Ac5

Mass [amu]

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Farfield interferometry

Juffmann et al. Nature Nanotechnology 7, 297300 (2012)

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Nanofabricated gratings

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Farfield interferometry

Juffmann et al. Nature Nanotechnology 7, 297300 (2012)

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

fast

Gravity

h dB mv

slow

Kapitza-Dirac-Talbot-Lau interferometry
1st Grating
Coherence

2nd Grating
Diffraction

3rd Grating
Detection Mask

Source Detector

Gerlich et al. Nature Physics 3, 711 (2007)

Quantum Superposition of Molecular Octopuses

Nature Communications 2, 263 (2011). m=5672 amu, N=356 atoms m=5310 amu, N=430 atoms

Interference requires quantum indistinguishability given if a single molecule interferes with itself.

Which Particles?
Absorptive laser gratings
Metal/Semiconductor clusters: Magnetron sputter source (B. v. Issendorff, Freiburg)

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Ionization energy: below 7.9eV + high ionization efficiency

LN2

Cold 102 107amu clusters

Spherical shape: 106 amu r ~3nm

Ar He

sputtering head

aggregation tube

iris

Which Particles?
Absorptive laser gratings
Molecular clusters: Even- Lavie-Valve: Cold: supersonic expansion T< 1 K Intense: pulsed thermal evaporation Anthracene : IE~ 7,2eV
Vapor pressure ~ 70mbar @200C

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Ionization energy: below 7.9eV + high ionization efficiency

Philipp Haslinger Bordeaux 2013

Thermal laser desorption

Slow velocitiy Provides even thermal sensitive particles Fast switching Point like source

Tailermade molecules ~25 000 amu Thermal velocity . Talbot order.. Space-time area.